Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Question 1:
· Enzyme does not destroy after the reaction / can be reused after the reaction
· After the substrate is broken down into products, it leaves the active site of enzyme.
(b)
Enzymes are widely used in our daily life and industries.
Based on the above statement, explain how enzymes are used in the food industry. [4 marks]
Question 2:
A study is carried out on two individuals X and Y. They were asked to drink glucose solution of
the same volume and concentration. The glucose and insulin level in the blood is measured.
The graph in Diagram 2 shows the changes in concentration of glucose and insulin in the blood of
individuals X and Y.
(a) Explain the differences between the graph of individuals X and Y in relation to:
· At stage 1, before glucose intake, blood glucose concentration in individual Y is normal which is
0.09 g/dm3 while blood glucose concentration in individual X is high (0.13 g/dm3).
· Y is normal while X is suffering from diabetes mellitus.
· At stage 2 after glucose intake, blood glucose level in individual Y increases until it reaches at
maximum level (0.13 g/dm3) while blood glucose level in individual X increases rapidly and
reaches at maximum level 0.20 g/dm3.
· At stage 3 blood glucose level decreases rapidly in individual Y until it reaches at normal level
(0.09 g/dm3) while blood glucose level in individual X decreases to 0.165 g/dm3.
· Y is normal while X is suffering from diabetes mellitus.
· At stage 1 insulin concentration in the individual Y is 0.02 arbitrary units before glucose intake
while insulin concentration in the individual X is 0.01 arbitrary units.
· After glucose intake / at stage 2, insulin concentration in the individual Y increases rapidly and
reach the maximum level 0.06 arbitrary units while insulin concentration in the individual X is
increases to 0.02 arbitrary units.
· More insulin is required to convert excess of glucose into glycogen back to
normal level while in individual X pancreas fails to secrete high concentration
of insulin so glucose level is high.
· At stage 3 that is after a few hours the concentration of insulin in the individual Y decreases and
remain high in the blood (0.02 g/dm3) while in the individual X concentration of insulin is remain
low (0.01 arbitrary units).
· Glucose level can be converted to the normal level in the individual Y while
glucose level of X is high and X is suffer from diabetes.
Question 3:
Diagram 3 shows the longitudinal section through the thorax of a man.
Diagram 3
Describe briefly the mechanism of breathing in man . In your answer describe the part played by
the
(i) diaphragm
(ii) intercostals muscle
(iii) alveoli (10 marks)
Answer:
(i)
· Diaphragm is a muscular sheet in the body cavity separating the thorax from the abdomen
· At the start of inhalation, the muscles of the diaphragm contract , making it less arched
· This helps to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity and reduce the pressure of the thoracic
cavity. Air rushes into the lungs
· When the muscles of the diaphragm relax , it returns to its arched condition , reducing the
volume of the thoracic cavity and increasing the pressure of the thoracic cavity. Air is forced out
of the lungs
(ii)
· The muscles between the ribs are known as intercostals muscles
· During inhalation the external intercostals muscle contracts and raise the lower ribs
· This helps to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity and reduce the pressure of the thoracic
cavity. Air rushes into the lungs.
· During exhalation the external intercostals muscles contract , the ribs return to their original
position , reduce the pressure of the thoracic cavity. Air is forced out of the lungs
(iii)
· The alveoli are thin-walled air sacs with the lungs
· These sacs are surrounded by a network of capillaries
· During inhalation the alveoli are filled with air and gaseous exchange occurs between the alveoli
and the capillaries
· Oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the capillaries while carbon dioxide diffuses from the
capillaries into the alveoli.
