EE303 Solutions

Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and
Use
Solutions to Problems
James L. Kirtley Jr.
c 2010 John Wiley & Sons
Introduction Herein are solutions to problems for each of the chapters of Electric Power Prin-
ciples: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use. I believe them to be correct, but
errors may have crept in. Use them with caution, and please check them before grading
students homework!
There are a number of Matlab scripts in an accompanying directory structure. There is a
subdirectory for each chapter of the book for which there are scripts. (Chapters 2, 3, 5, 6
and 8 through 15). (The scripts are named for the chapter and problem, so that p6 5.mis
a script that solves all or part of Problem 5 of Chapter 6. There are some auxiliary scripts
that are required for some problems. They are located in the appropriate subdirectory and
their identity is made clear in the main scripts that use them. The scripts are known to run
under Matlab Version 7.10.0.499 (R2010a).
Chapter 1
1. 240v 50A = 12kW
12kW 3, 414BTU/kWh = 40, 968BTU/h
2. R =
3,414
.5
= 6, 828BTU/kWh
3. Assume Coal energy content is 30,870 BTU/kg.
If R=11,000 BTU/kWh, then coal consumption is:
m =
11, 000BTU/kWh
30, 870BTU/kg
0.3563kg/kWh
Then, if P = 1000MW = 10
6
kW,
M = 10
6
kW .3563 = 3.563 10
5
kg/h
365.25 24 = 3.12 10
9
kg/yr = 3.12 10
6
Tonnes/yr
4. If R = 30, 890BTU/kWh,
m =
9, 500BTU/lWh
30, 890BTU/kg
.3075kg/kWh
2.959kg CO
2
/kg fuel = 0.9kg CO
2
/kWh
600, 000 24 365.25 = 4.79 10
9
kg CO
2
/yr = 4.79 10
6
T CO
2
/yr
5. R =
3414
.53
= 6, 441BTU/kWh
m =
6, 441BTU/kWh
50, 780BTU/kg
.127kg/kWh
= 2.75 = .349kg CO
2
/kWh
600, 000 24 365.25 = 1.83 10
9
kg CO
2
/yr = 1.83 10
6
Tonnes CO
2
/yr
6. The fraction of fuel converted to energy is:
f =
1
2
.04
1
5
1235 2.128 10
5
Then energy released per kg of fuel is:
E = 2.128 10
5
9 10
1
6 1.915 10
12
J/kg
If R = 12, 000BTU/kWh, then thermal eciency is =
3,414
12,000
.2845, and electrical
output per kilo of enriched fuel is:
E
e
= 1.95 10
12
.2845 5.548 10
11
J/kg
1, 000MW yr = 10
6
kW yr = 3.6 10
12
365.25 24 3.16 10
16
J
So total fuel required is:
3.16 10
16
J
5.548 10
11
J/kg
56, 881kg
7. Power per unit area is:
P
A
=
1
2
v
3
=
1
2
1.2 .4 10
3
= 240W/m
3
Then since power is P =
P
A
4
D
2
, required diameter is:
D =
1.5 10
6
240
89.2m
8. P = g vh, so required ow is:
v =
100 10
6
1000 20 9.812 .8
637m
3
/s
J.L. Kirtley Jr: Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use 2
Chapter 2
1.
R
th
= 4 + 8||8 = 4 + 4 = 8
V
th
= 10 8||8 + 10
8
8 + 8
= 40 + 5 = 45
2. The rst (left-hand) circuit has the following impedance matrix:
Z =
_
3 2
2 3
_
The right-hand circuit has the following admittance matrix:
Y =
_
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
1
R
2
1
R
2
1
R
3
+
1
R
2
_
If we invert the impedance matrix for the rst circuit:
Z
1
=
1
5
_
3 2
2 3
_
=
_
3
5

2
5
2
5
3
5
_
This makes R
2
= 2.5 and then
1
R
1
=
1
R
3
+
3
5

2
5
=
1
5
So R
1
= R
3
= 5.
3. This one is easily done by recognizing that the thevenin equivalent circuits for the sources
and vertically aligned (totem pole style) resistors is as shown in Figure 1. The thevenin
equivalent voltage is derived from the voltage divider between the two resistors and the
equivalent resistance is the same: 4||1 =
4
5
. Then the problem is reduced to what is
shown in Figure 2. The output voltage is:
v
o
=
_
4
5

1
5
_
18
1
1 +
8
5
=
18
3
= 6
4. The trick to this magic ladder problem is to see that the driving point impedance of
a section can be deduced to be 2R and the transfer relationship is dened by a simple
voltage divider to be
1
2
. This is true for each of the cells of the ladder network. Thus
the open-circuit output voltage V = V
2
_
1
2
_
5
+ V
1
_
1
2
_
7
. Then, at that point, the
thevenin equivalent voltage is the open circuit voltage:
V
th
=
V
1
128
+
V
2
32
The thevenin equivalent resistance is
R
th
= R||2R =
2
3
R
18
18
1
4
18
4
1
4
5
4
5
4
5
5
18
1
Figure 1: Solution to Problem 3
4
5
4
5
4
5
5
18
1
18
1
v
o
+
5. While this one looks odd (the voltage source controls the voltage across the current
source and the current source controls current through the voltage source, it is a pretty
good approximation of the interface between solar and some wind generators and the
power system. In such situations, the system acts like a voltage source and the power
electronics of the generators emulates a current source.
Real power is:
P =
1
2
V IRe
_
e
j
_
=
1
2
cos
and Imaginary power is:
Q =
1
2
V IIm
_
e
j
_
=
1
2
sin
Instantaneous power is, with the voltage phase being zero:
p = 2P cos
2
t +Qsin 2t
The phasor diagrams corresponding with = 0 and =

2
are shown in Figure 3, and
instantaneous power is plotted for = 0 in Figure 4 and for psi =

2
in Figure 5.
6. The voltage drops across the resistance and reactances are, respectively:
V
R
= 120
10
10 +j20
= 120
_
1
5
j
2
5
_
V
X
= 120
j20
10 +j20
= 120
_
4
5
+j
2
5
_
= /2
V
I
V
I
= 0
Figure 3: Phasor Diagram for Problem 5
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Chapter 2, Problem 5, psi = 0
W
Phase om * t
Figure 4: Instantaneous real power for phase angle of zero
Current is:
I =
V
R
10
= 12
_
1
5
j
2
5
_
Complex power is:
P +jQ = V I
= 120 12
_
1
5
+j
2
5
_
or P =
1440
5
= 288W and Q =
2880
5
= 576VARs
7. The resistance and reactance are in parallel, so:
I
R
=
V
s
R
=
120
10
= 12
I
X
=
V
s
jX
=
120
j20
= j6
A phasor diagram that shows this is in Figure 6
Real and reactive power are:
P +jQ = V I
= 1440 +j720
0 2 4 6 8 10
1500
1000
500
0
500
1000
1500
Chapter 2, Problem 5, psi = pi/2
W
Phase om * t
Figure 5: Instantaneous real power for phase angle of -90 degrees
S
I = 12
I = 12 j 6
I = j 6
X
R
8. Maximum impedance magnitude will occur if the capacitive admittance balances (and
thus cancels) the inductive admittance, so the condition for maximum voltage magnitude
is X
C
= j10, or C =
1
10260
265F
The phasor diagram for the maximum voltage condition is shown in Figure 7
Impedance is:
Z = R||jL||
1
jC
=
1
1
R
+
1
jL
+jC
The magnitude of voltage is shown as a function of capacitance in Figure 8
9. This is the series analog of Problem 8. The capacitance to maximize voltage across the
resistance is the one that balances (cancels) inductor impedance, and this is the same as
in Problem 8, namely 265F. The phasor diagram for voltages is, at resonance, shown
in Figure 9.
Voltage across the resistance is given by a voltage divider:
V
R
= V
S
R
R +jL +
1
jC
Ir = 10
Ic = j 10
I l = j 10
Figure 7: Phasor Diagram for Maximum Voltage
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Chapter 2, Problem 8
V
,

R
M
S
C, microfarads
Figure 8: Voltage Magnitude
The magnitude of this is plotted in Figure 10
10. The two phasor diagrams are shown in Figure 11
Source voltage is:
V = V
s
+jXI
The locus of this voltage, with arbitrary phase angle of I is shown in Figure 12.
And the range of source voltage magnitudes is:
90 < |V | < 110
11. Inductive reactance is X = 2 60 .02 7.54, so receiving end voltage is
V
r
= V
s
R
R +jX
= V
s
R
2
jXR
R
2
+X
2
76.6 j57.7V
A phasor diagram of this case is shown in Figure 13.
Vr
Vx
Vc
Figure 9: Voltage Phasors at Maximum Output Voltage
With the capacitor in place, the ratio of input to output voltages is:
V
r
= V
s
R||
1
jC
R||
1
jC
+jL
= V
s
1
1
2
LC
+
jL
R
To make the magnitude of output voltage equal to input voltage, it is necessary that:
_
1
2
LC
_
2
+
_
L
R
_
2
= 1
Or noting X = L and Y = C
(XY )
2
2XY +
_
X
R
_
2
= 0
This is easily solved by:
Y =
1
X

_
1
X
_
2
1
R
2
With X = 7.54 and R = 10, this evaluates to Y = .0455S, so that C =
.0455
377
120F.
To construct the phasor diagram, start by assuming the output voltage is real (V
r
= 120),
Then the capacitance draws current I
c
= .0455j 120 j 5.46A. Current through the
inductance is I
x
= 12+j5.46, and the voltage across the inductance is V
x
= 41+j90.48.
Source voltage is V
s
= 78.8 +j90.48, which has magnitude of 120 V (all of this is RMS).
The resulting phasor diagram is shown in Figure 14.
Maximum voltage at the outupt is clearly achieved when
2
LC = 1, when C = 351.8F.
Maximum output voltage is V
r
= V
s
R
L
1.33 120 159V. A plot of relative output
vs. input voltage is shown in Figure 15
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
R
e
s
i
s
t
o
r

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Capacitance, Microfarads
Figure 10: Resistor Voltage Magnitude
Vx = 10
Vx = j10
V = 100 + j10
Vs = 100
I=1
I=j
V=110
Vs = 100
Figure 11: Phasor Diagrams for Problem 10
12. The situation is shown in the phasor diagram of Figure 16. In complex terms, V =
V
s
+ jXI. In this situation, we know the magnitude of V
s
and the angle between V
and I. To nd the magnitude of V , we invoke the law of cosines:
V
2
s
= V
2
+ (XI)
2
2V XI cos
Now, since = +

2
,
V
2
s
= V
2
+ (XI)
2
+ 2V XI sin
This quadratic is solved by (for the most reasonable value of voltage:
V
V
s
=
1
_
XI
V
s
_
2
+
_
XI
V
s
sin
_
2
XI
V
s
sin
This is plotted in Figure 17. To plot this against real power, all that needs to be noted
is that P = V I cos . It should be noted that this system cannot make the specied
amount of real power for some of the power factor cases. This is shown in Figure 18.
Vs = 100
Locus of Input V
|I|=1
Figure 12: Locus of Current and Voltage Phasors
R
V = 120
S
V = 76.6 j 57.7
X
V = 43.4 + j 57.7
Figure 13: Phasor Diagram: Uncompensated
R
V = 120
x
V = 41.2 +j 90.4
V = 78.8 + j 90.4
S
Figure 14: Phasor Diagram: compensated to equal voltage
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Chapter 2, Problem 11, vr vs. C
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

r
a
t
i
o
C, microfarads
Figure 15: Voltage transfer ratio vs. Capacitance
jXI
V
s
V
I
Figure 16: Phasor Diagram: Terminal Voltage
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
V
,

R
M
S
A, RMS
Figure 17: Source Voltage vs. Current
0 2 4 6 8 10
x 10
6
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
V
,

R
M
S
W
Figure 18: Source Voltage vs. Power
Chapter 3
1. Since Z
0
=
_
L
C
and phase velocity is u =
1
LC
, L = uZ
2
s
, or
L = .18355 10
8
m/s (30.3)
2
0.165H/m
In the steady state,
V = V
+
+V
= 63.6kV
I =
V
+
Z
0
Z
0
= 325A
This solves for:
V
+
= 36.7kV
V
= 26.9kV
I
+
= 1212A
I
= 887A
At the instant of the switch opening, I
+
+I
= 0, so I
= 1212A, and V
= 36.72kV.
Total voltage is V = V
+
+V
73.4kV. When the excitation gets back to the sending

end, at time T =
5010
3
m
1.8355
8
m/s
272.7s, the forward going voltage is dened by
V
s
= V
+
+V
, or
V
+
= V
s
V
= 63.6kV 36.72kV 26.9kV

