40 Sim Flowsheet

HSC Chemistry
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Antti Roine, Jarkko-Mansikka-aho August 14, 2006 06120-ORC-T
Tuukka Kotiranta, eter !"ork#un$
ertti %a&'erg
HSC Chemistry
(
6.0 User's Guide
Volume 2 / 2
Sim Flowsheet Module
Antti Roine 06120-ORC-T
Outote !ese"rh Oy
#$%orm"tio$ Ser&ie
'.O. (o) 6*
F#+ , 2-101 'O!#. F#+/0+1
)a*+ ,-./ - 20 - .20 - -20-
Te#+ ,-./ - 20 - .20 - 211
1-&ai#+ hs23outote242o& 56!7-1-+ 07/-0.2-0.07-12-2
8884Outote242o&9hs2 56!7-10+ 0.2-0.07-12-7

HSC Chemistry
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HSC,Sim de&elo2me$t te"m
022e$dies
!el"ted re2orts 0210--ORC-T, 00070-ORC-T, 070-6-ORC-T, 04027-ORC-T
'ro3et $um4er 240/10, 240010
5eywords Ther&o$:na&i2s, Ther&o2he&istr:
#S(+,167 07/-0.2-0.07-12-2
#S(+,107 0.2-0.07-12-7

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ABSTRACT
The traditional HSC Chemistry software was designed for various simulation and modeling
applications based on independent chemical reactions and process units. The new HSC-Sim
module expands the possibilities for applying HSC Chemistry to a whole process made up of
several process units and streams.
The HSC-Sim module consists of graphical flowsheet and spreadsheet type process unit
models. The custom-made variable list makes it possible to create many different types of
process models in chemistry, metallurgy, mineralogy, economics, etc. ach process unit is
actually one xcel file. The HSC !dd"n functions may be used to turn these independent
calculation units into small HSC engines for thermodynamic applications.
The process model created using the HSC-Sim flowsheet module consists of one #$S file
with a graphical flowsheet and one %$S file for each process unit. These process files are
always saved in the same file folder. The %$S files contain the calculation model of the unit,
and these %$S-models may be reused in the other processes.
The target in HSC-Sim development has been to create a simple but still powerful simulation
tool for the ordinary process engineer. "f the user can use traditional HSC Chemistry and
xcel software then he&she should be able to use also the new HSC-Sim module. The HSC-
Sim module also has high 'uality and versatile graphics capabilities and visuali(ation. #or
example, HSC-Sim module has built-in )Sankey diagrams) to visuali(e the distribution of
the elements and process variables.
The HSC-Sim module also contains other sub modules besides the HSC-Sim #lowsheet
module* however, this manual focuses only on the HSC-Sim #lowsheet module.

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CONTENTS
40 HSC-Sim Flowsheet module 5
40.1 Brief Ste-!"-Ste St#rt-u $
40.% HSC-Sim B#si& Setti'(s #'d Oer#tio's )
+,.-.. HSC-Sim Specifications /
+,.-.- 0raphical #lowsheet Settings ..
+,.-.1 Calculation 2odel ditor Settings .-
+,.-.+ HSC !dd"n #unctions .1
+,.-.3 Specification of the 4rawing !rea .+
+,.-.5 Creating a 6rocess #older .+
+,.-.7 Saving #iles .3
40.* +r#hi&#l ,ser -'terf#&e 15
+,.1.. Toolbars and 2enus .7
+,.1.- 6roperties & 6rocess Toolbar .8
+,.1.1 6roperties & 4rawing Toolbar ./
+,.1.+ 6roperties & 9nits Toolbar -,
+,.1.3 4rawing Toolbar :"n 4raw menu; --
+,.1.5 <otate & #lip Toolbar :in !rrange menu; -1
+,.1.7 =rder Toolbar :in !rrange menu; -1
+,.1.8 Combiner Toolbar :in !rrange menu; -1
+,.1./ Si(e Toolbar :in !rrange menu; -1
+,.1.., !lignment Toolbar :in !rrange menu; -+
+,.1... >otes Toolbar -+
+,.1..- #ile $inks Toolbar -+
+,.1..1 Standard Toolbar :in #ile and dit menu; -+
+,.1..+ Tools 2enu Selection -3
40.4 .r#wi'( Flowsheets %$
+,.+.. diting of 4rawing =b?ects 1.
+,.+.- diting 9nit "mages 1-
40.5 Cre#ti'( # /#ri#!le 0ist **
40.1 Cre#ti'( C#l&ul#tio' 2odels *)
+,.5.. Creating 4istribution 2odel +,
+,.5.- Creating <eaction 'uation 2odels +-
+,.5.1 Creating 'uilibrium 2odels +3
40.$ Se&if"i'( R#w 2#teri#ls 4$
40.3 Ru''i'( Simul#tio' 4)
+,.8.. @isuali(e Settings 4ialog 31
40.) 4ri'ti'( 54
40.10 Eleme't B#l#'&es of the ,'its 55
40.11 0ist of Stre#ms - /#ri#!le B#l#'&es 51
40.1% Cre#ti'( Co'trols 5$
40.1* Remote Co'trol - S&e'#rios - Se'siti5it" 10
40.14 Cre#ti'( Reorts 11
40.15 +lo!#l Cell Editor 1%
40.11 C#l&ul#tio' 2odel Ae#r#'&e #'d Form#t 1*
40.1$ .e'sit" of A6ueous Solutio's 14
40.13 4#ssword 4rote&tio' of ,'its 1$
40.1) .#t# Re&o'&ili#tio' 13
%$. E7&el Add--' Fu'&tio's

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40. HSC-Sim Flowsheet module
Fi(. 1* HSC-Sim main user interface with flowsheet drawing and process calculation tools.
2ost of the HSC Chemistry modules have been made for the simulation of chemical
reactions in a single process unit. The new HSC-Sim module extends the scope to a whole
process made up of several process units. The Sim module uses two main user interfaces* a
graphical flowsheet interface :#ig. .; and behind each process unit a spreadsheet type 2odel
ditor interface :#ig. -;. The basic ideas of the Sim module are 'uite simple*
1. The process consists of the process units which have been connected to each other with
streams, #ig. .. The flowsheet is saved in one #$S file.
%. Aehind each process unit there is a )small HSC engine) made of an xcel emulator with
HSC !dd"n functions or other 4$$-based tools, #ig. -. >early any types of model may
be created using the xcel emulator, such as chemical, economic, biological, etc. These
models may be reused because they are saved as independent %$S files.
*. The process unit calculation models are independent of each other.
4. The streams on the graphical flowsheet specify the material :B data and information;
transfer and data exchange between the process units :#$S file;.
5. There are two modes in the HSC-Sim module* .esi('er 2ode and Ru' 2ode.
1. The user draws and edits the flowsheet in the 4esigner mode, which is very similar to
any other vector drawing program. "n the <un :calculation; mode the graphical
flowsheet is locked.

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Fi(. %* HSC-Sim Calculation 2odel ditor. =utput sheet shows the =utput streams of
6rocess 9nit -. Short variable list has been specified. S"'& modes* !; +ree'* variable list
within all units synchroni(edC A; 8ellow* variable list within one unit synchroni(edC C; Red*
synchroni(ation =##.
$. The Calculation 2odule consists at least of "nput, =utput, 4ist, Controls and 2odel
sheets, #ig. -. The "nput sheet contains the input streams, the =utput sheet the output
streams, the 4ist sheet possible distribution values, the Controls sheet possible controls,
and the 2odel sheet possible calculation models. =ne stream always takes one column.
The user can also add -3. sheets of his own if necessary, but these must be located after
the model sheet. The format and syntax of the first four default sheets is partially fixed.
The formats of your own sheets are free.
3. "n <un mode the calculation procedure recalculates units one by one downstream and
after each calculation transfers the data from the source unit =utput sheet to the
destination unit "nput sheet, according to the streams on the graphical flowsheet, #ig. ..
The calculation procedure transfers the values into the "nput sheet stream columns,
therefore you cannot use formulas in these columns, and i.e. the calculation procedure
cuts any possible circular references between the units.
). The free-form and adaptable variable list makes the HSC-Sim module extremely
flexible for any kind of simulation models in chemistry, electronics, economics,
biology, etc., #ig. 1.
10. The user models may be created using familiar xcel formulas and cell references. "t is
not necessary to learn some cumbersome macro languages. The HSC !dd"n functions
bring thermodynamics to these models. "n future the range of !dd"n functions and other
4$$-tools will be expanded.
The template 2odel.%$S file in the HSC5 folder may be used to specify the default font,
number, color and other visual formats of the model. Dust like changing the style of the
mobile phone by using different covers, #ig. -.

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40.1 Brief Ste-!"-Ste St#rt-u
Fi(. ** @ariable Type ditor. @ariable type ! has been selected for the active row.
The Sim module consists of versatile flowsheet drawing and process calculation tools. The
use of the HSC-Sim module should be relatively easy because !; the drawing tools are 'uite
similar to any other vector drawing program, A; the calculation model tools are 'uite similar
to the xcel spreadsheet program procedures, formula syntax and options. The HSC-Sim
development target has been to create a simple yet powerful simulation tool for the ordinary
process engineer.
The HSC-Sim process model consists of the flowsheet and model files. These files are
always saved in the same file folder, usually with the same name as the name of the process,
see Chapter +,.-.7 Saving #iles.
The following brief step-by-step list gives an idea of the main working procedures when a
new process model is created using the HSC-Sim module*
1. Select default measure units using 2easure 9nits dialog, see Chapter +,.3, #ig. 17.
%. 4raw one unit on the flowsheet, #ig. ., using 9nit tool, #ig. +, and open 2odel ditor
by double clicking this unit, #ig. -, see Chapter +,.+ 4rawing #lowsheets.
*. Specify the process @ariable list either on the "nput or =utput sheet, #ig. -. The Sync
option at the bottom must be on )+ree'), because it will transfer this list to all units and
sheets. See Chapter +,.3, Creating @ariable $ist. The Sync mode )8ellow) means that
the variable list is synchroni(ed only within one unit. The Sync mode )Red) puts the
synchroni(ation totally off.

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4. Specify variable type using the @ariable Type editor, #ig. 1. Eou may open Type editor
by clicking the Type label at the bottom, #ig. -. @ariable type in column ! is needed
only by the model and formula wi(ards but not by the calculation procedure. "n
principle, if you do not use these wi(ards, then you do not need to specify variable
types. >ote that you may also manually write the type flag in column !. #ig. -.
Fi(. 4* The most important drawing tools* ,'it, Stre#m, Sele&t, Edit Stre#m 4oi'ts and at
the bottom the most important drawing options of #lowsheet form, #ig. ..
5. Fhen you have specified all the variables and types then you may press the )Create
#ormulas !ll) button in Type ditor, #ig. 1. This will create default formulas in column
4, #ig. -. See Chapter +,.3, Creating @ariable $ist.
1. 4raw the units and streams using the 9nit and Stream drawing tools in the 4esigner
mode, see Chapter +,.+. The icons of the most important drawing tools are shown in
#ig. +. They usually locate at the top left corner of the user interface, #ig. ..
>ote that the most important option tools may be controlled at the bottom of a flowsheet
form, #ig. .. The S'# to +rid option makes it easier to draw professional-looking
flowsheets. 4ersist Tool remembers the last used drawing tool.
$. Save the flowsheet using the #ile, Save !s dialog, #ig. .. "t is recommended to create a
separate file folder for each process. See Chapters +,.1 and +,.+ for details. "t is a good
idea to use the process name also as the folder name. The Sim module saves all the files
in this same folder. This file-set consists of one #$S file with graphics and one %$S file
of each unit.
%$S files use the xcel -,,, file format. #$S files can only be opened with the Sim
module, but you may export these in other formats. >ote* Save the process regularly
using a different folder name or make backups of this folder using Findows 2y
Computer. This makes it possible to recover the process if there is an error. See Chapter
+,.-.7.
3. Create the process models using the HSC-Sim xcel editor and wi(ards onto the 2odel
sheet. These wi(ards automatically connect the "nput streams with the =utput Streams
using some xcel type formulas and cell references. >ote that you may also manually
create these models. See Chapter +,.5, Creating Calculation 2odels.
). Start <un mode and carry out the simulation, see Chapter +,.8, <unning Simulation.
10. "n <un mode select a variable and press @isuali(e, and this will show the distributions
in graphical format. Chapter +,.8.
11. 4raw, print or copy-paste the results to other Findows applications using <un mode
tools. Chapter +,./.
The following chapters will give more detailed description of these steps. "f you are planning
to use HSC-Sim, please read at least Chapters +,.., +,.-.7, +,.+, +,.3, +,.5, +,.7 and +,.8.
Aut of course by reading all the chapters you may make your life easier in the long run.