Question 4:
Why do we need to practice good posture? Explain how we can practice good postures while
standing, sitting, walking and lifting heavy objects. [10 marks]
Answer:
Question 5:
Reproduction technology has contributed a lot to human health and population growth. Describe
how fertility is overcome in humans using the following methods:
Sperm banking
Artificial insemination
In vitro fertilization
Surrogate mother [10 marks]
Answer:
Sperm bank
· used when the man/spouse/male suffers from low sperm count / production of weak / unhealthy
sperm
· sperms are donated and donor’s identity is recorded/ secret
· genetic biodata of donor and the woman recipient should match for successful fertilization
Artificial insemination
· Practiced by a couple when the man is sterile
· Donor’s sperm are injected into the woman uterus during ovulation
· No sexual intercourse is involved
· The genetic background and health of donor is screened before acceptance
In vitro fertilization
· Practiced when the woman’s ovum cannot be fertilized due to blockage of fallopian tube
· Ovum is extracted (from the woman) and fertilized outside the body / in petri dish / test tube
· Fertilized ovum / zygote grows in culture medium
· Than it is implanted into the woman’s uterus
Surrogate mother
· Method practiced when a woman cannot be pregnant in normal way
· The zygote is obtained by in vitro fertilization
· Another woman is implanted with the couple zygote
· (surrogate mother) carries the baby only until it is born [any 10 points]
Question 6
The figure below shows a fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane
(a) Explain the functions of the structures X, Y and Z in the movement of substances across the
plasma membrane
[4 marks]
· Structure X allows hydrophobic molecules which can dissolve in lipids such as fatty acids,
glycerol, steroid hormones, vitamins A, D, E and K to move in and out of the cell.
· Structure Y allows bigger molecules which do not dissolve in lipids like glucose and amino acids
to move in and out of the cell.
· Structure Z allows small charged molecules to move in and out of the cell.
(b) All movements of substances have to pass through a plasma membrane. Explain why the
plasma membrane is known as a semi permeable membrane
(6 marks)
· The plasma membrane is known as a semi permeable membrane because it only allows the
passage of certain molecules and limits the passage of other molecules.
· It consists of two layers of phospholipids with protein molecules scattered in them
· Molecules that can pass through the plasma membrane easily are those that can dissolve in
lipid and small uncharged molecules.
· Molecules which cannot move through the plasma membrane but require proteins include large
molecules that do not dissolve in lipid and small charged molecules.
· Channel protein does not require the binding of a molecule and conformational change to open.
· Channel protein allows molecules to steadily diffuse across the membrane through diffusion.
· However a carrier protein allows specific molecules to cross the cell membrane by undergoing a
conformational change upon the binding of the molecule.
· The conformational change opens a hole through which the molecule can enter or leave a cell.
Question 7:
(a) Explain how the first line of defence can prevent the entry of pathogens into the body
[6 marks]
The first line of defence in the prevention of pathogens entering the body can be the function of
(b) Explain the effect of taking fatty foods that have high cholesterol content to human healthy life.
[4 marks]
Our body has better ability to store fats rather than use it to release energy.
As a result fats and excess cholesterol will settle on the arterial wall causing a condition known as
arteriosclerosis.
The lumen of the artery becomes narrow and hinders/slowing down the flow of blood, thus
causing high blood pressure/hypertension.
If the coronary artery is blocked, the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart is affected.
This will cause a heart attack.
If the flow of blood to the brain is blocked, there is a possibility that stroke can occur.
Question 8:
(b) Discuss the importance of genetic engineering in the medical and agricultural field.
[4 marks]
The importance of genetic engineering in the medical field.
· Production of insulin from bacteria.
· Gene from the pancreas that can produce insulin is removed and inserted into the DNA
molecule of bacteria.
· The bacteria that can produce insulin grows very fast in a suitable nutrient medium.
· Insulin can be produced in large quantities in a short time.
(c) Diagram 8 shows DNA finger printing. DNA finger printing is more scientific, accurate and
advanced compared to the thumbprint in criminal investigation.
Discuss the use of DNA fingerprinting in the identification of the parents of a child. Based on your
answer, identify the father of the child.
[4 marks]
· DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify parents of a child based on DNA banding
similarity
· Generally, the DNA profile of a child is the combination of the mother and father.
· A child inherit half of the chromosomes number from father and half from mother.
· DNA fingerprinting gives more details and information regarding the identity of a person while
thumbprints give general information as it is based on a few different types.
· A blood sample, seminal fluid or any tissue can be analysed and its result is compared with that
of an individual who is a suspect.
