State your general topic:

Roofing Technology

Narrowed topic:
The Effectiveness of Multi-layered Roofing as Capacitor

Research Question:
What is the significant effect of the type of electrolyte used to store amount of
energy in a flat parallel plate capacitor?













CHAPTER I
Problem and its Setting

INTRODUCTION:
Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, utilize
high surface area electrode materials and thin electrolytic dielectrics to achieve
capacitances several orders of magnitude larger than conventional capacitors. In doing
so, supercapacitors are able to attain greater energy densities while still maintaining the
characteristic high power density of conventional capacitors (Halper & Ellenbogen
(2006).
In addition, super-capacitor has speedy response and fast charging and discharging
capability compared to secondary battery to shorten the charging time and rapidly
supply high energy for load requirement. Applications of super-capacitors include
camera ashlight, smart meter, toys, LED display, UPS, electric vehicle and so on (S.W.
Chieh, 2013).
But currently, super-capacitor faces an important issue, the smaller operating
voltage, and can't be used in the high voltage applications such that should be series
with many other super-capacitors generally.
This situation makes the super-capacitor string unfavorable because of
simultaneously charging to easy downgrade the super-capacitor property even lifetime.
Therefore, we need a balance charging and discharging control scheme to uniform the

charging state and to avoid over-charging phenomenon on some super-capacitors of
the series string.
A number of reviews have discussed the science and technology of supercapacitors
for various configurations and electrode materials. Carbon in its various forms, is
currently the most extensively examined and widely utilized electrode material,
achieving high surface-area with low matrix resistivity.
This papers topic captured our interest in response to the changing global
landscape, energy had become a primary focus of the major world powers and scientific
community. There has been great interest in developing and refining more efficient
energy storage devices. One such device, the supercacitor, has matured significantly
over the last decade and emerged with the potential to facilitate major advances in
energy storage.












OBJECTIVES:
The main objective of the study is to determine the significant effect of the type of
electrolyte used to store amount of energy in a flat parallel plate capacitor. This
objective is assessed through performing research analysis on the type of electrolyte
used. Research was performed and provided significant effects of electrolytes as a
conductive connection between two electrodes.

HYPOTHESIS:
There is no significant effect in the type of electrolyte used to store amount of
energy in a flat parallel plate capacitor. The electrolyte has no effect on the performance
of its conductivity as a conductive connection between two electrodes in a super
capacitor.











SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

The study of roofing technology using a super capacitor can be a learning model
to us as students to enhance our knowledge and our technical skills as well.
In addition, this study is a small contribution not only to our society as adapted new
technology but acquisition of learning skills and knowledge that will benefit us.

Students:
Use of super capacitor as roofing is meant to serve as a replacement for a small
battery or power supply specifically those used in charging devices. As part of their
continuous learning skills and knowledge, it helps the students also to contribute to
our society through contributing even a small contribution of research regarding the
given technology.

Researchers:
Increasing energy cost has resulted in researchers trying to find ways to save
energy whenever possible. This new approach of technology will secure as an
alternative source or back up power supply and continuous development of

technology.


SCOPE:

This study focuses on the significant effect different types of electrolyte that is
used to store amount of energy in a flat parallel plate capacitor. For some countries
work is being done on new materials for super capacitor electrodes and electrolytes to
increase its performance specifically in storing large amount of energy.

LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATONS:

LIMITATIONS:
The following limitations to the research are noted:
1. Only available materials or resources are part of the study. This may adversely
affect the output.
2. Only types of certain instruments are available to back-up the result of the
research study.
3. Other components such as chemicals will not be possible to acquire to enhance
the outcome to a more accurate research results.





DELIMITATIONS:
The following delimitations to the research are noted:
1. Some available materials are not provided and not affordable in the market.
2. The capacitor device selection was based upon availability that would best match
the component ratings required.
3. Actual survey is not conducted in this research study.
4. Actual test of materials were not conducted in this research study.















CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE:
Batteries and capacitors do a similar job storing electricity but in completely different
ways.
Batteries have two electrical terminals (electrodes) separated by a chemical
substance called an electrolyte. When you switch on the power, chemical reactions
happen involving both the electrodes and the electrolyte. These reactions convert the
chemicals inside the battery into other substances, releasing electrical energy as they
go. Once the chemicals have all been depleted, the reactions stop and the battery is
flat. In a rechargeable battery, such as a lithium-ion power pack used in a laptop
computer or MP3 player, the reactions can happily run in either direction so you can
usually charge and discharge hundreds of times before the battery needs replacing.
Capacitors use static electricity (electrostatics) rather than chemistry to store
energy. Inside a capacitor, there are two conducting metal plates with an insulating
material called a dielectric in between them it's a dielectric sandwich, if you prefer!
Charging a capacitor is a bit like rubbing a balloon on your jumper to make it stick.

Positive and negative electrical charges build up on the plates and the separation
between them, which prevents them coming into contact, is what stores the energy. The
dielectric allows a capacitor of a certain size to store more charge at the same voltage,
so you could say it makes the capacitor more efficient as a charge-storing device.
Capacitors have many advantages over batteries: they weigh less, generally don't
contain harmful chemicals or toxic metals, and they can be charged and discharged
zillions of times without ever wearing out. But they have a big drawback too: kilo for kilo,
their basic design prevents them from storing anything like the same amount of
electrical energy as batteries.
Is there anything we can do about that? Broadly speaking, you can increase the
energy a capacitor will store either by using a better material for the dielectric or by
using bigger metal plates. To store a significant amount of energy, you'd need to use
absolutely whopping plates.
Thunderclouds, for example, are effectively super-gigantic capacitors that store
massive amounts of power and we all know how big those are! What about beefing-up
capacitors by improving the dielectric material between the plates? Exploring that option
led scientists to develop supercapacitors in the mid-20th century (Springer, 1999).

What is a Supercapacitor?
A supercapacitor (often called an ultracapacitor) differs from an ordinary capacitor in
two important ways: its plates effectively have a much bigger area and the distance

between them is much smaller, because the separator between them works in a
different way to a conventional dielectric.
Like an ordinary capacitor, a supercapacitor has two plates that are separated. The
plates are made from metal coated with a porous substance such as powdery, activated
charcoal, which effectively gives them a bigger area for storing much more charge.
Imagine electricity is water for a moment: where an ordinary capacitor is like a cloth that
can mop up only a tiny little spill, a supercapacitor's porous plates make it more like a
chunky sponge that can soak up many times more. Porous supercapacitor plates are
electricity sponges!
What about the separator between the plates? In an ordinary capacitor, the plates
are separated by a relatively thick dielectric made from something like mica (a ceramic),
a thin plastic film, or even simply air (in something like a capacitor that acts as the
tuning dial inside a radio).
When the capacitor is charged, positive charges form on one plate and negative
charges on the other, creating an electric field between them. The field polarizes the
dielectric, so its molecules line up in the opposite direction to the field and reduce its
strength. That means the plates can store more charge at a given voltage. That's
illustrated in the upper diagram you see here (Lu, Wiley & Sons, 2011).
In a supercapacitor, there is no dielectric as such. Instead, both plates are soaked in
an electrolyte and separated by a very thin insulator (which might be made of carbon,

paper, or plastic).
When the plates are charged up, an opposite charge forms on either side of the
separator, creating what's called an electric double-layer, maybe just one molecule thick
(compared to a dielectric that might range in thickness from a few microns to a
millimeter or more in a conventional capacitor). This is why supercapacitors are often
referred to as double-layer capacitors, also called electric double-layer capacitors or
EDLCs). If you look at the lower diagram in the artwork, you'll see how a supercapacitor
resembles two ordinary capacitors side by side.
The capacitance of a capacitor increases as the area of the plate increases and as
the distance between the plates decreases. In a nutshell, supercapacitors get their
much bigger capacitance from a combination of plates with a bigger, effective surface
area (because of their activated charcoal construction) and less distance between them
(because of the very effective double layer).
The first supercapacitors were made in the late 1950s using activated charcoal as
the plates. Since then, advances in material science have led to the development of
much more effective plates made from such things as carbon nanotubes (tiny carbon
rods built using nanotechnology), graphene, aerogel, and barium titanate (Springer,
1999).