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40.% HSC-Sim B#si& Setti'(s #'d Oer#tio's
This chapter gives information about the general settings of the Sim module. 9sually you
may start using Sim without changing the default values, but gradually you may want to
change the default settings. HSC-Sim remembers the last selected settings using the files*
C*GHSC5GSimH#lowSheet..">" 4rawing settings
C*GHSC5GSimH#lowSheet-.">" 4rawing interface settings
Eou may delete these files if you want to recover the original settings. "f you have some
problems with HSC-Sim operation then deleting of these files and restarting may help.
40.%.1 HSC-Sim Se&ifi&#tio's
The HSC-Sim #lowsheet module works on Findows /8, 2e, >T, -,,, and %6 computers.
However, a fast processor :6entium + or !24 5+, I - 0H(; with at least -35 2A of
memory will smooth out operation a lot compared with, for example, some 3,, 2H(
processor with small memory.
The maximum drawing area is currently limited to .,,, J .,,, mm, because some bitmap
saving routines may become slow with large drawings. However, this limitation is easily
removed. The dimensions and location units are always in millimeters.
The %- and E- coordinates start from the top left corner and end at the bottom right corner of
the drawing area. The printing area does not depend on the si(e of the drawing area, and any
selection may be printed and (oomed freely to fit on !+, !1, etc.
The maximum number of drawing ob?ects depends on the memory and processor capacity
available. ! normal 6C can easily handle some .,,, ob?ects. >ote that gradient- based
ob?ect fill styles consume a lot of processor capacity. "n some cases speed may be improved
by replacing vector-based :2#; unit ob?ects with gradient fill style with bitmap unit ob?ects
:D60;. The speed also depends on the settings, see Chapter +1.-.
9p to 1-,,, variables and data may be connected to each drawing ob?ect.
#lowsheet uses its own file format which uses the suffix J.#$S. This format saves all the
available flowsheet properties. However, many other picture file formats may also be used to
export and import pictures into the #lowsheet module.
E7ort file form#ts9
!utoC!4 4%# "nterchange <.+ :J.4%#;
Findows nhanced 2etafile :J.2#;
Findows 2etafile :J.F2#;
CompuServe 6>0 :J.6>0;
D60 bitmap :J.D60;
:>ot 6rogressive D60;
Findows bitmap :J.A26;
The &#l&ul#tio' u'it model limits #re the s#me #s i' 2S E7&el %0009
- Sheets -35
- Columns -35
- <ows 53315
HSC-Sim usually retains @A! macros in %$S files, but it does not run these macros.
However, if you insert&delete sheets or rename sheets then @A! macros will be deleted.

-mort File Form#ts9
!utoC!4 4%# "nterchange <.--.+ :J.4%#;
Findows nhanced 2etafile :J.2#;
Findows 2etafile :J.F2#;
CompuServe 6>0 :J.6>0;
CompuServe bitmap :J.0"#;
D60 bitmap :J.D60;
Findows bitmap :J.A26;
Findows 4"A :J.4"A;
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40.%.% +r#hi&#l Flowsheet Setti'(s
Fi(. 5. #lowsheet settings dialog. =pen this dialog using )@iew, =ptionsK) selection.
The #lowsheet module automatically saves some 5, drawing settings, i.e. the program
remembers the last settings you have used. However, with the @iew, =ptions selection you
may manually change some of these default settings to meet your needs and preferences, see
#ig. 3. The following settings are available*
+e'er#l Setti'(s9
2#r:er Si;e Selection handle si(e :default + points;
HitSe'siti5it" 2ouse pointer ob?ect detection distance :default + points;
Re#i't Auffered :hidden refresh, smoother, slow;
>ormal :visible refresh, flicker, fast;
2o5e2ode <eal Time :whole ob?ect moves, slow;
=utline :ob?ect frame moves, fast;
Oe'.r#w #ull :all ob?ects visible, slow;
Container :internal ob?ect edit possible, not in use;
Hatched :only active ob?ect visible, fast;
S&rollB#rs !uto :% and E scroll bars visible if needed;
>one :no scroll bars, movement with right mouse button;
.ef#ult Fo't #ont name, style, si(e, color
<4+ =u#lit" Compression percentage :only for saving in D60 format;
Co'firm .elete !sk a confirmation for delete operations.
T#!St"le Tab location in 6roperties Toolbar
,'do Stes >ot in use

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+rid Setti'(s9
+ridSt"le 4ot :dot is used as grid marker;
Solid $ine
4otted line
4ashed $ine
+ridShow >one :no grid;
9nder :grid under ob?ects;
!bove :grid above ob?ects;
+ridColor Color of grid points
+rid>idth 4istance between grid points :default - mm;
+ridHei(ht 4istance between grid points :default - mm;
S'#To+rid !lign drawing ob?ect to grid
The #lowsheet module automatically saves #lowsheet module settings in two files*
C9?HSC1?Sim@FlowSheet1.-N- 4rawing settings
C9?HSC1?Sim@FlowSheet%.-N- 4rawing interface settings
The folder depends on your installation selections, these files exist in the same folder as
Sim.%. "f you delete these files in the C*GHSC5 folder then the #lowsheet module uses old
default settings and automatically recreates these ">" files.
40.%.* C#l&ul#tio' 2odel Editor Setti'(s
Fi(. 1. Traffic lights, i.e. S"'& modes* !; +ree'* variable list within all units synchroni(edC
A; 8ellow* variable list within one unit synchroni(edC C; Red* synchroni(ation =##.
The Calculation 2odel ditor has 'uite similar basic settings to 2S xcel. Eou will find
these from )#ormat) and )Tools, =ptions) menus. However, the Sync setting is different and
very important. The )+ree'A mode is the default and this means that all variable list changes
within all units :"nput, =utput, 4ist sheets; are synchroni(ed. 6lease use 0reen mode
normally. However, if you import models you may use )8ellow) sync mode to arrange the
variable list in the same order as in the other units. )/iew 0ist /#ri#!lesK) shows the
default variable list. "n )Red) mode you may edit sheets ?ust like in xcel and without any
locksC please be careful, in <ed mode you may easily mess up the variable list.
The Template 2odel.%$S file contains all the default format settings of the calculation
models. Eou may change format settings using 2S xcel and by resaving this file back in
the original location C9?HSC1?Teml#te 2odel.B0S
>ote* 4o not insert or delete rows or columns in "nput, =utput, 4ist or Controls sheetsL

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40.%.4 HSC Add-' Fu'&tio's
Fi(. $. HSC !dd"n function selection and activation dialog
HSC !dd"n functions are made for 2S xcel and HSC-Sim Calculation modules, i.e. these
same functions are available in both environments. HSC !dd"n functions contain mainly
chemical and thermodynamical functions which read the necessary data from the HSC
thermochemical database.
!ll HSC-Sim !dd"n functions are located in HSC1..00. HSC-Sim uses this file directly
but 2S xcel uses it through the HSC1.B00 interface. This interface is better than the old
HSC Chemistry 3 HSC3.%$! interface, because the HSC5.%$$ file path is not saved in
xcel files in the same way as the HSC3.%$! file path. This makes HSC5.4$$ !dd"n-
function files )mobile) and compatible.
Eou need to activate these functions only once using the HSC-Sim Calculation 2odule
menu selection )Tools, !dd"n #unctionsK). 6lease select only the new HSC5 !dd"n
functions and press =M, #ig. 7. "f HSC5 is missing from the list then browse*
C*GHSC5GHSC1..00
Eou must activate these functions in the same way as in 2S xcel. "f HSC5 !dd"n is
missing from the list then browse :path may vary depending on original installation;*
C*GHSC5G!dd"nsGHSC1.B00
9sing these !dd"n functions you may create sophisticated thermochemical calculation
models in your process units. See examples in* C*GHSC5G!dd"nsGAdd-'S#mle.B0S.
Eou will find a much more detailed description of these functions in Chapter )%$ E7&el
Add--'s..OC) of HSC Help.

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40.%.5 Se&ifi&#tio' of the .r#wi'( Are#
Fi(. 3* >ew 6rocess dialog clears and specifies the new flowsheet drawing area.
The first step when creating a new process is the specification of the #lowsheet drawing
canvas area. This is done using the 2enu selection )FileC NewD). This selection opens the
drawing canvas area dialog, #ig. 8.
9sually the default canvas area 3,, J 3,, mm is ?ust =M, because in the flowsheet printing
stage any si(e of the drawing may be fitted or (oomed to !+ or any other si(e of paper. Eou
can change the drawing canvas area later on using the menu selection )@iew, 4rawing
!reaK). The <esolution selection may be used to increase or decrease the number of point
per mm, the default 35 points is usually enough to create nice flowsheets.
40.%.1 Cre#ti'( # 4ro&ess Folder
Fi(. )* The )Create >ew #older) tool of the )FileC S#5e AsD) dialog may be used to create
a new folder for the new process files.
9sually one HSC-Sim process consists of several files which are located in the same file
folder. "t is recommended to specify some name for the process at the very beginning,
because this process name may be used as the name of the new folder, for example, )6rocess
Sample) is the proper process name.
2enu selection )#ile, Save !sK) and the )Create >ew #older) tool may be used to create a

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new folder, #ig. /. This new folder may be located in any place on your hard disk, but the
default path is* C*GHSC5GSimG#lowsheetG
Eou may also create this new folder using the Findows )2y Computer) )#ile, >ew,
#olderK) 4ialog.
40.%.$ S#5i'( Files
Fi(. 10* HSC-Sim typical process files shown by Findows )2y Computer).
The HSC-Sim based process model consists of several files which are always saved in the
same file folder. The structure of the HSC-Sim process model is also visible in the process
files, #ig. .,. The following steps are recommended*
1. Create a separate folder for each process, use the same name for the folder and process.
See previous Chapter +,.-.5.
%. The )#ile Save) dialog automatically saves all process files in this folder.
.es&ritio' of the ro&ess files9
- #$S files* Contain graphical flowsheet and stream data, etc.
#$S files use SimNs own file format. However, Sim may also import
and export other graphics file formats.
- %$S files* Contain 9nit 2odels. The name must be exactly the same as in the
graphical flowsheet, otherwise the %$S file will not be identified as the
unit file. These files may be password-protected.
%$S files use 2S xcel -,,, file format.
- <eport.%$S file Contain possible result, stream, balance and remote control data.
The process folder may also contain many other files which may be linked to the graphical
flowsheet, such as pictures, Ford or xcel files.
"t is recommended to save the process regularly using a different folder name or to make
backups of this folder using Findows 2y Computer. This makes it possible to return to the
earlier versions of the process if something unexpected happens.
>ote also that you may import the 9nit 2odel files to the other process models.

