CFD Training

2-1
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2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
April 28, 2009
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Introductory FLUENT
Training
Chapter 2
Introduction to CFD
Introduction to CFD
2-2
April 28, 2009
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Training Manual
What is CFD?
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow,
heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related phenomena by
solving numerically the set of governing mathematical equations
Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
Conservation of energy
Conservation of species
Effects of body forces
Etc.
The results of CFD analyses are relevant in:
Conceptual studies of new designs
Detailed product development
Troubleshooting
Redesign
CFD analysis complements testing and experimentation by reducing total
effort and cost required for experimentation and data acquisition.
Introduction to CFD
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Training Manual
How Does CFD Work?
ANSYS CFD solvers are based on the
finite volume method
Domain is discretized into a finite set of
control volumes
General conservation (transport) equations
for mass, momentum, energy, species, etc.
are solved on this set of control volumes
Partial differential equations are
discretized into a system of algebraic
equations
All algebraic equations are then solved
numerically to render the solution field
Fluid region of pipe flow is
discretized into a finite set
of control volumes.
Equation Variable
Continuity 1
X momentum u
Y momentum v
Z momentum w
Energy h
Control
Volume*
* FLUENT control volumes are cell-centered (i.e. they correspond
directly with the mesh) while CFX control volumes are node-centered
Unsteady Convection Diffusion Generation
Introduction to CFD
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Training Manual
CFD Modeling Overview
Problem Identification
1. Define your modeling goals
2. Identify the domain you will model
PreProcessing and Solver Execution
3. Create a solid model to represent the
domain
4. Design and create the mesh (grid)
5. Set up the physics (physical models,
material properties, domain properties,
boundary conditions, )
6. Define solver settings (numerical
schemes, convergence controls, )
7. Compute and monitor the solution
Post-Processing
8. Examine the results.
9. Consider revisions to the model.
1. Define goals
2. Identify domain
Pre-Processing
3. Geometry
4. Mesh
5. Physics
6. Solver Settings
Solve
7. Compute solution
Post Processing
8. Examine results
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1. Define Your Modeling Goals
What results are you looking for (i.e. pressure drop, mass flow rate),
and how will they be used?
What are your modeling options?
What physical models will need to be included in your analysis (i.e. turbulence,
compressibility, radiation)?
What simplifying assumptions do you have to make?
What simplifying assumptions can you make (i.e. symmetry, periodicity)?
Do you require a unique modeling capability?
User-defined functions (written in C) in FLUENT or User FORTRAN functions in CFX
What degree of accuracy is required?
How quickly do you need the results?
Is CFD an appropriate tool?
1. Define goals
2. Identify domain
Introduction to CFD
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Training Manual
2. Identify the Domain You Will Model
How will you isolate a piece of the
complete physical system?
Where will the computational
domain begin and end?
Do you have boundary condition
information at these boundaries?
Can the boundary condition types
accommodate that information?
Can you extend the domain to a
point where reasonable data exists?
Can it be simplified or approximated
as a 2D or axisymmetric problem?
1. Define goals
2. Identify domain
Domain of Interest
as Part of a Larger
System (not modeled)
Domain of interest
isolated and meshed
for CFD simulation.
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3. Create a Solid Model of the Domain
How will you obtain a solid model of the
fluid region?
Make use of existing CAD models?
Extract the fluid region from a solid part?
Create from scratch?
Can you simplify the geometry?
Remove unnecessary features that would
complicate meshing (fillets, bolts)?
Make use of symmetry or periodicity?
Are both the solution and boundary conditions
symmetric / periodic?
Do you need to split the model so that
boundary conditions or domains can be
created?
Solid model of a
Headlight Assembly
Pre-Processing
3. Geometry
4. Mesh
5. Physics
6. Solver Settings
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4. Design and Create the Mesh
What degree of mesh resolution is required in
each region of the domain?
The mesh must resolve geometric features of
interest and capture gradients of concern, e.g.
velocity, pressure, temperature gradients
Can you predict regions of high gradients?
Will you use adaption to add resolution?
What type of mesh is most appropriate?
How complex is the geometry?
Can you use a quad/hex mesh or is a tri/tet or
hybrid mesh suitable?
Are non-conformal interfaces needed?