So current is:
I =
V
+
Z
0
Z
0
325A
This is shown in Figure 19
325
t 2
t 2 t
t
t
V
r
I
s
63.6
73.4
53.4
325
t
Figure 19: Voltage Transients
2. Complex amplitude of voltage along the line is:
V = V
+
e
jkx
+V
e
jkx
I =
V
+
Z
0
e
jkx
Z
0
e
jkx
If current is zero at x = 0 (line open) then V
= V
+
. At the sending end of the line,
x = l, V
s
= V
+
_
e
jkl
+e
jkl
_
= 2V
+
cos kl, and then receiving end (x = 0) voltage is:
V
l
= 2V
+
=
V
s
cos kl
At the source,
I =
V
+
Z
0
_
e
jkl
e
jkl
_
= 2j
V
+
Z
0
sinkl = j
V
s
Z
0
tan kl
In this case, wavelength is =
1.8410
8
m/s
60s
3.1 10
6
m, and l = 50km = 5 10
4
m, so
kl =
2510
4
3.110
6
0.103. Then:
V
l
45.24kV (RMS)
I
s
153A (RMS)
If the line is loaded with a unity power factor load with current I
L
, the relationship
between forward and reverse going components is:
V
+
V
= Z
0
I
L
or
V
= V
+
Z
0
I
L
At the source end:
V
+
V
= Z
0
I
S
V
+
+V
= V
S
Some algebra is required to nd:
V
+
=
V
S
+Z
0
I
L
e
jkl
2 cos kl
V
=
V
S
Z
0
I
L
e
jkl
2 cos kl
Source current is:
I
S
=
1
Z
0
_
jV
S
tan kl +
Z
0
I
L
cos kl
_
This would imply a limit on I
L
that is:
I
L
<
(I
s
cos kl)
2
_
V
s
Z
0
sin kl
_
2
This evaluates to I
L
< 285.1A. Power factor is:
cos =
I
L
cos kl
I
s
0.88
3. Inductance and capacitance are:
C =
1
Z
0
c
=
1
250 3 10
8
1.33 10
11
= 13.3pF/m
L =
Z
0
c
=
250
3 10
8
8.333 10
7H/m
If the current is introduced in the middle of the line, we will have V
+
= V
and I
+
= I
propagating away from the source, with I

+
= I
= 10, 000A and V

+
= V
= 250
10, 000 2.5MV
At the shorted end, the current will double as voltage goes to zero. At the matched end
the voltage will appear as it is in the initial propagating wave, with no reection. The
result is shown in Figure 20.
1 ms
I
L
V
R
2.5 MV
20 kA
20 s
Figure 20: Voltage Transients
4. Wavelength is =
310
8
60
= 5 10
6
m, so for a 300 kilometer line, kl = 2
300
5000
.377.
Then open circuit sending end voltage is V
r
=
Vs
cos kl
=
500
.93
537.8kV. Sending end
current is I
s
=
Vs
Z
0
tan kl =
500kV
250
tan 0.37 792A
For source impedance of zero, voltage and current along the line are:
V (x) = V
s
Z
L
Z
0
cos kx j sin kx
j sin kl +
Z
L
Z
0
cos kl
I(x) =
V
s
Z
0
cos kx j
Z
L
Z
0
sin kx
Z
L
Z
0
cos kl j sin kl
Evaluated for
Z
L
Z
0
=
1
0.8
, 1.0 and
1
1.2
,and with source voltage of 500 kV, receiving end
voltage (at x = 0) is evaluated to have magnitude of 512.7 kV, 500 kV and 485.7 kV.
Sending end current (at x = l) is 1702 A, 2000 A and 2283 A, respectively.
Using the same formulae, with varying receiving end resistance, voltage is plotted in
Figure 21.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x 10
8
5
5.05
5.1
5.15
5.2
5.25
5.3
5.35
5.4
x 10
5 Chapter 3, Problem 4, Voltage vs. Loading
V
,

R
M
S
Real Power, W
Figure 21: Receiving End Voltage
To estimate the eect of compensation, we assume a capacitance in parallel with the
receiving end, with a capacitive admittance of Y
c
=
2Q
V
2
. This is placed in parallel with
the receiving end resistance. The voltage at the receiving end is calculated in the normal
way and is shown in Figure 22. Note there are three curves, corresponding to the three
levels of real load. Note also that the case of surge impedance loading (2,000 A) has
nominal voltage with zero compensation.
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x 10
8
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
x 10
5 Chapter 3, Problem 4, Compensation
V
,

R
M
S
Compensation, VARs
Figure 22: Receiving End Voltage
Chapter 4
1.
i
a
i
b
i
c
Load A
2 cos t cos(t
2
3
) cos(t +
2
3
)
Load B
2 cos t cos(t
2
3
) cos(t +
2
3
)
Load C
_
2
3
cos(t +

6
)
_
2
3
cos(t +

6
) 0
Load D
2 cos t cos(t
2
3
) cos(t +
2
3
)
Load E
2 cos t
_
2
3
cos(t +

6
)
_
2
3
cos(t

6
)
Load F
2 cos t cos(t
2
3
) 0
2. Voltage magnitude is RI = 500 volts. The voltages across the three phase resistances
are just current times resistance. The voltage across the ground (neutral) resistor is
the resistance times the sum of the three phase currents, which is always either plus or
minus the peak amplitude. The results are shown in Figure 23
g
t
t
t
t
500 v
500 v
500 v
500 v
3
v
b
v
a
v
c
v
Figure 23: Resistor voltages
3.
v
n
= v
a
1
2
+v
b
2
3
2
3
+ 2
+v
c
2
3
2
3
+ 2
= v
a
_
1
2

2
5
_
=
1
10
v
a
4. Neutral voltage is the average of the three sources, which will have amplitude of
100
3
V.
Voltage across the individual resistors will be the dierence between phase voltage and
neutral voltage, and this is shown in Figure 24.
c
v
n
v
a
i
a
i
b
i
Figure 24: Phase Currents
Chapter 5
1. Inductance is L =
0
N
2
A
g
, where g is total gap: g = 2 .0005 = .001 m and A =
.02 .025 = 5 10
4
m
2
. Then:
L = 4 10
7
100
2
5 10
4
/.001 6.28mH
Since ux density in the gap is B
g
=

0
NI
g
, current required to make 1.8 T would be:
I =
B
g
g
0
N
=
1.8 .001
4 10
7
100
14.3A
To make an inductance of 10 mH, and noting that the gap on either side is half of the
total gap:
g
s
=
1
2
g =
1
2
0
N
2
A
L
=
4 10
7
10
4
5 10
4
.01
.000314m
As a check: note that inductance is inversely proportional to gap dimension, so that
L
1
g
1
= L
2
g
2
, or the required gap would be:
g
2
=
6.28mH
10mH
.0005m
2. Gap area is A = R
g
L, where L is the axial length. Then maximum inductance is,
noting that there are two gaps in series:
L =
0
N
2
R
g
L
2g
= 4 10
7
50
2
.05

6
.1
2 .0001
10.3mH
If fringing can be ignored, the area for calculation of inductance falls linearly with
rotational angle until the rotor pole is completely disengaged from the stator pole at
= 30
. The inductance vs. angle is shown in Figure 25.

o
10.3 mHy
30
o
180 150 30
o o
Figure 25: Solution to Problem 2, part b
3. This problem has two gaps. The axial (variable) gap has reluctance:
R
a
=
x
0
R
2
The radial clearance gap is, if the gap itself can be considered to be small(for parts (a)
and (c):
R
g1
=
g
0
2RW
If, on the other hand, the gap is not small, the reluctance is:
R
g2
=
log
Ro
R
i
0
2W
The rest is documented in the atlab script p5 3.m. Inductances limited by the radial
gap are:
Part a) L =
N
2
R
g1
15.79mH
Part b) L =
N
2
R
g2
2.28mH
With nonzero axial gap, the inductances are L =
N
2
Ra+R
g1
or L =
N
2
Ra+R
g2
.
These are plotted in Figure 26.
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
I
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
,

H
Gap, m

Part c
Part d
Figure 26: Solution to Problem 3, parts c and d
4. This problem involves a radius ratio large enough that a single path length cannot be
assumed. Flux density is:
B
=

0
r
NI
2r
Flux in the core is:
= D
_
Ro
R
i
B
dr =

0
r
NI
2
ln
R
0
R
i
Inductance is then
L =
N
I
=

0
r
N
2
2
ln
R
o
R
i
For the parameters and dimensions of this problem: R
i
= .02m, R
o
= .05m, D = .01m,
r
= 200, N = 100, this evaluates to:
L = 3.665mH
Current required to saturate the core at radius r is:
I =
1
N
2rB
s
r
This evaluates to 6 A at r = .02 m and 15 A at r = .05 m.
5. This problem has three gaps, with reluctances:
R
L
=
g
0
D(x
0
x)
R
R
=
g
0
D(x
0
+x)
R
C
=
g
0
Dx
0
Straightforward circuit manipulation will give the ux in the center leg:
c
= NI
_
1
R
L
+R
c
||R
R
R
R
R
C
+R
R
1
R
R
+R
c
||R
L
R
L
R
C
+R
L
_
A bit of manipulation is required to put this into the form:
c
= NI
_
R
R
R
L
R
c
(R
L
+R
R
) +R
R
R
L
_
Inserting the denitions (above) for the reluctances and manipulating,
c
= NI
0
D
g
2
3
x
Voltage induced in the central coil is
V = N
c
c
= N
c
= NI
0
D
g
2
3
x
Evaluated at x = .01 this is 105 V (peak). Plotted in Figure 27 is the absolute value
(magnitude) of this. In a real application this voltage would be synchronously detected
so that the sign of x could be detected.
x
105 V
.01
.01
Chapter 6
1. Secondary I
X
=
24kVA
240V
= 100A
Primary I
H
=
24kVA
24kV
= 1A
Number of primary turns N
H
= 100 26 = 2, 600
Loaded on the low voltage side, R
X
=
240
2
24,000
= 2.4
Referred to the high side, R
H
= N
2
R
X
= 24k
2. Note that this is an approximate analysis that is very close to being correct if the core
elements are large (low loss) and the series elements are very small (also low loss).
Referred to the high side,
R
c
=
8, 000
2
100
= 640k
X
c
=
8, 000
2
1000
= 64k
Referred to the low side,
R
c
=
240
2
100
576
X
c
=
240
2
1000
57.6
Rated current is 3 A on high side or 100 A on low side, so that if the series resistor is
on the high side it would be: R =
1,200
3
2
133, or on the low side: r =
1,200
100
2
.12
3. Voltage on the X side of each transformer is 128 kV. On the H side it is V
H
=
345
3

199kV, so that the turns ratio is N =
128
199
0.643.
The phasor diagram showing primary and secondary voltages, both line-line and line-
neutral, is shown in Figure 28.
Magnitudes of the high side current will be I
H
=
100
3199
= 167.5A. Since the inverse
cosine of 0.8 is 36.9
, and since the primary (H) side is at an angle of 30
, the three
primary currents will have angles of 6.9
, 126.9
and 113.1
. Currents in the low

side leads will have magnitude I
X
=
100
3128
451.2A, and their angles will be 36.9
,
156.8
and 83.1
.
4. Line-neutral voltage on the X side is
208
3
= 120, so the turns ratio is N =
600
120
= 5.
The phasors for input and output voltage are shown in Figure 29.
If it is assumed that high side voltage in phase A has angle of zero, the secondary side
voltage is V
AX
= 120e
j
pi
6
so that I
AX
= 12e
j
6
. then high side currents will be:
I
AH
=
12
5
e
j
6
I
BH
=
12
5
e
j
5
6
caH
V
aX
V
V
V
bX
V
cX
abX
bcX
V
caX
V
V
V
V
V
V
aH
bH
cH
abH
bcH
Figure 28: Solution to Chapter 6, Problem 3, Phasors
Real and reactive power on the high side are:
P
AH
=
600
3
12
5
cos

