Ijaiem 2014 05 31 143

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014 Page 488

Abstract
Wireless networks are generally less efficient and unpredictable compared to wired networks, which make quality of service (QoS)
provisioning a bigger challenge for wireless communications. The evergreen demand for fast delivery of large volumes of data is
one of the challenging task for wireless communication technology. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
is a wireless broadband solution that offers a rich set of features with a lot of flexibility in terms of deployment options and
potential service offerings. Its main objective is to provide quality with cost effectiveness. But Delivering QoS is more challenging
for mobile broadband than for fixed. The time variability and unpredictability of the channel become more acute, and
complication arises from the need to hand over sessions from one cell to another as the user moves across their coverage
boundaries. The wireless medium has limited bandwidth, higher packet error rate, and higher packet overheads that altogether
limit the capacity of the network to offer guaranteed QoS.in this paper, we provide an overview of the cyclic prefixes
(Conventional/ Turbo) and service classes that are the key functions in the MAC common part sub layer.

Keywords: WiMAX, IEEE, UGS, rtPS, ertPS, nrtPS, BE.

1. INTRODUCTION
Differentiated traffic treatment is a key aspect in providing heterogeneous media flows with quality of service (QoS) at a
network level. Heterogeneous media may have very different QoS requirements and may ask the network for very
different levels of throughput, delay, jitter, and packet losses. This gives rise to the significant challenge of designing a
QoS-aware broadband wireless network, and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) is one of the best
candidates to play this role. It follows that the success of WiMAX strongly relies on how the underlying network can
meet individual QoS requirements of a wide variety of multimedia applications. Integration of a QoS framework into the
Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of the IEEE 802.16 protocol [1] is the WiMAX choice for such an endeavor. In the
WiMAX QoS framework, a very critical role is played by the packet scheduler within the base station (BS). This
component is expected to coordinate all QoS-related functions to provide differentiated QoS guarantees and fair resource
allocation to multiple users and multiple media flows. The most challenging aspect in this context originates from the
wireless nature of theWiMAX channel, which may impair the scheduler QoS-support capability and may invalidate its
theoretical fairness in assigning the available bandwidth. This suggests a cross-layer approach that exploits the time-
varying nature of the wireless channel to take decisions on the data to deliver to each user. According to this approach,
based on channel status awareness, the scheduler performs an opportunistic packet selection and allocates resources to
users experiencing good channel conditions. On the one hand, by allocating resources to users with better channel quality,
the scheduler can maximize the overall system throughput. On the other hand, it may degrade other QoS metrics such as
delay, because the scheduler postpones transmissions toward users sensing low-quality channels until the relevant channel
conditions recover. The design of channel-aware schedulers in WiMAX networks and the effect of channel encoding
schemes and service classes on WiMAX, are the topics investigated in this paper.

2. QOS ARCHITECTURE IN WIMAX NETWORKS
The WiMax Forums Network Working Group [3], is responsible for developing the end-to-end network requirements,
architecture, and protocols for WiMax, using IEEE 802.16e-2005 as the air interface. The network reference model
envisions unified network architecture for supporting fixed, nomadic, and mobile deployments and is based on an IP
service model. Figure 1.8 shows a simplified illustration of IP-based WiMax network architecture. [2] The overall
network may be logically divided into three parts:
Mobile Station (MS): It is for the end user to access the mobile network. It is a portable station able to move to wide
areas and perform data and voice communication. It has all the necessary user equipments such as an antenna, amplifier,
transmitter, receiver and software needed to perform the wireless communication. GSM, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and W-
CDMA devices etc are the examples of Mobile station. Mobile stations used by the end user to access the network.
Access Service Network (ASN): It is owned by NAP, formed with one or several base stations and ASN gateways (ASN-
GW) which creates radio access network. It provides all the access services with full mobility and efficient scalability. Its
ASN-GW controls the access in the network and coordinates between data and networking elements. ASN comprises one
or more base stations and one or more ASN gateways that form the radio access network at the edge.
A Survey on QoS classes and encoding
schemes over WiMAX

Karan tej Singh
1
, Mohinder Singh
2
and Shanu Malhotra
3

1,2
Dept. of CSE,MVEC, J agadhri, India
3
Dept. of CSE, ISTK, Ambala, India



Connectivity Service Network (CSN): Provides IP connectivity to the Internet or other public or corporate networks. It
also applies per user policy management, address management, location management between ASN, ensures QoS,
roaming and security. CSN provides IP connectivity and all the IP core network functions.
The architecture allows for three separate business entities:
i. Network access provider (NAP), which owns and operates the ASN;
ii. Network services provider (NSP), which provides IP connectivity and WiMax services to subscribers using the ASN
infrastructure provided by one or more NAPs;
iii. Application service provider (ASP), which can provide value-added services such as multimedia applications using IMS
(IP multimedia subsystem) and corporate (virtual private networks) that run on top of IP.

