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This document provides an overview of various types of power system stability including rotor angle stability, frequency stability, and voltage stability. It defines each type of stability and discusses considerations for maintaining stability in small island networks with high renewable energy penetration, such as the need for sufficient spinning reserve to regulate frequency and limit deviations following disturbances. Transient and small-signal rotor angle stability, frequency response mechanisms, and voltage stability assessment using QV and PV curves are covered.
Originalbeschreibung:
this presentation explained basic stability theory in power system
This document provides an overview of various types of power system stability including rotor angle stability, frequency stability, and voltage stability. It defines each type of stability and discusses considerations for maintaining stability in small island networks with high renewable energy penetration, such as the need for sufficient spinning reserve to regulate frequency and limit deviations following disturbances. Transient and small-signal rotor angle stability, frequency response mechanisms, and voltage stability assessment using QV and PV curves are covered.
This document provides an overview of various types of power system stability including rotor angle stability, frequency stability, and voltage stability. It defines each type of stability and discusses considerations for maintaining stability in small island networks with high renewable energy penetration, such as the need for sufficient spinning reserve to regulate frequency and limit deviations following disturbances. Transient and small-signal rotor angle stability, frequency response mechanisms, and voltage stability assessment using QV and PV curves are covered.
Prepared for IRENA Workshop, 8 - 12 April 2013, Palau
Fundamentals on Power System Stability 2 Definition of power system stability
Rotor angle stability
Frequency Stability
Voltage stability
Renewable energy integration and stability Overview Fundamentals on Power System Stability 3 What is Power System Stability? Fundamentals on Power System Stability 4 Definition of stability:
Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that practically the entire system remains intact.
Source: IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force on Stability Terms and Definitions, Definition and Classification of Power System Stability, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2004
Power System Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 5 Rotor angle stability (transient stability, small-signal stability)
Frequency stability
Voltage stability (short-term, long-term, small disturbance, large disturbance)
Types of Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 6 Rotor Angle Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 7 What is Rotor Angle? Reference Machine Synchronous Machine 2 Rotor angle Fundamentals on Power System Stability 8 Large signal rotor angle stability (Transient stability) Ability of a power system to maintain synchronism during severe disturbances, e.g. Short circuit fault Loss of generation Large step loading (or loss of load)
Large signal stability depends on system properties and the type of disturbance (not only a system property)
Analysis using time domain simulations Critical fault clearing time
Transient Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 9 Transient Stability Left: Active power (red) and reactive power (green) Right: Generator speed Case 1: Stable 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 [s] 1500.00 1000.00 500.00 0.00 -500.00 -1000.00 G1: Positive-Sequence, Active Power in MW G1: Positive-Sequence, Reactive Power in Mvar 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 [s] 1.013 1.008 1.003 0.998 0.993 0.988 G1: Speed in p.u. 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 [s] 2000.00 1500.00 1000.00 500.00 0.00 -500.00 G1: Positive-Sequence, Active Power in MW G1: Positive-Sequence, Reactive Power in Mvar Fundamentals on Power System Stability 10 Transient Stability Left: Active power (red) and reactive power (green) Right: Generator speed Case 2: Critically Stable 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 [s] 1.0325 1.0200 1.0075 0.9950 0.9825 0.9700 G1: Speed in p.u. Fundamentals on Power System Stability 11 Transient Stability Left: Active power (red) and reactive power (green) Right: Generator speed Case 3: Unstable 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 [s] 1.90 1.70 1.50 1.30 1.10 0.90 G1: Speed in p.u. Fundamentals on Power System Stability 12 Significance of transient stability depends on several factors, e.g.
Distribution of synchronous generation: highly centralised vs highly dispersed
Types of machines and controllers: same type of prime mover, AVR and governor vs completely different types
Highly centralised power systems with generators of the same make / model are typically more robust against transient instability
Transient Stability in Island Networks Fundamentals on Power System Stability 13 Small signal rotor angle stability (Oscillatory stability) Ability of a power system to maintain synchronism under small disturbances
The following oscillatory phenomena are of particular concern: Local modes Inter-area modes Control modes Torsional modes
Analysis using modal / eigenvalue analysis Small Signal Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 14 Small Signal Stability
Td = damping torque Ts = synchronising torque
Fundamentals on Power System Stability 15 Most studies suggest that small-signal stability is not a significant issue
In the EirGrid study [1], increased wind penetration actually improved damping in the oscillatory modes
A study by Potamianakis and Vournas [2], which reflects small systems in the Greek isles, also shows that small-signal stability is not a major issue
Small-Signal Stability in Island Networks Fundamentals on Power System Stability 16 Frequency Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 17 Frequency stability Ability of a power system to compensate for a power deficit
Frequency Stability
Source: EirGrid [1]
Fundamentals on Power System Stability 18 Frequency Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 19 How a typical power system compensates for a power deficit:
1. Inertial reserve (network time constant) Lost power is compensated by the energy stored in rotating masses of all generators -> Frequency decreasing
2. Primary control (1s to 15s): Lost power is compensated by an increase in production of primary controlled units. -> Frequency drop partly compensated
3. Secondary control (15s to 3min): Lost power is compensated by secondary controlled units. Frequency and area exchange flows reestablished
4. Re-Dispatch of Generation
Frequency Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 20 Frequency disturbance following an unbalance in active power
Frequency Deviation according to UCTE design criterion -0,9 -0,8 -0,7 -0,6 -0,5 -0,4 -0,3 -0,2 -0,1 0 0,1 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 dF in Hz t in s Rotor Inertia Dynamic Governor Action Steady State Deviation Frequency Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 21 Effects of off-nominal frequencies:
Resonances in rotating machines causing mechanical vibration damage Overheating of transformer and generator core laminations if Volts/Hz ratio is too high Change in induction machine operating speed Flicker in lighting equipment Time error in AC powered clocks
Frequency Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 22 Frequency Disturbance Example Ireland 2005
Source: Lalor [3]
Fundamentals on Power System Stability 23 Frequency stability is a significant issue in small island grids due to low system inertias
Low system inertia => high sensitivity to frequency deviations Large frequency deviations after a disturbance are more likely Frequency deviations may cause activation of load-shedding, over/under-frequency or ROCOF relays
Frequency Stability in Island Networks Fundamentals on Power System Stability 24 Considerations:
Spinning reserve to cover contingencies and limit frequency deviations More spinning reserve = higher level of contingency that can be suffered by the system without collapse More spinning reserve = more inertia = smaller freq deviations More spinning reserve = higher generator running costs
Minimum loading of thermal generators (e.g. typically 40 60% for diesel generators to avoid cylinder bore glazing)
Frequency Stability in Island Networks Fundamentals on Power System Stability 25 Voltage Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 26 Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance.