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40.* +r#hi&#l ,ser -'terf#&e
This chapter gives some basic ideas of HSC-Sim flowsheet operation principles and keyboard
and mouse procedures. Eou may start the #lowsheet module by pressing #lowsheet in the HSC-
Sim main menu. The #lowsheet module works in 'uite a similar way to other ob?ect-based
drawing applications such as i0raph #lowcharter, !utoC!4 $T, etc.
Fi(. 11. @iew Toolbars menu. Toolbars selection shows or hides the Toolbars in the same way
as in 2S xcel or Ford. Eou may move and resi(e toolbars with the mouse.
The following list specifies the main ideas of the operation procedures*
1. /iew Tool!#rs :#ig. ..;
Eou may open @iew ToolAar dialog by selecting @iew, ToolAars from the menu. This
dialog makes it possible to show or hide toolbars. The user may freely move and view&hide
Toolbars in the same way as in 2S xcel or Ford. Toolbars are described in more detail in
the next Chapter +,..1.
%. S'# to +rid :#ig. ., - Aottom right;
This setting helps to draw aligned diagrams. >ote that you may reverse the Snap to 0rid
setting temporarily by holding down Alt +r.
*. 4ersist Tool :#ig. ., - Aottom right;
This setting keeps the last selected tool. This is useful when you draw several similar
ob?ects.
4. 2ouse Toolti Te7t
Fhen you keep the mouse over the control you will get a short description of the tool.
5. .r#wi'( of Stre#msC 4ol"li'esC et&.
The first mouse click starts drawing, the second :etc.; makes a corner and a double click or
E'ter stops drawing. B#&:s#&e may be used to remove the last segment, Es& stops
drawing to the last segment.
1. .r#wi'( of other .r#wi'( O!Ee&ts
4rawing starts when pressing the left mouse button down and stops when you release it. !
double click on Sele&t tool opens the 9nit 2odel ditor.
$. O!Ee&t T"e :in 6roperties, 6rocess Tab;
The Type property lets you set any drawing ob?ect to 9nit or Stream.
3. N#me-. :in 6roperties, 6rocess Tab;

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"f you want to connect #lowsheet to the calculation model then the >ame"4 of 9nit and
Stream ob?ects must be exactly the same as in the calculation model.
). 2ouse Ri(ht Butto'
Fhen you hold the right button down you may move the diagram.
10. 2ouse >heel
The Fheel moves the drawing up&down. "f you hold Alt +r down then Ooom is activated.
A&ti5e Fe"s i' .r#wi'( 2ode
2ouse left :e" 4own - Starts drawing. 9p P nds drawing ob?ects.
E'ter nds drawing of stream and polyline ob?ects.
Es& <emoves the last drawing ob?ect and nds drawing ob?ects.
B#&:S#&e <emoves last segment of stream and polyline ob?ects.
S#&e B#r Starts and ends edit mode of streams and polylines.
Alt +r 4own - Temporarily reverses Snap to 0rid mode.
A&ti5e Fe"s i' O!Ee&t Edit 2ode GCh#ter 4*.5.14H
2ouse left :e" 2ay be used to select ob?ect.
B#&:S#&e <emoves points if mouse left key is down.
2ouse left dou!le &li&: =pens =b?ect Calculation 2odel.
Autom#ti& Setti'( 2emor"
The #lowsheet always remembers the last user interface setting which you have used. These
settings will be saved in ">" files, see chapter +,.-.

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40.*.1 Tool!#rs #'d 2e'us
The most important drawing and process tools may be found on the toolbars. Toolbars may
be opened and hidden with the @iew, Toolbars dialog, see #ig. ... The user may hide all
Toolbars except the 6roperties toolbar, because it is nearly always needed. 2ost Toolbar
options can also be found from the main menu, #ig. .-.
Fi(. 1%. #lowsheet main menu options.
Fi(. 1*. #lowsheet main menu #ile, dit and @iew options.
The main menu #ile selection contains the normal >ew, =pen and Save selections as well as
6rinting dialog with settings and print preview, #ig. .1. >ote that )Save 6rocessK) dialog
saves all the process files :#$S and %$S; into the same folder.
The dit selection contains the normal editing options, #ig. .1. >ote that most options work
also with multiselection. The 9ndo option is also available, which makes it possible to go
back several steps. However, it is recommended to save the flowsheet with different names,
allowing recovery of the drawing if 2S Findows operation fails.

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40.*.% 4roerties I 4ro&ess Tool!#r
Fi(. 14. 6roperties & 6rocess Toolbar. 9nit . is selected in the left toolbar and Stream - is
selected in the right toolbar. The stream comes from 9nit . unit and goes to 9nit -. The
process toolbar shows all the possible properties at a glance.
The 6roperties toolbar is always visible in the #lowsheet 4esign mode with three tabs. The
4ro&ess tabs specify the links to the model*
- O!Ee&t* Stream & 9nit & 4rawing ob?ect
- N#me-.* 9ni'ue name for stream or unit.
- 2odel* >ame of the unit file. The name is always the same as >ame"4.
- T"e* Type of the unit or stream :reserved for future use;.
- Sour&e* Specify source unit of stream.
- .esti'#tio'* Specify destination unit of the stream.
- .e&l#r#tio'* !ny additional information in text format :default B empty;.
- Se6ue'&e* Calculation se'uence of the units :not re'uired;.
- A&ti5e* $ink to calculation module on&off
The process tab also shows all available units and streams in the #lowsheet or in the active
6rocess 2odel in the Calculation module. This list may be used to locate the unit and stream
names and the source and destination units for the streams.
The Simulation 2ode uses >ame"4 to link the units and streams in the calculation module.
Therefore the >ame"4 property must be the same in the #lowsheet and 6rocess model.
-24ORTANT9 6lease press nter after you change data in the Toolbar cell. This is not
always needed but it will ensure that the data really is taken into account.

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40.*.* 4roerties I .r#wi'( Tool!#r
Fi(. 15. 4rawing Toolbar with 9nit :<ectangle; and Stream :6olyline; ob?ect selected. The
properties may be listed in alphabetical or categori(ed order.
The 4rawing Toolbar shows all possible graphical properties of the selected ob?ect. The list
of available properties depends on the ob?ect type. This enables you to see all the possible
properties at a glance.
The 4rawing properties have no effect on the possible process or distribution calculations,
i.e. they are only used to improve the illustrative and cosmetic effect of the flowsheet.
The 4rawing toolbar may also be used to relocate and resi(e the ob?ects using numerical
values in millimeters.
2ultiselection of the same type of ob?ects may be used to change the properties of all the
selected ob?ects at the same time.
NOTE9 The #lowsheet module has an extensive selection of drawing properties and dialogs.
2ost of them are very easy to use and they operate in a similar way to many other drawing
applications. Therefore these properties have not been described here.
-24ORTANT9 6lease press nter after you change data in the Toolbar cell. This is not
always needed but it will ensure that the data really is taken into account.

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40.*.4 4roerties I ,'its Tool!#r
Fi(. 11. 6roperties Toolbar with 9nits tab selected. The thumbnail pictures may be listed with
or without the unit names.
The 9nits Toolbar, #ig. .5, contains the available unit images which may be used in the process
flowsheet instead of simple rectangular unit ob?ects. The unit images make the flowsheet more
illustrative, in other respects they work in exactly the same manner as the normal units.
The user may select any unit image from the 9nits Toolbar and draw the image in the drawing
area in the same way as the simple rectangle unit ob?ects. .r#( #'d .ro is another way to add
unit ob?ects to the drawing area, and this will also maintain the original image height&width
ratio.
The available unit image collection depends on which 9nit image folder is active. The 9nit
Toolbar reads all image files from this active folder. Eou may change this folder by selecting
Arowse. 6ress the round arrow button and select Arowse. The unit images may exist, for
example, in the following folders*
C*GHSC5GSimG9nitsG#erroG
C*GHSC5GSimG9nitsGHydro-14G
C*GHSC5GSimG9nitsGSmelter--4G
C*GHSC5GSimG9nitsGSmelter-14G
etc.
The next time you start the #lowsheet module it will remember the last active 9nit folder. Eou
may add your own unit images into this or any other folder. "f you would like a border around

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the unit image, please draw the border in the unit image. The following valid file formats must
be used*
/e&tor form#ts :0ood resi(e features;*
2# P Findows nhanced 2etafile :<ecommended;
F2# P Findows 2etafile :old format;
>ote that a large number of color gradients may make the image slow to access and move.
Bitm# form#ts :#ast, resi(e difficult, fixed si(e looks best;
D60 P D60 format :small file, common;. >ote* 6rogressive D60 format does not work.
A26 P Findows bitmap :large file, common;
Color gradients have no effect on the speed in bitmap format.
9nit images may be drawn using the #lowsheet module or using any drawing application which
saves files using the valid file formats. Eou may also replace the simple rectangle unit ob?ects
with the unit images using the QTools, Change 6ictureKR dialog.
Cre#te New ,'it -m#(e
Eou may create new unit images using normal HSC-Sim drawing tools and save any
selected image as unit. To create a new unit image follow these steps*
1. 4raw a unit image in the si(e you would like to be the default si(e. =f course you may draw
in large si(e and reduce the si(e before the saving stage.
%. Select unit drawing ob?ects with the Select tool.
*. =pen the QTool, Save Selection To 9nitR dialog and give the default name for the unit, then
save the unit image in the folder where you want it to be. The unit file name will be used as
the unit name in the #lowsheet. The 2# file format makes it possible to resi(e the unit
image easily. Aitmap formats may sometimes be faster to use.
4. "f you save the unit file in the same folder which is already open in the 9nit toolbar, then
the list will be refreshed automatically.
>ote that you may create unit images in any drawing application which saves image files in
2#, D60 or A26 format. $arge si(e bitmap files, for example, 1,,,J-,,, pixels may be used
but they will slow down the operating speed. 9sually small 8,J5, pixel unit images are =M.

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40.*.5 .r#wi'( Tool!#r G-' .r#w me'uH
1 % * 4 5 1 $ 3 ) 10 11 1% 1* 14 15 11 1$ 13 1) %0 %1
Fi(. 1$. 4rawing Toolbar in hori(ontal mode.
4rawing tools may be selected from the .r#wi'( Tool!#r, #ig. .7 or from the .r#w menu
selection, #ig. .-. The basic idea is that the user first selects the tool and then he&she can start to
draw the selected ob?ect with the mouse. The following tools are available, see #ig. .7*
1. .r#wi'( Tool!#r 4rag 4rop area.
%. Sele&t tool. This tool is used to select ob?ects in the drawing area.
*. Rot#te tool enables you to rotate ob?ects freely. The other rotation options may be found
from the <otate&#lip Toolbar.
4. ,'it tool creates rectangular units and labels. The 6roperties 9nits Toolbar, #ig. .5, may be
used to create units with an image.
5. .r#w Fi7ed 4ol"li'e Stre#m tool creates polyline streams and labels. These streams do not
stick with the unit ob?ects. This may seem annoying in some cases, but often makes the
editing of the flowsheet much more straightforward. Eou may open the edit mode using the
dit 6oints icon or by pressing SpaceAar after selecting a stream line.
1. .r#w .ire&t Stre#m creates straight stream lines which stick on the source and destination units. The stick point may also exist within the unit
ob?ect :not in use, instead use Stick Stream nds property, #ig. .3;.
$. .r#w 4ol"li'e Stre#m creates polyline stream lines which stick on the source and destination ob?ects ob?ect :not in use, instead use Stick
Stream nds property, #ig. .3;..
3. .r#w .ire&t 2idoi't Stre#m creates stream lines which start from the midpoint of the unit ob?ect but are visible only outside the unit ob?ect
boundaries. These are not usually used in chemical process flowsheets ob?ect :not in use, instead use Stick Stream nds property, #ig. .3;..
). .r#w 4ol"li'e 2idoi't Stre#m creates stream lines which start from the midpoint of the unit ob?ect but are visible only outside the unit ob?ect
boundaries. These are not usually used in chemical process flowsheets ob?ect :not in use, instead use Stick Stream nds property, #ig. .3;..
10. .r#w 4ol"(o' creates closed polygons which have fill and shadow properties. >ote that
you may easily add new points and edit the location of the existing points later on by double
clicking the polygon using Select.
11. .r#w 4ol"li'e creates open polylines.
1%. .r#w Ar& creates elliptical arcs.
1*. .r#w Be;ier creates Ae(ier curves.
14. .r#w Chord :Segment; creates Chord ob?ects.
15. .r#w Ellise creates ellipse or circle ob?ects.
11. .r#w 0i'e creates simple lines.
1$. .r#w 4ie creates elliptical sector ob?ects.
13. .r#w Re&t#'(le creates rectangular ob?ects.
1). .r#w Rou'ded Re&t#'(le creates rounded rectangular ob?ects.
%0. Te7t creates text labels.
%1. -'sert -m#(e inserts bitmap or vector format images from the file to the flowsheet.
A&ti5e :e"s i' dr#wi'( mode9 Fith 6olyline ob?ects the B#&:s#&e key removes the last
segment, the Es& key removes the ob?ect, E'ter ends drawing. See Chapter +,.+.. for more
information.

