2006-01-3419

Durable Catalytic Converter Mounting with Protective

and Support Seals
Sivanandi Rajadurai, Shiju Jacob, Chad Serrell, Rob Morin and Zlatomir Kircanski
ACS Industries Inc.
Copyright 2006 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
ABSTRACT
Advanced substrate design, efficient
washcoat/catalyst formulation and robust
packaging are critical elements to assure
performance and durability of catalytic
converters and diesel particulate filters.
Radial seals, axial seals and L-seals made of
knitted wiremesh are used with conventional
mounting systems to provide compressible
and durable support cushions for catalyst and
filter substrates. Axial and radial mounting
forces of the seals are optimized by material
type, seal density, wiremesh strand,
wiremesh surface profile (flat or round),
wiremesh surface characteristics, wiremesh
temper, thermal impacts, and wiremesh
geometry. Compression characteristics of
stainless steel alloy A286 tremendously
increase (>20%) during heat treatment as
precipitation and hardening occurs.
Compression force tends to stabilize during
cycling, retaining a residual force. Radial
seals provide radial mounting pressure and
mat erosion protection. V-seal is an exhaust
gas blocking seal used with stainless steel
knitted wiremesh support to prevent exhaust
gas from bypassing the ceramic monolith in
catalytic converter. L-seals provide
combination of axial and radial mounting
force for the converter whereas axial seals
are designed to provide only axial supports.
L-seals are designed to insert before or after
stuffing the substrates in the converter
assembly.

INTRODUCTION

Close coupled converter systems are
becoming necessary in order to meet Ultra
low emission vehicles (ULEV), Super ultra
low emission vehicles (SULEV) and Partial
zero emission vehicles (PZEV) in gasoline
and Particulate Matter (PM) regulations in
diesel applications (1-6). Since close coupled
converters experience severe operating
environments, advanced mounting concepts
and mounting materials are needed to assure
the life of the converter and filter systems (7-
9). Expanding mats, non-expanding mat and
wiremesh mounting supports are the
commonly used support systems. High flow
engines with turbo chargers and super
chargers and pulsating engines cause
damage and deterioration to mounting
systems. Protective and support seals are
utilized to provide additional mounting
pressure and safety cushions to compensate
this degradation of the mounting system (10-
11).

MOUNTING FORCE
The necessary mounting pressure is
calculated based on the road load, engine
load and the thermal load conditions of the
vehicle. The minimum axial force required to
hold the substrate depends on the mass of
the substrate, the acceleration load, the back
pressure and the substrate frontal surface
area (1-2). This axial force is calculated from
the back pressure force and the inertial force.

Axial Force (F
A
) = Backpressure Force (F
B
) +
Inertial Force (F
I
)

F
A
= (p x A
C
) + (m
s
x a)


The support system should provide more
than the needed compensating force either
axially or radially or by combination of both.
The total mounting force provided by the
mounting support is calculated from the radial
force (F
r
), axial force (F
a
) and friction
coefficient () as described below.
F
T
= F
a
+ F
r
*



Usually the system is mounted with at least
twice or thrice the minimum required
mounting force to accommodate the support
system deterioration due to can deformation
and erosion loss of mounting system by
chemical, mechanical, vibrational and thermal
effects (6-7).

SEAL DESIGN PROCESS
The seal design process flow given in Figure
1 illustrates the sequential engineering steps
involved in the process of concept to
manufacturing.









