09 Ch7 Stormwater Drainage

Chapter 7 - Stormwater Drainage Design Table of Contents
April 1999 Page 1

Chapter 7:
STORMWATER
DRAINAGE

April 1999 Page 2
7.0 STORMWATER DRAINAGE DESIGN
Table of Contents

Clause Subject Page No

7.1 GENERAL........................................................................................................................ 7-1

7.2 DESIGN STANDARDS.................................................................................................... 7-1

7.3 HYDROLOGY .................................................................................................................. 7-2

7.3.1 Design Rainfall Data........................................................................................................ 7-2
7.3.2 Catchment Area............................................................................................................... 7-3
7.3.3 Rational Method............................................................................................................... 7-3
7.3.4 Other Hydrological Models............................................................................................... 7-4

7.4 HYDRAULICS.................................................................................................................. 7-4

7.4.1 Hydraulic Grade Line....................................................................................................... 7-4
7.4.2 Minor System Criteria ...................................................................................................... 7-5
7.4.3 Pits ................................................................................................................................... 7-6
7.4.4 Hydraulic Losses.............................................................................................................. 7-7

7.5 OVERLAND FLOWPATHS.............................................................................................. 7-7

7.5.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 7-7
7.5.2 Freeboard......................................................................................................................... 7-8

7.6 OPEN CHANNELS .......................................................................................................... 7-8

7.7 MAJ OR STRUCTURES................................................................................................. 7-10

7.8 RETARDING BASINS.................................................................................................... 7-10

7.9 ON-SITE STORMWATER DETENTION ....................................................................... 7-12

7.10 INTERALLOTMENT DRAINAGE................................................................................... 7-12

7.10.1 Interallotment Drainage Pits........................................................................................... 7-14

7.11 CONDUITS, LOCATION AND COVER ......................................................................... 7-14

7.12 EASEMENTS................................................................................................................. 7-15

7.13 STORMWATER DISCHARGE....................................................................................... 7-16

7.14 MISCELLANEOUS ........................................................................................................ 7-17

7.14.1 Trenchstops and Bulkheads .......................................................................................... 7-17
7.14.2 Subsoil Drainage............................................................................................................ 7-17
7.14.3 Kerb and Gutter Discharge............................................................................................ 7-17
7.14.4 Habitable Floor Levels ................................................................................................... 7-17

April 1999 Page 3
Table of Contents (Continued)

Clause Subject Page No

7.15 DOCUMENTATION....................................................................................................... 7-18

7.15.1 Easements and Agreement........................................................................................... 7-18

7.16 STORMWATER QUALITY............................................................................................. 7-18

Chapter 7 - Stormwater Drainage Design
April 1999 Page 7 - 1

7.1 GENERAL

Stormwater drainage systems shall be designed to satisfy the following objectives:

1 The inundation of private and public land and buildings is minimised and that
surface flow routes convey floodwaters below the prescribed velocity/depth
limits where practical and possible.

2 The convenience and safety for pedestrians and traffic affected by frequent
stormwater flows is maximised by controlling those flows within prescribed
limits.

3 The retention within each catchment as much incident rainfall and runoff as is
appropriate for the planned use and characteristics of the catchment.

4 That the proposed system is designed with consideration of all ultimate and
interim upstream and downstream characteristics and that the proposal
operates as a total system and does not adversely affect any systems or
property within the catchment.

5 That stormwater is adequately treated to remove pollutants and systems
provided to replenish subsurface flows in appropriate locations.

6 Erosion and sedimentation is minimised to acceptable levels.

7 To minimise maintenance requirements and enhance the urban landscape
were possible.

7.2 DESIGN STANDARDS

In pursuit of these objectives, the following principles shall apply:

1 New Developments are to provide a stormwater drainage system in
accordance with the "major/minor" system concept set out in Chapter 14 of
Australian Rainfall & Runoff, 1987 (AR&R 1987); that is, the "major" system
shall provide safe, well-defined overland flow paths for rare and extreme storm
runoff events while the "minor" system shall be capable of carrying and
controlling flows from frequent runoff events.

Refer point 3 Clause 7.3.1 for design events for flow calculations.

2 Redevelopment - Where the proposed development replaces an existing
development, the on-site drainage system is to be designed in such a way that
the estimated peak flow rate from the site for the design average recurrence
interval (ARI) of the receiving minor system is no greater than that which
would be expected from the existing development. Such stormwater drainage
systems to be designed in accordance with AR&R 1987 or Australian
Standard 3500.3 National Plumbing and Drainage Code where applicable
unless otherwise detailed herein.

3 The requirements of Council's current Flood Prone Land Policy shall be
adhered to for all developments unless otherwise advised.
Page 7 - 2 April 1999

7.3 HYDROLOGY

7.3.1 Design Rainfall Data

1 Design Intensity-Frequency-Duration (IFD) Rainfall - IFD relationships shall be
derived in accordance with Chapter 2, Volume 1 AR&R 1987, for the particular
catchment unless IFD tables are provided, refer below.

