TheHindu June-July-Aug Part 3 of 3

6/13/2014 Mrunal [Science-Tech] TheHindu June-July-Aug: (Part 3 of 3) IT, Nano, Space: National Cyber Security Policy, Wi-vi, IRNSS,
ILC, Arihant Reactor Mru

http://mrunal.org/2013/09/science-tech-thehindu-june-july-aug-part-3-of-3-it-nano-space-national-cyber-security-policy-wi-vi-irnss-ilc-arihant-reactor.html/print/ 1/20
[Science-Tech] TheHindu June-July-Aug: (Part 3 of 3) IT, Nano, Space:
National Cyber Security Policy, Wi-vi, IRNSS, ILC, Arihant Reactor
1. Prologue
2. IT Related
1. #1: Internet.Org
2. #2: FOIA Machine
3. #3: PRISM program/NSA
4. #4: Amazon E-selling
5. #5: Cyber defense
6. #6: National Cyber Security Policy-2013
7. #7: Google Person Finder
8. #8: Misc Topics/Terms of IT
3. Gadgets/Equipment/Electronics
1. #1: -200 C refrigerator by IIT Madras
2. #2: E-Ink, Electrophoretic display and Earl
3. #3: 3-D printer
4. #4: Wi-vi
4. NanoTech related
1. #1: Nano Batteries from Rice Husk
2. #2: Nano Painting: Mini Lisa
3. #3: Carbon Nanotubes and Ampacity
4. #4: Metatronics
5. Space/ISRO/NASA Related
1. #1: IRNSS, the Desi GPS
2. #2: GAMMA Ray Telescope
3. #3: Suns Magnetic flip
4. #4: ChangE-3: Chinas moon mission
5. #5: Man on Mars by 2021
6. Space related Places in news
1. #1: Suns Twin
2. #2: Europa
3. #3: Dione: Saturns Moon
4. #4: Solander Point
5. #5: Mount Sharp
6. #6: Pareidolia and Martian Rat
7. #7: Laguna Negra / Lake Lender
8. #8: Tunguska Devastation
7. Physics/Chemistry related
6/13/2014 Mrunal [Science-Tech] TheHindu June-July-Aug: (Part 3 of 3) IT, Nano, Space: National Cyber Security Policy, Wi-vi, IRNSS, ILC, Arihant Reactor Mru
1. #1: International Linear Collider (ILC)
2. #2: Arihant Reactor
3. #2: New Element in Periodic Table
4. #3: Gold origin
5. #4: Fire vs Sun
8. Mock Questions
Prologue
First, regarding Write Articles, Win Books competition: so far 28 entries received.
And last date to submit is 25
th
Sept 2013. Click me for more details.
Now coming to the matter at hand: In the previous two parts, we saw the june-july-august
2013 compilation of Hindu sci tech. (Click on links if you missed)
1. (Part 1 of 3) Medical research, Healthcare, Disease, OPV-IPV, Cloning, Three-Person IVF,
Monocrotophos, Mid Day meal deaths, Pioglitazone
2. (Part 2 of 3) Agriculture, Environment Biodiversity (EnB), Economics of Animal rearing,
Uttarakhand Tragedy, Runaway Greenhouse, Bio Refinery
Now moving to part 3 of 3: IT, gadgets, Nano-Tech, space + some physics-chemistry
related topics.
IT Related
#1: Internet.Org
In mobile phones, the Data- transfer (internet plan) is still quite expensive in the
third world.
Hence Mark Zuckerberg (facebook) + Nokia, Samsung, Erriccson etc. mobile
handset companies formed a consortium internet.org
Theyll research on data-compression technologies, so that same mobile apps, can
run on less data.
Theyll gangup with app developers, mobile operators and device manufacturers to
to introduce business models to get more people internet access.
Benefit: low-cost, low-data versions of basic Internet services available to
everyone. Will help reducing digital divide.
#2: FOIA Machine
India has R.T.I, similarly USA has Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
The FOIA Machine (foiamachine.org) is an online open-source platform.
It automates the process of filing the RTI in USA and tracks its progress.
Recently Indian government also launched online portal to http://rtionline.gov.in to
help citizens file RTIs online.
Similar public records projects
UK whatdotheyknow.com
Netherlands Nulpunt
Germany fragdenstaat
#3: PRISM program/NSA
Americas National Security Agency (NSA), has been monitoring communications
between the US and foreign nationals over the internet for a number of years,
under a project called Prism.
