LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 883

An Apparent Solar Periodicity in Radio Star Scintillation

From the beginning of December 1957 t o the end of November 1958, the radio sources
Cassiopeia-A, Cygnus-A, Taurus-A, and Virgo-A were observed a t upper culmination from
the Radio Observatory of Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. The scintillation charac-
teristics of each of the sources were studied a t 50 Mc/s and significant correlations were
obtained with local magnetic indices.
I t is generally accepted t hat the geomagnetic field exhibits cyclic changes which are related
t o the period of rotation of the photosphere (Chapman 1940). The high correlation between
scintillation and magnetic activity obtained by the authors and others (Dagg 1957) would
suggest a similar periodicity ill scintillation data. In an at t empt t o discover if such periodicity
exists in the present records, an autocorrelation function was calculated for the scintillation
Index for Cygnus-A, the source showing highest correlation with magnetic activity. The
scintillation index used was a lneasure of both amplitude and rat e of scintillation.
This function is shown in the accolllpanying figure, for intervals up t o 33 sidereal days.
The limits shown are probable errors based solely on the number of observations. The solid
line is a 5-day running mean t o indicate the trend of the data. I t can be seen t hat a significant
correlation is obtained after about 27 days. A quasi-period of 27.6 sidereal days has been
estimated from the running meall, but this is subject to considerable error.
These results strongly suggest t hat solar activity contributes directly t o t he ionospheric
processes responsible for the scintillation of radio stars, a t least a t locations in or near t he
auroral zone.
CHAPLIAN. S. 1940. Geomagnetism. 1'01. I (Clarendon Press. Oxford), pp. 370-381.
DAGC. M. 1957. J. Atmospheric and Terrest. Phys. 10. 191.
RECEIVED APRIL 19. 1960.
ASTRONOMY GROUP.
QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY.
KIXGSTON. ONTARIO.
*Row at Queen's University. Belfast. N. Irelancl.
\V. D. RYAK* AND G. A. HARROWER
Observations of Macromosaic Substructures in Lead
Previous investigations on lnacrolnosaic substructures called "striations" (Teghtsoonian
and Chalmers 1951, 1952; Atwater and Chalmers 1957) have illustrated the effects of freezing
velocity, impurity type and content, and crystal orientation upon the formation and charac-
teristics of these dislocation arrays. The present investigation illustrates the effects produced
by the temperature distribution in the liquid and solid a t t he interface.
Single crystals of lead and lead-silver alloys in the range 10-"-10-2 at.% Ag were grown
horizontally in graphite-coated lavite boats by the zone-melting technique illustrated in
Fig. 1. The unique feature of this s t ~l dy is t hat the crystals were grown under varying amblent
temperatures as illustrated. By varying the ambient temperature, TA, relative t o the melting
temperature, T,, the etfect of the telnperature distribution on array formation could be
studied.
Two sizes of crystals were grown, each 2 in. wide and 7 in. long, some in. deep and others
2 in. deep. The thicker crystals were solidified with the solid-liquid interface perpendicular
Can. J. Pl~ys. Vol. 38 (1960)
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CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. VOL. 38. 19GO
Temperature Distribution
l ~ y c o r Tube
Furnace --=zone Heoter
Specimen Arrangement
FIG. 1. Zone melting apparat us and temperature distribution throughout specimen.
t o the crystal axis, whereas it was not always possible to maintain this interface orientation
for the thinner crystals a t the highest ambient temperature.
The main body of experiments were carried out a t a freezing velocity, v, of 2 mm/ n~i n and
the results are presented in Table I. At each ambient temperature two crystals were grown.
TABLE I
Striation formation
Conditions Puri t y Alloy concentration at.% Ag
AT,,,. OC Size Z.R.* 99.9999 10-4 10-1 10-2
13 Snlali
- - (+) - - -
32 Large - - + + - - - - - -
40 Small + + + - - -
60 Large + + + + - -
Small
loo Large
+ + + + + +
102 + + + + + +
NOTE: - indicates no striations visible; + indicates striations visible.
*This lead was zone-refined from a st art i ns material of 99.999970 quoted purity.
An additional experi~nent was performed with CO = at . % Ag and A T = 100" C using
various v. Two crystals were grown a t v = 8 mm/min yielding visible arrays but much narrower
striations than a t v = 2 mm/min. Two crystals were grown a t v = 20 mm/min and no
striation arrays were evident even though a \veil-developed cellular substructure (Rutter
and Chalmers 1953) was visible.
------
None
G/V oC-sec/ crn2
FIG. 2. Scheniatic illustration of the dependence of striation formation on the solute concentration. Ca, and
the ratio of temperature gradient. G, t o growth velocity. 1,.
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LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 885
Since decreasing AT decreases the temperature gradient in the solid a t t he interface and
consequently the gradient in the liquid a t the interface, G, the results of Table I can be
illustrated schematically a s in Fig. 2. With very pure material no striations are produced
even with low G, whereas, for crystals containing some measurable solute concentration,
striation formation is inhibited only under extremes of high v or low G. However, it was
noted t hat under such extremes a well-developed cellular substructure was observed in the
crystals.
I t was also observed t hat (i) the incubation distance for striations, i.e. the amount of
crystal grown before striation arrays appear, increased as G decreased, (ii) the width of the
striations decreased a s G/u decreased, and (iii) the misorientation decreased as G/v decreased.
These results suggest t hat , in high purity lead, insufficient dislocations were grown into
the crystals to cause array formation and in lead-silver alloys, if the cellular substructure
is well developed, the solute segregation decreases the mobility of dislocations to the point
t hat array formation cannot occur.
ATWATER. H. A. and CHALMERS. B. 1957. Can. J. Phys. 35, 208.
RUTTER. J. W. and CAALMERS, B. 1953. Can. J. Phys. 31, 15.
TEGHTSOONI~\N. E. and CHALMERS. B. 1051. Can. J. Phys. 29, 370.
- 1952. Can. J. Phys. 30. 388.
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This article has been cited by:
1. G. F. Bolling, D. Fainstein. 1972. On vacancy condensation and the origin of dislocations
in growth from the melt. Philosophical Magazine 25:1, 45-66. [CrossRef]
2. M.D. Hunt, J.A. Spittle, R.W. Smith. 1968. Microsegregation and crystal perfection in
metals. Journal of Crystal Growth 3-4, 656-662. [CrossRef]
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