Figure 1. Seal Product Development Process

The design process starts with the customer
specific inputs such as vehicle information,
engine characteristics, exhaust gas mass
flow rate and thermal profile. Axial and radial
forces, compression behavior and spring
back curves are modeled. The design
optimization criteria and material selection
are based on the customer defined targets
such as radial and axial gap, initial and
residual compression forces, durability,
weight and other seal dimensions. The
prototypes produced and validated using the
optimized soft-tools, give the validation
Product Validation Test
Design
Optimization
Define
Material
Radial and Axial
Pressure
Thermal Model
Product Building
Preliminary Design
Build samples & test
Optimize
Product
Manufacturing
Mechanical
DoE Validation
Hard Tooling
Design Validation Test
Data Targets
Vehicle Mounting P
Engine Gap
Package Ext. Skin Temp
Thermal Durability
Warranty
Cost
Soft Tooling
Customer
Prototype
Input
Physical
Composition/Type
Prototype Building
Manufacturing
DoE Verification
Mounting
Model
Compression
Performance
Simulation
Product Validation Test
Design
Optimization
Define
Material
Radial and Axial
Pressure
Thermal Model
Product Building
Preliminary Design
Build samples & test
Optimize
Product
Manufacturing
Mechanical
DoE Validation
Hard Tooling
Design Validation Test
Data Targets
Vehicle Mounting P
Engine Gap
Package Ext. Skin Temp
Thermal Durability
Warranty
Cost
Soft Tooling
Customer
Prototype
Input
Physical
Composition/Type
Prototype Building
Manufacturing
DoE Verification
Mounting
Model
Compression
Performance
Simulation
Design
Optimization
Define
Material
Radial and Axial
Pressure
Thermal Model
Product Building
Preliminary Design
Build samples & test
Optimize
Product
Manufacturing
Mechanical
DoE Validation
Hard Tooling
Design Validation Test
Data Targets
Vehicle Mounting P
Engine Gap
Package Ext. Skin Temp
Thermal Durability
Warranty
Cost
Soft Tooling
Customer
Prototype
Input
Physical
Composition/Type
Prototype Building
Manufacturing
DoE Verification
Mounting
Model
Compression
Performance
Simulation
comfort level. Verification of Design of
Experiment (DoE) and production validation
(PV) tests are performed on product
produced from the production hard-tool.
SEAL ATTRIBUTES
Seal material is selected based on the axial
and/or radial compression characteristics
required for the mounting system. Variables
such as wire material, wire geometry, wire
density, wiremesh courses per inch, needle
count, number of strands of wire, wiremesh
temper, wiremesh surface profile and surface
friction characteristics are changed to get the
necessary axial and radial compression
spring rates.
SEAL MATERIAL
Stainless Steel UNS # S31000 (SS310),
UNS # S66286 (A286) and the combination
of these are the commonly used seal
materials. Typical physical properties of these
materials are listed in table 1.





Material
A 286 SS 310
Chemical Composition
Nominal Composition
Chromium % 15 24 - 26
Aluminum % 0.2 0
Iron % 56 - 59 48 - 55
Nickel % 26 19 -22
Carbon % 0.08 max 0.25 max
Physical Characteristics
Melting Point (
o
C) 1400 1400
Maximum operating
temperature(
o
C) 982 900
Annealing
Temperature(
o
C) 718 - 982 1040 - 1150
Density (g/cm
3
) 7.91 7.75
Electric resistivity
(ohm-m at 20
o
C) 0.91 0.72
Coeff. Of thermal
expansion (m/m K) 9.17 15.9
Thermal Conductivity
(W/m K) 17.8 14.2
Specific Heat (kJ/kg K) 0.42 0.50
Magnetic Permeability, H 1.01 1.00
Mechanical Properties
Ultimate tensile strength
(MPa) 620 515
Yield Strength (MPa) 275 205
Elongation at rupture (%) 40 40
Table 1. Seal Material Properties
Materials like Inconel 601, NA6 and 3015 are
also studied. A286 and NA6 with high
ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and
low coefficient of thermal expansion provides
high compression force compared to 310.
A286 also provides higher compression
characteristics upon heat treatment at 650C
by precipitation hardening. A combination of
A286 and 310 wiremesh is preferentially used
in applications where higher compression
spring rates are needed. Upon heat treatment
materials like A286 and NA6 precipitates
yielding higher compression characteristics.
Figures 2, 3 and 4 represent effects of heat
treatment on A286 and NA6 wire.
Yield Strength with Heat Treatment
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 100
0
Temp (C)
Y
i
e
l
d

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
A286Soft NA6Soft 310Soft

Figure 2. Effect of heat treatment on Yield
Strength of A286, SS 310 and NA6 wire
Ultimate Tensile Strength with Heat Treatment
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 100
0
Temp (C)
U
T
S

(
M
P
a
)
A286Soft NA6Soft 310Soft
Figure 3. Effect of heat treatment on
Ultimate Yield Strength of A286, SS 310 and
NA6 wire
Elongation with Heat Treatment
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 100
0
Temp (C)
E
l
o
n
g
a
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
A286Soft NA6Soft 310Soft
Figure 4. Effect of heat treatment on
Elongation of A286, SS 310 and NA6 wire

COMPRESSION CHARACTERISTICS
The compression characteristics of the seals
both axial and radial are measured using
computer controlled Instron 5882 with
BlueHill 2 software. The equipment with
heated platen test assembly is shown in
figure 5.

Figure 5. Instron with Heated Platen

RADIAL SEAL
Radial seals provide radial mounting
pressure. In some special applications,
radial seals also provides erosion protection
and leak protection.
Z seal is another type of radial seal. Z
seals are designed with the cross section
rotated outward by 30 degree so the leading
edge circumference is larger than the
monolith and the trailing edge smaller.
During installation, the trailing edge
stretches, this rotates the seal 30 degree so
it sits square on the monolith. Thus, the
stretched trailing edge grips the monolith
tightly holding the seal in place during
converter assembly. Z-seals are made up of
50% round and 50% flat wires in alternate
layers. This creates torturous path for the
exhaust gas to flow, so no defined gas
velocity occurs at the mat surface to cause
erosion. The effectiveness of the z-seal
increases due to the incorporation of flat
wire as the exhaust velocity increases. Z-
seals are used in close coupled and
manifold mounted converters with inlet gas
temperature upto 1050 C. The statistical
compression range of z-seals can be varied
with seal density and material characteristics
to match the iso-static strength of the
ceramic substrate.
Figure 6. Representative Radial Seal
Radial Seal
Compression Pressure at 3.5 mm Gap 10 Cycles
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cycle
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
a
)
310 SS A286R & 310F

Figure 7. Cyclic Compression Pressure of
Radial Seal made of SS 310 and A286
Round & SS 310 Flat wire

Radial Seal Compression Pressure
for Different Seal Density
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Gap (mm)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
a
)
10.25g 11g 12 g 14g

Figure 8. Compression Pressure of Radial
Seal with Seal Density

Radial Compression Test
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
5
.
0
4
.
8
4
.
6
4
.
4
4
.
2
4
.
0
3
.
8
3
.
6
3
.
4
3
.
2
3
.
0
2
.
8
2
.
6
2
.
4
2
.
2
2
.
0
Gap (mm)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
a
)
310 SS Inconel 601

Figure 9. Z-seal Compression Curve for
Stainless Steel 310 and Inconel 601
Radial Compression Test
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
5
.
0
4
.
8
4
.
6
4
.
4
4
.
2
4
.
0
3
.
8
3
.
6
3
.
4
3
.
2
3
.
0
2
.
8
2
.
6
2
.
4
2
.
2
2
.
0
Gap (mm)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
a
)
0.15 mm 0.22 mm

Figure 10. Compression Pressure
Comparison of Z-seal made of Inconel 601
with wire diameters 0.15 mm and 0.2 2 mm

10 Cycle Radial Compression Curve
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
7
.
0
6
.
3
5
.
6
4
.
9
4
.
2
3
.
5
4
.
2
3
.
5
4
.
2
3
.
5
4
.
2
3
.
5
4
.
2
3
.
5
4
.
2
3
.
5
4
.
2
3
.
5
4
.
2
3
.
5
4
.
2
3
.
5
4
.
2
3
.
5
4
.
2
Gap
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
a
)
before heat treatment after heat treatment 650C, 15 mins

Figure 11. Cyclic Compression Curve of Z-
seal made of A286 wire before and after heat
treatment

V-SEAL
V-seal is an exhaust gas blocking seal used
with stainless steel knitted wiremesh support
to prevent exhaust gas from bypassing the
ceramic monolith in the converter (10). The
seal contain 50% round wire on the inside
and 50% flattened wire on the outer sealing
surface. During the assembly, V-seals are
pressed onto the monolith, deflecting the
inner seal wall outward and locking the seal
on the monolith. The seal support is ideally
suited for the cold hold environment of
downstream underbody converters where
wiremesh mounting systems are used since
this location does not require a high
temperature thermal curing cycle. The leak
rate measurement performed at a pressure
differential of 13.4 kPa using a monolith 80
mm X 120 mm cross section ranged from
40,000 to 51000 cc/min which is within the
specification 55600 cc/min. The V-seal
exhaust gas blocking efficiencies is found to
be 95% to 99%. The following graph shows
the compression curve of a V-seal made of
Stainless Steel 310 flat and round wire.

Figure 12. Representative V-Seal

V-Seal Compression Curve
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
7
.
0
6
.
7
6
.
5
6
.
2
6
.
0
5
.
7
5
.
5
5
.
2
5
.
0
4
.
7
4
.
4
4
.
2
Gap (mm)
k
P
a

Figure 13. V-seal Compression Curve

AXIAL SEAL
Axial seals are designed to provide axial
support to the converter mounting system.
Axial seals are usually made of round wires
to provide more gas permeation in the front
surface of the seal.


Figure 14. DPF with Axial Seal

Compression Curve of Axial Seal
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
1
1
.
0
1
0
.
8
1
0
.
6
1
0
.
4
1
0
.
2
1
0
.
0
9
.
8
9
.
6
9
.
4
9
.
2
9
.
0
8
.
8
8
.
6
8
.
4
8
.
2
8
.
0
7
.
8
7
.
6
7
.
4
7
.
2
7
.
0
6
.
8
6
.
6
6
.
4
6
.
2
6
.
0
Gap (mm)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
a
)
Design 1 Design 2

Figure 15. Single Cycle Compression
Pressure Comparison for 2 designs of Axial
Seal
100 Cycl es Axi al Compressi on of Axi al Seal , 5.8 to 6.4 mm Gap
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8
Gap (mm)
F
o
r
c
e

(
k
N
)
Design 1

Figure 16. Axial Seal 100 cycle Compression
100 Cycles Compression Curve of Axial Seal, 5.8 to 6.4 mm Gap
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.4 5.8
Gap (mm)
F
o
r
c
e

(
k
N
)
Design 2

Figure 17. Axial Seal 100 cycle Compression
with alternate wiremesh surface profile

L-SEAL
L-seal is an L shaped edge protection
made up of wiremesh material providing
radial and axial support to the substrate. The
design dimension of L-seal is given in
Figure18.
Figure 18. L-Seal Design Dimension

Figure 19. DPF with L-seal
L-seals are designed to provide axial and
radial support to the converter mounting
system. L-seals are mainly used in diesel
particulate filters where the conventional
mounting systems are not able to provide
sufficient mounting force to handle the on-
road vehicle dynamics (11). Half flat and
round wire combinations are used to
minimize the leak rate on the radial gap of the
seal. All round wires are used to provide
more gas permeation in the front face of the
substrate. L-seal overall length, leg length,
radial gap, axial gap and axial width are
optimized along with other material attributes.

Radial Compression Pressure
for L-seal made of A286
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1
0
.
0
9
.
6
9
.
2
8
.
8
8
.
4
8
.
0
7
.
6
7
.
2
6
.
8
6
.
4
6
.
0
5
.
6
5
.
2
4
.
8
4
.
4
4
.
0
Gap (mm)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
1
0
0

x

k
P
A
)
0.15 mm 0.20 mm

Figure 20. Effect of wire diameter on Radial
Compression Pressure of L-seal made of
A286 material

L-seal Radial Compression Pressure
with Heat Treatment, Material A286, Wire Diameter 0.2 mm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1
0
9
.
6
9
.
2
8
.
8
8
.
48
7
.
6
7
.
2
6
.
8
6
.
46
5
.
6
5
.
2
4
.
8
4
.
44
Gap (mm)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
1
0
0