RESEARCH LITERATURE:
A Study of Effect of Electrolytes on the Capacitive Properties of Mustard Soot
Containing Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
The effect of different electrolytes was carried out with respective aqueous solution
of five electrolytes viz. 1MK2CO3, 1M KCl, 1M NaCl, 1M Na2SO4 and 1M MgSO4 as
well as four sets of their binary mixtures, viz. 1M KCl - 1M K2SO4, 1M KCl - 1M
MgSO4, 1M KCl - 1M Na2SO4 and 1M NaCL - 1M Na2SO4, at varied scan rates from
10 to 1000 mVs-1. The voltammetric responses of MS-CNT electrode in 1M aqueous
solution with single electrolytes are shown in Fig.1. Nearly same profile was observed
for all the five samples showing the linear dependence of the voltammetric currents on
the scan rate of CV. The figure also represents the specific capacitances of MS-CNT
electrode as a function of the scan rate. As expected the capacitance decreases with
increasing scan rates. This phenomenon, in fact, is found in the case of all single and
binary mixtures of electrolytes indicating that the charge- discharge currents are
typically capacitive-like.
The decrease of capacitance value with the increase in scan rate has been attributed to
the resistance of ion diffusion with certain micropores (especially the micropore surface

partially accessible to electrolytes) which becomes significant under relatively high scan
rate due to the differential depletion of the electrolyte concentration. In addition, the
proportion of these inaccessible micropores also increased with increasing the scan rate
of CV, therefore a monotonous decrease in the specific capacitance is observed
accordingly.
In this case, the decrease is more pronounced, when the scan rate was increased
from 10 mVs-1 to 30 mVs-1. It is almost clear that a maximum capacitance value in the
case of all types of electrolytes (single or mixture) can be obtained at the lowest scan
rate of 10mVs-1. The specific capacitance value of a single electrolyte follows the order
1M MgSO4> 1M NaCl> 1M Na2SO4,> 1M KCl> 1M K2CO3 at the same scan rate.
Here the conductivity, mobility of cations and anions, and size of the hydration spheres
may be determining factors for such a behavior of MS-CNT electrode in different
electrolytes. A comparison of the specific capacitance of MS-CNT electrode in five
individual electrolytes indicates the lowest capacitance value in the case of 1 M K2CO3.
Since K2CO3 is a weak electrolyte hence ionic dissociation is also poor, which is
responsible for its lower ionic mobility, conductivity and hence its specific capacitance
(Res. J. 2011).

Synopsis:
Highly confined ions store charge more efficiently in supercapacitors

Liquids exhibit specific properties when they are adsorbed in nanoporous
structures. This is particularly true in the context of supercapacitors, for which an
anomalous increase in performance has been observed for nanoporous electrodes.
This enhancement has been traditionally attributed in experimental studies to the effect
of confinement of the ions from the electrolyte inside sub-nanometre pores, which is
accompanied by their partial desolvation. Here we perform molecular dynamics
simulations of realistic supercapacitors and show that this picture is correct at the
microscopic scale. We provide a detailed analysis of the various environments
experienced by the ions. We pick out four different adsorption types, and we,
respectively, label them as edge, planar, hollow and pocket sites upon increase of the
coordination of the molecular species by carbon atoms from the electrode. We show
that both the desolvation and the local charge stored on the electrode increase with the
degree of confinement (Conway, B. E. 1999).
Ionic liquid incorporated polymer eletrolytes for supercapacitor application
The study of the EMI, TFSI ionic liquid as a model electrolyte in a non-
associative environment in a 3-electrode configuration using microporous Ti-CDCs
electrodes with a narrow distribution of micropores produced results that are in
agreement with our previous study performed under a 2-electrode configuration and
have affirmed that maximum capacitance can be achieved when the carbon pore size is
in proximity of the ion size.
Extents of desolvation of the electrolyte ions upon adsorption into the pores under an

applied potential were established. From the CVs recorded at 100 mV/s, the effective
sizes of adsorbed ions are found to decrease in the order: TFSI in AN> EMI+ in AN>
EMI+= TFSI. This confirms that although the bare sizes of the neat electrolyte ions
(EMI+ and TFSI) are fairly close, they have different affinities for the solvent molecules
(AN), hence resulting in different extent of solvation and therefore different solvated ion
sizes. The electrochemical kinetics study of the small pore size CDC sample (0.68 nm)
in AN+2M EMI+, TFSI electrolyte showed that the TFSI anion adsorption in the pores
was a diffusion-controlled process because of the lack of accessibility due to size effect.
When the carbon pore size was increase to be close the ion size, for the 1nm CDC
sample, a set of highly reversible peaks appear on the capacitive CV leading to 25%
extra-capacitance at 10mVs1 scan rate. This reversible extra-capacitance is suspected
to be issued from an increase of the electrostatic interactions between the ions and the
carbon pore walls in this confined environment. Further work is needed to fully
characterize the ion transport and adsorption in these sub-nanopores, but these new
results confirm that matching the pore size of carbon to the ion size of electrolyte is of
vital importance for optimizing specific capacitance, when using either solvated or
solvent-free ionic liquid electrolytes (Lin, Huang and Sgalini, Largeot, Taberna,
Chmiola, Gogotsi, Simon, 2009).












DEFINITION OF TERMS:

AEROGEL
It is a synthetic porousultralight material derived from agel, in which the liquidcomponent
of the gel has been replaced with a gas.

ANODE
It is define as the electrode at which electrons leave the cell and oxidation occurs.

BARIUM TITANATE
It is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaTiO3.

BATTERY
It is a device consisting one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical
energy into electrical energy.

CARBON NANOTUBE
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.


CAPACITOR
It is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy electro statically
in an electric field.

CATHODE
As the electrode at which the electrons enter the cell and reduction occurs.


CDC
TiC-derived carbon (CDC) powders

CME
Cavity-MicroElectrode

DIELECTRIC
It is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field.

EDLC
Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor

ELECTRODE
It is an electric conductor used to make contact with a non-metallic part of a circuit.

ELECTROLYTE
It is a compound that ionizes when dissolve in suitable ionizing solvents such as water.

EMI
Ethyl-methylimmidazolium-bisimide ionic liquid

ENERGY DENSITY
It is a measured either gravimetrically (percent mass) in watt-hours per kilogram
(Wh/kg) or volumetrically (percent of volume) in watts hour per liter (Wh/L).

FARAD
It is the SI derived unit of electrical capacitance. It is named after the English physicist
Michael Faraday.

GRAPHENE
It is is a 2-dimensional, crystaline allotrope of carbon.

IONS
It is an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained one or more electrons.

NANOTECHNOLOGY
It is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.
POWER DENSITY
It is measured either gravimetrically in KW per kg (KW/kg) or jn volumetrically in
KW/L.


SUPERCAPACITOR
It is formerly electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC), is the generic term for a
family of electrochemical capacitors. Supercapacitors, sometimes also called
ultracapacitors, don't have a conventional solid dielectric.

TFSI
Trifluoromethane- sulfonyl ionc liquid.







References:

1. Lin, R. and Huang , P. and Sgalini, J. and Largeot, C. and Taberna,Pierre-Louis
and Chmiola, John and Gogotsi, Y. and Simon, Patrice ( 2009) Solvent effecton
the ion adsorption from ionic liquid electrolyte into sub-nanometer carbon
pores.Electrochimica Acta, vol. 54.
2. Conway, B. E. (1999). Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals
and Technological Applications Kluwer.
3. Res.J. (2011). A Study of Effect of Electrolytes on the Capacitive Properties of
Mustard Soot Containing Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Research Journal of
Chemical Science. Vol. 1(3).
4. B. E. Conway. Springer, (1999). Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific
Fundamentals and Technological Applications. Explains the basic science of
double-layer capacitors and the differences between supercapacitors and
batteries, before considering applications such as electric vehicles and computer
memories.
5. Gao Qing Lu (ed). John Wiley & Sons, (2011). Comprehensive, current review of
the science and applications of supercapacitors.
6. M.S. Halper & J.C. Ellenbogen (2006). Supercapactior: A Brief Overview. MITRE
Nanosytems Group. Page 1.
7. S.W. Chieh (2013). Implementation and Study of Super-capacitor Cell Power
Management System. Taiwan Textile Research Insitute. Progress in
Electriomagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings. pp 705-708.










Rizal Technological University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL
TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY


The Effectiveness of Multi-layered Roofing as Capacitor


SUBMITTED BY:
Bayan, Lean-Riz
Cagalingan, Marjun
Lumantas, Fiel Adonis
Ganchoon, Jonnie

Parambita, Rossana
Villanueva, Gemar

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Timajo