6
720W
P
BH
=
600
3
12
5
cos
6
720W
Q
AH
=
600
3
12
5
sin

6
416VAR
Q
BH
=
600
3
12
5
sin

6
416VAR
The phasor diagram for the high side voltage and current is shown in Figure 30.
5. Lets assume that V
A
has an angle of zero. The three low-side voltages will be:
V
A
= 277
V
B
= 277e
j
2
3
V
C
= 277e
j
2
3
Then the three currents on the load side are:
I
A
= 100
_
e
j
6
+e
j
6
_
=
3 100 173.2A
I
B
= 100e
j
6
= 100e
j
5
6
I
C
= 100e
j
6
= 100e
j
5
6
Script p6 5.m nishes the problem, and the detailed answers are:
cX
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
aH
bH
cH
abH
bcH
caH
aX
bX
Figure 29: Solution to Chapter 6, Problem 4, Part b
Problem 6_5
Secondary (LV)
VA = 277.128 + j 0 = 277.128 angle 0 deg
VB = -138.564 + j -240 = 277.128 angle -120 deg
VC = -138.564 + j 240 = 277.128 angle 120 deg
IA = 173.205 + j 0 = 173.205 angle 0 deg
IB = -86.6025 + j -50 = 100 angle -150 deg
IC = -86.6025 + j 50 = 100 angle 150 deg
Primary (HV)
VA = 6900 + j -3983.72 = 7967.43 angle -30 deg
VB = -6900 + j -3983.72 = 7967.43 angle -150 deg
VC = 9.09495e-13 + j 7967.43 = 7967.43 angle 90 deg
IA = 5.21739 + j -1.00409 = 5.31313 angle -10.8934 deg
IB = -5.21739 + j -1.00409 = 5.31313 angle -169.107 deg
IC = 0 + j 2.00817 = 2.00817 angle 90 deg
Secondary Complex Power
A = 48000 + j 0
B = 24000 + j 13856.4
C = 24000 + j -13856.4
Primary Complex Power
A = 40000 + j -13856.4
B = 40000 + j 13856.4
C = 16000 + j -1.82642e-12
Total Secondary = 96000 + j 0
Total Primary = 96000 + j 1.63635e-11
aH
V
V
aH
bH
I
I
bH
Figure 30: Solution to Chapter 6, Problem 4, Part c
Figure 31 shows the voltage and current phasor diagrams for both primary and secondary.
See script p6 5.m, which uses two auxiliary functions dispc.m and dispp.m.
6. The turns ratio is N =
13,800
3480
16.5988.
Using V
0
as the magnitude of the primary voltage, the secondary voltages will be:
V
a
=
V
0
3
Ne
j
6
V
b
=
V
0
3
Ne
j
5
6
V
c
=
V
0
3
Ne
j
2
The currents have amplitude 100 A and so are:
I
a
= 100e
j
6
I
b
= 100e
j
5
6
I
c
= 100e
j
2
Currents on the primary side of the transformers will then be:
I
B
=
1
N
I
b
=
100
N
e
j
5
6
I
C
=
1
N
I
a
=
100
N
e
j
6
These are shown in Figure 32
High Voltage (H)
100 V
100 A
V
A
V
V
I
I
I
B
C
C
B
V V
V
I
I I
c
a
b
b
a
c
1 kV
1A
Low Voltage (X)
Figure 31: Solution to Chapter 6, Problem 5
Currents in Primary
a
b
c
100
I
C
I
B
6
Currents in Load
Figure 32: Solution to Problem 6, Problem 6, Part c
The primary currents and their phasor relationship to the primary voltage is shown in
Figure 33. Primary power is:
P = 3 100
480
3
83138W
Secondary power is:
P = 2
13, 800
100
16.5988
cos

6
83138W
Incidentally, the resistors must have value R =
277
100
2.77, so when the ground is
lifted, all of the primary voltage appears across the two transformer legs, putting current
through two of the resistors: I =
j13,800
16.5988
1
2.77
j150A Primary current is
j150
16.5988

9.0368A
7. This problem is done by Matlab script p6 7.m. There are three cases to be solved:
C
1A
1 kV
V
A
V
V
C
B
I
I
B
Figure 33: Solution to Problem 6, Problem 6, Part d
(a) Star point of the resistors connected to the neutral of the supply, in which case the
currents can be calculated independently and the problem is simple,
(b) Star point of the resistors is unconnected to the neutral of the supply. In this case,
it is straightforward but tedious to convert the wye to a delta, calculate line-line
voltages, obtain current in the legs of the delta, add those to get terminal currents,
transform them across the transformer and add transformer currents together to get
terminal currents on the delta side, and
(c) Star point is grounded through a resistor. This is handled by calculating the
impedance matrix:
_
_
V
a
V
b
V
c
_
_
_
_
R
a
+R
g
R
g
R
g
R
g
R
b
+R
g
R
g
R
g
R
g
R
c
+R
g
_
_
_
_
i
a
i
b
i
c
_
_
In principal, this matrix can be inverted to nd the currents, since voltages are
known. To check, it is possible to set R
g
= 0, in which case the third case should
equal the rst case. Or to set R
g
to a very large number, in which case the third
case should approach the second case.
The answer for the problem as posed is:
Part a: solidly grounded
Secondary
ia = 5.54256 + j 0 = 5.54256 angle 0 deg
ib = -4.6188 + j -8 = 9.2376 angle -120 deg
ic = -4.6188 + j 8 = 9.2376 angle 120 deg
Primary
iA = 2.03077 + j -1.59882 = 2.58462 angle -38.2132 deg
iB = -2.03077 + j -1.59882 = 2.58462 angle -141.787 deg
iC = 0 + j 3.19763 = 3.19763 angle 90 deg
Part b: ungrounded
Secondary
ia = 6.39526 + j 0 = 6.39526 angle 0 deg
ib = -3.19763 + j -8 = 8.61538 angle -111.787 deg
ic = -3.19763 + j 8 = 8.61538 angle 111.787 deg
Primary
iA = 1.91716 + j -1.59882 = 2.49634 angle -39.8264 deg
iB = -1.91716 + j -1.59882 = 2.49634 angle -140.174 deg
iC = -1.77504e-16 + j 3.19763 = 3.19763 angle 90 deg
Part c: Grounded through 1000 ohms
Secondary
ia = 6.38554 + j 1.75423e-15 = 6.38554 angle 1.57402e-14 deg
ib = -3.21384 + j -8 = 8.62141 angle -111.887 deg
ic = -3.21384 + j 8 = 8.62141 angle 111.887 deg
Primary
iA = 1.91846 + j -1.59882 = 2.49734 angle -39.8074 deg
iB = -1.91846 + j -1.59882 = 2.49734 angle -140.193 deg
iC = 3.55008e-16 + j 3.19763 = 3.19763 angle 90 deg
Chapter 7
1. Reactance X = (L M) = 377 9 10
7
100 10
3
34.
Resistance R = 1.2 10
6
10
5
= 0.12
Impedance Z = 0.12 +j34
2. Base current is: I
B
=
P
B
3V
B
=
100MVA
3138kV
= .418kA = 418A
Base impedance is: Z
B
=
V
2
B
P
b
=
138
2
100
= 190.4
3. Per-Unit Impedance is: z =
0.12+j34
190.4
= .0006 +j.1786
4. Reactance X = 0.4/km50km = 20
Line-neutral voltage V =
138
3
= 79.67kV
Current |I| =
V
X
=
79.67
20
3.984kA = 3984A
5. Line impedance is Z
L
= 50 (j.35 +.02) = j17.5 + 1
Current I =
79.67
1+j17.5
0.259 j4.538kA
Current magnitude |I| 4545A
6. Put this on 100 MVA base:
Generator: x =
100
200
.25 = .125
The transformer is already on this base: x = .05
Line impedance Z = j17.5 + 1 and base impedance Z
B
=
138
2
100
= 190.44, so per-unit
line impedance is: z
= j.092 +.005
Total impedance is z = j (.125 +.05 +.092) +.005 = j.267 +.005
Fault current is i
F
=
1
j.267+.005
.07 j3.745
|i
F
| 3.745
Base currents are:
At generator:
100
313.8
4184A
On the line:
100
3138
418.4A
So fault currents are:
At generator: 418.4 3.745 1566.7A
On the line: 4184 3.745 15667A
7. Put this on on 100 MVA base. The impedances are:
Generator: x
g
= .125
First Transformer: x
t1
= .05
Line: z
= j.092 +.005
Second Transformer: x
t2
=
100
20
.07 = 0.35
Base currents are:
Generator: 4184 A
Line: 4182 A
At fault: 24,056 A
Impedance to the fault is: z = j (.125 +.05 +.092 +.35) +.005 = j.617 +.005
|z| 0.617
Fault current is |i
F
| 1.621per-unit
In amperes:
I
F
= 6782A (generator)
= 678.2A (line)
= 38995A (at fault)
8. Put this one on a 100 MVA base. The impedances are: Generator: x
g
=
100
500
.25 = .05
Transformer: x
t
=
100
500
.05 = .01
50 km of line (see problem 6): z
= j.092 +.005
The problem can be represented as shown in the circuit diagram of Figure 34. The
generator and transformer are lumped together to form a reactance of 0.6 per-unit. The
upper line and right-hand part of the lower line are in series with an impedance of three
times the left-hand side of the lower line. Total impedance from the source to the fault
is: z = j.06 + z
||3z
j.129 + .00375. Currents through the two line segments are

determined by a current divider:
i
1
=
1
4
i
F
i
2
=
3
4
i
F
j.06 .015
j.276
.005
j092
i
s
i
1
i
2
i
f
1
+
Figure 34: Fault Situation
Then the per-unit currents are:
i
F
=
1
j.129 +.00375
.225 j7.743
i
1
=
1
4
i
F
.05625 j1.93575
i
2
=
3
4
i
F
.16875 j5.80725
To convert to ordinary variables, we need base currents:
I
BH
=
100
3345
= 167A
I
BG
=
100
324
= 2406A
Then the currents are:
fault (345 kV) 37.6 j1293A
transformer (345 kV) 37.6 j1293A
upper line (345 kV) 9.4 j323A
lower left line (345 kV) 28.2 j970A
generator (24 kV) 541 j18630A
9. GMD =
.78 .06 .5 .140m

L =

0
2
log R
0
R
=

0
2
log
100
.140
1.314 10
6
H/m
10. GMD =
4
.78 .06 1
3
.456m
11. GMD of the bundles is 0.140 m (see Problem 9)
(L M)
adjacent
=

0
2
log
10
.14
8.54 10
7
H/m
(L M)
outside
=

0
2
log
20
.14
9.92 10
7
H/m
(L M)
average
=
2
3
(L M)
adjacent
+
1
3
(L M)
outside
9/times10
7
H/m
Resistance of the aluminum conductors is: R =
1
2
1
.03
2
310
7
5.895 10
6
/m
Then, since 10 km is 10
4
m, Z = .05985 +j3.393
Chapter 8
1. 3,000 RPM is 314.16 Radians/second, so Torque is:
T =
1, 000W
314.16
3.183N m
Since T = 2R
2
L, and if L = 2R, and if = 4, 000Pa,
R =
3
3.183
4 4, 000
.03986m
Then D = L = 7.97 cm.
2. L =
0
N
2
A
g
and F
e
=
i
2
2
L
g
=
i
2
2
0
N
2
A
g
2
so
f
e
= 251.3N
3. Inductance is L =
N
2
Rg+Rx
, where R
g
=
g
0
2RW
and R
x
=
x
0
R
2
. Then force is found
to be:
f
e
=

0
R
2
N
2
i
2
(x +
gR
2W
)
2
Since ux is =
Ni
Rg+Rx
and B
x
=

R
2
, current is:
i =
B
x
0
N
_
x +
gR
2w
_
A Matlab script p8 3.m calculates force. The naive calculation is shown in Figure 35.
Logarithmic coordinates are used because the force goes so high.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x 10
3
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
F
o
r
c
e
,

N
Displacement x, m
Figure 35: Solution to Problem 3: Naively derived force
Current to achieve ux big enough to approach saturation of the magnetic circuit is
shown in Figure 36.
With this gure, you should smell a rat, because the magnetic circuit is very highly
saturated with 10 A at small gaps. The force is limited to about what would be achieved
with 1.8 T, just over 100 Newtons. With that limit, the actual achievable force is shown
in Figure 37.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x 10
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

A
Displacement x, m
Figure 36: Solution to Problem 3: current to achieve saturation ux density
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x 10
3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
F
o
r
c
e
,

N
Displacement x, m
Figure 37: Solution to Problem 3: more realistic force
4. If L = L
0
+L
2
cos 2, then
T =
I
2
2
L
=
I
2
2
L
2
sin2
Then, if I = I
0
cos t,
T =
I
2
0
2
L
2
cos
2
t sin2(t +)
What is interesting about this is the time average: using cos
2
x =
1
2
+
1
2
cos 2t and
sin xcos y =
1
2
sin(x +y) +
1
2
sin(x y), time average torque is found to be:
< T >=
I
2
0
4
L
2
sin 2
5. The inductance was estimated in Chapter 5, and is, for > 0,
L =