Figure 1: WiMax architecture based on IP

The IEEE 802.16 standard supports both point-to-point (PP) and point-to-multipoint (PMP) topologies, and an optional
mesh configuration. In a fixed PMP WiMAX network, a BS communicates with multiple stationary SSs, as shown in
Figure 2.TheMACof a PMP WiMAX network is centrally managed by the BS, which offers connection-oriented services
to individual traffic flows. Each traffic flow is uniquely identified by a connection identifier (CID), and belongs to one of
the listed QoS classes, which are defined at the WiMAX MAC layer [1] to provide differentiated traffic treatment.

Figure 2 : Point to Multipoint Wimax Network


3. WIMAX PHYSICAL LAYER
The WiMax physical layer is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. OFDM is the transmission scheme of
choice to enable high-speed data, video, and multimedia communications and is used by a variety of commercial
broadband systems, ncluding DSL, Wi-Fi, Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld (DVB-H), and Medial, besides WiMax. [3],
[5] the physical of WiMax is named as OFDM belong to multicarrier modulation family. Higher data rate streams are
divided to several lower rate streams called tones or subcarriers. The symbols sent across are orthogonal to one another to
avoid ISI. Guard intervals are also provided. OFDM is implemented through FFT. Fixed WiMax use 256 OFDM-based
physical layer while mobile WiMax use FFT-based OFDMA physical layer varying between 128 and 2048 subcarriers.
WiMax physical layer have slots and frames over air interface as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: OFDM frame

A. ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION METHOD
Brief review the key steps in an OFDM communication system (Figure 4). In OFDM, the encoding and decoding are done
in the frequency domain, where X, Y, and contain the L transmitted, received, and estimated data symbols. A group of L
data symbols form a block called OFDM block has a duration of T seconds are separated by guard time show delay on
reception. Formation of data blocks and guard time avoids ISI. Frequency domain conversion using Discrete Fourier
Transformation and Circular convolution is done. Cyclic Prefix is the main player of the show where DFT and circular
convolution is used. If the maximum channel delay spread has a duration of v +1 samples, adding a guard band of at least
v samples between OFDM symbols makes each OFDM symbol independent of those coming before and after it, and so
only a single OFDM symbol can be considered. Transmitted signal is appended with some tailing segment of the same
signal. Upon reception, circular convolution of signal with length of the v +1 samples evaluate the samples back. The
cyclic prefix comes with both bandwidth and power penalty. Cyclic Prefix is important to avoid multipath delay. [1]Some
practical issues are neglected, for example, assume that the transmitter and the receiver are perfectly synchronized and
that the receiver perfectly knows the channel, in order to perform the FEQ.

Figure 4: Functional stages of a WiMax PHY layer.


B. SCHEDULING SERVICES OR QOS CLASSES
The IEEE 802.16 standard provides powerful tools in order to achieve different QoS constraints. The 802.16 standard
MAC Layer provides QoS differentiation for the different types of applications that might operate over 802.16 networks,
through five defined scheduling service types, also called QoS classes.
There are five scheduling services were defined in 802.16e [8]:

Table 1. QoS service classes in wimax
Service Description QoS parameters
UGS (Unsolicited Grant
Service)
Support of real-time service
flows that generate fiixed-size
data packets on a periodic basis,
such as VoIP without silence
suppression
Maximum sustained rate
Maximum latency tolerance
Jitter tolerance
rtPS (Real-Time Polling
Service)
Support of real-time service
flows that generate transport
variable size data packets on a
periodic basis, such
as streaming video or audio
Minimum reserved rate
Traffic priority

ertPS (Extended real-time
Polling Service)
Extension of rtPS to support
traffic flows such as variable
rate VoIP with Voice Activity
Detection (VAD)
Jitter tolerance Traffic priority
nrtPS (Non- real time
Polling Service)
Support for non-real-time
services that require variable
size data grants on a regular
basis
Maximum sustained rate Traffic
priority
BE (Best Effort) Support for best-effort traffic Maximum sustained rate Traffic
priority