2 Design IFD rainfall tables are provided for specific locations. Refer Appendix
" G" .

3 Design Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) - For the "major/minor" systems are
given below for specific development types.

Minor System ARI

Land Use:-

Urban Residential (single allotments) 5 Year
Urban Residential (medium-high density see below) 20 Year
Commercial 20 Year
Industrial 20 Year
Rural Developments (Refer Clause 7.7.2)

10 Year
Major System ARI

Overland Flow Paths and Trunk Drainage

100 Year

Medium and high density residential developments such as villas, townhouses, units
etc shall have a minor system designed for the 20 year ARI event.

Major overland system flowpaths within developments such as pathways or
roadways shall cater for the 100 year ARI Event minus 50% of the minor flow
(piped system, eg 5 year ARI, see above). This is generally referred to as the
" gap-flow" . Refer to the Australian Road Research Board Special Report 34
(ARRB SR 34).

Note, trunk drainage is excluded from the above gap-flow design procedure.

4 Irrespective of the above, where a development is designed in such a way that
the major system flows involve surcharge across private property, then the
underground system (both pipes and inlets with designated blockage factors)
shall be designed to capture and contain flows having an ARI of 100 years
from the upstream catchment. An emergency overland flow path shall also be
provided for these systems. Easements are to be provided in private property
over such pipe systems and overland flow paths. Restrictions shall also be
placed on the property so as not to permit changes in surface levels or the
construction of certain structures within these easements.

7.3.2 Catchment Area

1 The catchment area of any point is defined by the limits from where surface
runoff will make its way, either by natural or man made paths, to this point.
Consideration shall be given to likely changes to individual catchment areas
due to the full development of the catchment.

2 Where no detailed survey of the catchment is available, 1:4000 orthophoto
maps as a minimum are to be used to determine the catchment and to
measure areas.

3 Catchment area land use shall be based on current available zoning
information or proposed future zonings, where applicable ie, the ultimate
developed state of each catchment including all contributing catchments.

4 Provisions shall be made where the likelihood of higher density developments
will take place in the future.

5 Catchment area details are to be approved by the Engineer prior to the
commencement of detail design.

7.3.3 Rational Method

1 Rational Method calculations to determine peak flows shall be carried out in
accordance with Chapter 14, AR&R 1987 and the requirements of this
Specification.

2 All calculations shall be carried out by a qualified person experienced in
hydrologic and hydraulic design.

3 Co-efficients of Run-off shall be calculated in accordance with Section 14.5 of
AR&R 1987 and full details of co-efficients utilised shall be provided.

4 The absolute minimum impervious percentage for single residential lots shall
be 50%, with values for medium and high density residential, commercial or
industrial developments determined after consultation with the Engineer or
refer Clause 7.10.

5 The time of concentration of a catchment (tc) is defined as the time required
for storm runoff to flow from the most remote point on the catchment to the
outlet of the catchment. tc shall be for the ultimate developed catchment as in
Clause 7.3.2 generally catering for the greatest flow.

Consideration shall be given that natural or developed catchments have
defined flowpaths and sheet flows generally occur for short distances only.
The tc should be calculated using a combination of the Kinematic Wave and
Mannings formula to determine as accurately as possible the actual tc.
Unless sufficient evidence is provided, the Kinematic Wave equation shall be
used for a maximum 50 metre length in determining the tc.

6 Where the flow path is through areas having different flow characteristics or
includes property and roadway, then the flow time of each portion of the flow
path shall be calculated separately.
7 The maximum tc in an urban area shall be 20 minutes unless sufficient
evidence is provided to justify a greater time. The tc in rural areas shall be
calculated in accordance with Section 5.4 of AR&R 1987.

8 Flow paths to pits shall be representative of the fully developed catchment
considering such things as fencing and the likely locations of buildings and
shall be shown for each collection pit on the catchment area plan.
Consideration shall be given to likely changes to individual flow paths due to
the full development of the catchment. Refer point 5 above.

9 Surface roughness co-efficients "n" shall be adopted from information
provided in Chapter 14 of AR&R 1987 and should be verified by the Engineer.
Values applicable to specific zoning types and overland flow path types are
given below:

Surface/Zoning Roughness Co-efficient " n"

Flow across Parks 0.35
Flow across Rural Residential land 0.30
Flow across Residential (2a) 0.21
Flow across Residential (2b) 0.11
Flow across Industrial 0.06
Flow across Commercial 0.04
Flow across Asphalt Roads 0.012
Flow across Paved Areas 0.01
Flow across Gravel Areas 0.02

These values are only to be used where upstream areas are not developed
therefore accurate flow lengths and surfaces are unknown. Flow lengths are
to be kept to a minimum prior to assuming entry into a gutter or piped system.
This will provide conservative design flows that should be adopted.

7.3.4 Other Hydrological Models

1 Other hydrological models may be used as long as the requirements of AR&R
1987 are met, summaries of calculations shall be provided as well as details of
all program input and output.