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40.*.1 Rot#te I Fli Tool!#r Gi' Arr#'(e me'uH
1 % * 4 5 1
Fi(. 13. <otate & #lip Toolbar rotates the ob?ects
1. Rot#teIFli Tool!#r 4rag 4rop area.
%. Rot#te &lo&:wise )0J
*. Rot#te &ou'ter-&lo&:wise )0J
4. Rot#te to (i5e' #'(le
5. Fli Hori;o't#l
1. Fli /erti&#l
40.*.$ Order Tool!#r Gi' Arr#'(e me'uH
1 % * 4 5
Fi(. 1). =rder Toolbar brings the ob?ect layers to the front or sends them back.
1. Order Tool!#r .r#( .ro #re#.
%. Se'd to B#&: sends ob?ect layer to the back
*. Bri'( to Fro't sends ob?ect layer to the front.
4. Se'd !#&:w#rd o'e l#"er.
5. Bri'( forw#rd o'e l#"er.
40.*.3 Com!i'er Tool!#r Gi' Arr#'(e me'uH
1 % *
Fi(. %0. Combiner Toolbar combines ob?ects.
1. Com!i'er Tool!#r 4rag 4rop area.
%. +rou O!Ee&ts tool combines the selected ob?ects
*. ,'+rou tool uncombines the selected ob?ects
40.*.) Si;e Tool!#r Gi' Arr#'(e me'uH
1 % * 4
Fi(. %1. Si(e Toolbar may be used to make the height or width of the selected ob?ect the same.
1. Si;e Tool!#r 4rag 4rop area.
%. 2#:e s#me width tool makes the selected ob?ectNs width the same.
*. 2#:e s#me hei(ht tool makes the selected ob?ectNs height the same.
4. 2#:e s#me width #'d hei(ht tool makes the selected ob?ectNs width and height the same.

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40.*.10 Ali('me't Tool!#r Gi' Arr#'(e me'uH
1 % * 4 5 1 $
Fi(. %%. The !lignment Toolbar can be used to align selected ob?ects.
1. Ali('me't Tool!#r 4rag 4rop area.
%. Ali(' to 0eft will align the selected ob?ects to the left border of the top ob?ect.
*. Ali(' to Ce'ter will align the selected ob?ects to the center of the top ob?ect.
4. Ali(' to Ri(ht will align the selected ob?ects to the right border of the top ob?ect.
5. Ali(' to To will align the selected ob?ects to the top border of the left ob?ect.
1. Ali(' to 2iddle will align the selected ob?ects to the middle of the left ob?ect.
$. Ali(' to Bottom will align the selected ob?ects to the bottom of the left ob?ect.
40.*.11 Notes Tool!#r
Fi(. %*. The >otes Toolbar can be used to save text data to unit, stream or graphical ob?ects.
40.*.1% File 0i':s Tool!#r
Fi(. %4. The #ile links toolbar makes it possible to link any types of files to a unit, stream or any
other graphics ob?ects on the flowsheet. #or example, you may link a photo of the unit, unit data
history, etc. 9sing the $inks toolbar you can connect additional information onto the flowsheet.
40.*.1* St#'d#rd Tool!#r Gi' File #'d Edit me'uH
1 % * 4 5 1 $ 3 ) 10 11 1% 1* 14
Fi(. %5. Standard Toolbar in hori(ontal mode.
Standard toolbar contains the normal tools for file save, printing, etc.
1. St#'d#rd Tool!#r 4rag 4rop area.
%. New Flowsheet will delete the existing flowsheet and create a new one.
*. Oe' selection will start the #ile =pen dialog and replaces the existing flowsheet.
4. S#5e File will run the #ile Save dialog for saving the flowsheet.
5. 4ri't dialog opens the print settings and print dialog.
1. ,'do selection will undo the last action. Several undo levels are available.

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$. Redo will cancel the last 9ndo operation.
3. Cut will copy and delete the selected ob?ects.
). Co" will copy the selected ob?ects.
10. 4#ste will run the paste routine.
11. Koom will open the Ooom dialog. Eou may also (oom with the mouse wheel by holding
down the !lt 0r key.
1%. Koom Out will decrease the (oom setting by .,S units.
1*. Koom -' will increase the (oom setting by .,S units.
14. St#rt Simul#tio' will run the flowsheet in simulation mode, which makes it possible to
connect the flowsheet with the process calculation module.
40.*.14 Tools 2e'u Sele&tio'
Fi(. %1. Tools menu selection contains some important and useful tools.
-'sert He#der 0#!el inserts a special Header label on the flowsheet, which shows the variable
selection in the Simulation mode, for example, !s kg&h, !mount kg&h, etc.
-'sert 0i': 0#!el inserts a $ink label which may be used to show value of any cell in the
calculation models in the spreadsheet.
-'sert N#me 0#!el can be used to insert a name label in the 9nit or Stream ob?ects.
-'sert /#lue 0#!el can be used to insert a value label in the 9nit or Stream ob?ects, which will
show the selected variable value in Simulation mode.
-'sert Te7t 0#!el can be used to insert a text label in the 9nit or Stream ob?ects.
Ch#'(e 4i&ture inserts an image in the selected unit or area ob?ect.
S#5e Sele&tio' To ,'it can be used to create a new 9nit image file. #irst draw any kind of unit
image and then select all the graphical ob?ects which belong to the unit. Then save the selected
ob?ects as a unit image using QSave Selection To 9nitR. The unit images may be saved in 2#
:recommended;, D60 and A26 file format. 6lease noteL only 2# may be resi(ed without loss
in image resolution.
+lo!#l /#ri#!le Editor >ot currently in use, because the Sync modes have replaced this
dialog. However in future Sim versions this dialog may be reactivated.
Re#ir Flowsheet 9pdates the old Sim 3.x flowsheet to the current Sim 5., format.
4ersist Tool keeps the last selected tool after the drawing has been finished.

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40.4 .r#wi'( Flowsheets
Fi(. %$* #lowsheet module main drawing tools on the left toolbar and image unit thumbnail
browser on the right.
Eou can draw the flowsheet first and then specify the variable list or vice versa. The most
important drawing tools and options are shown in #ig. -8. 9sually the Snap to 0rid should
be always on, which makes it easy to align the ob?ects drawn. Eou may sometimes need to
set Snap to 0rid off in order to fine-tune the locations of the text $abels. Eou may get the
same effect by holding down the Alt +r key and moving the ob?ects with mouse. The 6ersist
Tool keeps the last used drawing tool in the memory.
Fi(. %3* The most important drawing tools and drawing options, see #ig. .+ for locations of
these tools. The drawing tools are* 9nit, Stream, Select and dit Stream 6oints.
#irst, select the ,'it tool and draw some units by clicking the drawing canvas with a mouse
and keep the mouseNs left button down while drawing. >ote that you may also select image
units from the 9nits thumbnail browser, see #ig. .5. These image units may look better but
sometimes they make the flowsheet fussy. The basic units and image units behave exactly in
the same manner in the flowsheet, and you may later on insert new images into the basic
units, using Tools, Change 6icture.. dialog.
The next step is to draw the Stre#ms which connect the units. #irst, select the Stream

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drawing tool, #ig. -8, click the start point of the stream and do >=T keep the mouse button
down when drawing. 4raw the stream simply by clicking on the corner points of the streamC
and to stop the drawing, press nter or double click the end point.
>=T* 6lease do not resi(e the streams using selection handle :si(ing handle; as this will
also resi(e the arrow heads. "f you want to move the location of the polyline stream points
then*
1. Select the stream and press the dit Stream 6oints icon, see #ig. -/, or press the Space
Aar.
%. The stream points turn yellow and then you may move these points using the mouse.
*. Eou may add new points by clicking and moving on the stream line.
4. Eou may remove points by selecting the point and keeping the mouseNs left button
down while pressing Aack Space on the keyboard.
5. Fhen you are ready, please press dit 6oints icon once again or press the Space Aar.
Fi(. %)* The Stream 5 has been selected for editing. Eou may move the yellow points with
the mouse and add new points by clicking the line and delete selected point with AackSpace.

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Fi(. *0* 9nit and Stream drawing ob?ect main properties.
The most important properties of the units and streams may be found from the 6rocess tab of
the 6roperties Toolbar, see #ig. 1,. The essential properties have been underlined*
O!Ee&t* The ob?ect property specifies the graphical ob?ect type. The Sim calculation routine
uses this property to specify the units and streams. Eou may change this property, but please
be careful.
N#me-.* >ame"4 specifies the name of the unit or streamC you may change these names,
but duplicate names are not valid.
2odel* The model property specifies the file name of the unit model, which must be the
same as the unit name. The 9nit files are located in the same folder as the #$S flowsheet
file.
Sour&e9 The ource property specifies the source unit of a stream ob?ect. ! 'uestion mark )T)
means that the source is a raw material.
.esti'#tio'9 The destination property specifies the destination unit of a stream ob?ect. !
'uestion mark )T) means that the destination is a product stream.
6lease note that Sim calculation routines use Source and 4estination properties to identify
the source and destination of the streams. "n other words, if there is disagreement with a
source between the source property and graphical flowsheet then the Sim calculation
routines use the Source property. This means that you do not need to draw very long and
complicated streams on the graphical flowsheet, instead it is sufficient that you specify the
Source and 4estination properties.
T"e* Type of the unit or stream. <eserved for future Sim versions.
.e&l#r#tio'* Eou may give some additional information in this field, usually it is empty.
A&ti5e* Eou may use this property to temporarily deactivate the unit or stream.
Se6ue'&e* >ormally the units are recalculated downstreamC however, with this property you
may force to recalculate units in a given order. @alue ).) in this property forces to
recalculate this unit first. "n some cases this property may be used to improve the
convergence and speed of the iterations.

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Fi(. *1* #lowsheet main menu Tools selection. The "nsert Header $abel and "nsert @alue
$abel may be the most important tools in this sub menu.
Fhen you have got the drawing ready you may add some additional labels, see #ig. 1..
#or example the He#der l#!el may be very useful when you visuali(e the calculation results
in the <un mode. Eou may add the Header label with selection )"nsert Header $abel). The
top left and top right corner is often a good location for the header label, which shows the
selected @ariable name in the <un mode, see #ig. 1..
The 0i': 0#!el can be used to show any cell value from the calculation models in the
flowsheet. Ay using the )$ink Cell<ef) property of link label, you may pick up the active
cell reference into this property or you may type it manually.
The /#lue 0#!els can be used to show the actual value of selected variables in the stream in
the <un mode. #irst, select the stream then select the "nsert @alue $abel from the Tools,
menu, see #ig. 1.. Eou can easily relocate the labels using the mouse. 9sually the @alue
$abel UvalueV is added to all the streams, see #ig. 1..

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40.4.1 Editi'( of .r#wi'( O!Ee&ts
Fith the Select tool you may select ob?ects for editing. The 6roperties Toolbar may be used to
change the properties and location of an ob?ect. However, the shape of the ob?ect can be
changed in the ob?ect edit mode only. Eou may start the edit mode by pressing Edit 4oi'ts
i&o', #ig. -8, or pressing the S#&e B#r when ob?ect is selected. The edit procedure depends on
the ob?ect type. The following pictures give a brief introduction to the editing possibilities.
Fi(. *%. diting of #ixed 6olyline Stream, polyline, polygon and Ae(ier ob?ects*
- 2ove yellow points with mouse :mouse pointer must be cross arrow;.
- !dd new points by clicking on the line
- <emove points with Aackspace key :hold left mouse button down;.
- Eou may change the source and destination units from the 6rocess Toolbar.
Fi(. **. diting of 6olyline Stream and 6olyline 2idpoint Stream ob?ects*
- Eellow points may be used to move the location of the whole line.
- 0reen points may be used to move the start or end location.
- The stream line always keeps the original source and destination units. Eou cannot
change these in the 6rocess ToolbarL
- 4raw a new stream if you want to change the source or destination units.
NOTE 19 "f you are drawing a new polyline ob?ect then*
B#&:s#&e removes the last segment.
Es& removes the last segment and ends the drawing.
E'ter ends the drawing.
NOTE %9 The =pen4raw setting, #ig. 3, has a great effect on the appearance of the flowsheet
in the edit mode. However, it has no effect on the procedure.

