Cerebellum Cerebellum

Dr. Ameneh Rezayof Dr. Ameneh Rezayof

School of biology, University College of Science,
U iv sity f T h University of Tehran
Maintenance of Equilibrium Maintenance of Equilibrium
- balance, posture, eye movement
C di i Coordinating movement
Timing of movements, Timing of g , g
discontinuous movements
lki d t i t walking and posture maintenace
- posture, gait p g
Adjustment of Muscle Tone
Motor Leaning Motor Skills Motor Leaning Motor Skills
Cognitive Function
Motor Skill
Balance
Dorsal Brain
cerebellum = little brain
The cerebellum is located in the inferior posterior portion of
thehead(thehindbrain), directlydorsal tothepons, and the head (the hindbrain), directly dorsal to the pons, and
inferior to the occipital lobe
Because of its large number of tiny granule cells, the
cerebellum contains nearly 50% of all neurons in the y
brain, although it constitutes only 10% of total brain
volume.
The cerebellum receives nearly 200 million input
fibers fibers
Drawing of the cells in the chicken cerebellum by
S. Ramn y Cajal.
The cerebellum is derived from the metencephalon
Vermis
The cerebellum - basic divisions Lingula
Nodulus
Paravermis
Nodulus
Lateral
Hemispheres
Anterior
Lobe Lobe
Posterior
Lobe
Flocculus
longitudinal division longitudinal division
Vermis, Paravermal Region,
Cerebellar Hemisphere
- transverse division
A i L b Anterior Lobe
------------ primary fissure p y
Posterior Lobe
t l t l fi ------------ posterolateral fissure
Flocculonodular Lobe
The cerebellum is connected to the
br in t m n h id b brainstem on each side by a:
superior peduncle (to mesencephalon) p p p
middle peduncle (to pons)
i f i d l ( d ll ) inferior peduncle (to medulla)
Peduncle: Afferent and Efferent Pathways y
The cerebellar hemispheres are divided into
three lobes: three lobes:
Anterior lobe: The lobe closest to the midbrain
Posterior lobe (largest lobe): separated from the Posterior lobe (largest lobe): separated from the
anterior lobe by the primary fissure
Flocculonudular lobe (Flocculus + Nodulus) or ( )
Vestibulocerebellum
Classification by Phylogenetic and Ontogenic Development
Archicerebellum
Paleocerebllum
Neocerebellum
Classification by Afferent Connection
Vestibulocerebellum Ves bu oce ebe u
Spinocerebellum
Pontocerebellum
Classification by Efferent Connection
Vermis Vermis
Paravermal Region
Cerebellar Hemisphere p
Cerebellar structure and function from a
phylogenetic perspective phylogenetic perspective
Archicerebellum
Paleocerebellum
N b ll Neocerebellum
Archicerebellum
The archicerebellumis associated with the
flocculonodular lobeandismainlyinvolved flocculonodular lobe and is mainly involved
in balance (vestibular system)
and eye movement functions.
It i i t f It receives input from
theinferior andmedial vestibular nuclei and the inferior and medial vestibular nuclei and
sends fibers back to the vestibular nuclei,
i f db k l h ll f h creating a feedback loop that allows for the
constant maintenance of balance.
Paleocerebellum
The paleocerebellum controls proprioception
relatedtomuscletone(constant partial related to muscle tone (constant, partial
muscle contraction that is important for the
i t f t ) maintenance of posture).
The paleocerebellum receives its inputs from
thedorsal andventral spinocerebellar tracts the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts,
which carry information about the position
and forces acting on the legs. The
paleocerebellum then sends axonal p
projections to the deep cerebellar nuclei.
Neocerebellum
The neocerebellumreceives input from the
b ll d j h d pontocerebellar tract and projects to the deep
cerebellar nuclei.
The pontocerebellar tract originates at the Pontine
l i hi h i th i i t f th b l nuclei, which receive their input from the cerebral
motor cortex.
Thus, the neocerebellumis associated with motor
t l i ti l th di ti f fi fi control, in particular, the coordination of fine finger
movements such as those required by typing.
Deep Nuclei
1. Fastigial nuclei
2 Globose n clei 2. Globose nuclei
3. Emboliform nuclei
4 Dentate nuclei 4. Dentate nuclei
Deep Nuclei
4pairsof nuclei oneachsideof themidlinewithinthewhite 4 pairs of nuclei on each side of the midline with in the white
matter core of the cerebellum receive input from the cerebellar
cortex and incoming afferents and cerebellar efferent. cortex and incoming afferents and cerebellar efferent.
Fastigial
d i l l l i h d stance and gait, controls muscles only in the modes
of sitting, standing, and walking
Globose + Emboliform
segmental reflexes, speeds the initiation of segmental reflexes, speeds the initiation of
movements triggered by somatosensory cues that
guide the response, stops unwanted and promotes guide the response, stops unwanted and promotes
wanted oscillations, stabilizes holds
Dentate Dentate
Fine dexterity
Cerebeller Cortex Cerebeller Cortex
3 Layers:
Granular
Purkinje
Molec lar Molecular
5 Cell types:
Basket, stellate, Purkinje, granule, and Golgi
Ascending Fibres:
Mossyy
Diffuse projections through granule cells to multiple
Purkinje cells Purkinje cells
Climbing
T i l fib f li b ll l i l Terminal fibers of olivocerebellar tracts, multiple
synaptic contacts per Purkinje cell
l il d Multilayered
Afferents from hypothalamus, raphe n, locus ceruleus
Descending Fibres:
Purkinje Fibres Purkinje Fibres
Project from Purkinje cells in Purkinje layer to deep
cerebellar nuclei inhibitory cerebellar nuclei, inhibitory
Deep nuclei then send excitory signals to their
efferent connections
Stellate cells and basket cells cause lateral
inhibition of Purkinje cells j
Modulation in spatial resolution
G l i ll i hibit l ll Golgi cells inhibit granular cells
Modulation in temporal resolution
Cerebellar Ataxia
H i h i ff t Hemispheric effects
Asynergia
Decomposition of movement
Dysarthia
k h J erky speech pattern
Dysmetria
inabilitytostopamovement at desiredpoint inability to stop a movement at desired point
Dysdiadochokinesia
inability to perform rapidly alternating movements
Hypotonia
decreased muscle tone
Remember : Lesions to the
cerebellumdonot destroy
Intention Tremor
usually evident during powerful movements, but absent or
di i i h d ith t ( t t b l li di d )
cerebellum do not destroy
movement, they disrupt it.
Ataxia =disordered movement
diminished with rest (contrast basal ganglia disorders)
Thankyoufor your attention Thank you for your attention