C. CHANNEL CODING
In IEEE 802.16e-2005, the channel coding stage consists of the following steps: (1) data randomization, (2) channel
coding, (3) rate matching, (4) Hybrid ARQ, if used, (5) and interleaving. Data randomization is performed in the uplink
and the downlink, using the output of a maximum length shift-register sequence that is initialized at the beginning of
every FEC block. This shift register sequence is modulo 2, added with the data sequence to create the randomized data.
The purpose of the randomization stage is to provide layer 1 encryption and to prevent a rogue receiver from decoding the
data. When HARQ is used, the initial seed of the shift-register sequence for each HARQ transmission is kept constant in
order to enable joint decoding of the same FEC block over multiple transmissions. Channel coding is performed on each
FEC block, which consists of an integer number of Sub-channels and comprises several data and pilot subcarriers. [1]The
maximum number of sub-channels in an FEC block is dependent on the channel coding scheme and the modulation
constellation.

Convolutional Coding: The mandatory channel coding scheme in IEEE 802.16e-2005 is based on binary non
recursive convolutional coding (CC). The convolutional encoder uses a constituent encoder with a constraint length
7 and a native code rate . The output of the data randomizer is encoded using this constituent encoder. In order to
initialize the encoder to the 0 state, each FEC block is padded with a byte of 0x00 at the end in the OFDM mode.
The 6 bits from the end of the data block are appended to the beginning, to be used as flush bits. These appended
bits flush out the bits left in the encoder by the previous FEC block. The first 12 parity bits that are generated by
the convolutional encoder which depend on the 6 bits left in the encoder by the previous FEC block are discarded.
Turbo Codes: Several optional channel coding schemes such as block turbo codes, convolutional turbo codes, and
low density parity check (LDPC) codes are defined in IEEE 802.16e. WiMax uses duo binary turbo codes with a
constituent recursive encoder of constraint length 4. In duo binary turbo codes two consecutive bits from the un-
coded bit sequence are sent to the encoder simultaneously, the duo binary convolution encoder has two generating
polynomials, 1+D2+D3 and 1+D3 for two parity bits. Since two consecutive bits are used as simultaneous inputs,
this encoder has four possible state transitions compared to two possible state transitions for a binary turbo encoder.



Table 2: cyclic prefix versus QoS classes

4. RELATED WORK
In [1], Z.M. Elkwash et.al. designed a simulator of WiMAX communication system using Simulink of MATLAB. The
authors examine the effect of the cyclic prefix on the bit error rate (BER) with different types of modulation techniques
such binary phase shift key, Quadrature amplitude modulation that are based on variation in gain vector, delay vector,
and signal to noise ratio. In this paper, Performance evaluation is done based on various factors and for different
modulation techniques with several code rates. The BER is plotted versus the cyclic prefix, for three cases with different
values of delay vector [0 le-6], [0 3e-6], [0 5e-6], and [0 8e-6], gain vector [0-1], [0-3], [0-5], and [0-8], SNR 15, 30, 45,
and 60. Different delay vectors, gain vectors, different SNR values were checked against different modulation techniques
with several code rates. It was found that WiMax system gave good performance at delay vector of [0 le-6], gain vector of
[0-4], cyclic prefix of (1/4), and modulation techniques are 4-QAM, and 16-QAM with coding rate of (2/3) .
Under BPSK modulation, the best result comes for gain vector [0-5] and CP of (1/\6) with delay gain [0\e-6] and SNR of
60. SNR has a small influence on the BER performance, and the lower BER is presented at SNR of 60. Under 4QAM
modulation, the best result comes for gain vector [0-5] and CP of (1/4), but with decrease the CP, the best result comes for
gain vectors [0 3], [0 8] and CP of(1/16) and (1/32) and variation of SNR has the small influence on the BER
performance, and the lower BER is presented at SNR of 44.Under 4QAM modulation, the best result comes for gain
vector [0-3] and CP of(1/32) and the variation of SNR has the small control on the BER performance, and the best BER
obtained at SNR of 60 and CP of (1/32). Under 16-QAM modulation, the best result comes for gain vector [0-5] and CP
of (1/4), (1/16), and (1/32) and the variation of SNR has the little impact on the BER performance, the lower BER is
presented at SNR of 60 and CP of (1/4), (1/16), and (1/32). Under 16-QAM modulation, the best result comes for gain
vector [0-1] and CP of(1/32) and SNR which has a small influence on the BER performance but the lower BER is
presented at SNR of 60 and CP of (1/32). Under 16-QAM modulation, the best result comes for gain vector [0-3] and CP
of(1/16), the variation of SNR has the small influence on the BER performance, and the lower BER is presented at SNR
of 60 and CP of (1/16). Under 64-QAM modulation, the best results come for gain vectors [0-3] and [0-5] and CP of
(1/4), and (1/16) but there is no major impact of SNR on the BER, and the lower BER is presented at SNR of 60 and CP
of (1/16), and the highest BER is occurred at SNR of 15, and 30.


