Analytical Model of Reinforced Cement Concrete

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology
IJAET/Vol. I/ Issue I/April-June, 2010/46-58

Research Article

ANALYTICAL MODEL OF REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
BEAM USING GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER
*1
Prof. Parikh Kaushal. B. ,
2
Dr. Modhera Chetan. D.

Address for correspondence
*1
Department of Applied Mechanics, Government Engineering College, Surat, Gujarat,
India & Research scholar, Department of Applied Mechanics, SVNIT, Surat
E-mail: kbp1977@yahoo.co.in
2
Department of Applied Mechanics, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of
Technology, Surat, India
Email: cdmodhera@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
World wide, a great deal of research is currently being conducted concerning the use of
fiber reinforced laminates/sheets in the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete
members. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) application is a very effective way to repair
and strengthen structures that have become structurally weak over their life span. FRP
repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional repair system and
materials. Analytical investigations on the flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened
using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer sheets are carried out by using ATENA
software. The effect of number of layers of sheet on ultimate load carrying capacity and
failure mode of the beams are investigated.
KEYWORDS Beam, Glass fiber reinforced polymer sheet; reinforced cement concrete
beam, finite element modelling; ATENA.

INTRODUCTION
Glass fiber reinforced polymer laminates
are increasingly being applied for the
rehabilitation and strengthening of
infrastructure in lieu of traditional repair
techniques such as steel plates bonding.
FRP plates have many advantages over
steel plates in this application, and their
use can be extended to situations where
it would be impossible or impractical to
use steel. For example, FRP plates are
lighter than steel plates of equivalent
strength, which eliminates the need for
temporary support for the plates while

the adhesive gains strength. Also, since
FRP plates used for external bonding are
relatively thin, neither the weight of the
structure nor its dimensions are
signicantly increased. The latter may be
important for bridges and tunnels with
limited headroom, or when
strengthening in two directions. In
addition, FRP plates can easily be cut to
length on site. These various factors in
combination make installation much
simpler and quicker than when using
steel plates. This is particularly
advantageous for bridges due to the high


costs of lane closures and possession
times on major highways and railway
lines.
Equally important is the fact that the
materials used to manufacture FRP
plates (i.e., bres and resin) are durable
if correctly specied, and hence
requirements for maintenance are low. If
the materials are damaged in service, it
is relatively simple to repair them, by
bonding an additional layer. In addition
to plates, various types of bres are
available in the form of fabrics, which
can be bonded to the concrete surface.
The chief advantage of fabrics over
plates is that they can be wrapped
around curved surfaces, for example
around columns and chimneys, or
completely around the sides and soft of
beams. Experience has shown that
exhaustive testing is a very expensive
and time-consuming process and in
recent years more emphasis has placed
on numerical simulation complement
testing. The development of high speed
computers and more sophisticated non-
linear constitutive material models
capable of simulating exactly what
happens experimentally has helped to
make this transition. This paper presents
an analytical model of reinforced cement
concrete beam wrapped by glass
reinforced polymer sheet by using
ATENA software. This research article
has been published for pursing Ph.D of
first author.
MATERIAL MODELLING
Concrete
In ATENA, concrete can be modelled as
3DNonlinear Cementitious. In this set of
parameters is generated based on codes
and recommendations. This Fracture-
plastic model combines constitutive
models for tensile (fracturing) and
compressive (plastic) behavior. The
fracture model is based on the classical
orthotropic smeared crack formulation
and crack band model. The material
CC3DNonLinCementitious2 assumes a
hardening regime before the
compressive strength is reached and
purely incremental formulation is used.
Concrete in compression is considered to
be a strain softening material. Any
parameter can be changed by editing the
contents of its numerical field. The
nonlinear behavior of concrete in the
biaxial stress state is described by means
of the so-called effective stress
c
ef
, and
the equivalent uniaxial strain
eq
.The
effective stress is in most cases a
principal stress. The numbers of the
diagram parts in Fig. 1 (material state
numbers) are used in the results of the


analysis to indicate the state of damage
of concrete.

