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INDUCTION MOTORS
Group members:
1) Haji
2) Ali
3) Ahmad
4) Adeel
5) Jawad
6) Babar
7) Muneeb
8) GM
9) Umer
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ELECTRIC MOTOR
An electric motor is an electromechanical
device that converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy.
The mechanical energy can be used to
perform work such as rotating a pump
impeller, fan, blower, driving a compressor,
lifting materials etc.
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CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORS
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TYPES OF AC MOTORS
Electrical current reverses direction
Two parts: stator and rotor
Stator: stationary electrical component
Rotor: rotates the motor shaft
Speed difficult to control
Two types:
Synchronous motor
Induction motor
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AC MOTOR: INDUCTION MOTOR
Most common motors in industry
Advantages are:
Simple design
Inexpensive
High power to weight ratio
Easy to maintain
Direct connection to AC power source
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COMPONENTS OF INDUCTION
MOTOR
A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts:
A stator consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core of stacked laminations. Slots on the internal
circumference of the stator house the stator winding.
A rotor also composed of punched laminations, with rotor
slots for the rotor winding.
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CUT AWAY IMAGE
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COMPONENTS OF INDUCTION
MOTOR contd
There are two-types of rotor windings:
Squirrel-cage windings, which produce a squirrel-
cage induction motor (most common)
Conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated
wire, which produce a wound-rotor induction motor
(special characteristics)
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Induction Motor: Squirrel cage
rotor
Squirrel cage rotor consists of copper bars,
slightly longer than the rotor, which are
pushed into the slots.
The ends are welded to copper end rings, so
that all the bars are short circuited.
In small motors, the bars and end-rings are
diecast in aluminium to form an integral
block.
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Induction Motor: Wound Rotor
A wound rotor has a 3-phase winding, similar
to the stator winding.
The rotor winding terminals are connected to
three slip rings which turn with the rotor. The
slip rings/brushes allow external resistors to be
connected in series with the winding.
The external resistors are mainly used during
start-up under normal running conditions the
windings short circuited externally.
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Wound Rotor & its connections
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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
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Induction Motor: Operating
Principle
Operation of 3-phase induction motors is based
upon the application of Faradays Law and the
Lorentz Force on a conductor.
Consider a series of conductors (length L) whose
extremities are shorted by bars A and B. A
permanent magnet moves at a speed v, so that its
magnetic field sweeps across the conductors.
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Operating Principle Contd
The following sequence of events takes place:
1. A voltage E = BLv is induced in each conductor while it is
being cut by the flux (Faradays Law)
2. The induced voltage produces currents which circulate in a
loop around the conductors (through the bars).
3. Since the current-carrying conductors lie in a magnetic
field, they experience a mechanical force (Lorentz force).
4. The force always acts in a direction to drag the conductor
along with the magnetic field.
Now close the ladder upon itself to form a squirrel cage,
and place it in a rotating magnetic field an induction
motor is formed!
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CONSTRUCTION
Induction Motor: Rotating Field
Consider a simple stator with 6 salient poles - windings AN, BN, CN.
The windings are mechanically spaced at 120 from each other.
The windings are connected to a 3-phase source.
AC currents Ia, Ib and Ic will flow in the windings, but will be displaced
in time by 120.
Each winding produces its own MMF,which creates a flux across the
hollow interior of the stator.
The 3 fluxes combine to produce a magnetic field that rotates at the
same frequency as the supply.
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Induction Motor: Stator Winding
In practice, induction motors have internal diameters that are smooth,
instead of having salient poles.
In this case, each pole covers 180 of the inner circumference of the
rotor (pole pitch = 180).
Also, instead of a single coil per pole, many coils are lodged in
adjacent slots.
The staggered coils are connected in series to form a phase group.
Spreading the coil in this manner creates a sinusoidal flux distribution
per pole, which improves performance and makes the motor less
noisy.
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INDUCTION MOTOR : SLIP
The difference between the synchronous speed and rotor
speed can be expressed as a percentage of synchronous
speed, known as the slip.
s = (Ns N)/Ns
Where s = slip, Ns = synchronous speed (rpm), N = rotor speed
(rpm)
At no-load, the slip is nearly zero (<0.1%).
At full load, the slip for large motors rarely exceeds
0.5%. For small motors at full load, it rarely exceeds 5%.
The slip is 100% for locked rotor.
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Induction Motor: Frequency
induced in the rotor
The frequency induced in the rotor depends
on the slip:
fR= s f
fR = frequency of voltage and current in the
rotor
f = frequency of the supply and stator field
s = slip
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Induction Motor: Active Power Flow
Efficiency by definition, is the ratio of output / input power:
=P
L
/ P
e
Rotor copper losses: P
Jr
= s Pr
Mechanical power: P
m
= ( 1-s)P
r
Motor torque: T
m
= 30P
r
N
s
Where: P
e
= active power to stator
P
r
= active power supplied to rotor
P
L
= Shaft Power
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Reduce intrinsic motor losses
Efficiency 3-7% higher
Wide range of ratings
More expensive but
rapid payback
Best to replace when
existing motors fail
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Use Energy Efficient Motors
Power Loss Area Efficiency Improvement
1. Fixed loss (iron)
Use of thinner gauge, lower loss core steel reduces eddy current losses. Longer core
adds more steel to the design, which reduces losses due to lower operating flux
densities.
2. Stator I2R
Use of more copper & larger conductors increases cross sectional area of stator
windings. This lower resistance (R) of the windings & reduces losses due to current
flow (I)
3 Rotor I2R
Use of larger rotor conductor bars increases size of cross section, lowering
conductor resistance (R) & losses due to current flow (I)
4 Friction & Winding
Use of low loss fan design reduces losses due to air movement
5. Stray Load Loss
Use of optimized design & strict quality control procedures minimizes stray load
losses
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Electric Motors (INDUCTION) Electric Motors (INDUCTION)
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