Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-1

ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
LECTURE 050 FOLLOWERS
(READING: GHLM 344-362, AH 221-226)
Objective
The objective of this presentation is:
Show how to design stages that
1.) Provide sufficient output power in the form of voltage or current.
2.) Avoid signal distortion.
3.) Be efficient
4.) Provide protection from abnormal conditions (short circuit, over temperature, etc.)
Outline
Source follower
Emitter follower
Common source stage
Common emitter stage
Push-Pull MOS (Class B)
Push-Pull BJT (Class B)
Summary
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-2
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
SOURCE FOLLOWERS
Maximum and Minimum Output Voltage of the Source Follower
N-Channel Source Follower Voltage transfer curve:
with current sink bias:
Maximum output voltage swings:
v
OUT
(min) V
SS
- V
ON2
(if R
L
is large) or v
OUT
(min) -I
Q
R
L
(if R
L
is small)
v
OUT
(max) = V
DD
- V
ON1
(if v
IN
> V
DD
) or v
OUT
(max) V
DD
- V
GS1
M3
Fig. 050-01
I
Q
V
DD
v
IN
v
OUT
i
OUT
M1
M2
V
SS
V
SS
V
DD
V
SS
R
L
v
IN
v
OUT
Fig. 050-02
V
GS1
V
DD
-V
ON1
|V
SS
|+V
ON2
V
DD
-V
ON1
+V
GS1
|V
SS
|+V
ON2
+V
GS1
I
Q
R
L
<|V
SS
|+V
ON2
V
DD
-V
GS1
V
DD
|V
SS
|
Triode
Triode
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-3
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Output Voltage Swing of the Follower - Continued
The previous results do not include the bulk effect on V
T1
of V
GS1
.
Therefore,
V
T1
= V
T01
+ [ 2|
F
| -v
BS
- 2|
F
|] V
T01
+ v
SB
= V
T01
+
1
v
OUT
(max)-V
SS
v
OUT
(max)-V
SS
V
DD
-V
SS
-V
ON1
-V
T1
= V
DD
-V
SS
-V
ON1
-V
T01
-
1
v
OUT
(max)-V
SS

Define v
OUT
(max)-V
SS
= v
OUT
(max)
which gives the quadratic,
v
OUT
(max)+
1
v
OUT
(max)-(V
DD
-V
SS
-V
ON1
-V
T01
)=0
Solving the quadratic gives,
v
OUT
(max)

1
2
4
-

1
2

1
2
+4(V
DD
-V
SS
-V
ON1
-V
T01
) +

1
2
+ 4(V
DD
-V
SS
-V
ON1
-V
T01
)
4
If V
DD
= 2.5V,
N
= 0.4V
1/2
, V
TN1
= 0.7V,

and V
ON1
= 0.2V, then v
OUT
(max) = 3.661V
and
v
OUT
(max) = 3.661-2.5 = 0.8661V
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-4
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Maximum Sourcing and Sinking Currents for the Source Follower
Maximum Sourcing Current (into a short circuit):
We assume that the transistors are in saturation and
V
DD
= -V
SS
= 2.5V , thus
I
OUT
(sourcing) =
K
1
W
1
2L
1
[V
DD
v
OUT
V
T1
]
2
-I
Q
where v
IN
is assumed to be equal to V
DD
.
If W
1
/L
1
=10 and if v
OUT
= 0V, then
V
T1
= 1.08V I
OUT
equal to 1.11 mA.
However, as v
OUT
increases above 0V, the current rapidly decreases.
Maximum Sinking Current:
For the current sink load, the sinking current is whatever the sink is biased to provide.
I
OUT
(sinking) = I
Q
M3
Fig. 050-01
I
Q
V
DD
v
IN
v
OUT
i
OUT
M1
M2
V
SS
V
SS
V
DD
V
SS
R
L
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-5
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Efficiency of the Source Follower
Assume that the source follower can
swing to power supply:
Efficiency =
P
RL
P
Supply
=
v
OUT
(peak)
2
2R
L
(V
DD
-V
SS
)I
Q
=
v
OUT
(peak)
2
2R
L
(V
DD
-V
SS
)