0
R(
0
)N
2
2g
Torque is
T
e
=
I
2
2
L
0
RN
2
I
2
4g
or zero.
This is shown for the region of angle around zero in Figure 38. For the values given in
the problem statment, torque amplitude is:
T
m
=

0
.02 1000
2
.002
= 4 12.57Nm
m
30
o
30
o
L
max
T
Figure 38: Solution to Problem 4: Inductance and Torque
6. Surface current K =
I
0
D
and force can be found using any of several methods (Principle
Of Virtual Work, Maxwell Stress Tensor being the most convenient). It is:
f
e
=

0
2
K
2
WD =

0
2
I
2
0
W
D
Voltage is found using velocity of the block (projectile) u:
V =
d
dt
=
0
KWu =
0
I
0
W
D
u
That velocity will be u =
f
e
M
t, so block position is x(t) =
1
2
F
e
M
t
2
.
Power converted into mechanical motion is:
P
m
= f
e
u =

0
2
I
2
0
W
D
u
Power out of the source is
P
e
= V I
0
=
0
I
2
0
W
D
u
Comparing the two,
=
P
m
P
e
=
1
2
7. Core area is A = .25m.25m = .0625m
2
, and peak terminal voltage is V
p
= 2400
2
3394V , so that peak ux density in the core is:
B
p
=
3394
377 .0625 96
1.5T
Eyeballing the data given in Figures 8.19 and 8.20, we may estimate core loss to be about
3.2 watts/kilogram and exciting power to be about 19.3 VA/kilogram. The volume of
active material in the core is just about:
V
c
= 1m.75m.25m2 (.25m.5m.25m) = .125m
3
If the core material density is 7,700 kg per cubic meter, this means the mass of active core
material is 962.5 kilograms. Thus the core loss is P
c
= 962.53.2 3041 watts. Exciting
power is P
a
= 962.5 19.3 18576 VA. Exciting current is then about 7.7 Amperes.
8. Amperes Law in the gap region gives the relationship:
g
H
y
x
= K
s
or
jkgH
y
= K
zs
then
H
y
= Re
_
j
kg
K
zs
e
j(tkx)
_
Force on the lower plate will be vertically upward:
T
yy
=
1
2
0
H
2
y
and will have the average value of:
< T
yy
>=

0
4
|K
zs
|
2
(kg)
2
9. From the prior problem, y- directed magnetic eld in the gap is seen to be:
H
y
= Re
_
j
kg
_
K
zs
+K
zr
e
jkx
0
_
e
j(tkx)
_
Vertical force on the lower surface is:
T
yy
=

0
2
|H
y
|
2
And this will have average value:
< T
yy
>=

0
4
1
(kg)
2
Re
__
K
zs
+K
zr
e
jkx
0
__
K
zs
+K
zr
e
jkx
0
__
=

0
4(kg)
2
_
K
2
zs
+k
2
zr
+ 2k
zs
k
zr
cos kx
0
_
Shear stress is T
xy
=
0
H
x
H
y
. The y- directed eld is found already. The x- directed
eld at the lower surface is H
x
= Re
_
K
zr
e
jkx
0
_
. Shear stress is then found to be:
< T
xy
>=

0
2kg
Re
_
j
_
K
zs
+K
zr
e
jkx
0
_
K
zr
e
jkx
0
_
=

0
2kg
K
zs
K
zr
sin kx
0
10. DC resistance per unit length is
R
=
1
A
=
1
.01.055.8110
7
3.44 10
5
/m =
34.4/m
At 60 Hz the skin depth is
=
2
377 4 10
7
5.81 10
7
0.852cm
For really deep linear material, resistance and reactance are equal:
R
=
X
=
1
w
=
1
5.81 10
7
.00852 .01
2.02 10
4
= 202/m
For material with some limited depth, use the expression for surface impedance:
Z
s
= j
0
coth h
In this case, where the wavenumber k can be taken to be zero, the propagation constant
is:
=
_
j
0
=
1 +j
and the surface impedance is:

Z
s
=
1 +j
coth(1 +j)
h
The script that calculates this as a function of frequency is p8 10.m. The results are
shown in Figure 39. Not surprisingly, since this is actually a fairly deep slot (compared
with the skin depth), the resistance and reactance are not far from the innitely deep
case, with R = 201.914/m and X = 201.919/m.
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
5
10
4
10
3
O
h
m
s
/
m
e
t
e
r
Frequency, Hz

Resistance
Reactance
11. With saturating iron, the skin depth is: =
_
2H
0
B
0
. With the data given in the problem,
=
20, 000
377 6 10
6
1
.00297m = 2.97mm
Surface impedance is
Z
s
=
8
2
1
(2 +j) 4.76 10
5
(2 +j)
Then power per unit area is
1
2
10, 000
2
2 4.758 10
5
4758W/m
2
The solution to this is plotted for a range of current density from 10,000 to 100,000
amperes per square meter in Figure 40.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x 10
4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
x 10
4 Chapter 8, Problem 11
W
/
m
2
A/m
See Matlab script p8 11.m.
12. Skin depth in Aluminum is:
=
2
377 3 10
7
4 10
7
.01886m
Then surface impedance is:
1
2.81 10
6
With surface current dentisy of 1, 000A/m

2
, loss is about 140.5 watts per square meter.
Loss density in linear material is proportional to the square of current density, as is
shown in Figure 41
10
4
10
5
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
W
/
m
2
A/m
Chapter 9
1. Peak phase voltage is V
ph,pk
=
_
2
3
26, 000 21, 229V , and since this is V
ph,pk
=
MI
fnl
,
M =
21, 299
377 1, 200
46.9mH
Per-unit synchronous reactance is x
d
=
I
fsi
I
fnl
= 2.0.
Base impedance is Z
B
=
V
2
B
P
B
=
26
2
1,200
0.5663, so synchronous reactance is: X
d
=
2 .5633 1.127 and then
L
d
=
1.127
377
2.99mH
2. Driven by current, torque is T
e
=
3
2
MI
a
I
f
sin
i
and this is:
T
e
= 1.5 .056 1, 000 3, 1113 sin
i
2, 613, 492 sin
i
Driven by voltage, power is P
e
=
3
2
VaE
af
X
d
sin and torque is T
e
=
p
P
e
.
Synchronous reactance is X
d
= (L
a
L
ab
) = 377 .0036 1.3573, to power is:
P
e
=
1.5 21, 229 21112
1.3572
sin 4.95 10
9
sin
Torque is then:
T
e
=
4.95 10
8
377
sin 1, 313, 908 sin
The rest of this problem is implemented Matlab script p9 2.m, which generates the
following output:
Chapter 9, Problem 2: 60 Hz
Phase Voltage = 15011.2 RMS
Phase Current = 22205.7 A, RMS
Phase Reactance X = 1.35717 Ohms
Internal Voltage Eaf = 33668.5 RMS
Field Current I_f = 2255.38 A
Voltage Torque Angle = 63.5221 degrees
Current Torque Angle = 206.478 degrees
Check on power = 1e+09 and 1e+09
Torque = 2.65258e+06 N-m
A phasor diagram of this machine operation is shown in Figure 42
3. The solution to this problem is implemented in Matlab script p9 3.m. Phasor diagrams
for unity power factor operation are shown in Figure 43 and Figure 44.
af
=63.5
o
=206.5
o
i
V =30,136 v
x
Internal Flux
Current (motor sense)
Current (generator Sense)
V=15011 v
E = 33668 v
Figure 42: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 2
Chapter 9, Problem 3 f = 60
Part a:Ifnl = 49.9806
Part b:Ifsi = 102.009
Power Factor = 1
Power Factor Angle = 0 degrees
Angle delta = -53.7004 degrees
Current Angle = 53.7004 degrees
Terminal Voltage = 2424.87
Internal Voltage E1 = 4096.02
Internal Voltage Eaf = 5424.17
Current I_d = -110.787
Current I_q = 81.3799
Angle of Max Torque = -78.12 degrees
Breakdown Torque = 11902.6 N-m
d axis
E
af
V
j X I
a q
I
a
I
d
I
q
Figure 43: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 3: Unity Power Factor
4. Peak phase voltage is V
ph,pk
=
_
2
3
13, 800 = 11, 267.7V, Peak.
M =
11, 267.7
377 100
299mH
Base impedance is: Z
B
=
13.8
2
100
1.9044
Then, base inductance is: L
B
=
1.9044
377
5.04mH
Thus:
L
d
= 2 5.05mH = 10.1mH
L
q
= 1 5.05mH = 5.05mH
To understand torque stability, note that:
T =
ve
af
x
d
sin +
v
2
2
_
1
x
q
1
x
d
_
sin2
Then the stability point is dened by:
T
=
ve
af
x
d
cos v
2
_
1
x
q
1
x
d
_
cos 2
E
af
j X I
q a
V
I
a
I
d
I
q
E
1
Figure 44: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 3: 0.8 Power Factor, Overexcited

At = 0 and v = 1, this yields e
af
=
_
x
d
xq
1
_
= 1. The resulting vee curve is
shown in Figure 45.
5. For the specied operating condition, e
af
=
_
(1 + 2 .6)
2
+ (2 .8)
2
= 2.72 Thus
I
f
= 2720A.
Since, for a round rotor machine, p =
ve
af
x
d
sin, and for a round rotor machine the
stability limit is when sin = 1,
So, for a given power level, the stability limit is reached when sin = 1, and then
ve
af
= px
d
.
The rest of this problem is worked in Matlab script p9 5.m. The Vee curves are shown
in Figure 46.
6. First, we need to get current to make the motor produce exactly 1,000 kW. At unity
power factor, we can dene a voltage inside the stator resistance: call it V
i
. Power will
be P = 3V
i
I = 3V
i
3R
a
I
2
, then required current is:
I =
V
2R
a
(
V
2R
a
)
2
P
3R
a
The rest of this problem is worked in Matlab script p9 6.m. Note that to produce the
plot of eciency vs. load, the core loss and friction and windage are added to mechanical
load. That eciency vs. load is shown in Figure 47. Summary output is:
Converted Power = 1.003e+06 W
Phase Current = 138.67 A
Output Power = 1e+06 W
300
I
f
5920.8
|I |
a
100
100 200
Figure 45: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 4: Zero Power Vee Curve
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
x 10
4 Chapter 9, Problem 5, Vee Curve
A
r
m
a
t
u
r
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

A

R
M
S
Field Current, A DC
Figure 46: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 5: Vee Curve
Torque Angle = -45.4144 degrees
Internal voltage E1 = 3434.61 V
Internal voltage Eaf = 4305.68
Field Current = 177.563 A
Armature Loss = 5768.79 W
Field Loss = 9458.6 W
Core Loss = 2000 W
F and W loss = 1000 W
Input Power = 1.01823e+06 W
Full Load Efficiency = 0.982099
7. Referring to that gure, note that x
ad
= x
d
x
a
= 1.9per-unit.
Transient reactance is x
d
= x
a
+x
ad
||x
f
, or:
x
ad
x
f
x
ad
+x
f
= 0.3
Using x
ad
= 1.9 in this,
x
f
=
0.3 1.9
1.9 0.3
= 0.35625
0 2 4 6 8 10
x 10
5
0.94
0.945
0.95
0.955
0.96
0.965
0.97
0.975
0.98
0.985
0.99
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Power Output (W)
Figure 47: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 6: Synchronous Motor Eciency
and x
f
= 1.9 + 0.35625 = 2.25625.
Field resistance is:
r
f
=
x
f
0
T
do
=
2.25625
377 5
0.0012
In ordinary variables, the rotor elements, referred to the stator will be related by the
base impedance, which is:
Z
B
=
24
2
500
= 1.152
then
L
ad
=
Z
B
x
ad
0
=
1.152 1.9
377
= 5.81mH
L
f
=
Z
B
x
f
0
=
1.152 0.35625
377
= 1.09mH
To get these parameters on the eld side, we need to nd the eld circuit base impedance.
To start, note that V
fB
I
fB
=
3
2
V
B
I
B
= P
B
. This means that the eld circuit base
impedance Z
fb
=
P
B
I
2
fB
.
To nd the eld circuit base current, note that i
fnl
x
ad
= 1, so that i
fnl
=
1
x
ad
. This
means that base current for the eld circuit is I
fB
= I
fnl
x
ad
= 500 19 = 950A. This
means Z
fB
=
500MVA
.95KA
2
= 554.
Then eld inductance and resistance are:
L
f
=
554 2.25635
377
= 3.760H
R
f
=
3.760H
5s
= 0.753
8. See the Matlab script p9 8.m for the solution to this problem. Some iteration was
required to nd the critical clearing time, which turns out to be about 252 mS, as
opposed to the equal area criteria time of about 203 mS.A near-critical swing followed
by a short setup time is shown in Figure 48.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Transient Simulation: Clearing Time = 0.252
T
o
r
q
u
e