Fig. 1: Uniaxial stress-strain law of
concrete
The above defined stress-strain relation
is used to calculate the elastic modulus
for the material stiffness matrices. The
secant modulus is calculated as
.
The behavior of concrete in tension
without cracks is assumed linear elastic.
A fictitious crack model based on a
crack-opening law and fracture energy is
used for crack opening.

Fig. 2: Exponential crack opening law
The softening model is used as
exponential crack opening law as shown
in the Fig. 2, where, W is the crack
opening, Wc is the crack opening at the
complete release of stress, f is the
normal stress in the crack (crack
cohesion). Gf is the fracture energy
needed to create a unit area of stress-free
crack, ft is the effective tensile strength
derived from a failure function.
The softening law in compression is
linearly descending. The fictitious
compression plane model is used which
based on the assumption, that
compression failure is localized in a
plane normal to the direction of
compressive principal stress.

Fig. 3: softening displacement law in
compression.
In case of compression, the end point of
the softening curve is defined by means
of the plastic displacement wd. In this
way, the energy needed for generation of
a unit area of the failure plane is
indirectly defined.
The material stiffness matrix for the
uncracked concrete has the form of an
elastic matrix of the isotropic material. It


is written in the global coordinate system
x and y.

In the above E is the concrete elastic
modulus derived from the equivalent
uniaxial law. The Poisson's ratio is
constant.

Fig. 4: Failure surface of interface
element
For the cracked concrete the matrix has
the form of the elastic matrix for the
orthotropic material. The stiffness matrix
has given by

The stresses in concrete are obtained
using the actual secant component
material stiffness matrix

Where is the secant material
stiffness matrix for the uncracked or
cracked concrete depending on the
material state.

Fig. 5: Typical interface model
behavior in (a) shear and (b) tension
Following are the parameters have been
used for the constitutive model for the
generation of the model.
The formulas for these functions are
taken from the CEB-FIP Model Code
90.
Interface material model
Here interface material model can be
used to simulate contact between two
materials such as concrete and glass
fiber reinforced polymer sheet.
The interface material is based on Mohr-
Coulomb criterion with tension cut off.
The constitutive relation is given in


terms of tractions on interface planes and
relative sliding and opening
displacements.

Linear bond-slip relationship for the
interface is assumed in both tangential
and normal directions as shown in fig.
5(a) and (b).
The ktt and knn denote the initial elastic
normal and shear stiffness respectively.
The contact between surface and glass
fiber reinforced polymer sheet
considered as 3D interface having zero
thickness. To estimate the stiffness value
ATENA uses the following formulas

Where E and G is minimal elastic
modulus and shear modulus respectively
of the surrounding material, t is the
width of the interface zone.
Reinforcement material model
Reinforcement is modeled as smeared.
The smeared reinforcement is a
component of composite material and
can be considered either as a single (only
one-constituent) material in the element
under consideration or as one of the
more such constituents. The smeared
reinforcement can be an element with
concrete containing one or more
reinforcements. Here the bilinear stress-
strain is assumed for all reinforcement as
shown in the fig. 6.

Fig. 6: the bilinear stress-strain law
for reinforcement.
The initial elastic part has the elastic
modulus of steel Es. The second line
represents the plasticity of the steel with
hardening and its slope is the hardening
modulus Esh. The CEB-FIB model code
1990, bond slip law is used for the bond
between concrete and reinforcement.
And
Glass fibre polymer sheet (GFRP)
model
Here GFRP material is modelled as 3D
elastic isotropic i.e. FRP plate was
assumed to behave elastically up to
rupture, the idealized stress-strain curve
is presented in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7: linear stress strain relation
for GFRP.