Do you have sufficient computer resources?
How many cells/nodes are required?
How many physical models will be used?
Pyramid Prism/Wedge
Hexahedron
Pre-Processing
3. Geometry
4. Meshing
5. Physics
6. Solver Settings
Triangle Quadrilateral
Tetrahedron
A mesh divides a geometry into
many elements. These are used by
the CFD solver to construct control
volumes
Introduction to CFD
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Training Manual
Tri/Tet vs. Quad/Hex Meshes
For flow-aligned geometries,
quad/hex meshes can provide
higher-quality solutions with fewer
cells/nodes than a comparable tri/tet
mesh
Quad/Hex meshes show reduced
numerical diffusion when the mesh is
aligned with the flow.
It does require more effort to
generate a quad/hex mesh
Meshing tools designed for a
specific application can streamline
the process of creating a quad/hex
mesh for some geometries.
Introduction to CFD
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Tri/Tet vs. Quad/Hex Meshes
For complex geometries, quad/hex meshes
show no numerical advantage, and you
can save meshing effort by using a tri/tet
mesh or hybrid mesh
Quick to generate
Flow is generally not aligned with the mesh
Hybrid meshes typically combine tri/tet
elements with other elements in selected
regions
For example, use wedge/
prism elements to resolve
boundary layers.
More efficient and accurate
than tri/tet alone.
Tetrahedral mesh
Wedge (prism) mesh
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Multizone (or Hybrid) Meshes
A multizone or hybrid mesh uses
different meshing methods in different
regions. For example,
Hex mesh for fan and heat sink
Tet/prism mesh elsewhere
Multizone meshes yield a good
combination of accuracy, efficient
calculation time and meshing effort.
When the nodes do not match across
the regions, a non-conformal interface
can be used.
Model courtesy of ROI Engineering
Introduction to CFD
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Training Manual
Non-Conformal Meshes
Non conformal meshes are useful
for meshing complex geometries
Mesh each part then join together
Non conformal interfaces are also
used in other situations
Change in reference frames
Moving mesh applications
Non-conformal
interface
3D Film Cooling
Coolant is injected into a duct from a
plenum. The plenum is meshed with
tetrahedral cells while the duct is
meshed with hexahedral cells
Compressor and Scroll
The compressor and scroll are joined through a
non conformal interface. This serves to connect
the hex and tet meshes and also allows a change
in reference frame
Introduction to CFD
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Training Manual
Set Up the Physics and Solver Settings
For a given problem, you will need to:
Define material properties
Fluid
Solid
Mixture
Select appropriate physical models
Turbulence, combustion, multiphase, etc.
Prescribe operating conditions
Prescribe boundary conditions at all
boundary zones
Provide initial values or a previous solution
Set up solver controls
Set up convergence monitors
For complex problems
solving a simplified or 2D
problem will provide
valuable experience with the
models and solver settings
for your problem in a short
amount of time.
Pre-Processing
3. Geometry
4. Mesh
5. Physics
6. Solver Settings
Introduction to CFD
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Compute the Solution
The discretized conservation equations are
solved iteratively until convergence.
Convergence is reached when:
Changes in solution variables from one iteration
to the next are negligible.
Residuals provide a mechanism to help
monitor this trend.
Overall property conservation is achieved
Imbalances measure global conservation
Quantities of interest (e.g. drag, pressure drop)
have reach steady values.
Monitor points track quantities of interest.
The accuracy of a converged solution is
dependent upon:
Appropriateness and accuracy of physical models.
Mesh resolution and independence
Numerical errors
A converged and mesh-
independent solution on a well-
posed problem will provide useful
engineering results!
Solve
7. Compute solution
Introduction to CFD
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Examine the Results
Examine the results to review solution
and extract useful data
Visualization Tools can be used to
answer such questions as:
What is the overall flow pattern?
Is there separation?
Where do shocks, shear layers, etc.
form?
Are key flow features being resolved?
Numerical Reporting Tools can be used
to calculate quantitative results:
Forces and Moments
Average heat transfer coefficients
Surface and Volume integrated quantities
Flux Balances
Examine results to ensure property conservation
and correct physical behavior. High residuals
may be caused by just a few poor quality cells.
Post Processing
8. Examine results
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Consider Revisions to the Model
Are the physical models appropriate?