2 Where computer analysis programs are used, copies of the final data files of
the design shall be provided to the Accredited Certifier with the final drawings
for approval by the Accredited Certifier. Details on the use of specific
programs, catchment parameters and any other relevant information shall also
be submitted.

7.4 HYDRAULICS

7.4.1 Hydraulic Grade Line

1 Hydraulic calculations shall generally be carried out in accordance with AR&R
1987 and shall be undertaken by a qualified person experienced in hydrologic
and hydraulic design. The calculations shall substantiate the hydraulic grade
line adopted for design of the system and shown on the drawings.

Summaries of calculations shall be shown on the plan and details of all
calculations shall be submitted including listings of all programme input and
output.

2 The "major" system shall provide safe, well-defined overland flow paths for the
100 year ARI storm runoff events while the "minor" system shall be capable of
carrying and controlling flows from frequent runoff events.

3 Downstream hydraulic grade line level requirements for design are as follows:-

i Known hydraulic grade line level from downstream calculations including
pit losses at the starting pit in the design event.

ii Where the downstream starting point is a pit and the hydraulic grade line
is unknown, a level of 0.15m below the pit inlet in the downstream pit is
to be adopted.

iii Where the outlet is an open channel and the design storm is the minor
event the top of the outlet pipe shall be the downstream control.

iv Where the outlet is an open channel, the design storm is the 100 year
ARI event and downstream flood levels are not known, the top of the
outlet pipe shall be the downstream control unless otherwise nominated
by the Engineer where the consultant shall estimate the downstream
level taking into account backwater affect.

v Where the outlet is an open channel, the design storm is the 100 year
ARI event and downstream flood levels are known, the downstream
control shall be the 100 year ARI design flood level. Where future 100
year ARI flood levels are lower than the existing, the higher interim flood
level shall be adopted.

vi Where the outlet is at a river or lake the design 100 year ARI flood level
shall be the downstream control unless nominated by the Engineer.

For example, the nominated design water level for Tuggerah Lake shall be
1.1m AHD, however the 100 year ARI flood level is generally in the range of
2.2m to 2.4m AHD.

The Engineer can generally provide design flood levels for the Tuggerah
Lakes System and most major watercourses in the Shire.

4 The hydraulic grade line level in drainage pits shall be limited to 0.15m below
the gutter invert and 0.15m below the underside of the lid for junction pits
unless otherwise approved.

7.4.2 Minor System Criteria

1 The acceptable gutter flow width shall be a maximum that will permit the top of
kerb to be visible for the nominated minor event recurrence interval
irrespective of crossfall or kerb type.

2 Minimum conduit sizes for areas to be in Council control are given below:

The minimum pipe size shall be 375mm diameter.
The minimum box culvert size shall be 600mm wide x 300mm high.

3 Minimum and maximum velocity of flows in stormwater pipelines shall be
0.6m/sec and 8m/sec respectively, however, where the likelihood of the
catchment surface material being transported into the pipe system is high and
may cause excessive scouring, the maximum velocity permitted shall be
considerably reduced.

7.4.3 Pits

1 Inlet Pits shall be located to prevent ponding and to limit flow widths and
depths to acceptable levels in accordance with this specification. Preference
shall be given to the location of drainage pits at the upstream side of lots,
pedestrian crossing points and kerb returns.

2 Pits shall also be provided:

To enable access for maintenance.
At changes in pipeline direction, grade, size, level or class of pipe.
At junctions of pipelines.

3 Pits are to conform to Council's current Standard Drawings and nominated
RTA Standards where no Council standard exists.

4 Step irons shall be provided in all pits deeper than 1.2m, unless otherwise
warranted.

5 The maximum recommended spacing of pits where flow widths are not critical
are given below:

Pipe Size (mm) Spacing (m)
Generally less than 1200 80
1200 or larger 150
In tidal influence all 80

5 Kerb inlet lengths (lintels) are to be a desirable maximum of 3.0m. With an
absolute minimum of 1.2m. Kerb inlet lengths refer to clear opening. There
shall be a minimum 150mm step down to the race from the gutter invert level
at the lintel.

6 All grates within road reserves and pathways shall be bicycle friendly and
secured in an approved fashion to permit access only to maintenance
personnel.

7 All grate loading requirements shall conform to the intended use of the grate
or adjacent area.

8 Refer Appendix H for pit inlet capacity graphs and explanations.

9 Pits should collect as much stormwater as possible while maintaining safe
designs for pedestrian, vehicular and cycle traffic. Openings must not be
large enough to admit a child.

7.4.4 Hydraulic Losses

1 The pressure change co-efficient "K" shall be generally determined from the
"Missouri Charts" and the "Hare Equations". The "Hare Equations" shall only
be used as a guide and the "Missouri Charts" shall be used were
discrepancies between the two exist.

2 Computer program default pressure change co-efficient "K" shall not be
acceptable unless they are consistent with "1" above.