· In conclusion, man P is the father of the child as the similarity of his DNA is higher
Question 9:
P: Autotrophic that enables to produce their own food by photosynthesis process using simple
inorganic substances to form complex organic substances
Q: Heterotrophic unable to produce their own food, it depends to others organism for food
(ii) Explain one similarity and three differences between the alimentary canal of Q and R.
[6 marks]
Both contain anaerobic bacteria and protozoa in their alimentary canal for digestion of cellulose
Q
R
Has a very large caecum – to provide large compartment for digestion of cellulose
Question 10
Pregnant mother, infants and teenager require different energy daily. Each target group needs to
choose a diet appropriate to its needs.
Based on your biological knowledge discuss the above statement. [10 marks]
Pregnant mother
· Need rich in calcium and phosphorus for formation of strong bone in the growing of foetuses.
· More folic acid and ferum for formation of red blood cells,/formation of normal neural tube
development in the embryos
· Rich of protein for the formation of new tissues
· Eat lot of vegetables and grains as source of fibre to prevent constipation
· Reduce a food rich in fats and sugar and caffeinated drinks to ovoid obesity and neural
suppression
Teenagers
· Need food rich in proteins and vitamins during the period of rapid growth
· Consumes rich of fruit and vegetable to supply vitamins and mineral, and ovoid constipation
· Female teenager needs food rich in ferum to prevent iron-deficiency anaemia especially after
menstruation.
· Reduce intake of fatty and oily food to avoid having pimples and acne
Question 11:
The diagram shows a human activity.
a) Explain briefly why humans carry out the activity as shown in diagram above.
[4 marks ]
b) Explain the important ecological roles of the tropical rainforest.
[6 marks]
c) i) Explain the impacts of the activity shown above on the environment.
[7 marks]
ii) Suggest methods to control the mentioned activity.
[3 marks]
Answers :
a)
- The human population grows rapidly. The demands for food and housing areas have increased.
( 1 mark )
- Vast areas of forest are cleared for agricultural and commercial purposes.
( 1 mark )
- Urbanization and industrialization have caused more forests to be cleared for road construction
and housing areas.
( 1 mark )
- Deforestation is also caused by the demands for timber and fuel wood.
( 1 mark )
TOTAL 4 MARKS
b) - The rainforest sustains almost half of the flora and fauna of the world.
( 1 mark )
- Certain plants from the forest provide food and pharmaceutical products to humans. ( 1 mark )
- The rainforest regulates the climate by influencing humidity, rainfall and temperatures. ( 1 mark )
- Green plants inside the forest absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and maintain the
concentration of the gas in the atmosphere. ( 1 mark )
- Green plants provide oxygen to all living things. ( 1 mark )
- The rainforest also acts as water catchment areas. ( 1 mark )
TOTAL 6 MARKS
Question 12:
Activities that carried out by the human to provide food, power and industrial needs have a
extensive effects on the environment. These effects include atmospheric pollution, water
pollution, destruction of habitats and communities and a natural phenomenon known as the
greenhouse effect.
d) Explain the fenomena of greenhouse effect and problems caused by this fenomena.
( 10 marks )
e) Suggest two measures which can be employed in the management of development activities
and the ecosystem to ensure that the balance of nature is maintained.
( 10 marks )
ANSWERS
a) Able to define and describe the causes and effects of greenhouse effects.
· The greenhouse effect is caused by specific gases which form a thin layer around the
atmosphere. ( 1 mark )
· These gases include (water vapor )/ carbon dioxide/ methane/ ozone/ nitrogen oxides and CFCs
– any 2 gases ( 1 mark )
· The increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide is primarily due to
- combustion of fossil fuels ( 1 mark )
- increased deforestation ( 1 mark )
- industrial production ( 1 mark )
Max 2 marks
· The greenhouse gases allows short wavelength radiation from the sun to reach the earth’s
surface. ( 1 mark )
· Some of the infra-red radiation fails to pass back through the greenhouse layer.
- more heat is trapped in the atmosphere ( 1 mark )
- results in global warming ( 1 mark )
Question 13:
(a) The shaded area of the graph in Diagram1 shows the intake of oxygen by an athlete before,
during and after running for five minutes.