A
n
g
l
e
,

r
a
d
i
a
n
s
seconds
Figure 48: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 8: Near-Critical Swing
Transient Stability Analysis
Initial Conditions:
Torque Angle delta = 0.830584
Direct Axis Flux psid = 0.674445
Quadrature Axis Flux psiq = -0.738325
Direct Axis Current I_d = 0.912004
Quadrature Axis Current I_q = 0.410181
Torque = 0.95
Required Internal Voltage E_{af} = 2.49845
Field Flux psif = 1.0122
Equal Area T_c = 0.202796
Chapter 10
1. part a : I
1
=
I
3
, I
2
=
I
3
, I
0
=
I
3
part b : I
1
=
I
3
a
2
, I
2
=
I
3
a, I
0
=
I
3
part c : I
1
=
j
3
I, I
2
=
j
3
I, I
0
= 0
2. positive sequence : I
a
= I, I
b
= a
2
I, I
c
= aI
negative sequence : I
a
= I, I
b
= aI, I
c
= a
2
I
zero sequence : I
a
= I, I
b
= I, I
c
= I
Phasor diagrams are in Figure 49.
0
a
b
c
a a
b
b
c
c
Part a: I
1
2
Part b: I
Part c: I
Figure 49: Phasor Diagrams for Chapter 10, Problem 2
3. I
a
=
277
10
27.7A, so I
1
= I
2
= I
0
=
27.7
3
9.23A
4. V
bc
= j480 so I
b
= j48 and I
c
= j48
Then, noting that ja
2
= e
j
6
and ja = e
j
6
and e
j
6
+e
j
6
=
3
then:
I
1
=
48
3
3 = 27.7
I
2
=
48
3
3 = 27.7
I + 0 = 0
5. Assume that we can set the time reference so that phase A voltage on the X side to
have a phase angle of zero. Then, on the X side, I
a
=
277
10
27.7A
Then I
1
= I
2
= I
0
=
27.7
3
9.23A.
The voltage ratio is N =
2400
480
= 5
So on the primary side, positive and negative sequence currents are rotated by 30
and
thus are: I
1
= 1.85e
j
6
and I
2
= 1.85e
j
6
Then, on the H side:
I
a
= I
1
+I
2
= 3.2A
I
b
= a
2
I
1
+aI
2
= 3.2A
I
c
= 0
6. Assume tht we can set the time reference so that Phase A voltage on the X side to
have a phase angle of zero. Then, on the X side, I
a
= 0, I
b
= j48A and I
c
= j48A.
The symmetrical component currents are:
I
1
=
1
3
_
aI
b
+a
2
I
c
_
= 27.7
I
2
=
1
3
_
a
2
I
b
+aI
c
_
= 27.7
I
0
= 0
On the H side since the voltage ratio is
2400
480
= 5, the symmetrical component currents
are:
I
1
= 5.54e
j
6
I
2
= 5.54e
j
6
I
0
= 0
Reconstructing phase currents:
I
a
= I
1
+I
2
= j5.54
I
b
= a
2
I
1
+aI
2
= j5.54
I
c
= aI
1
+a
2
I
2
= j11.08
7. Since the neutral of the source is directly connected to the neutral of the resistors,
currents are found directly:
I
a
= 27.7 = 23.1 + 4.6, I
b
= 23.1e
j
2
3
, I
c
= 23.1e
j
2
3
The symmetrical component currents are simply:
I
1
= 23.1 +
1
3
4.6 = 24.63
I
2
=
1
3
4.6 = 1.53
I
0
= 1.53
8. If the star point is grounded, its voltage is:
V
n
= V
a
R
b
||R
c
R
a
+R
b
||R
c
+V
b
R
a
||R
c
R
b
+R
a
||R
c
+V
c
R
a
||R
b
R
c
+R
a
||R
b
Taking advantage of the b-c symmetry:
V
n
= V
a
_
R
b
||R
c
R
a
+R
b
||R
c
R
a
||R
c
R
b
+R
a
||R
c
_
= 277.1
_
6
16

5.54
17.5
_
0.063277.1 17.4V
Then the three phase currents are:
I
a
=
277.117.4
10
= 25.97 = 23.09 + 2.88A
I
b
=
277.1e
j
2
3 17.4
12
= 23.09e
j
2
3
1.45A
I
c
=
277.1e
j
2
3 17.4
12
= 23.09e
j
2
3
1.45A
Then the symmetrical components are:
I
1
=
1
3
_
I
a
+aI
b
+a
2
I
c
_
= 23.09 +
1
3
(2.88 + 1.45) 24.53A
I
2
=
1
3
(2.88 + 1.45) 1.44A
I
0
= 0
9. The voltages can be written as: V
a
= 277 +3, V
b
= 277e
j
2
3
and V
c
= 277e
j
2
3
then the
symmetrical component currents will be:
Grounded:
I
1
= 27.7A, I
2
= 0.1A, I
0
= 0.1A
Ungrounded:
I
1
= 27.7A, I
2
= 0.1A, I
0
= 0
10. The transmission line has phase impedance:
Z
ph
= j
_
_
20 8 5
8 20 8
5 8 20
_
_
Matlab script that p10 10.m solves this problem. The solution proceeds as follows:
First, get the symmetrical component impedance matrix by doing Z
s
= TZ
ph
T
1
. This
is readily inverted to get the line admittance matrix. Note that in this situation, real
power is P = V
1
V
2
Y sin , where the admittance variable Y is the reactive admittance
(this is a lossless situation) for positive sequence. By inverting that expression we nd
phase angle . Then positive sequence current across the line is just V
d
= V
_
e
j
1
_
,
and that is used with the full admittance matrix to nd currents. The script is also used
to nd real power to conrm that the angle is right. Here is the summary output:
Xs =
13.0000 - 0.0000i 1.0000 + 1.7321i -0.5000 + 0.8660i
1.0000 - 1.7321i 13.0000 - 0.0000i -0.5000 - 0.8660i
-0.5000 - 0.8660i -0.5000 + 0.8660i 34.0000
Ys =
0.0000 - 0.0790i -0.0107 + 0.0062i -0.0023 - 0.0013i
0.0107 + 0.0062i 0.0000 - 0.0790i 0.0023 - 0.0013i
0.0023 - 0.0013i -0.0023 - 0.0013i -0.0000 - 0.0296i
delt = 0.0958
Vdiff = -0.5276 +11.0027i
Ic =
0.8696 + 0.0417i
-0.0737 + 0.1146i
0.0136 + 0.0263i
S = 1.0000e+02 + 4.7948e+00i
>> abs(I2) = 0.1362
11. With a single phase fault, total reactance is x = x
1
+ x
2
+ x
0
= 0.9, and then fault
current is i
f
= 1/(j0.9) j1.11 per-unit. Current in Phase A is i
a
= i
1
+i
2
+i
0
= 3.33
Base current is I
B
=
100
3138
.4184kA = 418.4A.
Then phase A current is: I
af
= 3.33 418 1361.3A
For the line-line fault, x = x
1
+ x
2
= 0.5. Fault current is i
f
= j2. The three
phase currents are i
a
= 0, |i
b
| = |i
c
| = 2
3 3.46 per-unit. Then the fault current is

|I
b
| = |I
c
| 1, 449A
12. Symmetrical component reactances are x
1
= 0.55, x
2
= 0.55 and x
0
= 0.45.
Fault current for a line-ground fault is: i
1
= i
2
= i
0
=
1
j1.55
= j.645.
At the fault, i
a
= i
1
+ i
2
+ i
0
= j1.935, i
b
= i
c
= 0. At the generator side of the
transformer,
i
a
= j.645
_
e
j
6
+e
j
6
_
= j1.117
i
b
= j.645
_
a
2
e
j
6
+ae
j
6
_
= j1.117
i
c
= j.645
_
ae
j
6
+a
2
e
j
6
_
= 0
For the line-line fault at the fault: total reactance is x = x
1
+ x
2
= 1.1, so that i
1
=
i
2
=
1
j1.1
j.91. then, at the fault,
i
a
= 0
i
b
= j.91
_
a
2
a
_
= j.91 j
3 = 1.575
i
c
= j.91
_
a a
2
_
= j.91 j
3 = 1.575
On the generator side
a
= j.91
_
e
j
6
e
j
6
_
= .91
b
= j.91
_
a
2
e
j
6
ae
j
6
_
= .91
c
= j.91
_
ae
j
6
a
2
e
j
6
_
= 1.82
Base current at the fault is 418.4 A and at the generator is 4184 A, so the current
magnitudes are:
Line Line-Neutral (A) Line-Line (A)
Phase A 809.6 0
Phase B 0 659.0
Phase C 0 659.0
Generator
Phase A 4674 3807
Phase B 4674 3807
Phase C 0 7615
13. Do this one on the line base of 100 MVA, 345 kV on the line and 24 kV at the generator.
On that base, generator reactance is x
g
=
100
600
.25 .042 and transformer reactance
is x
t
=
100
600
.07 .012. Positive and negative sequence reactances are then x
1
= x
2
=
.25 +.042 +.012 = .314 Zero sequence reactance is x
0
= .40 +.012 = .412.
For the line-neutral fault, z
1
= z
2
= j.314 and z
0
= j.412. Total impedance to the
fault is z = j1.04, so that fault current is i
f
=
1
j1.04
j.961. So at the fault: i
a
=
i
1
+i
2
+i
0
= j2.88, i
b
= i
c
= 0.
On the generator side:
i
a
= j.961
_
e
j
6
+e
j
6
_
=
3 j.961 = j1.66
i
b
= j.961
_
a
2
e
j
6
+ae
j
6
_
=
3 j.961 = j1.66
i
c
= j.961
_
ae
j
6
+a
2
e
j
6
_
= 0
For the line-line fault, z = j.628 so that fault current is i
f
j1.59. At the fault, the
phase currents are:
i
a
= 0
i
b
= j1.59
_
a
2
a
_
2.76
i
c
= j1.59
_
a a
2
_
2.76
On the generator side, the currents are:
i
a
= j1.59
_
e
j
6
e
j
6
_
= 1.59
i
b
= j1.59
_
a
2
e
j
6
ae
j
6
_
= 1.59
i
c
= j1.59
_
ae
j
6
a62e
j
6
_
= 3.18
Base currents are 2406 A at 24 kV and 167 A at 345 kV, so the currents, in amperes
are:
Line Line-Neutral (A) Line-Line (A)
Phase A 481 0
Phase B 0 461
Phase C 0 461
Generator
Phase A 3993 3826
Phase B 3993 3826
Phase C 0 7651
14. Since this is a rather routine calculation, we resort to using Matlab to work it. See Script
p10 14.m. The results are:
Problem 10_14
Base Currents: Generator 4183.7 Line 167.348 Fault 1673.48
Per-Unit Currents, line-neutral in Phase a
Fault i_a = 0+j-2.34375
Line i_a = 0+j-1.35316 i_b = 0+j1.35316 i_c = 0+j-1.73472e-16
Generator i_a = 0+j-0.78125 i_b = 0+j1.5625 i_c = 0+j-0.78125
Currents in Amperes
Fault I_a = 3922.22 Ib = 0 Ic = 0
Line I_a = 226.449 I_b = 226.449 I_c = 2.90302e-14
Generator I_a = 3268.51 I_b = 6537.03 I_c = 3268.51
Problem 10_14
Per-Unit Currents, line-line in Phases b and c
Fault i_a = 0+j0 i_b = -1.41971+j0 i_c = 1.41971+j0
Line i_a = -0.819672+j0 i_b = -0.819672+j0 i_c = 1.63934+j0
Generator i_a = -1.41971+j0 i_b = -5.46011e-16+j0 i_c = 1.41971+j0
Currents in Amperes
Fault I_a = 0 Ib = 2375.86 Ic = 2375.86
Line I_a = 137.17 I_b = 137.17 I_c = 274.341
Generator I_a = 5939.65 I_b = 2.28435e-12 I_c = 5939.65
15. This problem is worked by Matlab script p10 15.m. The answers are:
Problem 10_15
Base Currents: Generator 4183.7 Line 167.348 Fault 1673.48
Fault i_a = 0.0731707+j-2.34146
Line i_a = 0.0422451+j-1.35184 i_b = -0.0422451+j1.35184 i_c = 5.41572e-18+j-1.73303e-
Generator i_a = 0.0243902+j-0.780488 i_b = -0.0487805+j1.56098 i_c = 0.0243902+j-0.780488
Currents in Amperes
Fault I_a = 3920.3 Ib = 0 Ic = 0
Line I_a = 226.339 I_b = 226.339 I_c = 2.90161e-14
Problem 10_15
Fault i_a = 0+j0 i_b = -1.41819+j-0.046498 i_c = 1.41819+j0.046498
Line i_a = -0.818792+j-0.0268456 i_b = -0.818792+j-0.0268456 i_c = 1.63758+j0.0536913
Generator i_a = -1.41819+j-0.046498 i_b = -5.48173e-16+j0 i_c = 1.41819+j0.046498
Currents in Amperes
Fault I_a = 0 Ib = 2374.59 Ic = 2374.59
Line I_a = 137.097 I_b = 137.097 I_c = 274.193
Generator I_a = 5936.46 I_b = 2.29339e-12 I_c = 5936.46
16. This one is solved by Matlab script p10 16.m. The solution is in the output of that
script is:
Problem 10_16
Base Currents: Generator 4183.7 Line 418.4
Fault i_a = 0.000+j -2.727
Generator i_a = 0.000+j -1.575 i_b = 0.000+j 1.575 i_c = 0.000+j -0.000
Currents in Amperes\
Fault I_a = 1141.0 Ib = 0.0 Ic = 0.0
Fault i_a = 0.000+j 0.000 i_b = -2.038+j 0.000 i_c = 2.038+j 0.000
Generator i_a = -1.176+j 0.000 i_b = -1.176+j 0.000 i_c = 2.353+j 0.000
Currents in Amperes
Fault I_a = 0.0 Ib = 852.5 Ic = 852.5\
17. This problem is solved by Matlab script p10 17.m.
Chapter 10, Problem 17: Currents in Per-Unit
Line-Neutral Fault
Close
i_a = 1.667 i_b = 0.000 i_c = 0.000
Far
i_a = 1.111 i_b = 0.000 i_c = 0.000
Line-Line Fault
Close
i_a = 0.000 i_b = 1.575 i_c = 1.575
Far
i_a = 0.000 i_b = 1.083 i_c = 1.083
Chapter 11
1. Real power ow through the line is P =
V
1
V
2
X
sin =
10
6
10
sin
So maximum power ow is 100 kW.
Since the sine of 30
is 1/2, real power ow is 50 kW.