Table: 1 Parameters to be used in the model
Parameter Formula
Cylinder Strength
Tensile strength

Initial elastic modulus
Poisson's ratio
Softening compression
Type of tension softening

Compressive strength in cracked concrete
Tension stiffening stress
Shear retention factor variable
Tension-compression function type linear
Fracture energy Gf according to VOS 1983
Orientation factor for strain localization

Fig. 8:Geometry of (a) ccisobrick<...> elements. and (b) ccisotetra<...> elements.

Fig. 9:Geometry of ccisogap<.> elements for interface elements


Table 2 : Geometrical and Mechanical data of the experimental R/C beam
Author(s) Index
L
(mm)
l
(mm)
b
(mm)
h
(mm)
A
sc
(mm
2
)
A
st

(mm
2
)
A
sv
(mm
2
)
S
v

(mm)
N. Dash F1 2300 2000 200 250 56.6 226.2 56.6 150
F2 2300 2000 200 250 56.6 226.2 56.6 150
F3 2300 2000 200 250 56.6 226.2 56.6 115
A. Parghi et.
al
1 1200 1000 150 200 100.5 100.5 56.6 115
2 1200 1000 150 200 100.5 100.5 56.6 115
3 1200 1000 150 200 100.5 100.5 56.6 115
4 1200 1000 150 200 100.5 100.5 56.6 115
Sing-Ping
Chiew et. al
A1 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
A2 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
A3 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
A4 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
A5 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
A6 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
B1 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
B2 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
B3 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
B4 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
B5 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
B6 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150

Where L = total length of beam, l = effective span of beam, b = width of beam, h =
depth of beam, A
st
= Area of tension reinforcement, A
sc
= Area of compression
reinforcement, A
sv
= Area of vertical stirrups, S
v
= spacing of stirrups, f
y1
= yield
strength of main, reinforcement, f
y2
= yield strength of stirrups, E
s1
= young modulas
of main, reinforcement, E
s2
= young modulas of stirrups, f
ck
= compressive strength
of concrete, l
1
= length between two loading point, l
2
= length from loading point to
support, l
3
= length from loading point to laminate, t = thickness of glass fiber
reinforced polymer sheet, E
g
= young modulas of glass fiber reinforced polymer
sheet



Continue Table 2
depth of beam, A
st
sc
reinforcement, A
sv
v
y1
= yield
y2
s1
= young modulas
s2
ck
of concrete, l
1
2
support, l
3
g
sheet.

Author(s) Index
f
ck

(MPa)
f
y1
(MPa)
E
s1
(MPa)
f
y2
(MPa)
E
s2
(MPa)
N. Dash F1 31 437 2.10 x 10
5
240 2.10 x 10
5