Some of the biggest internet companies, including Apple, Google, Yahoo, Skype
are involved. Although these companies deny knowledge of PRISM project.
How does it work? Many conspiracy theories. For example:
1. Lots of data bound for those companies passes over content delivery networks
(CDNs), internet. NSA could be monitoring those CDNs.
2. CISCO provide routers, network hardware to those companies. These hardware
may have backdoors access to NSA.
3. The companies themselves let the NSA spy over the personal information.
Why in News/ Why problem?
Obvious issue of invading privacy of individuals.
These US Companies might be prosecuted in EU courts for handling over private
database of EU citizens to NSA.
Curious part = NSA claims their budget for PRISM project is only $20 million
dollars. So experts wonder, how can NSA run such large complicated spying
operation with such a small budget?
#4: Amazon E-selling
Currently, Indias e-commerce market=~$1 billion and is expected to reach >$75
billion by 2020.
Amazon=an American e-commerce company similar to our flipkart.
Indias FDI regulations do not allow online multibrand retailers to sell their own
products.
Therefore, Amazon has entered in India through a marketplace model.
Under this model, Amazon will not stock and sell its own products but help third-
party sellers to exhibit their products on its web platform (amazon.in).
For more on single-brand/multibrand FDI related, read the earlier food processing
article click me
#5: Cyber defense
Indias cyber-threats include:
by countries (mostly China) by individuals (Paki and Chinese hacker, + local crooks)
1. cyber espionage
2. cyber war
3. cyber crime
4. cyber terrorism
Military grade cyber-weapons such as Stuxnet and flame, pose grave danger to nations,
companies and individuals around the world.
Stuxnet
Computer virus developed by Americans, to disrupt Natanz nuclear site in
Iran.
But other organizations across the world, including in India, operating with
the Siemens system suffered from collateral damage from the attack.
Flame
A virus written solely for data gathering, or espionage.
It can gather data from harddisk, computer microphones and web
cameras even nearby Bluetooth devices and report data back to its
command and control network located around the world.
Iran has claims this virus wiped the hard drives of its oil refineries.
Kaspersky (famous antivirus company) says flame is twenty times
more complicated than Stuxnet.
Flames creator is also unknown. But since flames function is not
confined to stealing credit-card/bank passwords only- It means flame
was created by some government agency (rather than individual
hacker).
Some more points:
STRONG CHINA WEAK INDIA
Since 2003, the Peoples Liberation
Army has trained more than 30,000
cyber warriors and another 150,000 in
the private sector.
According to several reports, Chinese
goal is to build the worlds best
informationised armed forces.
Since 2000-01, Pakistani cyber
criminals defacing Indian
websites and writing derogatory
messages against India.
Recently even Chinese hacked
into computers of Indian
government organizations.
Indias strategy for cyber defense
= thik hai / chalta hai /
firefighting
#6: National Cyber Security Policy-2013
by Department of Electronics and Information Technology. This Policy aims:
1. To protect cyberspace from cyber-threats.
2. To protect private data of citizens and minimize damage from cyber-attacks.
3. With help of government organizations + pvt.players.
|:| Two Government organizations
National Critical Information Infrastructure
Protection Centre (NCIIPC)
Indian Computer
emergency response team
(ICERT)
under National Technical Research Organisation
(NTRO)
NTRO is a technical intelligence agency set up after the
Kargil conflict.
Already exists under
Department of Electronics
and IT.
Nodal agency for critical information infrastructure
protection in the country.
Nodal agency to coordinate
all matters related to cyber
security (except matters
under NCIIPC.)
will protect Nations critical IT infrastructure in
energy (natural gas, coal, oil and power), finance
and banking, transportation (civil aviation and
railways), space, law enforcement, security,
telecom, defense, etc.
will work on 24/7 basis.
will design/acquire new processes for IT
protection.
provide early warning
and response to
security threats
ICERT will function as
an umbrella
organization. Under
this, sectoral will be
created to work on
24/7 basis.
provide Emergency
measures for handling
cyber security
incidents
|:| To businessmen/companies
1. Provide tax reliefs/Fiscal benefits to businessman if they adopt cyber-security
practices.
2. Encourage all public/private organizations, to have a Chief Information Security
Officer (CISO), responsible for cyber security.