Reactive power ow with equal voltage magnitudes is Q =
V
2
X
(1 cos ) and 1cos30

.134, then reactive power ow is about 13.4 kVAR.
To get 75 kVAR to ow in the line, sin = .75 or 48.6
2. Real power ow in this three-phase line is P =

138
2
40
sin 476.1 sin (MW)
So when = 10
, P 82.7MW
When = 30
, P 238MW
For 100 MW, = sin
1 100
476.1
12.1
With that angle, Q = 476.1 (1 cos 12.1
) 10.6MVAR
3. If sending and receiving end power are the same, real and reactive power at sending and
receiving ends are:
(P +jQ)
S
=
V
2
R jX
_
1 e
j
_
(P +jQ)
R
=
V
2
R jX
_
e
j1
_
These are easily evaluated by Matlab script p11 3.m. Note the solution to the problem of
nding the proper power angle for a given receiving end real power is nonlinear, but the
Matlab routine fzero() can be used to solve that problem with an auxiliary function.
The answers are:
Angle = 10 degrees
Sending end P = 82.5715 MW Q = -1.02412 MVAR
Receiving end P = 81.1392 MW Q = -15.3469 MVAR
Angle = 30 degrees
Sending end P = 242.008 MW Q = 39.5845 MVAR
Receiving end P = 229.378 MW Q = -86.7231 MVAR
Seeking 100 MW at receiving end
Angle = 12.3843 degrees
Receiving end P = 100 MW Q = -21.0783 MVAR
4. With a capacitance of 6.6F, admittance is Y
c
= jC = j2.49 10
3
S, or Q
C
=
138
2
2.49 10
3
47.4MVAR
For a phase angle of 30
,
P =
V
2
X
sin = 238MW
Q =
V
2
X
(1 cos ) = 16.4MVAR
To get 100 MW in the line, = sin
1 100
476.1
12.125
, for which Q =
V
2
X
(1 cos )Q
c

10.6 47.4 = 36.8MVAR
5. The power circle called for in the problem is shown in Figure 50. It was generated by
Matlab script p11 5.m.
1000 800 600 400 200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
800
600
400
200
0
200
400
600
800
Watts
V
a
r
s
sending
receiving
Figure 50: Solution to Chapter 11, Problem 5: Power Circle
6. This problem is solved by Matlab script p11 6.m. The situation in which it is carrying
10 kW is shown in Figure 51. the specic numbers are:
Center of Power Circle = 1980.2 + j 19802
Radius of Power Circle = 19900.7
Seeking 10 kW at receiving end
Angle = 31.3025 degrees
Receiving end P = 10000 MW Q = -3911.28 MVAR
7. The phasor diagram without compensating capacitors is shown, to pretty good scale, in
Figure 52
To nd the required capacitance for receiving end voltage to be of the same magnitude
as sending end, see that:
V
R
= V
S
R||jX
c
R||jX
c
+jX
l
1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x 10
4
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
x 10
4 Chapter 11, Problem 6
V
A
R
S
Watts
Figure 51: Solution to Chapter 11, Problem 6: Partial Power Circle
X
V = 8000
s
|V |=7941
R
|V |=986
Figure 52: Solution to Chapter 11, Problem 6: Uncompensated Line
If we note Y
c
=
1
Xc
and take into account the sign of complex numbers, the condition
for V
R
= V
S
is:
Y
c
=
1
X
l
_
1
X
l
_
2
1
R
2
This evaluates to Y
c
7.843 10
4
S or C = 2.1F.
Voltage vs. capacitance is shown in Figure 53. This was calculated by Matlab script
p11 7.m.
8. The Matlab scripts that evaluates this load ow program are p11 8.m, p11 8a.m and
p11 8b.m. An auxiliary script, p11 8disp.m creates output for all variants of the script.
The rst part of the program is represented by the following:
Simple Minded Load Flow Problem
Line Impedances:
Z( 1) = 0.005 + j 0.1
Z( 2) = 0.01 + j 0.1
Z( 3) = 0.005 + j 0.15
Z( 4) = 0.001 + j 0.05
Z( 5) = 0.005 + j 0.1
Z( 6) = 0.005 + j 0.2
Z( 7) = 0.01 + j 0.3
Z( 8) = 0.005 + j 0.05
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
7920
7940
7960
7980
8000
8020
8040
8060
R
e
s
i
s
t
o
r

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Compensating Capacitor, F
Figure 53: Solution to Chapter 11, Problem 6: Receiving End Voltage vs. Compensating capaci-
tance
Here are the voltage Magnitudes and angles
Voltage at Bus( 1) = 0.928 angle 8.313 (deg)
Voltage at Bus( 2) = 0.921 angle -0.817 (deg)
Complex Power at the buses
At Bus( 1) P = 2.000 Q = -0.000
At Bus( 2) P = -2.000 Q = -0.500
At Bus( 3) P = 1.000 Q = 0.800
At Bus( 4) P = 0.023 Q = 0.184
At Bus( 5) P = 0.000 Q = 0.000
At Bus( 6) P = -1.000 Q = 0.000
Line Current Magnitudes are
Line( 1) = 1.471
Line( 2) = 0.532
Line( 3) = 0.698
Line( 4) = 0.767
Line( 5) = 0.747
Line( 6) = 0.539
Line( 7) = 0.186
Line( 8) = 0.503
So if we insert Q = 0.5 into bus 5, the answer becomes:
Line Impedances:
Z( 1) = 0.005 + j 0.1
Z( 2) = 0.01 + j 0.1
Z( 3) = 0.005 + j 0.15
Z( 4) = 0.001 + j 0.05
Z( 5) = 0.005 + j 0.1
Z( 6) = 0.005 + j 0.2
Z( 7) = 0.01 + j 0.3
Z( 8) = 0.005 + j 0.05
At Bus( 1) P = 2.000 Q = -0.000
At Bus( 2) P = -2.000 Q = -0.500
At Bus( 3) P = 1.000 Q = 0.325
At Bus( 4) P = 0.020 Q = 0.094
At Bus( 5) P = 0.000 Q = 0.500
At Bus( 6) P = -1.000 Q = 0.000
Line( 1) = 1.422
Line( 2) = 0.534
Line( 3) = 0.676
Line( 4) = 0.764
Line( 5) = 0.573
Line( 6) = 0.478
Line( 7) = 0.096
Line( 8) = 0.425
And then, when Line 1 is removed, the distribution is:
Line Impedances:
Z( 1) = 0.01 + j 0.1
Z( 2) = 0.005 + j 0.15
Z( 3) = 0.001 + j 0.05
Z( 4) = 0.005 + j 0.1
Z( 5) = 0.005 + j 0.2
Z( 6) = 0.01 + j 0.3
Z( 7) = 0.005 + j 0.05
At Bus( 1) P = 2.000 Q = 0.000
At Bus( 2) P = -2.000 Q = -0.500
At Bus( 3) P = 1.000 Q = 1.693
At Bus( 4) P = 0.067 Q = 0.356
At Bus( 5) P = -0.000 Q = -0.000
At Bus( 6) P = -1.000 Q = -0.000
Line( 1) = 1.246
Line( 2) = 2.446
Line( 3) = 1.481
Line( 4) = 1.214
Line( 5) = 0.798
Line( 6) = 0.362
Line( 7) = 1.207
Chapter 12
1. Since diode current is (ignoring resistance) i = I
0
_
e
qv
kT
e
_
, solving for v we nd:
v =
kT
q
log
_
i
I
0
+ 1
_
At 299 K,
kT
q
=
1.3810
23
299
1.610
19
25.2mV
For part a, log(
i
I
0
+1) = log(510
15
) 36.15 and for part b, log(
i
I
0
+1) = log(510
16
)
38.45
So the answers are: Part a) v = .0252 36.15 .911V and Part b) v = .0252 38.45
.969V.
Matlab script p12 1.m was written to get voltage vs. current and the resulting plot is
shown in Figure 54.
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
F
o
r
w
a
r
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Current, A
Figure 54: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 1: Diode Voltage vs. Current
2. At 40 C, T = 313K and
kT
q
= 27mV. At 0 C, T = 273K and
kT
q
= 23.5mV, so Part a)
v = .027 36.15 .976V, and Part b) v = .0235 36.15 .851V
Matlab script p12 2.m generates voltage vs. temperature as shown in Figure 55.
3. Part a): V
o
= DV
in
=
1
2
48 = 24V
Part b): I = (V
in
V
o
)
DT
L
= 24
.510
4
610
3
= 0.2A. This is sketched in Figure 56.
To get voltage ripple, see that the dierence between input and output current (to the
capacitor) is a triangle wave. For the half period starting when the current reaches a
maximum until it reaches a minimum,
dv
c
dt
=
1
C
I
m
_
1
2
T
t
_
Where I
m
=
V
in
Vo
L
DT is the maximum value of ripple current: the dierence between
inductor current and output current. Capacitor ripple voltage is:
40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
F
o
r
w
a
r
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Temperature, C
Figure 55: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 2: Diode Voltage vs. Temperature
i
L
t
T
DT
I
Figure 56: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 3: Ripple Current
v
R
=
1
C
I
m
_
t
t
2
T
_
.
For the next half cycle the situation is just reversed, with a negative voltage excursion.
Matlab script p12 3.m does the evaluation and plots both ripple voltage and current.
The maximum voltage ripple excursion is about 0.25 V.
4. Load voltage is V
L
= DV
s
and change of current from start to end of the on part of
the cycle is:
I =
DT
L
(V
s
V
L
) = V
s
T
L
_
D D
2
_
This is evaluated by the Matlab script p12 4.m and a plot, for this converter is shown
in Figure 59
5. To nd the limits to the ripple, solve the simple circuit problem:
v
max
= v
min
e
DT
+V
s
_
1 e
DT
_
v
min
= v
max
e
(1D)T
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x 10
4
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
Chapter 12, Problem 3: Ripple
R
i
p
p
l
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x 10
4
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
R
i
p
p
l
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t
Time, s
Figure 57: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 3: Ripple Voltage and Current
where the time constant is just =
L
R
. This set can be solved:
v
max
= V
s
1 e
DT
1 e
Once the limits are found, voltage as a function of time is straightforward: During the
ON interval:
v = v
min
e
+V
s
_
1 e
t
tau
_
and during the OFF interval:
v = v
max
e
Matlab script p12 5.m carries out these calculations and repeats the waveform for a few
cycles to make it more easily visible. The resulting output volgate is shown in Figure 60.
6. The output voltage is just the input voltage rectied, and the rectier has the eect of
taking the absolute value of the input voltage. At the same time, it converts the current,
so that, for this case,
v
l
= |V
s
sin t|
i
s
= I
DC
sign(sin t)
Shown in Figure 61 are output voltage and input current for the full wave bridge rectier.
In Figure 62 are input and output power (neglecting diode forward drop). Plotted on
the same scale, they are the same.
According to the model of Problem 1, forward drop in each of the diodes is about
0.911 volts, leading to about 18 watts total dissipation, distributed over the four diodes
of the bridge.
See Matlab script p12 6.m for details.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x 10
4
0
5
10
15
20
25
Chapter 12, Problem 3: Capacitor Voltage
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Time, s
Figure 58: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 1: Capacitor Voltage
7. There are actually three important numbers related to the load voltage output from the
three-phase rectier. They are the peak voltage, which is the peak of line-line voltage:
V
peak
=
_
(2)480 = 679V , the average load voltage, which is V
L
=
3
2480 648V ,
and the minimum voltage which is V
min
= 480
2 cos