Small disturbance voltage stability (Steady-state voltage stability)
Ability to maintain steady voltages when subjected to small disturbances, e.g. increasing load, change in solar PV output
Large signal voltage stability (Dynamic voltage stability)
Ability to maintain steady voltages after following large disturbances, e.g. transmission line trip Voltage Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 27 Small-Signal: - Small disturbance Large-Signal - System fault - Loss of generation Long-Term - PV Curves (load flows) - QV Curves - Long-term dynamic models including tap-changers, var- control, excitation limiters, etc. - PV Curves (load flows) of the faulted state. - Long-term dynamic models including tap-changers, var- control, excitation limiters, etc.
Short-Term - Typically not a problem and not studied - Dynamic models (short-term), special importance on dynamic load modeling, stall effects etc. Voltage Stability - Analysis Fundamentals on Power System Stability 28 Voltage Stability QV and PV Curves 1762.64 1462.64 1162.64 862.64 562.64 262.64 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 x-Achse: SC: Blindlei stung in Mvar SC: Voltage in p.u., P=1400MW SC: Voltage in p.u., P=1600MW SC: Voltage in p.u., P=1800MW SC: Voltage in p.u., P=2000MW P=2000MW P=1800MW P=1600MW P=1400MW D I g S I L E N T 1350.00 1100.00 850.00 600.00 350.00 100.00 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 x-Achse: U_P-Curve: Total Load of selected loads in MW Klemmleiste(1): Voltage in p.u., pf=1 Klemmleiste(1): Voltage in p.u., pf=0.95 Klemmleiste(1): Voltage in p.u., pf=0.9 pf=1 pf=0.95 pf=0.9 D I g S I L E N T V o l t a g e
Active power V o l t a g e
Reactive power Fundamentals of Power System Stability 29 Voltage Stability: Example (PV Curves)
Outage of large generator All generators in service Fundamentals on Power System Stability 30 Voltage instability is mainly caused when a power system cannot meet its demand for reactive power. Problem is much the same for islands as for interconnected grids. Factors influencing voltage stability include:
Weaknesses in the network (subject to local voltage instability) High system loading Distances between generation and load Availability of reactive power support Dynamic effects, e.g. OLTCs, field excitation limiters, SVCs, etc Load characteristics, e.g. induction motors (air-conditioning)
Voltage Stability in Island Networks Fundamentals on Power System Stability 31 Renewable Energy Integration and Stability Fundamentals on Power System Stability 32 Frequency stability: Renewable energy sources are often connected via a converter interface and have no inertia (as seen from the grid) Replacing synchronous generators with sources using a converter interface therefore reduces total system inertia and is more sensitive to frequency deviations Thermal generators may run under minimum load if displaced by renewable energy sources
Potential mitigation measures: Minimum system inertia, i.e. minimum number of synchronous generators online (spinning reserve) Under-frequency load shedding Energy storage with fast response [4] Demand side management (DSM), i.e. smart grid technologies
Renewable Energy Integration Key Stability Issues Fundamentals on Power System Stability 33 Renewable Energy Integration Key Stability Issues
Source: Lalor [3]
No wind FSIG DFIG Fundamentals on Power System Stability 34 Transient stability: Effects of renewable energy integration on transient stability must be assessed on a case-by-case basis and depends more on distribution of synchronous generators and controller types Some past studies indicate that for moderate penetrations e.g. 30 40%, renewable energy sources do not significantly affect transient stability [1]
Potential mitigation measures: Depending on grid characteristics, it may be necessary to limit penetration of renewable energy sources (case-by-case)
Renewable Energy Integration Key Stability Issues Fundamentals on Power System Stability 35 Voltage stability: Renewable energy sources with limited or no reactive power control (e.g. fixed-speed induction wind turbines, household- scale PV inverters) will decrease voltage stability Integrating renewable energy sources into weak parts of the grid can actually improve voltage stability
Potential mitigation measures: Use renewable energy sources that are capable of reactive power control Connect renewable energy sources at weak parts of the grid
Renewable Energy Integration Key Stability Issues Fundamentals on Power System Stability 36 1. EirGrid, All Island TSO Facilitation of Renewables Studies, 2010, http://www.eirgrid.com/renewables/facilitationofrenewables/ 2. Potamianakis, E. G., Vournas, C. D., Modeling and Simulation of Small Hybrid Power Systems, IEEE PowerTech Conference, 2003 3. Lalor, G. R., Frequency control on an island power system with evolving plant mix, PhD Dissertation, 2005 4. Kottick, D., Blau, M., Edelstein, D., Battery energy storage for frequency regulation in an island power system, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol 8 (3), 1993