3 Going from larger upstream to smaller downstream conduits is not permitted
without approval of the Engineer prior to detailed design. In going from
smaller to larger pipes benching shall be provided in pits to enable a smooth
flow transition.

4 Drainage pipe systems shall be designed as an overall system, with due
regard to the upstream and downstream system and not as individual pipe
lengths. Drainage pipeline systems shall generally be designed as gravity
systems flowing full at design discharge, but may be pressurised. Pipe friction
losses and pipe sizes in relation to discharge shall be determined using the
Colebrook-White formula with the following roughness co-efficients being
0.6mm for concrete pipes, 0.06mm for FRC pipes and UPVC pipes.

5 Requirements for private pipes entering Council's system are given below:-

i All pipe inlets, including roof and subsoil pipes, shall enter the main pipe
system at pits unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. These shall
be finished off flush and be grouted into the pit wall.

7.5 OVERLAND FLOWPATHS

7.5.1 General

Overland flowpaths shall be provided where necessary to convey runoff from rainfall
events that exceed the capacity of the minor system to systems that cater for the
design 100 year ARI flows, generally trunk drainage systems. Refer Clause 7.3,
7.6, 7.7 and 7.8.

Such flowpaths are generally roadways and pathways linked together that contain
and convey these flows at acceptable depths and velocities. Occasionally it may be
necessary to either widen roads, pathways or even increase the size of the minor
system to cater for such flows.

To ensure public safety within overland flowpaths, the depth of flow should generally
be less than 0.2 metres and the product of velocity and depth should not exceed
0.4m
2
/sec for the major event.

Where public safety is not an issue higher velocity depth products may be permitted,
subject to approval by the Engineer.

Calculations sufficient to substantiate the design satisfying the above requirements
with the required freeboard are to be submitted to the Principal Certifier -
Subdivision.

Refer Drawings SD 7B, SD 8B, SD 9A, SD 10A and particularly SD 65 for
flowpath treatments of pathways and across footpath areas. It should be noted
that it is critical to adequately design the inlet to such overland flow pathways to
ensure the design flows are conveyed into the flowpaths and the flows do not
bypass the system and inundate property.

7.5.2 Freeboard

i A minimum 100mm freeboard will be required between the calculated 100
year ARI flow level in the gutter area and the high point in the footpath to all
properties, specifically properties at a lower level than the adjacent road
formation.

Driveway construction in these instances must ensure this requirement is
satisfied. Refer Drawing SD 4C.

ii Overland flow paths, (eg at the end of cul-de-sacs that drain trapped
lowpoints) shall have a minimum 300mm freeboard from the calculated 100
year ARI flow level to any adjacent residential allotment and preferably
500mm freeboard to habitable floor levels.

Where overland flow pathways are located generally parallel to the contour,
not depressed and adjacent to building lots that will be probably cut and/or
filled a minimum 100mm freeboard from the design 100 year ARI flow level
shall be provided. The adjacent low side dwelling shall have floor levels a
minimum of 300mm above the surrounding area draining towards the street
eg, no trapped low points.

7.6 OPEN CHANNELS

1 Generally, open channels form part of the trunk drainage system that cater for
major event (100 year ARI) flows and shall be designed to have smooth
transitions with adequate access provisions for maintenance and cleaning.

2 Design of open channels shall be generally in accordance with Chapter 14 of
AR&R 1987 unless otherwise specified herein, and shall be designed with
safety requirements as set out in Section 14.10.4 of AR&R 1987 as a primary
criterion. Open channel systems shall be designed to contain the major flow
with the required freeboard (refer point 10 below). Refer Drawing SD 28B.

3 Friction losses in open channels shall be determined using Mannings "n"
values (see below) with due consideration of vegetation and sediment build
up:-

Mannings "n" Roughness Co-efficients for open channels shall generally be
derived from information in Chapter 14 of AR&R 1987. Mannings "n" values
applicable to specific channel types are given below:-

Concrete Pipes or Box Sections 0.011
Concrete (trowel finish) 0.014
Concrete (formed without finishing) 0.016
Sprayed Concrete (gunite) 0.018
Bitumen Seal 0.018
Bricks or pavers 0.015
Pitchers or dressed stone on mortar 0.016
Rubble Masonry or Random stone in mortar 0.028
Rock Lining or Rip-Rap 0.028
Corrugated Metal 0.027
Earth (clear) 0.022
Earth (with weeds and gravel) 0.028
Rock Cut 0.038
Short Grass 0.033
Long Grass 0.043
Natural Channel Designs 0.065 to 0.085

4 Designs should be provided to:-

Prevent persons falling or being swept into them.
Permit easy escape from flood waters.
Include catchrails, side bays or other escape devices as required.
Minimise velocities or average velocity depth products to safe limits.

5 Where constraints do not permit the provision of open channel design
specified herein or adequate safety treatments, manproof fencing of the
channel section shall be provided with due regard for maintenance and
emergency access.