3. Encourage and mandate them to use certified IT products.
4. certification for compliance to cyber security
5. Classify IT infrastructure based on risk perception so that adequate security
protection measures can be under taken.
|:| To law enforcement agencies
1. Legislative reforms to help law-enforcement agencies in investigation and
prosecution of cybercrime.
2. International cooperation / collaboration with agencies of other countries.
|:| To E-governance
1. Ensure that all organizations keep a specific budget cyber security and emergency.
2. Cyber crisis management plan for all e-Governance initiatives in the country, to
reduce the risk of disruption.
3. To engage Private IT experts/org. to assist e-Governance initiatives.
|:| Fancy things common to all policies
R&D
encourage cost-effective, tailor made desi solutions for IT
security
Try to commercialize and export such desi software/technology
Setup center of excellence.
HRD
In next five year, get 5 lakh workers in cybersecurity field.
formal-informal training centers for cybersecurity via PPP
training/capacity building for law-enforcement agencies
PPP
Public-private consortium to enhance the availability IT products
based on open standards.
PPP for setting up training institution for IT security.
COOP
1. Bilateral and multi-lateral coop. with other countries for cyber
security.
2. Increase desi-videsi coop. among security agencies, CERTs,
Defence agencies and the judiciary.
3. To create a think tank for cyber security policy inputs, discussion
and deliberations.
4. Cooperation-collaboration with stakeholders.
WINE AND
1. Hold workshops / seminars, create awareness about IT security
among web users.
DINE 2. Regular cyber security drills & exercises at various levels.
On a lighter note:
1. The sacred-unwritten rule of government policies=> they must mention
sustainable development. Im surprised that clichd word is not used anywhere in
this police. Secondly, policy doesnt contain any fancy term/catchy name/scheme
named after you know who. It means the bureaucrat who wrote this policy, is
indeed an intelligent person who didnt wish to harass UPSC aspirants.
2. This cyber security policy specifically mentions: safeguard citizens private data.
Does it mean foreigners personal data will not be safeguarded!? Recall that in
UIDAI/Adhar, BJPs criticism is: official policy every resident will get UIDAI
number meaning even Illegal Bangladeshis whore residents of India but not
citizens, will benefit.
#7: Google Person Finder
Already discussed under Part 2 of 3 => Uttarakhand Tragedy click me
#8: Misc Topics/Terms of IT
Not much relevant from UPSC point of view, but might help in IBPS and other PSU
exams where computer related current affairs is asked.
Waze
Google acquired this company for nearly 1 billion dollar.
Waze is a social navigation site. Now when a Waze user report
accidents, traffic jams, construction delays and more on Waze, the
updates will also appear on the Google Maps app.
Doug
Engelbart
The inventor of the computer mouse.
Also helped develop ARPANet, the government research network
that led to the Internet.
Windows
8.1
its next update of the Windows operating system,
Windows 8.1 Preview apps include Facebook, Flipboard and NFL
among other apps.
Steve Ballmer= Microsoft CEO.
Gadgets/Equipment/Electronics
#1: -200 C refrigerator by IIT Madras
Using a compressor that is routinely used in domestic refrigerators and air-
conditioners.
The system was operated non-stop at about -200 degree C for three months.
How?
Three refrigerators are arranged in a series and together help in bringing down the
temperature in steps
A conventional refrigeration system uses a single liquid coolant that absorbs heat
and becomes vapour at a constant temperature. But they used a mixture of coolants
where the conversion of liquid to vapour occurs over a range of temperatures
100 degree C or more
Use/Benefits?
1. food preservation, preservation of biological tissues,
2. long-term preservation of blood,
3. in semiconductor industry to improve the vacuum levels
4. Cooling of electronics including telescopes and infrared sensors.
5. This principle has been extended to develop a novel low cost nitrogen liquefier for
Veterinary hospitals for storing bull semen,
Many scientific establishments and small industries that use liquid nitrogen
to improve tool life.
#2: E-Ink, Electrophoretic display and Earl
Electrophoretic Display= One type of thin display, consumes very low power. Example,
Amazons e-book reader Kindle.
What is Electrophoresis?
1. They use tiny particles of titanium dioxide and a special blank ink called E-ink.
2. Titanium Dioxide + E-Ink=> sandwiched between two parallel conductive plates.
3. These particles move according to the electric charge and thus you can see the
display on the screen.