F2 31 437 2.10 x 10
5
240 2.10 x 10
5

F3 31 437 2.10 x 10
5
240 2.10 x 10
5

A. Parghi et al. 1 29 415 2.10 x 10
5
250 2.10 x 10
5

2 29 415 2.10 x 10
5
250 2.10 x 10
5

3 29 415 2.10 x 10
5
250 2.10 x 10
5

4 29 415 2.10 x 10
5
250 2.10 x 10
5

Sing-Ping Chiew
et. al
A1 41.4 516 2.06 x 10
5
560 2.03 x 10
5

A2 41.4 516 2.06 x 10
5
560 2.03 x 10
5

A3 41.4 516 2.06 x 10
5
560 2.03 x 10
5

A4 41.4 516 2.06 x 10
5
560 2.03 x 10
5

A5 41.4 516 2.06 x 10
5
560 2.03 x 10
5

A6 41.4 516 2.06 x 10
5
560 2.03 x 10
5

B1 41.4 516 2.06 x 10
5
560 2.03 x 10
5

B2 41.4 516 2.06 x 10
5
560 2.03 x 10
5

B3 41.4 516 2.06 x 10
5
560 2.03 x 10
5

B4 41.4 516 2.06 x 10
5
560 2.03 x 10
5

B5 41.4 516 2.06 x 10
5
560 2.03 x 10
5

B6 41.4 516 2.06 x 10
5
560 2.03 x 10
5



Author(s) Index
t
(mm)
l
1

(mm)
l
2

(mm)
l
3

(mm)
E
g

(MPa)
Remarks
N. Dash F1 -- 667 667 -- -- Control Beam
F2 2.2 667 667 667 11310 Wrapping on bottom
F3 2.2 667 667 667 11310
Wrapping on bottom
& side up to NA
A. Parghi 1 -- 333 333 333 --- Control Beam
2 1.2 333 333 333 --- Single layer
3 2.4 333 333 333 --- Two layer
4 3.6 333 333 333 --- Three layer
Sing-Ping Chiew
et. al
A1 -- 1000 800 -- -- Control Beam
A2 1.7 1000 800 750 27000 Single layer
A3 3.4 1000 800 750 27000 Two layer
A4 5.1 1000 800 750 27000 Three layer
A5 1.7 1000 800 600 27000
Single layer with less
length of wrapping
A6 1.7 1000 800 450 27000
length of wrapping
B1 -- 400 1100 -- -- Control beam
B2 1.7 400 1100 1050 27000 Single layer
B3 3.4 400 1100 1050 27000 Two layer
B4 5.1 400 1100 1050 27000 Three layer
B5 1.7 400 1100 900 27000
length of wrapping
B6 1.7 400 1100 750 27000
length of wrapping

depth of beam, A
st
sc
reinforcement, A
sv
v
y1
= yield
y2
s1
= young modulas
s2
ck
of concrete, l
1
2
support, l
3
g
sheet.


Fig. 9: Geometry of ccisogap<.> elements for interface elements.

Fig. 10: Typical finite element model of gfrp sheet strength beam

FINITE ELEMENT:
Here in concrete, support, loading steel
plates and glass fibre sheet brick element
as well as tetra element is used from the
ATENA library. For the interface
element Gap element is used from the
ATENA library as shown in fig. 8 and
fig. 9.
FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR
BEAM
Using finite element programme of non
linear analysis ATENA software,
analytical model for beam having glass
fiber reinforced polymer has been
developed. Fig. 10 shows typical finite
element model of beam with using glass
fiber reinforced polymer sheet. The
validation of this model has been carried
by various available literature
experimental data. The geometrical and
mechanical data of experimental
reinforced concrete beam of various
researches are shown in table 2.

Fig.11:Graph of load v/s deflection of
beam [Nishikant Dash]


Table 3: Comparison of results of analytical model with available experimental
results
Author(s) Index
Model results
/Ultimate load
(KN)
Test results
/Ultimate
Load (KN)
Relative
Error
(%)
Remarks
N. Dash F1 79.5 78 1.92 Control Beam
F2 97.5 104 -6.25
Wrapping on
bottom
F3 110.3 112 -1.52
Wrapping on
bottom & side up
to NA
A. Parghi et
al.
1 63.4 60 5.67 Control Beam
2 90.8 88 3.18 Single layer
3 108.9 100 8.90 Two layer
4 126.8 120 5.67 Three layer
Sing-Ping
Chiew et. al
A1 159 163 -2.45 Control Beam
A2 200.6 203.5 -1.43 Single layer
A3 219 219.3 -0.14 Two layer
A4 236.2 238.5 -0.96 Three layer
A5 190.4 196 -2.86
Single layer with
less length of
wrapping
A6 192.5 204.8 -6.00
Single layer with
less length of
wrapping
B1 118 122 -3.28 Control beam
B2 156 146.2 6.70 Single layer
B3 163 152 5.90 Two layer
B4 187 176.9 5.70 Three layer
B5 140.8 144 -2.22
Single layer with
less length of
wrapping
B6 136.7 145.6 -6.11
Single layer with
less length of
wrapping



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Using the finite element model of beam
the following results and graphs were
obtained. The graphs are as shown in fig.
11 to14.