6
588V . The actual waveforms
are shown in Figure 63. Current in Phase A is positive whenever Phase A is most positive
and negative when Phase A is most negative. Since there is a large lter reactor on the
DC side, current is constant.
Accouning for commutation reactance, the reactive voltage drop appears to be accounted
for by the ctitious resistor:R
X
=
3
377 .003 1.08. With a load current of

10 A, V
L
= 648 10 1.08 637.2V Load voltage as a function of current is shown in
Figure 64.
8. Assuming the leakage inductance is negligible, average load voltage is:
< V
L
>=
1
_

0
V
p
sin tdt =
2
V
p
=
2
2 120 108V
In the single phase rectier, load voltage is zero during commutation and rate of change
of current in the leakage inductance is:
di
L
dt
=
V
p
L
sin t
And since current in the leakage inductance starts at I
L
, current at the end of the
commutation interval is
i
L
= I
L
+
V
p
L
(cos t 1))
The commutation interval t
c
is then determined by:
V
p
2L
(cos t
c
1) = 2I
L
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
Chapter 12, Problem 4: Inductor Current Ripple
A
Duty Cycle
Figure 59: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 4: Ripple current vs. duty cycle
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x 10
3
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Chapter 12, Problem 5: Buck Converter Voltage Output
V
t, s
Figure 60: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 5: Buck Converter Output
Average voltage is, since output voltage during the commutation interval is zero:
< V
L
>=
1
_

tc
V
p
sintdt =
1
_

0
V
p
sin tdt
1
_
tc
0
V
p
sintdt =
2
V
p
(cos t
c
1)
And, since
Vp
L
(cos t
c
1) = 2I
L
,
< V
L
>=
2
V
p
I
L
Here, if L
= 5mH, R
X
=
2
377 .005 1.2

Voltage drop is shown in Figure 65
9. Average output voltage in continuous conduction is:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
0
50
100
150
200
Chapter 12, Problem 6: Full Wave Bridge Output Voltage
V
o
l
t
s
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
10
5
0
5
10
S
o
u
r
c
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

A
t, s
Figure 61: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 6: Full Wave Rectier Output Voltage and Input
Current
V
out
=
V
S
1 D
=
12
.5
= 24
Current ripple is:
I =
V
S
L
DT =
12 .5 2 10
5
240 10
6
= .5A
Voltage ripple is found from output current:
V =
I
0
(1 D) T
C
=
1 .5 2 10
5
10 10
6
= 1V
10. Equivalent load resistance is found from power
R =
V
2
P
=
120
2
12
= 1.2k
Since R =
2L
D
2
T
,
D =
2L
RT
=
2 72 10
6
1200 10
5
0.11
11. Matlab scripts p12 11a.m and p12 11b.m generate the fourier series amplitudes of the
waveform. Construction of the PWM waveform is shown in Figure 66 and harmonic
amplitudes are plotted in Figure 67.
12. The commutation eective resistance is R
X
=
3
1.5 1.432. Then the voltage drop

is V
X
= 1.4325, 000 7, 162V . Rectied open circuit voltage is
3
V
p
=
3
2330 =
445.7kV . DC voltage is 400kV = 445.7 cos 7.162kV , or ring angle is:
cos =
407.2
445.7
.913
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Chapter 12, Problem 6: Input and Output Power
Time, s
Figure 62: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 6: Full Wave Rectier Power
Then = 24
. Overlap angle is u = cos

1
_
cos
2XI
L
Vp
_
. Since
2XI
L
Vp
=
21.55
330
2

.032,
u = cos
1
(.913 .032) 24
4.25
At the inverter end:

cos =
400 7.162
445.7
.881
= 28.2
u = cos
1
(.881 .032) 28.2
3.7
Finally, time harmonics: the period of conduction for pulses on the AC side is 120
, for
which the harmonic amplitudes can be readily calculated:
I
n
= I
DC

4
n
sinn
2
sin n
3
This is an odd harmonic series that evaluates to, for I
DC
= 5, 000A,
Harmonic Number 1 Amplitude 5513.3
Harmonic Number 3 Amplitude -0.0
0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015
0
200
400
600
Chapter 12, Problem 7: Three Phase Rectifier
D
c

S
i
d
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
,

V
0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015
10
5
0
5
10
P
h
a
s
e

A

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

A
Time, s
Figure 63: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 7: Three Phase Bridge Voltage and Current
10
Idc
Vdc
648
637.2
Figure 64: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 7: Voltage vs. Load Current
Discounting the signs of the harmonics, the rst four nonzero harmonics are 5, 7, 11 and
13, with amplitudes of 1103, 788, 501 and 424 A, respectively. In a twelve pulse system,
the fth and seventh harmonics cancel as do the 17th and 19th. Each of two inverters
handles half the current, so the surviving harmonics are of half amplitude, but they add
so we get back the factor of two. Then the harmonics are of order 11, 13, 23 and 35,
with amplitudes of 501, 424, 240 and 221 A, respectively.
L
5A
108
102
V
Figure 65: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 8: Voltage vs. Load Current
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
0
0.5
1
Generation of PWM Signal
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r

I
n
p
u
t
s
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
0
0.5
1
P
W
M

O
u
t
p
u
t
Time
Figure 66: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 11: Generate PWM Waveform
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c

A
m
p
l
i
u
d
e
Harmonic Frequency
Figure 67: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 11: Harmonic Amplitudes
Chapter 13
1. A simplication to the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 68.
160
.4
s
.4
s
200
+
j2.5
j10
j2
j2 j2
+
Figure 68: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 1: Simplied Equivalent Circuit

Deriving a thevenin equivalent on the voltage source, armature leakage and magnetizing
branch as shown in Figure 68, it is clear the resistance
R
2
s
is looking at a source impedance
magnitude of 4. Dissipation is maximized when
R
2
s
= 4, and this happens when s =
0.1. For a four pole machine operating at 50 Hz, speed is N = 0.91, 500 = 1, 350RPM.
At that speed, torque is:
T =
160
2
4
4
2
+ 4
2

2
100
21.73N-m
2. Matlab script p13 a.m works problems 2 through 9. The rst computation is the torque-
speed curve, shown in Figure 69.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
50
100
150
200
250
T
o
r
q
u
e
,

N
m
RPM
Figure 69: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 2: Torque-Speed
3. Current is calculated as a byproduct of torque-speed and that is shown in Figure 70
4. Breakdown torque is, for the purposes of this problem, generated by using Matlabs
max() function. It and associated current and power factor are:
Breakdown torque = 246.344 N-m at 1603.07 RPM
Current at Breakdown = 86.4064 Power Factor = 0.711948
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
RPM
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

A
Figure 70: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 3: Current-Speed
5. Running light could be calculated by looking at the smallest value of slip, but in the
script the rotor branch is discounted and impedance of the magnetizing and armature
brances was used:
Problem 5: Running light current = 5.45245
Real Power = 402.042 Reactive Power = 4515.22
6. Locked rotor conditions involve s = 1, for which the machine impedance can be calcu-
lated and a voltage to achieve specied current is then easy to estimate. The results
are:
Problem 6: Locked rotor voltage = 49.6024
Locked Rotor Torque = 1.8263
Input Real and Reactive Power = 216.345 + j 1089.83
7. The trick to estimating machine operation with xed voltage and frequency is to nd
the limiting values of slip at either end. A crude search was made to nd those values
of slip. The rest is straightforward and the results are shown in Figure 71
8. This problem asks for multiple torque-speed calculations, and the only thing to remember
about this is to adjust the reactive elements for frequency, but the resistors stay constant.
Note the lower breakdown torques for low frequencies, shown in Figure 72.
9. This problem uses some brute-force computation, but even using an interpreter like
Matlab, computation is not expensive. In this calculation, operational curves similar to
those shown in Figure 72 were estimated for frequencies separated by 1 Hz. Then a search
was made to nd two points that bracket the desired torque. Then linear interpolation
was used to approximate operation at the desired torque. Not shown is a curve that
was drawn of torque vs. speed to estimate how well this interpolation worked. Results
for input and output power are shown in Figure 73 and eciency and power factor are
shown in 74.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10
4
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Problem 7: Efficiency and Power Factor
P
e
r
U
n
i
t
Output Power, Watts

Efficiency
Power Factor
Figure 71: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 7: Eciency and Power Factor
10. Matlab script p13 b.m does the calculations for problems 10 and 11. The torque-speed
curve for the motor operating with xed voltage and frequency is shown in Figure 75
Small correction is required for stray load loss. Once the end points are determined,
getting eciency and power factor is done over slip. This is shown in Figure 76.
11. Several torque/speed curves for dierent frequency and voltage levels are calculated by
the same script and shown in Figure 77
And then it is not dicult to generate an idea of operation by sweeping over frequency
and nding the correct power point along each curve. Resulting eciency and power
factor are shown in Figure 78
12. The winding plan is shown in Figure 79. Note this did not really need to be a consequent
pole winding since groups with turns of 17, 9 and 8 turns, respectively, could have been
wound around each of four poles.
To nd the winding factor, we use the weighted average of the individual coil pitch
factors:
k
wn
=
N
k=1
N
s
(k) sin(
2
nN
c
(k))
N
k=1
N
s
(k)
where N is the total number of coils (6), n is the harmonic number, N
c
is the coil throw
for each coil and N
s
is the number of turns in each coil.
This evaluates to k
w1
= .9720.
Synchronous reactance is:
X
s
= L
s
0
3
2
4
N
2
a
RLk
w1
p
2
g
And this evaluates to about 85.5 Ohms.
Peak ux density is found from the voltage expression:
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
0
50
100
150
200
250
Problem 8: Volts/Hz Curves
T
o
r
q
u
e
,

N
m
RPM
Figure 72: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 8: Volts/Hz Control
V
p
= 2
m
RLN
a
k
w1
B
p
where
m
is mechanical rotational speed so that
m
R is surface speed.
m
=

p
. Then:
B
p
=
V
p
2
m
RLN
a
k
w1
.748T
13. This problem and the next are about the same machine. Referred to the stator side, the
inductances are:
Magnetizing L
m
=
3
2
L
aA
N
= 1.5
16.59
3
8.295mH
Armature Leakage L
a
= L
a
L
ab
L
m
= 5.6 + 2.8 8.295 0.105mh
Rotor Leakage L
r
=
L
A
L
AB
N
2
=
50.4+25.2
9
0.105mh
The impedances at 60 Hz are X
a
= L
a
.0396, X
m
= L
m
3.127 and, as it
turns out, X
r
X
a
.
In this problem, we ignore any winding losses in the doubly fed machine, so, as we
expect, rotor input power P
r
= sP
s
, where P
s
is stator output power. Total generated
power is P
m
= P
s
+P
r
, so that P
s
=
Pm
1s
.
Stator current can be computed to be I
s
=
Ps+jQs
Vs
. Then we can compute voltage across
the magnetizing branch: V
m
= V
s
+jX
a
I
s
.
The next step is to compute current through the magnetizing branch: I
m
=
Vm
jXm
.
Finally rotor current, referred to the stator is: I
r
= I
s
+ I
m
, and rotor voltage is
V
r
= V
m
+jX
r
I
r
. Rotor input power is P
r
+jQ
r
= 3sV
r
I
r
Matlab script p13 c.m computes two discrete points for Problem 13 and two curves for
Problem 14. The results are:
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
x 10
4 Problem 9: Input and Output Power
W
a
t
t
s
RPM
Figure 73: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 9: Input and Output Power
Problem 13: Referred Reactances
Magnetizing Inductance = 0.008295
Stator Inductance = 0.0084
Rotor Inductance = 0.0084
Stator Leakage = 0.000105
Rotor Leakage = 0.0084
Impedances at Rated Frequency
Stator Leakage = 0.0395841
Magnetizing = 3.12714
Rotor Leakage = 0.0395841
Rotor Input at 30 % slip
Positive Slip: P_r = 360000 Q_r = 444392
Negative Slip: P_r = -360000, Q_r = 444392
14. The results of the previous problem are generalized in the script that follows to a picture
of power balance, in Figure 80 and of reactive power input to the rotor, Figure 81
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
0.8
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
P
e
r
U
n
i
t
RPM