What is E-Ink?
E-ink is similar to print ink and does not emit light.
Hence in direct sunlight, you can easily read a display using E-ink. (unlike LCD
screens in smartphones/tablets/laptops, which are hard to in sunlight)
What is Earl?
sci-tech-earl tablet
is a tablet that runs Android system
Specially designed to consume minimum power, so you can use it for outdoor
camping, where recharging facilities are not available.
It has electrophoretic display, the screen is static and requires zero power to hold
an image, which means that maps will stay on the screen forever
+ built-in GPS chipsets, weather sensors and radio communication technology.
Earl can provide 20 hours of battery life and recharge itself in 5 hours of direct
sunlight.
Earl project is crowd-funded
#3: 3-D printer
a printer that builds objects layer by layer
with extreme precision
using CAD drawings as reference
Benefits:
1. 3-D printing has limitless possibilities, as it can create almost anything with just
raw material and a computer generated model
2. Medical: specialized items for rare transplants can be created rather than wasting
precious time. E.g. American doctors created a windpipe splint for a six week old
baby boy whose airways were collapsing.
3. Space: NASA has created an injector plate for its rocket, using 3D printer. This
inject plate helps deliver fuel and oxygen to the rocket propulsion system.
4. 3D printed parts: low cost (for such sophisticated purpose).
5. Can even make toys! recall the Makerbot replicator click me
#4: Wi-vi
Wi-Vi= use of wifi to see through the wall.
Concept similar to radar and sonar imaging.
It transmits a low-power wi-fi signal and uses its reflections to track moving
humans. Even if a person is in closed rooms or hiding behind a wall, hell be
detected.
Use?: anti-theft alarms + Can be used by police/army during counter-terrorism
operations
NanoTech related
#1: Nano Batteries from Rice Husk
Nano silicon=> can be used as Anode in high-performance batteries for future
electric vehicles and portable devices.
Theyre superior to graphic anodes.
Theyre more resilient to Heat, easy to store and dispose.
Have higher charging capacity than lead batteries + longer operational life.
Problem=Nano-Silicon very expensive at the moment. Researchers working on
method to produce Nano-silicon particles from rice husk.
In rice husk, silica existed naturally in the form of nanoparticles and accounted for
as much as 20 per cent of its dry weight.
#2: Nano Painting: Mini Lisa
American researchers have painted the Mona Lisa on a substrate surface
approximately 30 micrometers in widthor one-third the width of a human hair.
This painting is called Mini Lisa,
This Nano-painting technique will be useful in Nano manufacturing of devices+
nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and bioengineering.
#3: Carbon Nanotubes and Ampacity
Ampacity = the maximum amount of current a conductor can carry before losing
its electrical properties.
Lately researchers focused more on boosting conductivity than ampacity.
But Japanese researchers embedded carbon nanotubes in copper, the resulting new
materials ampacity gets boosted to a massive 10,000 per cent than coppers.
This new material is called CNT-Cu (for carbon nanotubescopper),
Benefits?
It reduces the amount of copper required to assemble a conductor.
+ 100 times higher performance.
Principle?
As electrons move inside the conductor, they are often scattered by atoms in their
path.
As the current density increases, scattering also increases until, at a threshold
called the conductors rating, the material can no longer conduct the electrons,
resulting in electro migration.
CNT-Cu achieves higher ampacity by suppressing electro migration.
#4: Metatronics
In metatronics, nano rods and the spaces between mimic the behaviour of resistors,
capacitors and inductors.
These patterns respond to light the way capacitors, resistors and inductors do to
electricity
will help make smaller and more complicated electrical circuits
Space/ISRO/NASA Related
#1: IRNSS, the Desi GPS
How does American Global Positioning System (GPS) work?
Theyve a constellation of 24 orbiting satellites, supported by a global network of ground
stations. Thus GPS covers every part of the world.
What is IRNSS?
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) to run Indian global
positioning system.
Government approved project in 2006, with budget of ~Rs.1500 crores.
Given this small budget, it is beyond the aukaat of ISRO to maintain 24 satellites,
cover entire globe, Hence our Desi GPS will use just seven satellites, and try to
cover India + 1,500 km beyond its borders.
hub of the whole system is the ISRO Navigation Centre at Byalalu, near Bangalore.