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40.4.% Editi'( ,'it -m#(es
Fi(. *4. 9ngroup unit ob?ect and save it back to unit.
The user may edit unit images. However, these images must first be ungrouped into basic
graphical ob?ects. These basic graphical ob?ects may be edited in the normal way. The final step
is to save selected ob?ects into one unit image. The steps may be summari(ed as follows*
.; Select the unit.
-; Select )!rrange, Combine, 9ngroup...).
1; Change, for example, the line or fill colors of the drawing ob?ects.
+; Select all drawing ob?ects again.
3; Select )Tools, Save selection to 9nit...), save as 2# format.
This procedure may be used to create new unit images in different file formats.

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40.5 Cre#ti'( # /#ri#!le 0ist
Fi(. *5* Sim "nput-sheet with a simple variable list. Eou can type the list directly in column
A and by clicking the TE6 label, you can specify the variable type and measure unit.
The custom-made variable list makes it possible to utili(e the HSC-Sim module in many
different types of simulation applications, such as mineralogical, chemical,
hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, economic, biological, etc. =nly your imagination sets
the limitsL The custom-made variable list gives a lot of flexibility but the drawback is that
the user must know what he&she is doing.
This is also the main reason why the specification of the variable list is one of the most
important tasks in the new model development stage. Eou may easily add&delete&edit&sort the
variable list later on, but still it may be best to try to specify a complete variable list right at
the beginning or at least before you start to create the calculation models.
The most important selection you must make when creating the variable list is the format of
species :B format of material;. There are two options*
1. lements :#e, !g, =, etc.;* This makes it possible to calculate the element balances of the
units and is often the best selection when using 'uite simple models.
%. Species :>a-S, CaC=1, C=-:g;, H:Wa;, C=1:--a;, etc.;* This selection makes it possible,
for example, to calculate enthalpies of the input and output streams and the energy balances.
This format is recommended for the more complicated models.
!nother very important task is to divide the species into meaningful phases because only this
makes it possible to calculate phase properties like densities and compositions, #ig. 1/.
-24ORTANT NOTE* The Sync option must be =>, see #ig. 13. "t synchroni(es the "nput,
=utput and 4ist sheet columns ! - 4 with each other.

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Fi(. *1* Sim "nput-sheet with a simple variable list. Eou may create column 4 formulas
automatically by using the )Create #ormulas !ll button on Type dialog, #ig. 1.
The first step is to type the variable list straight into the "nput or =utput sheet column A, #ig.
13. The font color turns from black to red if the variable is not found from the HSC main
database. However, this does not cause any problems if you do not use the Sim
thermochemical !dd"n functions. #or example, the word )0old) in #ig. 15 cannot be found
from the HSC database, however, it may be used as a variable name.
The next step is to specify the variable types, #ig. 15. The model sheet wi(ards use the
variable type specification in column ! for formula and cell reference generation. "f you do
not use wi(ards, then you do not need to specify the types. However, it is recommended to
carry out the type specification in any case because it makes the variable list easier to read.
The meaning of the "nput, =utput and 4ist sheet columns may be summari(ed as follows*
Colum' A - T"e9 Specifies the <ow Type. Aasically the Type column does not have any
effect on the calculations, however, the Fi(ards use Type information when they create the
calculation formulas. The Type parameter may be specified using Type 4ialog, #ig. 1. The
possible selections are*
- A !mount
- T Temperature
- 4r 6ressure
- 4 6hase
- Species. <ed font B cannot be found from HSC database.
>ote* Eou may press )2ouse right button to browse HSC database.
- H nthalpy
- F 2ass #raction :Aase species must be specified;
- . 4ensity :!'ueous phase species mass fractions must be specified;
- C Concentration
- 0 6rivate
- 2 2ineral
- O =ther

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- / @olume
The number section in the row type parameter means the phase number. #or example* !- B
!mount of phase -, H1 B enthalpy of phase 1, etc.
>=T* "t is recommended to introduce the variables always in the above orderC this makes
the reuse of the unit models in different processes much easier, because the variables must be
in the same order within one processL
The species are recommended to divide into meaningful phrases such as )0as 6hase),
)Fater 6hase), )6ure Substances), etc. The phases should be introduced as a continuous listL
Fi(ards are not able to generate, for example, nthalpy or !mount formulas without the
specification of phase and species variables, #ig. 15.
Colum' B - /#ri#!le9 Specifies the @ariable >ame. The Fi(ards use a variable name to
identify the variables but the simulation calculations do not utili(e this name. The calculation
routines transport stream variable data between units as columns and assume that the order
of variables is the same in all the units.
Colum' C - ,'it9 Specifies the measurement unit. 6lease use the same measurement units
within all the process unit models. "n the future HSC-Sim versions, more flexibility will be
added to the measure unit column.
Colum' . - Formul#9 Specifies the xcel type cell formula which will automatically be
added into the xcel model "nput - and =utput-sheets in Column 4. This same formula will
also be used by the output stream columns on the =utput-sheet.
Colum's E-L - Stre#ms9 ach stream has one own column.

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Fi(. *$* HSC-Sim 0lobal and !dd"n function default units.
The default measurement units are shown at the bottom right of the 2odel ditor form, #ig.
15. Eou may change these by clicking the unit labels. The 0lobal 2easure 9nit dialog
makes it possible to change these units, #ig. 17. "t is recommeded to select the measure units
when you start to create a new process, the wi(ards add these units into column C, #ig. 15.
4o not use HSC !dd"n function B9nits:)C)C)2D); on your model sheet, because this !dd"n
function may overwrite the global setting and cause random results. See examples, of !dd"n-
functions syntax from* C*GHSC5G!dd"nsG!dd"nSample.%$S.
>ote that the 0lobal 2easure 9nits do not automatically change the measure units which
have been used within the "nput, =utput, 4ist, Control and 2odel sheets. #or example, if the
!dd"n function returns the enthalpy as 2cal you may easily convert these values to 2Fh in
your 2odel sheet by multiplying by ...5-.
"n the next HSC-Sim versions, the Fi(ards will be tuned to accept a wider range of different
measure units.
! variable list sample is shown in #ig. 18. "t has been created with the Sample @ariable
$istkey, see #ig. 1. >ote that the species have been divided into phases. The phase list must
be continuous i.e. do not use empty rows within the list.

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Fi(. *3* ! variable list sample with variable type specifications in column !. The formulas
in column 4 have been automatically created. The raw materials have not yet been
introduced. 2ost types have been attached with a phase number, for example, H- is the
enthalpy of phase number -.

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40.1 Cre#ti'( C#l&ul#tio' 2odels
Fi(. 40* =utput stream distribution Fi(ard may be started from the 2odel ditor Fi(ard
menu.
The calculation model creates a mathematical connection :model; between the "nput and
=utput streams of one 9nit. 9sually this model may be divided into two parts*
1. 2#i' 2odel - chemical, mineralogical, e'uilibrium, flotation, filter, etc.
!ll the input material streams are combined and then the calculation model transforms
the raw materials into products by using some mathematical formulas based on
chemistry, physics or economy. The Sim-Fi(ard creates a main model onto the 2odel
sheet. The main model may also be called the Tr#'sform#tio' model.
%. .istri!utio' 2odel - based on distribution percentages
The 4istribution model divides the products of the main model into the =utput streams. "f
there is only one output stream then .,,S of the products enter this stream. The Sim
Fi(ard creates a 4istribution model on the 4ist- and =utput- sheets.
The basic idea is that the unit models :9nit ., 9nit -, 9nit 1, etc.; are independent and do not
have any information about each other. The graphical flowsheet contains the information of
the stream connections between the units. The calculation routine transmits the information
:data; between the calculation units according to the graphical flowsheet Source and
4estination properties. This unit )autonomy) concept makes it easier to reuse units in other
processes.
However, sometimes some special information needs to be transmitted between the units,
and in these cases external links may be used. The external link syntax is 'uite simple* The
formula* )BU9nit -V4istL07) links cell into cell 07 of 4ist-sheet in 9nit -. Fhen you reuse
this kind of unit model in some other process you must remember to check the external links.
>ote that xternal $inks may also generate troublesome )Circular <eferences) unlike the
normal data transferred using stream variables.

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40.1.1 Cre#ti'( # .istri!utio' 2odel
ven the simplest main model which only combines the "nput materials feeds without any
transformations needs a distribution model. 4istribution percentages may be typed manually
into the 4ist sheet. However, the 4istribution 2odel Fi(ard offers an easier way, #ig. +,.
The first step is to open 4istribution Fi(ard from the Fi(ard menu, the second step is to
type the distribution percentages into the variables, #ig. +,. The last step is to press S#5e
Ch#'(es and Close the Fi(ard. This procedure must be repeated for each unit.
The !pply 4istributions procedure creates the 2ain 2odel on the 2odel sheet, #ig. +., fills
the 4ist sheet, #ig. +- and updates formulas on the =utput sheet,. #ig. +1. These formulas
divide the 2ain model products into =utput streams.
Fi(. 41* 4istribution Fi(ard creates the 2ain 2odel. "n this case the total sum of each input
variable ends up in the output streams without any variable transformations.
The Chemical <eactions Fi(ard may be used to create more sophisticated 2ain models
based on the chemical reactions. Eou may also create your own models manually using
xcel formulas, cell references and Sim !dd"n functions on the 2odel sheet or on your own
sheets. However, your own sheets must be located after the 2odel sheetL
The chance to create a customi(ed variable list and your own main models using familiar
xcel type syntax makes HSC-Sim very flexible for many types of simulation applications.
=ne unit model is always one file in xcel -,,, file format. This makes it possible to reuse
models in other processes. However, the order of the variable list must be the same. "n this
sense it is a good idea to use the same variable list in all your processes in spite of the fact
that some of the variables are not needed :amounts B ,; in all applications.
6lease note that you can also create your own models under 2S xcel, since HSC-Sim
!dd"n functions also operate under xcel. However, please use the )C*GHSC5GTemplate
2odel.%$S) file or some original Sim model file as a template for your own models. 4o not
delete or overwrite the )Template 2odel.%$S) file because Sim uses this file as a template.
"n 2S xcel you may create your own @A! macros for different calculation models. HSC-
Sim usually retains @A! macros in %$S files, but it does not run these macros.

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Fi(. 4%* 4istribution Fi(ard fills 4ist sheet with given distribution percentages.
Fi(. 4** 4istribution Fi(ard updates formulas on the =utput sheet.

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40.1.% Cre#ti'( Re#&tio' E6u#tio' 2odels
Fi(. 44* 4istribution Fi(ard updates formulas on the =utput sheet.
The main calculation model transforms the input variable values into output variable values
using some mathematical formulas. The main model may be created manually as in 2S
xcel on the 2odel sheet or by using HSC-Sim Fi(ards. Xuite often the main model is
based on the chemical reactions. "n this case you may open the Chemical <eactions Fi(ard
using selection )Fi(ard, Chemical <eactions 2odelK) from the 2odel ditor menu, #ig. -.
The first step is to type the reactions that may happen in the process unit in the Chemical
<eaction Fi(ard, #ig. ++. Eou may use the Arowse 4A button to check the correct syntax
for the species from the HSC active databases.
The first species of each reaction is assumed to be the )raw material) which is consumed in
this reaction. Eou must keep in mind that you cannot consume more than .,,S of the raw
materials. #or example, #eS is the raw material in two reactions . and -, #ig. ++. The sum of
6rogress S cannot be more than .,,S :8,S W -,S;, although it can be less than .,,S. The
next species in the reaction e'uations will automatically be taken into account when model is
created on the basis of the reaction stoichiometry. However, it is still recommended to check
for the negative amounts in the 2odel-sheet and remove these, for example, by decreasing
6rogress S.
The second step is to test the balances by pressing the Aalance button. This gives an =M in
the Aalance column, showing that everything is =M. The balance test will also give enthalpy
H and e'uilibrium constant M for the reaction at -3 YC if all the species are found in the
active HSC databases. >egative H values mean that heat is released in the reaction, whereas
positive values mean that more heat is needed. $arge M values :I.; mean that the reaction
tends to go to the right and small values :Z.; mean that the reaction tends to go to the left in
the e'uilibrium state.
6lease remember to fill in the 4istribution sheet too, #ig. ++, because you must divide the
products into the output streams.
Fhen you are happy with the reactions and distributions press S#5e Ch#'(es and close the
dialog. This will create both the main model and distribution model on the =utput, 4ist and
2odel sheets.