Period of running
Key
Oxygen
demand
Oxygen
consumption
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.0
Oxygen consuption
(litre per minute)
Time (minutes)
Based on the graph , explain how an oxygen debt is built up when an athlete is running and how
it is settled after he stops running.
[ 10 marks ]
Answer
Max 10 marks
Question 14:
eagle
bird
rat
snake
earthworm
Explain how energy flows through the food chain and how it is lost to the environment.
[ 8 marks]
Answer :
[10 marks]
Question 15:
The figure above shows a type of transport which happens on the plasma membrane of a cell.
Based on the diagram above, name the type of transport in the above figure.
Explain your answer.
[6 marks]
Answer :
- Active transport
- is dynamic and requires energy / ATP for the transfer of molecules or ions
- an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration through the living cell membrane.//
go against the concentration gradient
- It requires carrier protein
- The carrier protein must be able to change its shape (and also be able to return to its original
state.)
- To combine the active site of the carrier protein with the molecules or ions.
- To carry the complex molecular carriers through the plasma membrane.
Question 16:
The figure shows the organelles involved in the production of extracellular enzymes.
(a) (i) Using a name example, explain the term extracellular enzyme.
[2 marks]
(iii) Based on the organelles shown, explain how extracellular enzymes are produced.
[8 marks]
(b) The figure shows a reaction of an enzyme and its substrate
Answer:
( a) (i) - Extracellular enzyme is produced in a cell, then packed and secreted from the cell.
It catalyses its reaction outside the cell. An example is amylase.
- (ii) The instruction for making the extracellular enzyme is transcribed from the deoxyribonucleic
acid
o (DNA) to ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus.
o The RNA then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore
o and attaches itself to the ribosome located on the endoplasmic reticulum.
o When the synthesis of the enzymes is completed
o it is encapsulated in a transport vesicle which fuses with the golgi body.
o In the golgi body, the enzyme is further modified before being packed in a secretory vesicle.
o The secretory vesicle transports the enzyme to the plasma membrane, where it fuses with it
o and the enzyme is released outside the cell.
(b) The explanation of enzyme action is known as the ‘lock and key hypothesis’.
· The substrate molecule fits into the active site of the enzyme molecule.
· The substrate is the ‘key’ that fits into the enzyme ‘lock’.
· Various types of bonds such as hydrogen and ionic bonds hold the substrate
· in the active site forming the enzyme-substrate complex.
· Once the complex is formed, the enzyme changes the substrate to its product.
· The product leaves the active site.
· The enzyme is not altered by the reaction and it can be reused.
Question 17:
Answer
Question 18
Diagram above shows the structure of HIV. The virus infects helper T cells of the human ‘s
immune system that caused AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
i) Descibe the effects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the body’s defence
mechanism.
( 6 marks )
ii) Suggest ways to prevent the spread of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). ( 4
marks )
ANSWERS
2 (i) - HIV infects helper T cells.
- Helper T cells are essential to activate other lymphocytes in the body’s defence mechanism
against diseases.
- There may be a long incubation period of several years for the virus before the symptoms
appear.
- The immune system of the infected person gradually becomes weakened and defenceless
against many pathogens.
- HIV also attacks the central nervous system.
- There is weight loss and a decrease in the function of the nervous system.
( 6 marks )
(ii) - By practice sexual abstinence or only having sexual relationship with one partner.
- Use condom during copulation/sexual relationship.
- Set up centres to exchange free sterile syringe and needles for used ones to reduce the practice
of sharing needles amongst drug users.
- Strict screening of blood before it is used for transfusion.
-Carry out awareness campaigns to educate public and schoolchildren about the dangers of
AIDS.
- Proper counseling provided to HIV positive person so that they do not spread the virus to other
healthy people.
( Any 4 answers)
Question 19
(a) Based on the cell division of P, explain the best technique can be used by an oil palmer to
produce a large number of oil palm in a short time.
State one problem to be considered in using technique.
The disadvantage of cloning is no variation. Clones are exactly identical to parent cell. If one
clone is infected by disease, the others will be infected too because they have same resistance to
the certain disease.