Fig. 12: Finite element model - graph
of load v/s deflection of beam
[A Parghi et. al]
It is very much clear from the graphs
that glass fiber reinforced polymer sheet
enhances the flexural strength of
reinforced concrete beam.
of load v/s deflection of beam
[Sing-Ping chiew et al.]

of load v/s deflection of beam [Sing-
Ping chiew et al.]

The following table 3 shows the
comparison of ultimate load received
from the finite element model and
available experimental researches.
From the above table it is very much
clear that the generated model accurately
accesses the flexural strength of beam
wrapped with glass fiber reinforced
polymer sheet.
CONCLUSION
This paper presents a numerical
modelling technique for FRP plate
strengthened RC beams by using type of
3D interface element in a standard
finite element analysis of ATENA
software. It is assumed that the bond
development along the interface is
related to the relative slip between the
concrete surface and the FRP plate.
Comparison of the analytical results with
the published experimental data shows


that the proposed finite element model
with interface element can predict the
load deflection response of the
strengthened beam reasonably well, and
is less sensitive to variation of concrete
tensile strength.
REFRENCES

[1] K.B. Parikh and C.D. Modhera,
Application of glass fibre reinforced
polymer to structural components A
state of art review, International
Conference on Advances in Concrete,
Structural and Geotechnical
Engineering, BITS, Pilani (India),
October 25-27, 2009, pp. 1-10
[2] C.Arya, J.L. Clarke, E.A. Kay and P.D.
ORegan, TR 55 : Design Guidance for
Strengthening Concrete Structures Using
Fibre Composite Materials: A Review,
Engineering Structures, Vol. 24, 2002,
pp. 889-900.
[3] K.B. Parikh, M.M. Shirgar, K.M. Shiraj
and C.D. Modhera, Analytical Work on
Beam by Using GFRP Laminates,
International conferences in advances in
materials and techniques in civil
engineering, VLBJECT, Coimbatore
(India), January 07-09, 2010, pp. 67-79.
[4] K.B. Parikh, M.M. Shirgar, K.M. Shiraj
and C.D. Modhera, Experimental Work
on Beam by using GFRP Laminates, A
national conference on current trends on
research and development in civil and
environment engineering An Indian
perspective, SVIT, Vasad (India),
January 21-22, 2010, pp. 1-8
[5] W.F. Wong, S.P. Chiew and Q. Sun,
Flexural Strength of RC Beams
Strengthened with FRP Plate, FRP
Composites of Civil Engineering, Vol. 1,
J.G. Tang (Ed), 2001, pp. 633-640.
[6] Sing-Ping Chiew, Qin Sun and Yi Yu,
flexural Strength of RC Beams with
GFRP laminates, Journal of composites
for Construction, Vol. 11, No. 5,
October 2007, pp. 497-506.
[7] Nishikant Dash, Strengthening of
Reinforced Concrete Beams using Glass
Fiber Reinforced Polymer composites,
M.Tech Thesis, NIT, Rourkela (India),
2009, pp. 1-145.
[8] K.J. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures
In Engineering Analysis, Prentice-
Hall, Inc.
[9] O.C. Zienkiewicz and R.L. Taylor, The
Finite Element Method, McGraw-Hill
Book Company.
[10] CEB-FIP Model Code 1990, First
Draft, Comitte Euro-International du
Beton, Bulletin dinformation, No.
195-196.
[11] V. Cervenka, Constitutive Model
for Cracked Reinforced Concrete,
American concrete Institute Journal,
Vol. 82, No. 6, Nov. Dec. 1985, pp.
877-882.
[12] V. Cervenka and j. Cervenka,
ATENA Theory, Documentation
available with software.

Analytical Model of Reinforced Cement Concrete

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

IJAET/Vol. I/ Issue I/April-June, 2010/46-58

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