6 Maximum side slopes on conventional grass lined open channels shall be 1 in
6.

7 Low flow provisions in open channels (man-made or altered channels) will
require low flows to be contained within an approved lining generally at the
invert of the main channel. Subsurface drainage may be required in grass
lined channels to prevent waterlogging of the channel bed. The width, shape
and material/s used in the channel shall be approved by the Engineer
depending on channel size, maintenance requirements, channel type and the
capacity as nominated below.

8 The low flow system shall be designed to convey low or trickle flows. The low
flow capacity will be determined by the Engineer depending on invert type,
catchment characteristics, low flow velocities etc, however the minimum size
of the low flow treatment shall be a 1.0m wide 100mm deep "vee" section.
Generally low flow pipes will not be permitted. Adequate scour protection
shall be provided adjacent to the above ground low flow system and any other
areas as required ie drop structures etc.

9 The following should be avoided or designs carried out to adequately
accommodate the following:-

Hydraulic jumps/supercritical flows.
Transitions and constrictions of the channel - backwater effect.
Superelevated flows (around bends).
Freeboard/provisions for debris under structures, mine subsidence etc.

10 A minimum 300mm freeboard shall be provided to the top of the channel and
600mm in mine subsidence areas. Adjacent dwellings should have habitable
floor levels a minimum of 300mm above the freeboard requirements.

7.7 MAJOR STRUCTURES

1 All major structures shall be designed for the 100 year ARI event unless
otherwise advised without afflux in urban areas. Some afflux and upstream
inundation may be permitted in certain rural areas provided the increased
upstream flooding is minimal and does not inundate private property.

2 Major structures within rural areas shall be designed to accommodate flood
events as nominated by the Engineer after individual assessment based on
importance of road, the structure, the watercourse, possible increase in
flooding, emergency access, safety etc.

3 A minimum clearance of 300mm between the 100 year ARI flood level (also
refer point 4 below) and the underside of any major structure superstructure is
required to allow for passage of debris without blockage, however the
freeboard will be determined on the size of the debris that is likely to be
passed by the structure.

4 All bridges shall be designed for the 100 year ARI flood event as a minimum
without afflux in urban areas unless otherwise advised. Where nominated by
the Engineer the effect of extreme floods on the structure shall be determined.

5 Certified structural design shall be required on bridges and other major culvert
structures and may be required on some specialised structures. Structural
design shall be carried out in accordance with AUSTROADS (1992) Bridge
Design Code.

6 All culverts shall be designed for the 100 year ARI flood event without afflux in
urban areas unless the adjacent area including freeboard requirements will not
be adversely affected.

7 Culverts (either pipe or box section) shall be designed with due regard being
given to inlet and exit losses, inlet and outlet control and scour protection.
Refer Chapter 7 Austroads " Waterway Design" 1994.

7.8 RETARDING BASINS

1 For each ARI a range of storm events shall be modelled to determine the peak
flood level and discharge from the retarding basin. Storm patterns shall be
those given in AR&R 1987 Volume II. Sensitivity to storm pattern should be
checked by reversing these storm patterns where required, particularly for
large basins.

2 The critical storm duration with the retarding basin is likely to be longer than
without the basin. A graph showing the range of peak flood levels in the basin
and peak discharges from the basin shall be provided for the storms
examined.

3 Flood Routing should be modelled by methods outlined in AR&R 1987, and
shall include whether the basin has an adverse impact on the total catchment
main stream flooding due to the development site within the catchment.

4 The high level outlet to any retarding basin should have a capacity to contain
the 100 year ARI flood event. Additional spillway capacity may be required
due to the hazard category of the structure. The hazard category should be
determined by reference to ANCOLD (Australian National Conference on
Large Dams 1986).

5 The spillway design shall generally be in accordance with the requirements for
Open Channel Design in this Specification and should be approximately
500mm lower than the rest of the embankment. Adequate reinforcing and
scour protection shall be provided to the spillway to minimise the possibility of
embankment failure.

6 Pipe systems shall contain the design flow through the Retarding Basin wall
and be suitably protected to prevent infiltration of water between the pipe outer
surface and the basin wall.

7 The pipe outlet structure shall be protected to prevent blockages.

8 Freeboard - Minimum floor levels of dwelling shall be 500mm above the
design water level at the emergency spillway when in operation. Refer point 4
above. An additional 600mm freeboard shall be provided in mine subsidence
areas.

9 Public Safety Issues - Basin design is to consider the following aspects
relating to public safety.

Side slopes are to be a maximum of 1 in 6 to allow easy egress.

Water depths shall be, where possible, less than 1.2m in the 20 year
ARI storm event. Where either requirement is not practical or economic,
greater depths may be acceptable. In that case the provision of safety
refuge mounds should be considered.

The low flow system within the basin shall be designed in accordance
with the low flow requirements of Clause 7.6.

Depth indicators should be provided indicating maximum depth in the
basin.

The desirable minimum slope of the basin floor is to be 1%. Slightly
higher grades 1% to 2% should be adopted where sporting fields are
located within basins.