Analysis results of RS, CC Encoding with coding rate (2/3), and (5/6), the BER performance has a variable behavior with
a CP, but in the coding rate (3/4) gives the lower values of BER. the modulation techniques 4-QAM (2/3), and 16-QAM
(2/3) give the lowest values of BER at CP of (1/4), (1/16), and (1/32), but at CP of (1/8) the BPSK technique gives the
lowest value of BER. the values of cyclic prefix (1/4), gain vector [0-4] , and delay vector [0 le-6], that give the lowest
values of BER are chosen to evaluate the performance the WiMax system. the BER decreases when SNR greater than 25,
and the 4-QAM(2/3),and 16-QAM(2/3) give the lowest values of BER when compared with other modulation techniques.
In [2], Tarik Anouari et al. investigate the performances of the most common VoIP codecs, which are G.711, G.723.1
and G.729 over a WiMAX network using various service classes and NOAH as a transport protocol. The objective is to
compare different types of service classes with respect to the QoS parameters, such as, throughput, average jitter and
average delay.
In [3], Vikram Mehta et.al focuses on analyzing essential QoS parameters for Wimax Network like delay, Jitter, Packet
delivery Ratio (PLR), Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) and throughput.with the use of AODV protocol it has been found that an
optimum value of QoS parameters is obtained with increasing number of mobile nodes for WiMax Network.
In [4], Chih-He Chiang et al. present the determination of downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) channel split ratio for Time
Division Duplex (TDD)-based IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) wireless networks. In a TDD system, uplink and downlink
transmissions share the same frequency at different time intervals. The TDD framing in WiMAX is adaptive in the sense
that the downlink to uplink bandwidth ratio may vary with time. The results show that the scheme outperforms static
Allocation in terms of higher aggregate throughput and better adaptivity to network dynamics.
In [5], Rakesh Kumar Jha et al. present a concept of our WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
network per-formance for QoS monitoring and optimization solution for BS (Base Station) with multimedia application.
In the com-munication sector, the optimal objective is to equate quality and cost. Due to its large coverage area, low cost
of de-ployment and high speed data rates. WiMAX is a promising technology for providing wireless last-mile
connectivity. Physical and MAC layer of this technology refer to the IEEE 802.16e standard, which defines 5 different
data delivery service classes that can be used in order to satisfy Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of different
applications, such as VoIP, videoconference, FTP, Web, etc. In this paper we have made six scenarios. Here two types of
MAC layer QoS are used and they are UGS and rtPS having application of Voice over IP (VoIP) and MPEG respectively.
Also the traf-fic priority for UGS is high as compared to rtPS. In each scenario the number of fixed nodes (Fixed
Subscriber Stations) and Mobile nodes (Mobile Subscriber Stations) are different. To cover more nodes or if nodes are
outside the coverage area more than one BS are required.
In [6], L.D.MALVIYA present an Adaptive modulation enables a WiMAX system to optimize the throughput based on
propagationconditions. IEEE802.16 (WiMAX) system support BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM and theaccess
scheme is OFDM. This paper presents the performance of different variants of transmission control protocols with
different modulation schemes when density of mobile nodes changes.
In [7], throughput was analyzed for different number of mobile nodes using different codecs and different service classes.
It was found that up to six mobile nodes throughput increases then it decreases. rtPS service class drops steeper than
others in all the codec techniques used. Jitter is highest for BE where it increases steeply after number of mobile nodes
pass six. rtPS shows some increase after six nodes but decreases after eight nodes. UGS is better among all, it increases
with small values after six mobile nodes. Delay is not observed till number of mobile nodes is four. After six nodes, BE
and rtPS increase steeply for delay while UGS increases with some small values. Till six nodes, rtPS work better than BE
but UGS performed the best of all in all codec techniques used. UGS has fixed sized packets as needed by the real-time
applications.
Shraddha Bansal et al. [8], investigate the performance of mobile Wi-Max, its physical layer is simulated using Matlab
and bit error rate (BER) performance is observed. Further performance improvement is achieved using forward error
correction codes (FEC). Two codes, convolution code (CC) and low density parity check code (LDPC) are considered for
this purpose. BER performance is evaluated for these codes under different conditions.