(b) A farmer wants to produce large number of goat A in a short period time. He tries to apply the
concept of cell division cell P to produce new individuals of goat A. Describe the technique used.
Justify the technique.
The somatic cell (diploid cell) of goat A is taken and the nucleus of goat A is removed.
An egg cell of goat B is removed and the haploid nucleus of goat B is removed.
The diploid nucleus of goat A is inserted into the egg cell of goat B.
The egg cell contain the diploid nucleus is cultured into the medium that contain nutrient and the
condition is aseptic.
The cell divides by mitosis to produce large number of cells namely embryo.
Embryo is implanted into the uterus of goat B.
A farmer should use the technique because by this he can select good characteristics of goat A
and produces large number of offspring in short period time.
So production yield can be increased.
The disadvantages are no variation between individuals produced. Clones A are identical and
have same resistance to the diseases.
(c) Explain how the daughter cell produced differs than parent cell.
The daughter cell produced differs than parent cell in aspect of the number of chromosome and
the recombination of DNA.
During prophase 1, chromatids of the homologous chromosomes cross over.
After that the DNA is exchanged/ recombined
Recombination of DNA causes variation among the daughter cell produced.
During anaphase 1 each of homologous chromosome are separated and pulled at the opposite
poles
After meiosis 1 each daughter cell carried half number of chromosome than parent cell.
Now genetically the daughter cells produced are different as compared to the parent cell.
Question 20:
DIAGRAM 18.2
The exposure drives the cell cycle malfunctions. Based on the Diagram 18.2 describe the
effect of cell cycle malfunctions to the body.
[ 6 marks]
Formation of an abnormal cell (cancerous cell)
Due to the DNA of the normal cell changes spontaneously (mutation)
So the cell divides by uncontrolled mitosis
To produce an abnormal cells
That has two nuclei (without cytokinesis).
These abnormal cells diffuse into the blood or lymph and transported by the blood circulatory
system or lymphatic system
To the other parts of the body cells.
So it spreads to other organ and destroys the normal cells.
(d) Cancer is a disease which causes uncontrolled growth of tissues. Suggest the method to treat
cancer. Explain how this treatment stops the growth of cancer cells.
Question 21:
Figure 19.1 shows the structure of leaf. Figure 19.2 shows the organelle M involves in the
formation of starch in plants.
Based on the raw materials (inorganic substances) required in photosynthesis, explain the
formation of starch(organic substance) in the plant. [10 marks]
Carbon dioxide and water are the raw materials needed in photosynthesis to form starch with the
presence of chlorophyll.
During the light reaction, water is splitted to hydrogen ion and hydroxyl ion and release ATP
When chlorophyll traps/ captures light
The process namely photolysis of water
Hydroxyl ion gives electrone to form hydroxyl group
Hydroxyl groups combine to produce oxygen and water
Hydrogen ion receives electrone to form hydrogen atom.
Hydrogen atom enters the dark reaction
To reduce carbon dioxide into glucose and water
Using energy / ATP provides from the light reaction.
Molecules of glucose undergo condensation to form starch.
Question 22
Why this food can be kept longer compared its normal condition.
- Cooked prawn
- Frozen meat
- Dried prunes 8 marks ]
Answers :
- Therefore, cooking the food properly will kill microorganisms and cooked prawn can be last
longer compared to uncooked prawn. [ 1 mark ]
- The optimum temperature for microorganisms to become active is between 35ºC - 40ºC, [1
mark ]
- Moist medium is suitable for the growth of microorganisms because water is basic needs for
microorganism. [ 1 mark]
- Low moisture in refrigerator will slow down the spore germination. Therefore frozen meat can be
kept within few months. [1 mark]
- Dark condition and the moist at room temperature will give high chance for the growth of
microorganisms in fresh food such as fruits. [1mark]
- When prunes is exposed to ultraviolet rays and high intensity of sunlight , the light can kill the
microorganisms in the fruit.
[ 1 mark]
- The dried food contains less moisture and less nutrients which may decrease microorganisms
keep growing.
[ 1 marks]