Protection of the pipe outlet structure shall be undertaken to reduce
hazards for people trapped in the basin.

Signage of the spillway and basin is necessary to indicate the hazard.
Refer Drawing SD 19.

No planting of trees or large shrubs in basin walls is permitted.

No basin spillway is to be located directly upstream of dwellings and
shall be controlled to prevent runoff entering private property.

Submission of design plans to the Dam Safety Committee for comment
where the Committee's guidelines require it.

7.9 ON-SITE STORMWATER DETENTION

1 On-site stormwater detention will be required where considered necessary by
the Engineer on redevelopment sites to attenuate the runoff to discharge
levels expected from the predeveloped site, for the minor and major events.

2 Calculations are to include any upstream catchments which contribute to the
runoff.

3 Various storm durations are to be modelled to determine the critical duration
both pre and post development.

4 The temporary storage of water is to be contained within the site, and is not to
encroach on adjacent properties or public and road reserves. Pedestrian
access is not to be included within the storage area unless readily available
alternative routes are provided.

5 Enclosed structures are not recommended due to maintenance problems and
possible health problems.

6 The maximum water depth for the 100 year ARI event is 200mm for carparks,
and 600mm for gardens.

7 An overland flowpath (or spillway) must be provided for the on-site detention
area. A minimum freeboard of 300mm must be provided to floor levels
(including adjacent properties) for the 100 year ARI event, assuming 100%
blockage of the piped discharge.

8 The piped discharge from the detention area is to connect directly to the street
drainage system where possible. However other discharge locations may be
considered.

7.10 INTERALLOTMENT DRAINAGE

1 Interallotment Drainage shall be provided for every allotment which does not
drain directly to its frontage street.

2 Interallotment drainage shall be contained within an easement not less than
1.5m wide , and the easement shall be in favour of the benefiting allotments.

3 Pipe Capacity - The interallotment drain shall be designed to accept
concentrated drainage from buildings and paved areas on each allotment for
flow rates having a design ARI the same as the "minor" street drainage system
unless otherwise specified in AS 3500.3 or in Clause 7.3.1.

4 In lieu of more detailed analysis, the following areas of impervious surface are
assumed to be contributing runoff to the interallotment drain:-

Development Type Minimum % of Lot Area

Residential (2a) 50
Residential (2b) 70
Industrial 80
Commercial 90

5 Pipes shall be a minimum diameter of 150mm and designed to flow full at the
design discharge without surcharging of pits. Consideration shall be given
where connections are proposed to other systems designed to be under
pressure.

6 Pipes shall have a minimum cover of 300mm, ensuring that it serves the total
lot, taking into consideration future site regrading or terracing of lots.

7 Pipes - Minimum Grade - The interallotment drainage system shall have a
desirable minimum longitudinal grade of 1%.

8 Interallotment Drainage Pipe - Relationship to Sewer Mains - Where
interallotment drainage and sewer mains are laid adjacent and parallel to each
other they are to be spaced 0.75 metres between pipe centrelines unless
pipelines are greater than 300mm diameter where the minimum clearance
between pipes shall be 450mm. The sewer shall be located closest to the
dwelling being served.

9 Interallotment drainage shall be required for high side properties fronting roads
with either kerbing unable to satisfactorily accommodate kerb outlets or with
one way crossfall.

10 Refer Chapter 8 for the requirements of direct discharge to kerb and
gutter where interallotment drainage is not provided.

11 Existing lots that discharge stormwater onto proposed developments shall be
provided with either:

i An interallotment drainage system within the existing properties as
detailed herein. This will necessitate the creation of drainage
easements and negotiations by the Developer; or

ii An interallotment drainage system within the proposed development and
the provision of pipe stubs into each adjoining lot. This will necessitate
the creation of easements in favour of the existing properties.

All works shall be to the satisfaction of the existing owners and at full
cost to the Developer.

7.10.1 Interallotment Drainage Pits

1 Interallotment drainage pits shall be provided to the low corner of each lot
unless otherwise approved. The pits are to be a minimum internal size of 450
x 450mm for residential lots (600 x 750mm where pits are deeper than 0.7m)
and 750 x 750mm for industrial lots being either cast insitu or approved
precast, with a grated surface inlet.

2 Pits will also be provided at changes of pipe size, changes in grade, changes
in pipe type or class and changes in direction of 45 or greater. Such pits are
to be a minimum internal size of 600 x 600mm approved precast or cast insitu.

3 Pits shall be covered by an approved grate to provide an adequate surface
water inlet. All grates are to be provided with either "J " bolts or secured
galvanised chains to prevent removal. Pit surrounds will be turfed and pegged
or netted to a minimum width of 900mm to provide adequate scour protection.
Couch turf shall be provided unless the lot is to be totally turfed by the
Developer.

4 Pit inlet grates are to be depressed 100mm below surrounding ground level to
assist surface water collection. Note: The 300mm minimum cover applies
below the 100mm depression.