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Fi(. 45* Aalance range of the main model made by the 4istribution Fi(ard.
The 4istribution Fi(ard automatically creates the Aalance range and Chemical <eaction
range in the 2odel sheet. The Aalance range contains "nput, =utput and Aalance formulas
which summari(e the total input and output amounts of the variables. 9sually the balances
are not (ero if variable transformations :reactions; occur in the unit, #ig. +3.
>ote that if the species name is red this means that species is not found in the active HSC
databases. This will not cause any problems with the element balance calculations, but if you
would also like to calculate energy balances then the share of this unknown species will be
missing from the energy balance.
!n automatically filled range is outlined with a double line border. 6lease do not change the
formulas within this range if you are not absolutely sure of what you are doing.

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Fi(. 41* <eactions range of the main model made by the 4istribution Fi(ard.
The <eactions range contains the list of the reactions with progress percentages and
necessary cell formulas to calculate the reacted and produced amounts of the species. Eou
may change the 6rogressS cells manually, for example, H7 and H... 6lease do not change
the other cells within this area that have been outlined with the double line border.
>ote that the species name is red if this species is not found in the variable list. This may
lead to errors. "n this case the red color of )#e:W1a;), #ig. +5, means that #e:W1a; will be not
copied to the output sheet and this will cause material balance error. 6lease add #e:W1a; into
the variable list and rerun the Fi(ard. "n case of electrons the red color does not matter as
long as we are not interested in electron balances.

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40.1.* Cre#ti'( E6uili!rium 2odels
Fi(. 4$* HSC StreamX !dd"n function calculates the e'uilibrium amounts :mol; of the
stream at given temperature .3,, YC and pressure . bar.
Some process units operate near the e'uilibrium conditions at least in part. "n these cases the
StreamX HSC !dd"n function may be used to calculate the total or partial e'uilibrium
composition of the stream. 'uilibrium models are also useful when developing new
processes without any experimental process data. See the example in*
C*GHSC5G!dd"nsG!dd"nSample.%$S.
The StreamX function is 'uite different than the other HSC !dd"n functions because it
returns an array. !ll the other functions return a value. Therefore, the 2S xcel type array
formulas must be used, see #ig. +7. >ote that the use of array functions is not as flexible as
the use of normal xcel type functions. #or example, the array function arguments must be
located in a continuous block. >ote also that when you end the array function editing you
must keep CT<$ W SH"# keys down when you press nter.
The species must be divided into phases for the StreamX function. The phase flag M must
be used at the beginning of the phase name, #ig. +7.
Fe recommend using e'uilibrium models on your own 2odel sheets to transform the input
species to output species. "n some cases you may utili(e StreamX function only for one
phase which is considered to reach the e'uilibrium, such as the gas phase.
However, in many cases the real processes do not operate at e'uilibrium state due to kinetic
barriers and temperature and composition gradients. "n these cases it is better to base the
main process model on the experimental observations and data. The HSC-Sim )Tools, 4ata
#itKR sub-module may be used to convert the experimental process data into formulas
which may be used in 9nit models.

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40.$ Se&if"i'( R#w 2#teri#ls
Fi(. 43* Specification of raw material amounts.
Eou must give some amounts for the raw materials before you test your models. Eou may
double click the raw material stream in the flowsheet, #ig. -7. "n this process, Stream . is the
only real raw material stream and the other input streams are internal ones. "n this case you
must specify only Stream . amounts, #ig. +8. Eou may also give some amounts for
circulating Stream 5 and 7, although these amounts will be overwritten by the calculation
routine which transports the data from source unit to the destination unit.
"t is recommended to use the same measure units for all the species :t&h; in the first HSC-Sim
versions, although in later versions a full range of units will be supported. >ote that you may
change easily the number format of the variable row using @ariable Type ditor, #ig. 1, or
using )#ormat, CellsK) menu selection.

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40.3 Ru''i'( Simul#tio'
Fi(. 4)* @iew of <un 2ode. Eou may start calculations by pressing the Calculate icon.
Fhen you have created the process model in 4esigner mode then you may start the
simulation mode by pressing the St#rt Simul#tio' icon or by selecting )<un, Start
SimulationK) from the main menu, #ig. .. However, please save your process first using the
)#ile, Save 6rocess) or )#ile, Save 6rocess !sK) options because this allows recovery after
any 2S Findows or HSC-Sim errors.
The starting of <un mode may take a little time, #ig. +/, because internal calculation plan
table will be created to optimi(e the calculation speed. So you may change the content of
cells in the <un mode, but do not move cells, rows or columns in xcel 2odel, because this
does not update the internal calculation plan.
"n the <un mode the flowsheet is locked. However, you may open xcel ditor in the same
way as in the 4esigner mode and change the raw material amounts or some other
parameters. However, please do not add variables, change formulas, or modify models in the
<un 2ode. Eou may use also @ariables ToolAar to change values, see #ig. 3,.
The first step in the <un mode is usually to press the Calculate icon, which will carry out the
calculations and move material downstream. This procedure will be executed 3 times, or any
other number of iterations that you specify in the <ounds text box. "f you have no internal
circulation streams then some . - - rounds are enough but if you have a lot of internal
circulations then more iterations are needed. Eou may select a critical stream on the
@ariables ToolAar before pressing Calculate and observe the stabili(ation of the
composition. Fhen the changes stop then e'uilibrium has been reached.

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Fi(. 50* <un 2ode* the @isuali(e option has been selected for 0old. Stream 1 has been
selected for the @ariables ToolAar.
Fhen you have carried out the calculations the flowsheet is automatically updated with the
selected @ariable data. Eou may change this selection using the @ariable Selection drop-
down list box, #ig. 3,. Eou may use the @isuali(e selection to change default visuali(e
settings. @isuali(ed flowsheets offer an illustrative way to report the simulation results. The
@isuali(e options make it possible to ad?ust line widths or the range, etc. These diagrams are
sometimes called )S#':e" di#(r#ms ) . . >ote that the HSC-Sim module draws Sankey
diagrams automatically.
Eou may easily Copy-6aste the visuali(ed flowsheet into other Findows applications by
pressing the Copy icon. Then 6aste the flowsheet into Ford or xcel using the )dit, 6aste
SpecialK, 6icture, =M) procedure.
Eou may also print and export the flowsheet as a file using the Tools menu options, see #ig.
-5. Several graphics formats are supported.
!nother useful option is )Show Calculation 2onitor). This will show details of the
calculation in table format, #ig. 3.. "t may be used to identify possible convergence
problems with Controls and circular internal streams, #ig. 3-.
2o'itori'( -ter#tio's #'d Co'trols
Eou may monitor calculations progress and control iterations by )Tools, Show Calculation
2onitor) selection, see #ig. 3., 3- and 31.

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Fi(. 51* <un 2ode* Tools menu options.
Fi(. 5%* <un 2ode* Show Calculation 2onitor 4ialog may be used to follow the
calculations.

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Fi(. 5** Show Calculation 2onitor 4ialog may be used to show the Co'trol 2o'itor.
The Control monitor, #ig. 31, shows the iteration convergence of the active selected control.
>ote that*
- xcel ditor of one unit must be open
- Control sheet must be open
- =ne control must be selected.
Eou may then test the iteration of the active selected control by pressing the Ru' Co'trols
button. This gives the extrapolates values in number and in graphical format.

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40.3.1 /isu#li;e Setti'(s .i#lo(
Fi(. 54. @isuali(e dialog. 0old is an active variable in this case.
The stream variable amounts may be visuali(ed using the HSC-Sim <un mode @isuali(e
option. The @isuali(e Settings dialog may be used to change the @isuali(e options.
The /isu#li;e di#lo( setti'(sC Fi(. 54 #re9
Set $ine Fidth @aries stream line width
Set Color @aries stream color with positive and negative values
2aximum $ine Fidth 2aximum line width with maximum amount
6ositive Color Stream line color if value is positive
>egative Color Stream line color if value is negative
9se !bsolute @alues !utomatic line width
2"> 9ser selected minimum value
2!% 9ser selected maximum value
Close Closes the dialog
<eset #lowsheet <ecovers default line widths
@isuali(e flowsheet Shows the effect on the flowsheet
>ote that flowsheets do not calculate anything, they only show the stream line widths using
the given variable values.

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40.) 4ri'ti'(
Fi(. 55. #lowsheet module 6rint dialog with 6rint 6review.
The same printing dialog is available in the #lowsheet 4esign and Simulation mode, #ig. 33.
The 6rint 6review on the right side shows the effect of selected printing properties on the
print results. The narrow gray area on the edges of the paper shows the area where the printer
cannot print. The property list on the left shows the available settings such as*
1. 6rinter* 6rint Setup changes
%. 4river* 6rint Setup changes
*. Color 2ode A[F & Color
4. 6aper Si(e 6rint Setup changes
5. =rientation 6ortrait & $andscape
1. #it to 6age True & #alse
$. Top Top margin. Alack hori(ontal line in 6review.
3. $eft $eft margin. Alack vertical line in 6review.
). Ooom Ooom setting used in printing.
10. 6rint !rea 6icture & =b?ects only
11. 6rint Hidden =b?ects !lso prints ob?ect of which the visible property is #alse.
1%. 6rint Aackground !lso prints background picture of the flowsheet

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40.10 Eleme't B#l#'&es of the ,'its
Fi(. 51* lement balances of process units.
The unit calculation models made manually or using Sim Fi(ards may contain errors. =ne
typical error is that the element balance between the input and output streams is not (ero.
Eou may easily check the element balances of the units by selecting )Tools, lement
AalancesK) in the 2odel ditor menu, #ig. -. This will start the procedure to calculate the
element balances of all the units and give these on the Aalances sheet of the <eport form,
#ig. 35. This procedure will hide those element columns which do not contain material.
This procedure calculates element balances based on the input and output stream elements. "t
also takes into account the possible species :#e=, >aS=+, etc.; in the variable list. However,
it cannot take into account the elements which are hiding behind the variable names such as
)0old). "f you want the lement Aalance procedure to check the element balances, please
use chemical formulas :2g, Ca, Si=-, S=-:g;, S=+:--a;, etc.; as species names in the
variable list.
Eou may save, print and Copy-6aste the element balance results collected on the Sim <eport
form using normal menu selections, #ig. 35. Fhen you save an #$S file the <eport.%$S file
will be automatically saved in the same folder.

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40.11 0ist of Stre#ms - /#ri#!le B#l#'&es
Fi(. 5$* $ist of input, output and internal Streams with variable balances.
Xuite often the results of the simulation calculations are presented as a stream list with
calculated variable values.
Eou may easily generate a stream list with values and variable balances by selecting )Tools,
$ist StreamsK) in the 2odel ditor menu, #ig. -. This will collect the streams on the
Streams sheet of the Sim <eport form. This procedure will also sort streams into three
categories* "nput, =utput and "nternal streams, #ig. 37. "n this list all the variable names will
be shown in row -.
6lease note that this is not an element balance, instead it is a variable balance and the
variable balance does not need to be (ero for the process. #or example, if the !l-=1 is
converted into metallic aluminum !l then the !l-=1 balance of the process cannot be (eroL
Fhen you save the #$S file the <eport.%$S file will be automatically saved in the same
folder.