Is the flow turbulent?
Is the flow unsteady?
Are there compressibility effects?
Are there 3D effects?
Are the boundary conditions correct?
Is the computational domain large enough?
Are boundary conditions appropriate?
Are boundary values reasonable?
Is the mesh adequate?
Can the mesh be refined to improve results?
Does the solution change significantly with a refined
mesh, or is the solution mesh independent?
Does the mesh resolution of the geometry need to be
improved?
Post Processing
8. Examine results
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Introduction to CFD
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Models Available in FLUENT 12
Fluid flow and heat transfer
Momentum, continuity, energy
equations
Radiation
Turbulence
RANS-based models (Spalart-
Allmaras, k, k, Reynolds stress)
Large-eddy simulation (LES) and
detached eddy simulation (DES)
Species transport
Volumetric reactions
Arrhenius finite-rate chemistry
Turbulent fast chemistry
Eddy Dissipation, non-Premixed,
premixed, partially premixed
Turbulent finite-rate chemistry
EDC, laminar flamelet, composition
PDF transport
Surface Reactions
Pressure Contours in Near-Ground Flight
Temperature Contours for Kiln Burner Retrofit
Introduction to CFD
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Training Manual
Models Available in FLUENT 12
Multiphase flows
Discrete Phase Model (DPM)
Volume of Fluid (VOF) model for
immiscible fluids
Mixtures
Eulerian-Eulerian and Eulerian-
granular
Liquid/Solid and cavitation phase
change
Moving and deforming mesh
Moving zones
Single and multiple reference frames
(MRF)
Mixing plane model
Sliding mesh model
Moving and deforming (dynamic)
mesh (MDM)
User-defined scalar transport
equations
Pressure Contours in a Squirrel Cage
Blower (Courtesy Ford Motor Co.)
Gas
outlet
Oil
outlet
Three-
Phase
Inlet
Water
outlet
Contours of Oil Volume Fraction
in a Three-Phase Separator
Introduction to CFD
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FLUENT CFD Workflow under Workbench 2
Start ANSYS Workbench
Drag the Fluid Flow (FLUENT)
system from Analysis Systems
group in the Toolbox onto
preview drop target shown in
the Project Schematic.
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Import the Geometry
Right-click on Geometry cell A2 and select Import Geometry
Import the geometry file (CAD model or DesignModeler .agdb file)
You can also link the FLUENT simulation to an existing
DesignModeler session.
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Generate a Mesh
Right-click on Mesh cell and select Edit.
Meshing opens and loads geometry
Select Mesh under Model in Outline
Note that Preferences are automatically set
for FLUENT, because Meshing was opened
from a FLUENT system.
Introduction to CFD
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Define Boundary and Cell Zones
Create boundary zones using Named
selections.
Select the surface which will
represent the boundary you wish
to set.
Right-click the selection and select
Create Named Selection.
Name the selection and click OK.
You will also need to define the
regions of the flow containing fluid
and solid (if any).
Solids are required for conjugate
heat transfer calculations only.
More details will be presented
later.
velocit
y inlet
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Set Up and Run FLUENT
Edit the Setup cell to set up the model options
Boundary conditions
Solver settings
Solution
Post processing
Once run, the solution can then be either post processed in FLUENT
or data exported to CFD-Post for post processing
Contour and vector plots
Profile plots
Calculation of forces and moments
Animation of unsteady flow results
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Demonstration of FLUENT Software
Start FLUENT (assume the mesh has
already been generated).
Set up a simple problem.
Solve the flow field.
Postprocess the results.
Online help and documentation is
available on each panel by pressing
the help button
Requires that you have the
documentation installed and properly
connected to your web browser.
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Navigating the PC at Fluent
Log in to your workstation
Login name: fluent
Password: fluent
Directories
Tutorial mesh/case/data files can be found in
c:\Student Files\fluent\tut\
We recommend that you save your work into a central working folder:
c:\users
Working folder shown on the desktop is a shortcut to c:\users
To start FLUENT and/or Workbench, use the desktop icons.
Your support engineer will save your work at the end of the week.
It is recommended that you restart FLUENT and/or Workbench for
each tutorial to avoid mixing solver settings from different
workshops.

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