5 Step irons are to be provided in all pits deeper than 1.2 metres. Refer
Drawing SD 49A. Such pits are to be a minimum internal size of 750 x
600mm.

6 Connection for roof water for single residential dwellings shall be provided via
a 150mm dia stub into the side of the pit at the invert with a 90 elbow, riser
with cap. This requirement only applies for cast insitu pits. Precast pits do not
require stubs. Diameters for other developments to be designed.

7.11 CONDUITS, LOCATION AND COVER

1 Pipe Bedding and Cover - Requirements shall be determined from the
Concrete Pipe Association "Concrete Pipe Guide" or AS 3725 Loads on
Buried Pipes.

2 Refer Chapter 8 for construction cover/protection requirements, these
will supersede the cover requirements in 1 above.

3 Conduit Location - drainage lines in road reserves shall generally be located
95mm out from the face of kerb and parallel to the kerb. This is applicable up
to 525mm diameter only. Refer Drawing SD 48D for larger diameter pipes.
Drainage lines in easements shall generally be centrally located within
easements.

7.12 EASEMENTS

7.12.1 Easement Widths

Easements are to be provided in private property over pipe systems and overland
flowpaths. The minimum width of easement will generally be as follows:

a Interallotment drainage 1.5m
(300mm pipe maximum)

b Pipes 375mm and 450mm 2.0m

c Pipes 525mm and 600mm 2.5m

d Pipes 675mm to 1200mm 3.0m

e Pipes 1350mm to 2400mm 3.5m

For larger diameter and multiple pipes a minimum clearance of 500mm from each
side of the pipes will be required for easements, with the easement width increasing
in 500mm intervals.

The above easement widths will necessitate widening where excessive pipe depths
occur.

Refer Clause 7.3.1 where property restrictions are required in conjunction with
overland flowpath drainage easements.

All pipes are to be laid centrally within the designated easement.

Interallotment drainage easements shall be created in favour of the benefiting
properties.

All other easements shall be in favour of Council unless advised otherwise.

7.12.2 Building Adjacent to or Over Easements

1 Building over Council or interallotment drainage easements is prohibited
except where approved by the Engineer for extremely light buildings such as
open carports. Where building works over interallotment drainage is
considered, permission from all the owners of the benefiting lots is required.
In individual cases, applications for buildings other than the abovementioned
may be taken into consideration by Council.

2 In cases where Council has permitted building over an easement, or where a
building is to be erected adjacent to an easement, the following conditions
apply:

3 Where an overland flowpath exists or is proposed over a drainage easement
the approval to construct any structure will not be permitted. Generally the lot
title will have restrictions placed upon it ensuring that the overland flowpath
levels are maintained as constructed and no structures are erected within the
flowpath.

4 In cases where a building adjoins an open lined or unlined stormwater
channel, conditions will be imposed in accordance with the situation
encountered in each case individually.

5 Where a building adjoins an easement with a piped system: The depth of the
footing at the boundary of the drainage easement is to be level with the invert
of the piped drain as a minimum. The footing depth may decrease by 500mm
for every 1m increment in distance from the edge of easement depending on
soil types.

6 In special cases where there is no possibility of overland flow and where
approval has been given to build over an easement which has a piped drain,
pier and beam construction shall be used. The underside of the footing
beams are to be a minimum clear distance of 0.60m from the top of the pipe,
and all piers shall be located clear of the easement. Concrete encasing of the
pipe may also be required and in this instance 0.6m clearance to the
underside of the beams is required.

7 Details of the design of piers, beams and footings prepared by a qualified civil
(or structural) engineer shall be submitted for approval with the application.
Certification of the design and construction will be required to be submitted by
the consulting Engineer.

8 Council will not allow concrete driveways over easements unless it is part of
the approved overland flowpath but will permit block paving.

9 In cases where an open unlined Council stormwater drain is situated in a
development site, design and construction of a piped system in accordance
with Councils Engineering Requirements for Development at the applicant's
expense may be required by Council.

10 In cases where a Council watercourse or drainage structure is not covered by
easement rights, an easement in favour of Council shall be created over the
drainage works prior to the release of building plans.

7.13 STORMWATER DISCHARGE

1 Scour protection at culvert or pipe system inlets and outlets shall be provided
in accordance with the approved engineering plans and current best industry
practice unless outlet conditions dictate the use of more substantial energy
dissipation.

2 At points of discharge of gutters or stormwater drainage lines or at any
concentration of stormwater from or to adjoining properties, Council will
require the Developer to enter into a Deed of Agreement with the adjoining
owner(s) granting permission to the discharge of stormwater drainage and the
creation of any necessary easements with all costs being met by the
Developer prior to development approval.

3 Where the drainage is to discharge to an area under the control of another
statutory authority eg, Public Works, the design requirements of that Statutory
Authority are also to be met.

4 Piped stormwater drainage discharging to or through recreation reserves if
permitted under the relevant plan of management is to be taken to a natural
water course and discharged through an approved outlet structure or
alternatively taken to the nearest stormwater line. The creation of easements
may be required.