5. CONCLUSION
WiMAX networks promise to offer an easy deployable and relatively low cost solution for the wireless broadband
access. In usual operating conditions, WiMAX will likely support traffic belonging to a wide range of broadband
applications, and it is claimed to provide differentiation among heterogeneous demanding flows. Channel
encoding and QoS service classes are the key components to provide QoS capability and proportional fairness in
the bandwidth sharing over a changing radio environment.

References
[1] Z. M. Elkwash, N. M. Shebani, A. Mjahed ,Effect of Cyclic Prefix on Data Rates in WiMAX System with Variation
in Delay Vector, Gain Vector, Signal to Noise Ratio and Coding Rates for Different Modulation, International


Conference on Technological Advances in Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (TAEECE), IEEE,
2013, pp. 538 545. , 2008.
[2] Tarik Anouari ,Performance Analysis of VoIP Traffic in WiMAX using various Service Classes, International
Journal of Computer Applications ,Volume 52 No.20, August 2012.
[3] Vikram Mehta ,Performance Analysis of QoS Parameters for Wimax Networks, International Journal of
Engineering and Innovative Technology, Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2012.
[4] Chih-He Chiang, Wanjiun Liao, Tehuang Liu, Iam Kin Chan, and Hsi-Lu Chao, Adaptive Downlink and Uplink
Channel Split Ratio Determination for TCP-Based Best Effort Traffic in TDD-Based WiMAX Networks, IEEE
JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 27, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2009.
[5] Rakesh Kumar Jha, Idris Z. Bholebawa, Upena D. Dalal, Location Based Performance of WiMAX Network for QoS
with Optimal Base Stations (BS), Wireless Engineering and Technology, Volume 2, No.3, July 2011.
[6] P Omprakash ,R Sabitha , PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TCP OVER WiMAX, Electronics Computer
Technology (ICECT), 2011 3rd International Conference on ,Volume 6 2011.
[7] L.D.Malviya A. Gaiwak Dr. P.D.Vyavhare, Simulation based comparison of different Modulation schemes for
Mobile WiMAX using TCP and its Variants, 978-0-7695-3267-7/08 $25.00 2008 IEEE DOI
10.1109/ICETET.2008.191 First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology.
[8] Shraddha Bansal, Raksha Upadhyay, Performance Improvement of Wi-Max IEEE 802.16e in Presence of Different
FEC Codes, CICSYN, IEEE, 2009.
[9] T. Anouar and A. Haqiq , Performance Analysis of VoIP Traffic in WiMAX using various Service Classes
International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. -20, 2012, pp. 29-33.
[10] ITU- Telecommunications indicators update, 2004 at www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/.
[11] In-state Report. Paxton, The broadband boom continues:, Worldwide subscribers pass 200 million, No.
IN0603199MBS, March 2006.
[12] IEEE. Standard 802.16-2004. Part16: Air interface for fixed broadband wireless access systems. October 2004.

AUTHOR

KARAN TEJ SINGH received the B.E in Computer Engineering from Maharishi Markandeshwar College
of Engineering, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India in 2012.

MOHINDER SINGH received the B.E. degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from C.R.
State College of Engineering, Murthal, Haryana, India and the M.E. information technology from
Presently he is working as Dean Academic in Maharishi Ved Vyas Engineering college, Jagadhri, Haryana,
India.

SHANU MALHOTRA received the B.E. degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Haryana
Engineering College, J agadhari, Haryana, India and the M.E. in Computer Science and Engineering from
SIET, Ambala, Haryana in 2009 and 2013.
Presently he is working as Assistant Professor in Institute of Science and Technology, Ambala, Haryana,
India.

Ijaiem 2014 05 31 143

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Ijaiem 2014 05 31 143

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen