Chapter 3

Movements in Animals and Plants

Locomotion
Locomotion is the ability to move from one place to another in search of
food, shelter, mating, etc.
The cells of human body exhibit amoeboid, ciliary, and muscular types of
movements.
1. Amoeboid movement Example: leucocytes present in the
blood
2. Ciliary movement Example: passage of ova through fallopian
tube
3. Muscular movement Example: movement of limbs, jaws, and
tongue.
Movement in Other Animals
Hydra it shows movement with the help of its tentacles. In looping
movement it bends and touches the surface with its tentacles. After
that foot also looses its hold and in this way hydra moves forth. In
somersaulting movement the hydra takes a somersault to move
forth.
Earthworm - It moves by alternate extension and contraction of the
body using muscles. It has bristles connected to muscles that help in
gripping the ground.
Snail - It moves with the help of a muscular foot.
Cockroach - It has distinct muscles for moving and also has two pairs
of wings.
Birds - The bones of hind limbs are used for walking and perching and
the bones of forelimbs are modified as wings.
Fish - It has streamlined body shape, fins, and tail that help in
movement.
Snake - It slithers on ground by looping sideways. The bones and
muscles help in movement.
Skeletal System
The human skeleton is made up of bones, tendons, ligaments and
cartilages.
The human skeleton consists of skull, rib cage, backbone, shoulder
bones, and pelvic bones.
It protects many internal organs and also gives shape to the body and
helps in its movement.
Tendons connect muscles to the bones
Ligaments hold two bones together at joints
Cartilage found wherever two bones come together and prevent their
rubbing together.


Movement
Alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles helps in the movement
of bones.
The muscles work in pairs to move a bone.
There are different types of joints in our body that help in movement.
Joints
The places where two parts of our body seem to be joined are known as
joints.
For example, elbow, shoulder, neck, etc.
Types of Joints
Ball and Socket Joint
1. This joint allows movement in all directions.
2. Example - shoulder joint
Pivotal Joint
1. This joint allows only forward and backward movement.
2. Example - neck joint
Hinge Joint
1. This joint allows only back and forth movement.
2. Example - knee joint
Fixed Joint
1. The bones at this joint cannot move.
2. Example - skull joint
Movement in Plants
Plants show tropic movement and nastic movement.
In tropic movement plant either moves towards or away from the
stimulus. The movement could be phototropic (towards/away from
light), geotropism (gravity stimulated), thigmotropism (touch
stimulated) or hydrotropism (moisture stimulated)
Nastic movements occur in response to environment stimulus but they
are different from the tropic movements since the direction of response
is not dependent on the direction of stimulus.


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