Generally these piped systems are under overland flow pathways. Such
outlets shall extend a minimum of 5m into the reserve to permit pedestrian and
vehicular access where applicable. The flowpath shall extend to the pipe
discharge point in an approved manner to prevent scouring.

Suitable approved safety fencing shall be provided at the outlet point.

5 Where no piped drainage system exists the maximum permissable site
discharge from a development to either the kerb and gutter or table drain shall
be 60 litres/sec unless otherwise advised by the Engineer. Refer Clause 7.9
for on-site stormwater detention requirements.

7.14 MISCELLANEOUS

7.14.1 Trenchstops and Bulkheads

The provision of trenchstops or bulkheads will be required a minimum every fourth
pipe joint where the pipe grade exceeds 10% and behind the kerb and gutter where
the line crosses a road. Consideration shall be given to the ground conditions and
length of line. Refer Drawing SD 37D.

7.14.2 Subsoil Drainage

1 Subsoil drainage in Pipe Trenches - Subsoil Drainage shall be provided in
pipe trenches as outlined below.

2 In cases where pipe trenches are backfilled with sand or other pervious
material, a 3.0m length of subsoil drain shall be provided in the bottom of the
trench immediately upstream from each pit or headwall. The subsoil drain
shall conform to the requirements of Drawing SD 18A and as below.

3 The upstream end of the subsoil drain shall be sealed with cement mortar or
other approved means, and the downstream end shall discharge through the
wall of the pit or headwall. The outlet shall be provided with galvanised mesh
to prevent vermin access.

7.14.3 Kerb and Gutter Discharge

Termination of Kerb and Gutter and Associated Scour Protection - Kerb and Gutter
shall be extended to a drainage pit or approved natural point of outlet. At the kerb
and gutter discharge point approved scour protection shall be provided of length and
type sufficiently adequate to cater for design flows.

7.14.4 Habitable Floor Levels

Should be a minimum 300mm above the surrounding ground levels to negate the
possibility of street stormwater and overland sheet flows entering dwellings.

7.15 DOCUMENTATION

7.15.1 Easements and Agreements

1 Evidence of any Deed of Agreement necessary to be entered into as part of
the drainage system will need to be submitted to the Engineer prior to any
approval of the engineering plans. Easements will need to be created prior to
approval of the linen plan of subdivision.

2 Where an agreement is reached with an adjacent landowner to increase flood
levels on his property or otherwise adversely affect his property, a letter
signed by all the landowners outlining what they have agreed to and
witnessed by an independent person shall be submitted to the Engineer prior
to any approval of the engineering plans.

7.16 STORMWATER QUALITY

All developments in the Shire shall ensure that stormwater discharge from the site
satisfies environmental requirements by way of restricting increases in pollutants
during and post construction.

As a guide, the minimum treatment objectives based on Ecologically Sustainable
Development (ESD) shall be in accordance with table 8.1 of the E.P.A.s Managing
Urban Stormwater - Council Handbook.

In areas that are controlled by regional constructed wetlands, at source treatment is
required to carry out the initial cleansing of stormwater by targeting suspended
solids, litter, coarse sediments and where specific pollutants are generated by the
nature of the catchment, such as hydrocarbons, heavy metals and litter from
carparks, specific treatments shall be provided.

Manufacturers details for particular devices should include all relevant information
on pollutants they treat, flow rates (treatable flows), percentage removal of the
targeted pollutants.

In areas without such facilities a constructed wetland designed in accordance with
Councils requirements shall be provided.

Where the end of pipe treatment is only required to trap gross pollutants, an
approved underground, easily maintained precast device shall generally be
required. The sizing of the device is to be as designed by the manufacturers
technical experts.

Where the facility is required to be a constructed wetland the size shall be
determined in accordance with Chapter 16.3 of the Department of Land and Water
Conservation (DLWC) Constructed Wetlands Manual.

Other treatment devices will be considered on merit and the design consultant is
encouraged to actively seek out any advancement of knowledge in the stormwater
pollution treatment area.

The proximity and sensitivity of the receiving waters will also play a significant role in
the type/s of stormwater quality treatments required.

In some instances the requirements of table 8.1 of the E.P.A.s abovementioned
Council Handbook may be increased as appropriate.

Where appropriate, roads and driveways shall be designed to incorporate swales
with capacities as nominated (refer Clauses 7.3.1 and 7.4.2) in lieu of kerb and
guttering but should not be used where:

On-street parking is required or the area is subject to high use.

Roads and driveways have numerous accesses.

Insitu soils have high clay content or are susceptible to heavy compaction.

Roads area either less than 1% grade and greater than 5% or where catchments
are greater than 2 Ha.

Advice should be sought from Consultants who are adequately experienced and are
aware of the rapidly expanding knowledge being gained in this relatively new field
regarding initial planning and detail design.

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Chapter 7 - Stormwater Drainage Design Table of Contents

April 1999 Page 1

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