x

k
P
A
)
A286R0078 Amb A286R0078 650C A286R0078 1000C

A = LEG LENGTH
B = RADIAL GAP
C = OVERALL LEG LENGTH
D = AXIAL WIDTH
E = AXIAL HEIGHT
F = DIAGONAL WIDTH



Diesel Particulate
Filter

Mounting Support

B
D
A E
L-
F
C
Figure 21. Effect of heat treatment on Radial
Compression Pressure of L-seal made of
A286 material
Axial Compression Curve of L-seal
Effect of Wire Diameter
Material NA6 Heat Treated at 650C
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0
Gap(mm)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
a
)
0.15mm 0.17mm
Figure 22. Effect of wire diameter on Axial
Compression Pressure of L-seal made of
NA6 material
As L-seal is not mounted through the entire
lateral surface of the substrate, axial
contribution needs to be maximized to meet
the mounting requirement.
Axial Compression Curve of L-seal
Effect of Material
Wire Diameter 0.15 mmHeat Treated 650C
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0
Gap(mm)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
a
)
A286 NA6
Figure 23. Comparative Axial Compression
Curves of NA6 and A286 L-seal
The axial pressure is measured before and
after heat treatment on L-seal made of A286,
NA6 and A286 Half Hard (HH) & SS 310 flat
wires and their combinations. Substantial
increase is found on heating at 650
o
C for 15
minutes. This clearly shows the precipitation
of A286 and NA6.
Axial Compression Curve of L-seal
Material A286
Wire Diameter 0.15 mm
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0
Gap(mm)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
a
)
Ambient 650C 750C 1000C
Figure 24. Effect of heat treatment on Axial
Compression Pressure of L-seal made of
A286 material
Axial Compression Curve of L-seal
Material NA6
Wire Diameter 0.15 mm
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0
Gap(mm)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
a
)
Ambient 650C 750C 1000C
Figure 25. Effect of heat treatment on Axial
Compression Pressure of L-seal made of
NA6 material
The 10 and 100 cycle cold compression
forces are measured to understand the spring
back coefficient and to determine the residual
force. The spring rate of representative L-seal
at a defined axial closing gap is presented in
figure 26. The differential loss of force during
cycling at different closing gaps are
calculated. The seal is holding the same
spring characteristic at different closing gaps
retaining the elastic function.
100 Cycle Axial Compression of L-seal
Material A286
Wire Diameter 0.15 mm
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
1
2
.0
9
.5
7
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
5
.5
5
.0
Gap(mm)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
a
)
5.5to 5.0mmgap, 100cycle
Figure 26. Cyclic Axial Compression Curve of
L-seal
PUSH IN/OUT TEST
900/2.5 Cordierite substrate with two Z-seals
was stuffed using the Instron (figure 27). The
force to dislodge the substrate from its
mounting position is measured to calculate
the mounting pressure provided by the Z-
seal. This is represented in figure 28.
Figure 27. Push In test
Figure 28. Push Out Test
Z-Seal Push Out Test
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1
5
0
1
4
8
1
4
6
1
4
4
1
4
2
1
4
0
1
3
8
1
3
6
1
3
4
1
3
2
1
3
0
1
2
8
1
2
6
1
2
4
1
2
2
1
2
0
1
1
8
1
1
6
1
1
4
1
1
2
1
1
0
1
0
8
1
0
6
1
0
4
1
0
2
1
0
0
9
8
9
6
9
4
9
2
9
0
8
8
8
6
8
4
8
2
8
0
7
8
7
6
7
4
Displacement (mm)
F
o
r
c
e

(
N
)
Push Out
First seal
is pushed out
Second seal
is pushed out
Figure 29. Push Out Force
PROCESS CAPABILITY
Seal manufacturing process capability is
studied to ensure the dimensional
consistency. The process capability of axial
height of L-seal is given in figure 30. The Cp
and Cpk values show the process is more
than capable.
11.2 10.8 10.4 10.0 9.6 9.2 8.8
LSL Target USL
LSL 8.5
Target 10
USL 11.5
Sample Mean 9.8938
Sample N 50
StDev(Between) 0.0773192
StDev(Within) 0.233203
StDev(B/W) 0.245686
StDev(Overall) 0.245899
Process Data
Cp 2.04
CPL 1.89
CPU 2.18
Cpk 1.89
Pp 2.03
PPL 1.89
PPU 2.18
Ppk 1.89
Cpm 1.87
Overall Capability
B/WCapability
PPM < LSL 0.00
PPM > USL 0.00
PPM Total 0.00
Observed Performance
PPM < LSL 0.01
PPM > USL 0.00
PPM Total 0.01
Exp. B/WPerformance
PPM < LSL 0.01
PPM > USL 0.00
PPM Total 0.01
Exp. Overall Performance
B/W
Overall
L-seal Capability Analysis of Axial Height

Figure 30. Statistical Analysis of Axial Height
PRODUCT VALIDATION
Converters are validated to meet the thermo
mechanical and road load conditions.
Accelerated test conditions are established to
ensure the life time survivability. Ambient and
hot vibration, water quench and oscillation
load tests are usually performed to simulate
the vehicle road load conditions. Z-seal, Axial
seal and L-seal mounted systems passed the
required accelerated test conditions without
field failures.
CONCLUSIONS
Seal mounting support used in converter
provides cushion to accommodate the linear
tolerance of the substrate and the cone and
also the necessary axial and radial mounting
forces.
Axial and radial mounting forces
provided by the seals are altered by
type of material, surface
characteristics, heat treatment and
wire geometry.
The compression characteristics of
A286 tremendously increase (>20%)
during heat treatment as
precipitation and hardening occurs.
Seal compression force tends to
stabilize during cycling, retaining a
residual force.
Radial seals can provide radial
mounting pressure and erosion
protection
L-seals and axial seals can be
designed to insert along or after
stuffing
L-seal provides combination of axial
and radial mounting force for the
converter.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge Steven Buckler,
Scott Mackenzie, Ray Scoboria and Jeff
Buckler of ACS Industries Inc. for their
valuable support.
NOMENCLATURE
A
C
substrate frontal surface area
a acceleration
F
A
minimum required axial force
F
a
axial force contribution of seal
F
r
radial force contribution of seal
F
T
total mounting force provided by seal
F
B
backpressure force
F
I
inertial force
m
s
mass of the substrate
friction coefficient
p pressure drop across converter/filter

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