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40.1% Cre#ti'( Co'trols
Fi(. 53* The calculation model QControls sheetR with one control.
Row N#me .es&ritio'
1 >umber Control >umber :max B -3+;
+ E Target >ame >ame of E :optional;
3 6rocess 9nit 9nit name :optional;
5 S" 9nits 2easure unit name :optional;
$ Set 4oi't Set oi't of 8 Go!li(#tor"H
3 2e#sured 8 &ell refere'&e Go!li(#tor"H
) Toler#'&e NI- 8 toler#'&e Go!li(#tor";
10 2ethod -ter#tio' method Go!li(#tor"H
!uto :default, run process until E oscillation ends;
!uto Slow :run process )<ounds #orced) times;
.. % @ariable >ame >ame of % :optional;
.- 6rocess 9nit 9nit name :optional;
.1 S" 9nit 2easure unit name :optional;
14 /#lue B &ell refere'&e Go!li(#tor"H
15 B 2i' 0imit 2i' limit of B r#'(e Go!li(#tor"H
11 B 2#7 0imit 2#7 limit of B r#'(e Go!li(#tor"H
.7 % 2ax Step 2aximum % Step :optional, default B , B not in use;
13 -ter#tio's 2#7 iter#tio' 'um!er Go!li(#tor"H

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./ <ounds #orced <un process given times :optional, default B , B not in use;
-, !ctive Set control =>&=## :optional, default B =>;
The HSC-Sim Controls sheet makes it possible to create controls which regulate some target
parameter cell value using some other variable cell value, #ig. 38. "n principle, Sim Control
works exactly like real process control, for example, in a real process unit you may give a set
point to process unit temperature and regulate the temperature using the fuel oil feed.
Eou may create two types of controls*
1. -'ter'#l &o'trol where the target and variable cells exist in the same unit :#!ST;.
%. E7ter'#l &o'trol where the target and variable cells exist in different units :S$=F;.
Calculation of the internal control is fast because only one unit is calculated. Calculation of
external control may take more time because material must be recirculated within the whole
process several times to reach a stable target value. Eou may speed up iterations of external
controls with narrow % min and % max limits and reasonable tolerance value. "t is
recommended to moderate large changes of the variable with use of % 2ax Step. This will
usually prevent the external control to run the process out of order.
To create one control on the Controls sheet, you have to set at least the Target cell reference
and @ariable cell reference and also the limits for the variable. Eou may type this
information onto the Controls sheet manually or you may use the Controls menu options.
6lease use the following procedure*
1. Click the first available controls column :C -I; on the Controls sheet.
%. $ocate the Target cell from your active unit and select )Controls, Set 9nit Target).
*. Type the name and measure unit into rows + and 5 :optional;.
4. $ocate the @ariable cell from your active unit and select )Controls, Set 9nit @ariable).
5. Type the name and measure unit in rows .- and .1 :optional;.
1. Type 0imit 2i' and 2#7 in rows .3 and .5, a narrow limit speeds up calculations.
$. 0ive the maximum number for the iterations in row .8.
"f you want to use an external target cell from some other process unit then use )Set 6rocess
Target) and )Set 6rocess @ariable) selections. This will open the unit selection dialog, which
may be used to guide the external cell reference to the correct unit.
The default Toler#'&e is W&-. The small tolerance increases calculation time and large
tolerance increases errors. Some -S of the target value may be a good compromise. The
control will not be calculated if the value is within the tolerance.
The Controls sheet uses !uto 2ethod to iterate target value by changing a variable value if
the 2ethod is not specified. =ther valid methods are*
1. Auto9 4efault method, combination of Tangent and $east S'uare method. This method
will change variable % value and it will stop iteration when target E value oscillation
ends. 9sually, )!uto) is the best selection.
%. Auto Slow* Similar to previous, but with the external controls force to run process as
many times as given in )<ounds #orced) cell. This will make possible to control the
)slow processes).

HSC Chemistry
6.0 40 - 9*(74)
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Sim Controls have exactly the same limit#tio's as real process controls, for example*
- "f the target cell does not depend on the variable cell value then the iterations will fail.
- "f an external variable cell is used then there may be a long delay before the effect on the
target value is visible. "n these cases a lot of iteration rounds may be needed to reach the
set point. This may increase the calculation time.
The first HSC-Sim version used the old HSC Chemistry software iteration routine, which
assumes an immediate response between the variable change and the new target value. "n the
basic HSC this is always a valid assumption. However, in the HSC-Sim module the response
of the target value to the variable change may involve delays, especially if the target and
variable cell references are located in different process units. "n future HSC-Sim versions
more effort will be put into developing Controls iteration routines.
40EASE NOTE9
- 9sually you may create a large number of i'ter'#l &o'trols in a process without a
dramatic drop down of calculations speed because these do not increase the number of
calculation rounds of the process.
- 9sually only a few e7ter'#l &o'trols can be used in one process without considerable
decrease in the calculation speed because external controls may multiply the calculation
rounds of the process.
- "t is recommended to moderate large changes of the variable with use of B 2#7 Ste,
when using external controls with slow respons.
- "f you want to keep some concentration lower than a set point :8 g&l; by changing bleed
stream amount :valve , - .,,S;. 6lease use an external control if the bleed and
concentration cells exist in different units.
- The Re&o5er"B add-in function cannot be used in the Target cell, because it is
recalculated only after all calculation <ounds have been finished.
- The large number of thermochemical add-in functions :Stre#mH, StreamS, etc.; may
drop down calculation speed if the argument value changes in each control iteration
round because the data search from the H, S and Cp database takes time. 9se these add-in
functions only when needed.

HSC Chemistry
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40.1* Remote Co'trol - S&e'#rios - Se'siti5it"
Fi(. 5)* Sim <eport form showing the <emote Control results.
Sometimes you may want to run the simulation by changing one or several variables or
parameter values in the process several times. This may be done manually but the Sim
<emote Control tool can be used to automate this kind of scenario or sensitivity analysis.
Eou may create a new <emote Control by selecting )<emote, Create <emote-ControlK)
from the <eport form menu, #ig. 3/. Eou may fill in the <emote sheet using the following
steps*
.. The first step is to collect cell references in row 5. $ocate the variable cell from the
calculation model, #ig. +8, and press Set 0i': on the <emote form, #ig. 3/. Eou may
also type cell references manually, note that the 9nit name must be in brackets, U9nit -V,
and the sheet name must end with an exclamation mark, 4istL.
-. Then click cells C3, 43, 3, etc. to specify the variable type ST&0T. The ST variable
sets the value and the 0T variable reads the values. >ote that the ST cell must contain
a value not a formulaL
1. #ill in the ST values in the ST columns starting from row 7, and enter the number of
<ounds in column A. ! large number of <ounds increases the calculation time.
+. Eou may type some headers for rows . and +, ?ust for your own use.
3. <un the <emote Control by selecting )<emote, <un <emote-Control), #ig. 3/.
5. The Sim <emote control tool runs the simulation several times by changing the ST cells
by the given values and collects data in the 0T columns.
Fhen the simulation has ended you may Save, 6rint and Copy-6aste the results using normal
menu selections, #ig. -/. Fhen you save the #$S file, the <eport.%$S file will automatically
be saved in the same folder.

HSC Chemistry
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40.14 Cre#ti'( Reorts
Fi(. 10* Sim <eport form with a report on product streams.
@isuali(ed graphical flowsheets are often the most illustrative way to report results.
However, sometimes some key figures are needed in tabular format. The HSC-Sim <eport
dialog may be used to collect and modify the necessary data from the calculation models.
9sing the selection Q#ile, <eportR, may open this tool. 6lease use the report sheet for
collecting resultsC the Aalances, Streams and <emote sheets are reserved for other purposes,
#ig. 5,. >ote that you may also insert other sheets for you own purposes.
Eou may pick up any data from the calculation models using external links. Eou may type
these links in the <eport sheet cells manually or you may select the necessary cell from the
unit model :Set $ink Source Cell; and then press the Set 0i': button at the bottom of the
<eport form. 6lease use the correct syntax in the external links. #ormula* )BU9nit -V4istL
07) links the cell to cell 07 of the 4ist-sheet in 9nit -.
The green pattern of the cell means that the linked cell contains no formula, which means
that you may type a new value in the <eport sheet and it will be transferred into the source
cell too. i.e. green cells contain two-way bidirectional links. The yellow pattern means that
the source cell contains a formula, and this means two-way links cannot work with these
cells. The green two-way links allow you to change some process parameters 'uickly and
recalculate the process and collect new data in the yellow cells.
Eou may format the <eport sheet in the same way as you format an xcel sheet. !
<eport.%$S file is automatically saved in the same folder as the #$S process file when you
save the process.
2ultil" 0i':s may be used to link the same cells in each unit in the <eport sheet. #or
example, select cells 05*0.- and press 2ultiply $inks.
The Show 0i': button will show the source cell of the selected external link. The 0i':s ON
button may be used to set $inks =## in order to speed up the calculations. The B#l#'&e
button calculates the element balances of the units.

HSC Chemistry
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40.15 +lo!#l Cell Editor
Fi(. 11* 0lobal Cell ditor edits all units simultaneously.
The Synch option at the bottom of the 2odel ditor form, #ig. -, synchroni(es all the
changes made to the variable list in the "nput, =utput and 4ist sheets columns ! - 4 in all
units. However, sometimes you may want to make such changes in other sheets and cell
ranges too. The 0lobal Cell ditor is made for this kind of work.
Eou can open 0lobal Cell ditor by selecting* )Tools, Cell ditorK). This will open the
active cell for global editing. Eou may retype anything in the 0lobal Cell ditor text box and
when you press nter it will be transferred to all units which have been selected in the unit
list at the right side of the dialog.
Eou may also move, insert and delete rows globally in all selected units.
6lease be very careful with this tool, you may easily destroy your models with this tool if
you are not absolutely sure of what you are doing.

HSC Chemistry
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40.11 C#l&ul#tio' 2odel Ae#r#'&e #'d Form#t
The row and column order of "nput, =utput, 4ist, Controls and partially also on the 2odel
sheet is fixed. However, the appearance and formats are 'uite free. "n your own sheets the
layout and formats are totally free.
The default calculation model format may be set using the file*
C9?HSC1?Teml#te 2odel.B0S
Eou may edit the number, color, border, pattern, etc. formats of this file using 2S xcel. "f
you want to return to the original formats then delete this file, it will be recreated if it does
not exist in the same folder as Sim.exe.
"f you want to update old models using new template formats then select* )#ormat, 9nify
9sing Template 2odelK) which will update the formats of all the units using the formats of
the )Template 2odel.%$S) file. Eou may also unify by selecting )#ormat, 9nify 9sing
!ctive 2odelK).
Fi(. 11* 9nit 9nify 4ialog.
Eou may also unify selected units only using the format of the active unit. Eou may open the
9niform 9nits dialog with the selection* )Tools, 9nify SheetsK).

