Global Population Formula

P1 = global population today

P0 = previous (last years) global population
B = Births since last year
D = deaths since last year
Fertility: Measures
Crude birth rate (CBR)
CBR = (B/P) x 1000
True fertility: need to account for
a) The number of women in the population, and
b) The number of women of child-bearing age (i.e 15-49)
2. General fertility rate (or fecundity)
GFR = Number of Births/ Population of females 15-49) x 1000
3. TFR (Total fertility rate)
- measures the average number of children a woman will have
- global fertility rate is about 2.6
- replacement rate: how many children a woman would need to have to replace herself and her
partner. Ranges from 2.1-2.5. Our current replacement rate is 2.6.
- Global TFR = 2.6
- Developed world = 1.6
- Developing world = 2.8 (results in population growth)

Factors Affecting Fertility
Biological:
1. Age - if the population is older, there's a lower fertility rate. Visa versa.
2. Nutritional well-being countries in conflict/civil war/famine, all lower their nutritional well-
being and then lower their well being.
Economic:
Economic Development
Cultural:
4. Marriage Ex. Is it okay to have children before marriage? Marriage rates also play a role in
fertility rates.
5. Contraceptive use (incl. abortion) Ex. Abortion being legal/illegal, use of contraceptives
Mortality: Measures
Crude Death Rate:
CDR = (D/P) x 1000
* CDR does not take into account the age of the population. As people get older, they die, and the
CDR does not account for the age of the population.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): (an age adjusted rate)- reflective of the healthiness of a population
IMR = (Deaths from ages 0-1 / Births) x 1000
Life expectancy: the average number of years of life.
V Variations in Mortality/Life Expectancy
Variability of CDR and LE reflects variations in:
1. access to health-care services (free? Availability?)
2. general economic circumstances
3. food supply
4. general environmental conditions i.e. sanitation
Social inequality of health (death)
i.e. native death rates, life expectancy of selected individuals
Population Migration
Population Migration the spatial movement of population, from one place to another

Key issues of interest:
- how many migrants are there (in vs. out)
- where are they going
- are multiple moves being made along their migratory path
Social and cultural process
- immigrants and cultural transfer
Why do people migrate?
- One theory: Push-Pull Factors

Why People Migrate
Economic Ex. Employment, wages, standard of living
Political Ex. Religious and political persecution
Environmental drought, famine

Forced e.g. slavery

Impelled movement where choice is limited
e.g. fleeing from a country in civil war
Free
- e.g.19
th
century Europeans in search of a better life elsewhere 70 million in the 19
th
century
alone
Benefits? Better opportunities elsewhere, reduced population
Limitations today: immigration laws
Illegal
- e.g. Mexican to us