Efficiency
Power Factor
Figure 74: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 9: Eciency and Power Factor
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Problem 10, Part A
T
o
r
q
u
e
RPM
Figure 75: Solution to Problem 10: Torque-Speed
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x 10
4
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
Problem 10, Part B: Efficiency and Power Factor
P
e
r
U
n
i
t
Output Power, Watts

Efficiency
Power Factor
Figure 76: Solution to Problem 10: Eciency and Power Factor
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Problem 11: Volts/Hz Curves
T
o
r
q
u
e
,

N
m
RPM
Figure 77: Solution to Problem 11: Volts/Hz Torque-Speed
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
P
e
r
U
n
i
t
RPM

Efficiency
Power Factor
Figure 78: Solution to Problem 10: Variable Frequency Eciency and Power Factor
Figure 79: Solution to Problem 12: Winding Plan
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 10
5
Problem 14: Doubly Fed Machine Power
W
a
t
t
s
RPM

Stator Output
Rotor Input
Total
Figure 80: Solution to Problem 14: Real Power Balance in the DFM
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x 10
5 Problem 14: Doubly Fed Machine Power
V
A
R
S

i
n
t
o

R
o
t
o
r
RPM
Figure 81: Solution to Problem 14: Rotor Reactive Power in the DFM
Chapter 14
1. Since V
a
= GI
f
, =
110
11
= 110 radians/second. N =
60
2
110 1050.4 RPM.
If torque is 10 N-m, armature current must be I
a
= 10 A. Internal voltage is: E
b
=
GI
f
= 110 10 = 100 V, so that = 100radians/second, or just about 955 RPM.
Power in is about P
mboxin
= 11011 = 1210 Watts while power out is P
out
= 10010 =
1000 Watts. This implies eciency of 82.6 %.
For the last part,
P
in
= V I
f
+V
T
GI
f
P
out
= T =
_
V
GI
f
R
T
GI
f
_
T
=
P
out
P
in
This is plotted in Figure 82
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
1000
2000
3000
Chapter 14, Problem 1, Part d
W
a
t
t
s
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.5
1
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Nm
Figure 82: Solution to Problem 1: Power and Eciency
2. Back voltage is E
b
= 100
1
2
10 = 95V, so that G =
95
180
0.528. Torque is T = GII
f
=
5.28n-m
3. Back voltage must be E
b
=
50,000
100
= 500V, so that resistance is R =
600500
100
= 1, and
motor constant is G =
500
100200
= 0.026H
4. Output power is
P
out
= GI
2
=
GV
2
(R+G)
2
=
.625 600
2
.625 +.125
= 400kW
Current is I =
600
.625+.125
= 800A, so
P
in
= 600 800 = 480kW
5. If the motor is producing 400 kW, its back voltage must be:
E
b
= GI =
400kW
800A
= 500V
And, since 1,000 RPM is 104.7 Radians/second,
G =
500
104.7 800
.00596Hy
To get speed vs. voltage we must make power converted by the motor equal to power
absorbed by the load:
GV
2
(R+G)
2
= P
0
_

0
_
3
Matlab script p14 5.m uses the Matlab function fzero() to solve the nonlinear equation
and plot speed vs. voltage (see Figure 83). It also does a check calculation (gure not
shown here).
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
R
P
M
Applied Voltage, V
Figure 83: Solution to Problem 5: Speed vs. Voltage
6. The back voltage is E
b
= GI
f
= 550
800
16
= 500V. So GI
f
=
500
104.7
4.776Wb
In this problem the equality is:
GI
f
_
V GI
f
R
a
_
= P
0
_

0
_
3
This is solved by Matlab script p14 6.m and the results are shown in Figure 84.
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
R
P
M
Applied Voltage, V
Figure 84: Solution to Problem 6: Speed vs. Voltage
7. The initial part of the piecewise linear voltage vs. eld current curve has a slope of
V
I
f
=

0
200 =
N
N
0
200
Then, the speed that will result in self-excitation will be:
N = N
0
75
200
=
1200
200
75 = 450RPM
At 1,500 RPM, if the machine is on the third segment (I
f
> 2A), V = 270.8 + 12.5I
f
.
Running light:V = 270.8 + 12.5I
f
= 75I
f
, or:
I
f
=
270.83
62.5
4
1
3
A
and V = 352V.
Loaded,
V = V
0
+GI
f
R
a
I
a
I
f
=
V
R
f
Over a limited range of I
a
, this becomes:
V =
V
0
R
a
I
a
1
G
R
f
This evaluates to
V = 325 2I
a
I
a
< 6.25A
To compound the generator, G
s
= 2. Then, comparing with the shunt eld, N
s
=
N
f

2
12.5
= 80Turns.
8. 800 RPM = 83.775 Radians/Second, so that
G =
600
87.775 2
3.581Hy
Connected with no series eld winding,
I
a
=
V GI
f
R
a
T
e
= GI
f
I
a
In long shunt:
I
f
=
V
R
f
I
a
=
V G
s
I
a
GI
f
R
a
+R
s
T
e
= G
s
I
2
a
+G
f
I
f
I
a
In short shunt, we have this set of linear expressions:
I
f
(R
f
+R
s
) +R
s
I
a
= V
I
f
(R
f
G) (G
s
+R
a
) I
a
= 0
And, as before,
T
e
= GI
f
I
a
+G
s
I
2
a
These calculations are carried out by Matlab script p14 8.m. Torques are shown in
Figure 85 and currents in Figure 86.
500 550 600 650 700 750 800
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
N
m
RPM
Comparison of Torques

Long Shunt
Short Shunt
No Shunt
Figure 85: Solution to Problem 8: Torque
500 550 600 650 700 750 800
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
N
m
RPM
Comparison of Currents

Long Shunt
Short Shunt
No Shunt
Figure 86: Solution to Problem 8: Current
Chapter 15
1. The next several problems all use the following:
H
m
h
m
+H
g
g = 0
B
m
A
m
= B
g
A
g
B
g
=
h
m
g
B
r
1 +P
u
So for this one, h
m
= 5mm.
2. h
m
=
40
3
3. A
m
= 50cm
2
4. The previous problem just happened to hit the optimum:
h
m
= 10mm
A
m
= 50cm
2
5. B
r
=
4 50 10
6
1.414T
6. E
max
=
14,000
2
41.05
46.66Mg-Oe
7. V = K, so =
12
.001
= 12, 000Rad/s 114, 591RPM.
8. 6,000 RPM is about 628 Radians/second, so K =
12
628
.0191Wb.
9. No load speed is =
V
K
=
12
.02
= 6, 000Radians/second (about 5,730 RPM).
10. Since P = K
V K
R
, we have a quadratic to nd speed:
(K)
2
KV +P
m
R = 0
There are actually two speeds at which the thing will make 12 watts: want the faster
one:
=
1
K
_
_
V
2
+
_
V
2
_
2
P
m
R
_
_
473Rad/s
That is about 4519 RPM.
When making 10 W, K = 6 +
6
2
20 = 10V. Then =
10
.02
= 500Radians/s (4775
RPM), and current is I = 1A. Torque is T = /frac10500 = .02N-m.
Voltage is V = 10 + 2 = 12V, so eciency is =
10
12
= 0.8333.
11. 3,000 RPM is 314.16 Radians/second, so K =
12
314.16
.0382Wb. With 10 A, torque is
.382 N-m.
With a 12 volt supply the maximum converted power is P
max
=
V
2
4R
= 36W. At that
condition, I = 6A, and P
in
= 12 6 = 72W, so = 0.5. Speed is 1,500 RPM.
12. 4,000 RPM = 66 2/3 Hz. 3662/3 = 200, so the thing has six poles. Electrical frequency
is = 2 200 1257Radians/s
Flux
0
=
2120
1257
0.135Wb.
13. T =
3
2
p
0
I = 1.5 2 0.4 4 = 4.8N-m.
4,000 RPM is 418.9 Radians/second. So P
B
= 4.8 418.9 2011W.
At 4,000 RPM, = 837.8, so internal voltage is E
b
= .4 837.5 335.1V (peak).
Reactance is X = .05 837.8 41.9. 4 41.9 167.6V. Assuming we are driving
the thing for maximum torque per unit of current, internal power factor is unity and
terminal voltage is V =
335.1
2
+ 167.6
2
375V (peak).
Note x
d
=
.054
.4
= .5, which is less than one, so there will be a zero-torque speed. It is
when =
375
.054
1873Radians/s,or about 8944 RPM.
14. Here, we use the denitions given in the text:
Base Torque T
B
=
3
2
p
0
I
0
d- axis reactance x
d
=
L
d
I
0
0
q- axis reactance x
q
=
L
q
I
0
0
per-unit torque t
e
= (1 (x
q
x
d
) i
d
) i
q
Then use expressions 15.15 and 15.16 to nd i
d
and i
q
at the rating point (i
a
= 1). At
the rating point:
d
= 1 +x
d
i
d
q
= x
q
i
q
Voltages are:
V
d
=
0
0
(r
a
i
d
q
)
V
q
=
0
0
(r
q
i
q
+psi
d
)
Voltage is V =
_
V
2
d
+V
2
q
and input power is P
in
=
3
2
(V
d
I
d
+V
q
I
q
).
Output power is P
out
=

p
T
B
t
e
.
All of this has been implemented in Matlab script p15 13.m and the results for the two
cases are:
Internal Flux = 0.01
xd = 7.5 xq = 22.5
id = -0.690637 iq = 0.723202
Developed Torque = 11.0906
Power Rating = 3484.21
Efficiency = 0.962699
Power Factor = 0.503211
>> p15_13
Internal Flux = 0.1
xd = 0.75 xq = 2.25
id = -0.559816 iq = 0.828617
Developed Torque = 20.5798
Power Rating = 6465.32
Efficiency = 0.979546
Power Factor = 0.786977
15. The whole story is told by Matlab script p15 14.m, which uses the expressions cited for
the previous problem. The optimal locus for the axis currents is shown in Figure 87.
The other elements of operation are:
part b) Base Speed = 1642.93 RPM
part c) Maximum Torque = 37.0145 N-m
part d) Power Factor at Base = 0.687784
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
q

a
x
i
s

p
e
r
u
n
i
t
d axis perunit
Figure 87: Solution to Problem 14: Optimal Current Locus
The torque/speed and power/speed curves are shown in Figure 88.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
10
20
30
40
N
m
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
0
5000
10000
W
RPM
Figure 88: Solution to Problem 14: Torque and Power vs. speed curves

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Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and

73.4kV. When the excitation gets back to the sending

= 63.6kV 36.72kV 26.9kV

propagating away from the source, with I

= 10, 000A and V

. The inductance vs. angle is shown in Figure 25.

, and since the primary (H) side is at an angle of 30

. Currents in the low

j.129 + .00375. Currents through the two line segments are

.78 .06 .5 .140m

and the surface impedance is:

With surface current dentisy of 1, 000A/m

Figure 44: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 3: 0.8 Power Factor, Overexcited

3 3.46 per-unit. Then the fault current is

is 1/2, real power ow is 50 kW.

2. Real power ow in this three-phase line is P =

With that angle, Q = 476.1 (1 cos 12.1

377 .003 1.08. With a load current of

377 .005 1.2

1.5 1.432. Then the voltage drop

. Overlap angle is u = cos

At the inverter end:

Figure 68: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 1: Simplied Equivalent Circuit

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