(V
DD
-V
SS
)
2R
L
=

v
OUT
(peak)
V
DD
-V
SS
2
Maximum efficiency occurs when v
OUT
(peak) = V
DD
= |V
SS
| which gives 25%.
Comments:
Maximum efficiency occurs for the optimum value of R
L
which gives maximum swing.
Other values of R
L
result in less efficiency (and smaller signal swings before clipping)
We have ignored the fact that the dynamic Q point cannot travel along the full length of
the load line because of minimum and maximum voltage limits.
Fig. 050-03
i
D1
V
DD
+|V
SS
|
V
DD
v
DS1
R
L
I
Q
I
Q
R
L
I
Q
R
L
Optimum R
L
for
maximum swing
0
0
Smaller R
L
Larger R
L
V
SS
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-6
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Small Signal Performance of the Source Follower
Small-signal model:
V
out
V
in
=
g
m1
g
ds1
+ g
ds2
+ g
m1
+ g
mbs1
+G
L

g
m1
g
m1
+ g
mbs1
+G
L

g
m1
R
L
1 +g
m1
R
L

If V
DD
= -V
SS
= 2.5V, V
out
= 0V, W
1
/L
1
= 10m/1 m, W
2
/L
2
= 1m/1 m,
and I
D
= 500 A, then
For the current sink load follower (R
L
= ):
V
out
V
in
= 0.869V/V, if the bulk effect were ignored, then
V
out
V
in
= 0.963V/V
For a finite load, R
L
= 1000:
V
out
V
in
= 0.512V/V
Fig. 050-04
g
m1
v
gs1
v
in r
ds1
r
ds2
R
L
+
-
+
-
v
out
C
2
C
1
v
gs1
+ -
g
mbs1
v
bs1
g
m1
v
in
v
in r
ds1
r
ds2
R
L
+
-
+
-
v
out C
2
C
1
v
gs1
+ -
g
mbs1
v
out
g
m1
v
out
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-7
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Small Signal Performance of the Source Follower - Continued
The output resistance is:
R
out
=
1
g
m1
+ g
mbs1
+ g
ds1
+ g
ds2
+ G
L

For the current sink load follower:
R
out
= 830
The frequency response of the source follower:
V
out
(s)
V
in
(s)
=
(g
m1
+ sC
1
)
g
ds1
+ g
ds2
+ g
m1
+ g
mbs1
+ G
L
+ s(C
1
+ C
2
)
where
C
1
= capacitances connected between the input and output C
GS1
C
2
= C
bs1
+C
bd2
+C
gd2
(or C
gs2
) + C
L
z = -
g
m1
C
1
and p -
g
m1
+G
L
C
1
+C
2
The presence of a LHP zero leads to the possibility that in most cases the pole and zero
will provide some degree of cancellation leading to a broadband response.
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-8
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
EMITTER FOLLOWER
Voltage Transfer Characteristic
v
IN
v
OUT
Fig. 050-05
I
Q
V
CC
Q1
Q2
Q3
R
L
+
-
+
-
R
1
V
EE
v
OUT
v
IN
Q1
Saturated
V
CC
-V
CE1
(sat)+V
BE1
V
BE1
V
EE
-V
CE2
(sat)+V
BE1
V
CC
-V
CE1
(sat)
V
EE
+V
CE2
(sat)
-I
Q
R
L
Q1 cutoff
Q2 saturated
|I
Q
R
L
| <V
EE
-V
CE2
(sat)
i
OUT
i
IN
Limited to V
CC
-V
BE
(on)
if v
IN
V
CC
Maximum signal swings:
v
OUT
(max) = V
CC
-V
CE1
(sat) or V
CC
-V
BE1
if v
IN
(max) V
CC
(The circuit driving the emitter follower must provide a current of
V
CC
-V
CE1
(sat)

F
R
L
)
v
OUT
(min) = V
EE
+V
CE2
(sat) or v
OUT
(min) = -I
Q
R
L
(if |I
Q
R
L
|< V
EE
+V
CE2
(sat)
i
OUT
(source) =
F
i
IN
i
OUT
(sink) = I
Q
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-9
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Efficiency of the Emitter Follower
Assume that the emitter follower can
swing to power supply:
Efficiency =
P
RL
P
Supply
=
v
OUT
(peak)
2
2R
L
(V
CC
-V
EE
)I
Q
=
v
OUT
(peak)
2
2R
L
(V
CC
-V
EE
)