HSC Chemistry
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40.1$ .e'sit" of A6ueous Solutio's
Fi(. 1%* !'ueous solution density calculator.
The HSC main database contains data of densities of gases and condensed substances,
however, the densities of a'ueous solutions must be calculated using the density calculator
and !'ueous Solution 4ensity database, #ig. 5-. This calculator may be opened using the
)Tools, 4ensity CalculatorK) menu selection. !'ueous solution densities are needed, for
example, to convert analy(ed concentrations in g&ml into 'uantities.
Eou may pick up a'ueous solution components from the list on the right side of the form,
then the second step is to specify mass fractions and temperature, then pressing C#l&ul#te
will give the results. The densities are based on mass fractions because this type of
experimental data is available and the calculation model uses this primary data. !'ueous
solution density is 'uite easy to measure experimentally but difficult to evaluate
theoretically. Eou may add new data into !'ueous Solution 4ensity.xls file using 2S xcel.
See details of the basic ideas from chapter +,..7..
These fixed density values may be used in HSC-Sim based models. However, the
.e'sit"A:SpeciesC!mountCT; !dd"n function may also be used to give the densities as a
function of arguments in the models. 4ensity! uses exactly the same calculation routine and
database as the a'ueous solution density calculator, #ig. 5-. See example in*
C*GHSC5G!dd"nsGAdd-'S#mle.B0S

HSC Chemistry
6.0 40 - 69(74)
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40.1$.1 .e'sit" C#l&ul#tio' 2ethods
The density calculation for a'ueous solutions was made according to the article written by
2. $alibert\ and . Cooper. "t is based on the mass fractions of the electrolytes in the
solution. The database includes constants for 3/ electrolytes and more constants can be
added to the database if measurements of the solution of an electrolyte are available.
"n HSC Sim, the density calculation may be done using xcel !dd-"n function .e'sit"A.
#or source information it needs the components, their mass fractions and the temperature of
the solution. The result is the density of the solution in the unit kg&m
1
.
The xcel !dd-in calculates first the apparent specific volume for each electrolyte and then
the density for the solution. The apparent specific volume is calculated with e'uation ..
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
-
+
,,,,,. . ,
. - ,
1 - -
,
.
.
c t
O H
O H
i app
e c w c
t c c w
v
+
+
+ +
=
:.;
The apparent specific volume can be either positive or negative. Typically it has a low value
at low concentration and then increases toward a linear relationship with mass fraction at
higher concentration. The density of the solution can be calculated from the volume with the
following e'uation*
i app i
O H
O H
m
v w
w
,
-
-
.
+
=
:-;
40.1$.% Addi'( 'ew ele&trol"tes to the d#t#!#se
To add new electrolytes to the database the constants c
0
to c
4
have to be calculated.
Calculation is preformed with similar e'uations as presented above. #irst, the apparent
specific volume is calculated from the measurements with the following e'uation*
( )
i m
O H
i m
i app
w
w
v
-
.
.
,
=
:1;
The volume is used to calculate the constants c
0
to c
4
. 'uation . is used in this calculation
and it reduces to e'uation + for a solution of ?ust one electrolyte in the water.
( )
( ) ( )
-
+
,,,,,. . ,
. ,
1 -
,
c t
i
i
i app
e c w c
t c c w
v
+
+
+ +
=
:+;
The calculations of the constants were made with nonlinear least-s'uares method :xcel
solver; when the initial guesses for constants c
0
to c
4
were ., ., ., ,.,,-3 and .3,,
respectively. Then new values for the volume and the density were calculated with the
e'uations . and -. <esiduals were calculated by subtracting the calculated apparent specific
volume and solution density from their experimental values. The sum of the s'uare of the

HSC Chemistry
6.0 40 - 66(74)
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density residuals was calculated, and this value was minimi(ed varying the constants. The
data was also checked for consistency for both volume and density, by calculating average
residuals and standard deviations. "f a data point varies + times the standard deviation from
the average residual, the data point is removed and the calculation is repeated until there are
no inconsistent data. Aecause the constant c
4
can sometimes be negative the other initial
guess for it was -.3,, to avoid convergence problems.
Calculation spreadsheets from the source article are available free of charge via the "nternet
at http*&&pubs.acs.org.
40.1$.* 0ist of s"m!ols
c
0
mpirical constant, kg&m
1
c
1
mpirical constant, kg&m
1
c
2
mpirical constant, -
c
3
mpirical constant, .&C
c
4
mpirical constant, C
t Temperature, C
v
app,I
!pparent specific volume of component i, m
1
&kg
w
H2O
2ass fraction of the water, -
w
i
2ass fraction of component i, -
H2O
4ensity of the water, kg&m
1
m
4ensity of the mixture, kg&m
1

HSC Chemistry
6.0 40 - 6:(74)
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40.1) 4#ssword 4rote&tio' of ,'its
Fi(. 1** 6assword protection dialog.
Eou may hide the calculation models of the process by selecting from the #lowsheet menu*
)#ile, $ock xcel 9nits with 6asswordK) 4ialog, see #ig. 51*
1. Type the password to the 6assword column and press )S#me 4#ssword to All).
%. 6ress the 0o&: button.
*. 6ress the S#5e 4ro&ess button.
4. 6ress the Close button.
This procedure will hide all the other sheets than "nput and =utputsheets and save unit files
in a crypted format which cannot be opened with xcel or any other program. Eou may also
password-protect only one unit by giving the password only to this unit.
Eou may open the password protection if you know the password but press the 9nlock
button instead of the $ock button.
>ote that password protection automatically opens the cells with external references for
monitoring and calculations, but all the other cells on the hidden sheets are invisible for the
external references. !ll the )open), unprotected cells are marked with (ree' #tter' on the
hidden sheets.
The password-protected units are like black-boxes, where only the "nput- and =utput-sheets
are visible to the user. However, remember that when the final user has full access to the
protected files in his hard disk, then any protection method is >=T absolutely safe.

HSC Chemistry
6.0 40 - 6-(74)
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HSC Chemistry
6.0 40 - 6*(74)
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40.13 .#t# Re&o'&ili#tio'
4ata reconciliation means fitting the analyses of the streams to solve the mass flow of each
stream and recalculating the analyses so that the flowsheet is internally consistent.
#or that you need*
o Chemical analyses of the streams, weight based, i.e. wt.S, ppm, g&t, ppb etc.
o Mnowledge of the analysis variation for each element
The steps of data reconciliation are*
.. 4rawing the flowsheet and naming the streams
-. "nputting analyses
1. Creating mass balance e'uations
+. Solving the mass flows and assays
3. Saving the balanced result for further use
-'utti'( #'#l"ses9
!nalyses are imported into the !nalysis.xls file, which is stored in the same folder as the
flowsheet.
Steps for inputting the analyses are*
.. =pen the !nalysis window from the flowsheet, select Tools P !nalyses
-. 6repare the analyses in xcel or somewhere else in a format where*
o <ow-wise data* ach sample is in its own row
o The name of the sample is the same as the stream :you can check and change that
later;
o ach analy(ed element in its own column
o Header data in one row, include there analy(ed component, analysis method and
unit, e.g. Cr-=1 %<# S, Cu T=T ppm, !u :#!; g&t,
o >ame the first column where the stream name is as ]StreamN
o !bove and on the left side of the ]StreamN cell you may have data which is not taken
into account in data reconciliation
1. >ote that you do not need to have the analyses of each stream. There may be also some
extra samples. These are omitted in data reconciliation, but if you like you can have
them there for information or some other purpose.
+. =ne stream cannot appear twiceL
3. "mport the analyses into the !nalysis window, either by opening the file :#ile P =pen;
or through the clipboard :dit P 6aste;
!t this moment the analysis data should look like this :#ig. 5+;*

HSC Chemistry
6.0 40 - :0(74)
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Fi(. 14* !nalyses. 4ata has to be row-wise, QStreamR cell indicates the top left corner of the
analysis table. !nalyses are as follows* preferentially give the element, method and unitC all
in a single cell.
5. 6ress the Q"dentify StreamsR button, which adds the columns Source, 4estination and
2assS if re'uired next to the ]StreamN column and fills it accordingly :#ig. 5+;. Check
that the streams have the correct ]SourceN and ]4estinationN. ! 'uestion mark denotes
that it is either a feed or product stream of the circuit. "f ]SourceN and ]4estinationN are
empty, then the sample has not been identified and the name of the stream is incorrect
either in the flowsheet or analysis listing. Change in either place and redo ]"dentify
StreamsN. This listing is regenerated each time you press the Q"dentify StreamsR button.
Eou can change the stream names and other data as well.

HSC Chemistry
6.0 40 - :1(74)
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Fi(. 15* !fter pressing ]"dentify StreamsN button the ]SourceN and ]4estinationN columns
appear in the spreadsheet. ! 'uestion mark :T; indicates that the stream is either an input :in
]SourceN column; or output :in ]4estinationN column;.
7. Select File O S#5e to save the data in the same folder as the flowsheet. :!nalyses.xls;
=nce saved, the analyses will be loaded automatically each time you open the
flowsheet.
.#t# Re&o'&ili#tio'9
The data reconciliation can be done once you have input the data and identified the streams.
6ress the Q4ata <econciliation IIIIR button in the ]!nalysisN window. The data
reconciliation window opens, see below. The window consists of five parts* .; stream
control at the top, -; analysis control on the right, 1; unit control below in the middle, +;
options on the right, 3; mass balance info box and 5; buttons at the bottom.
The starting point of the data reconciliation sheet is that *
o !ll the units and streams are selected for the data reconciliation
o !ll elements are selected for the data reconciliation and the coefficient of variation,
C@, are set to .
o 2ass balance e'uations are generated according to analyses. This means that while
the mass balance e'uation is written initially for all units, in the second step the unit
si(e is enlarged in a way that mass balance e'uations are fulfilled according to the
analy(ed samples. This means that the number of mass balance e'uations is reduced
and some streams with analyses may be left out because their mass proportion
cannot be calculated directly by mass balancing.
The steps of the data reconciliation are*
.. Eou may start by pressing the Q<econcile LR button and see what is the outcome of the
basic assumption.
-. To do the reconciliation for only part of the flowsheet e.g. in cases where some of the
streams tend to end up negative, use Q"s 9sedR and Q!nalysisR columns.
o Q%R indicates that the stream is selected. Click the cell and the stream switches
between selected :Q%R; and unselected :Q Q;.
o Q"s 9sedR* if you unselect the stream in the Q"s 9sedR column this e'uals the cases
where the stream does not exist at all
o Q!nalysisR* if you unselect the stream in the Q!nalysisR column this e'uals the case
where the stream has not been analy(ed
o Check the mass balance e'uations in use at the bottom of the window
1. Click on the cell or use the dit menu to unselect and select Q"s usedR and Q!nalysisR.
>ote that there is an option to select the streams of a unit. Select the unit in the

HSC Chemistry
6.0 40 - :2(74)
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flowsheet and then select from the menu Q"s 9sed B !dd selected unitR. This changes
the input and output streams of the unit as Q"s 9sedR
Fi(. 11* 4ata <econciliation window.
+. Ay fine-tuning the weighting of analyses* on the right side of the window in Q!nalysis
controlR you can fine-tune the effect of each analysis. !gain Q%R means that analysis of
e.g. copper is taken into data reconciliation while sulfur can be excluded.
3. C@, the coefficient of variation* the weighting of the analysis is ad?usted on the basis of
the coefficient of variation. ! low C@ value, e.g. ., means that the analysis is highly
reliable whereas a high value, I.,, is used for low accuracy and low reliability. "n mass
balancing the analyses are changed according to the formula* usedBanaly(ed&
:C@JcontentHinHfeed;.
5. "f you cannot get rid of negative values, switch to the >>$S :non-negative least

!nalysis control
Stream control
2ass balance
e'uation info box
=ptions
Auttons
HSC Chemistry
6.0 40 - :6(74)
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s'uares; method. Ae careful that, there may be something wrong with the original
analysesC and a better way could be to uncheck the problematic streams :Q!nalysisR-
column;.
Fi(. 1$* <esult of the data <econciliation in the Sim <eport window.
7. =nce you are happy with the results as shown in the <eport window you can save the
output back in the !nalysis.xls file. To do that select from the reconciliation window
menu ]<esultsN P ]Frite into !nalysesN :#ig. 58;. HSC Sim asks for the name of the
sheet for the output :Aalanced as default;. "f it does not exist, a new sheet will be
created and reconciled data will be written there. "f one exists, the sheet will be emptied
and replaced with the new data.
Fi(. 139 Friting the result back in the !nalysis window.
8. To complete the data in the ]AalancedN sheet in the ]!nalysisN window, press ]"dentify

HSC Chemistry
6.0 40 - :8(74)
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streamsN and select from the menu ]ToolsN P ]Calculate <ecoveriesN. <ecoveries are
calculated against the first row :#ig. 5/;. To save the result select #ile P Save :#ig. 5/;.
Fi(. 1)* Aalanced result as complete in the ]AalancedN sheet with ]SourceN and ]4estinationN
information :by pressing ]"dentify StreamsN; and recoveries :by selecting Tools P Calculate
<ecoveries;. Save the data by selecting ]#ileN P ]Save ...N.

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