(V
CC
-V
EE
)
2R
L
=

v
OUT
(peak)
V
CC
-V
EE
2
Maximum efficiency occurs when v
OUT
(peak) = V
CC
= |V
EE
| which gives 25%.
Comments:
Maximum efficiency occurs for the optimum value of R
L
which gives maximum swing.
Other values of R
L
will result in less efficiency (smaller signal swings before clipping)
Fig. 050-06
V
CC
+|V
EE
|
R
L
I
Q
R
L
I
Q
R
L
Larger R
L
i
C1
v
CE1
0 V
EE V
CC
Optimum R
L
for
maximum swing
Smaller R
L
I
Q
0
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-10
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Power Considerations of the Emitter Follower
Waveforms of the transistor variables for maximum efficiency (V
CC
= -V
EE
).
t
v
CE1
2V
CC
V
CC
V
om
Quiescent
Voltage
t
i
C1
2I
Q
I
Q
I
om
Quiescent
Current
0
t
Quiescent
Power
p
C1
=v
CE1
i
C1
V
CC
I
Q
Fig. 050-07
p
C1
= v
CE1
i
C1
= [V
CC
(1+sint)][I
Q
[1-sint)] = V
CC
I
Q
(1-sin
2
t) =
V
CC
I
Q
2
(1+cos2t)
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-11
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Power Considerations of the Emitter Follower - Continued
Parabolas of constant power:
Fig. 050-08
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
i
C1
I
Q
v
CE1
V
CC
Q
R
L
=0
R
L
=
High
Power
Dissipation
Low
Power
Dissipation
R
L
for max. efficiency
Comments:
Maximum power dissipation occurs at the Q point for the optimum R
L
corresponding
to maximum efficiency.
For smaller values of R
L
the power dissipation can become very large.
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-12
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Example - Design of an Emitter Follower for Maximum Efficiency
The emitter follower shown has V
CC
= -V
EE
= 5V, R
1
=
2.15k, and V
CE
(sat) = 0.2V. Find the optimum value of R
L
for maximum efficiency and find the value of this efficiency.
Solution
The optimum R
L
for maximum efficiency is found as,
R
L
=
V
CC
-V
CE
(sat)
I
Q
I
Q
=
-V
EE
-V
BE
R
1
=
5-0.7
2.15k
= 2mA
R
L
=
5-0.2
2mA
= 2.4k
The efficiency can be found by calculating the power to the load and from the sources.
P
L
(max) =

V
CC
-V
CE
(sat)
2

I
Q
2
= 0.5(4.8V)(2mA) = 4.8mW
P
supply
= 2V
CC
I
Q
= 2(5)(2mA) = 20mW
=
P
L
(max)
P
supply
=
4.8
20
= 0.24 or 24% which is close to the theoretical maximum.
Fig. 050-09
v
IN
v
OUT
I
Q
V
CC
Q1
Q2
Q3
R
L
+
-
+
-
R
1
V
EE
i
OUT
i
IN
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-13
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
Emitter Follower - Small Signal Performance
The small signal model of the emitter follower is:
R
in
= R
S
+ r

+ (1+
F
)R
L
R
out
1/g
m
(excluding R
L
)
v
out
= (g
m
+ g

)v
1
R
L
= (g
m
+ g

)(i
in
r

)R
L
= (g
m
+ g

) r

R
L

v
in
R
in

v
out
v
in
=
(g
m
+ g

) r

R
L
R
S
+ r

+ (1+
F
)R
L

R
L
R
L
+
1
g
m
+
R
S

F

If
F
= 100, g
m
= 20mA/V, R
L
= R
S
= 1k, C

= 5pF and C
L
= 10pF, we get
R
in
= 1k+5k+101k = 107k, R
out
= 50,
v
out
v
in
=
1k
1k + 50 + 9.9
= 0.943V/V
The transfer function assuming R
S
= 0, is given as,
V
out
V
in
=
g
m
+ g

+ sC

g
m
+ g

+ G
L
+ sC

+ sC
L
Zero -
g
m
C

and Pole -
g
m
+ G
L
C

+ C
L
Zero = -4x10
9
rads./sec. and Pole = -1.4x10
9
rads./sec.
v
in
v
out
Fig. 050-10
R
S
r

C
c
v
i
+ -
g
m
v
i
R
L
C
L
+
-
+
-
Lecture 050 Followers (1/11/04) Page 050-14
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems II P.E. Allen - 2002
SUMMARY
Requirements of Output Stages
The objectives are to provide output power in form of voltage and/or current.
In addition, the output amplifier should be linear and be efficient.
Low output resistance is required to provide power efficiently to a small load resistance.
High source/sink currents are required to provide sufficient output voltage rate due to
large load capacitances.
Types of output stages considered:
Source and emitter follower (Class A)
Did not consider the distortion analysis of GHLM, Sec. 5.3.2