7 Satellites
sci-tech-IRNSS-concept
Click to Enlarge this chart
IRNSS will run using 7 satellites:
3
satellites
These three of the satellites will be placed over the equator, in the
geostationary orbit.
they match the Earths rotation and therefore appear from the ground
to remain at a fixed position in the sky.
+4
satellites
will be in pairs in two inclined geosynchronous orbits.
From the ground, these satellites will appear to travel in figures of
8 during the course of a day.
All seven IRNSS satellites will be at a height of about 36,000 km, taking a whole
day to circle the Earth.
If necessary, the coverage area around India could be enhanced by adding four
satellites
1
st
IRNSS satellite launch
WHEN?
1
st
July 2013
WHERE? Satish Dawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
HOW? using Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV C22)
Scientific principle
Microwaves
IRNSS satellites transmit signals in two microwave frequency bands known as L5
and S.
Since these microwave signals travel at the speed of light, the delay between a
signals transmission and its reception allows a receiving device to compute its
distance from the satellite involved.
With data from those satellites, the receiver (the GPS-like gadget) can then work
out its own position.
Atomic Clocks
Navigation satellites periodically transmit their precise position in orbit along with
the exact time when each transmission takes place.
Navigation satellites therefore need to carry extremely accurate clocks.
Each IRNSS satellite is equipped with rubidium atomic clocks, to keep precise
time.
Two
services
IRNSS will offer two services:
1. Standard Positioning Service: that will be accessible to anyone
2. Restricted Service: Will be available only to the military and
other government-authorized users.
Accuracy
American GPS: 15 meters
Our IRNSS: 20 meters.
Equipment
The standard GPS receiver (in your smartphones and tablets) will
not work with IRNSS.
Youll need a special receiver equipment to use navigation data
from IRNSS.
GSLV (D5)
GSLV was already covered under space-tech compilation article click me
was in news because ISRO planned to launch it in Aug13 but #epicfail thanks to
fuel leak.
#2: GAMMA Ray Telescope
Official name= Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). Has 27 countries including
India.
No telescope based at one point on Earth can see the whole sky. Therefore, CTA
project aims to set up two observatories.
Observatory In ____ Will Focus On
Northern hemisphere extract galactic sources
Southern hemisphere center of the galaxy
One proposed northern hemisphere location is in Hanle, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir.
Advantages of Ladakh site?
very clear and dark skies throughout the year
a large number of photometric and spectroscopic nights at par with other similar
places in the world, like La Palma in Canary Islands and Arizona desert, U.S.
Advantages of Gama Ray Telescope?
While existing telescopes, like MAGIC (Canary Islands) and VERITAS (Arizona)
are efficient up to the 100-GeV energy mark, the CTA will be able to reach up to
100,000 GeV with the same efficiency.
Gamma rays originate from sources like dark matter annihilation, dying stars and
supermassive black holes and then travel through space. Therefore, by studying
Gama Rays, we can study those bodies.
When gamma-rays hit atoms in Earths upper atmosphere, these Gamma Ray
Telescopes will observe and track them back better to their original sources.
#3: Suns Magnetic flip
outer layers of the Sun consist of variety of charged particles
these particles are in constant motion, and they influence the alignment of the
Suns magnetic field.
Thus, every 22 years, the Magnetic field of Sun changes by 180 degree, this is
called Magnetic flip.
This period is called a solar cycle.
NASA has been monitoring this, and predicted that next flip will happen in late-
2013.
Why bad?
1. It could influence cloudiness and the climate on Earth, even cause storms..
2. can even disrupt satellites.
#4: ChangE-3: Chinas moon mission
Chinese Space Mission for Moon.
ChangeE = Chinese Godess living on Moon.
ChangE-
1 created a complete photographic mosaic of the moon
ChangE-
2
took higher-resolution images of the whole Moon.
created a very high-definition map of Sinus Iridium (a region in the
Moon)
ChangE-
3
will land a rover to the Moon by the end of 2013.
#5: Man on Mars by 2021
(hardly MCQ worthy but interesting concept)
NASA we can send astronauts to Mars at the earliest by 2033
Imperial College
London
it is possible to land astronauts on Mars by 2021! Here is
how..
The main challenge is how to construct a spaceship that is big enough to hold enough
fuel for both to and fro journey. So, instead of sending one rocket, send two rockets.
First rocket
Will have robots + empty fuel tanks.
Robots will dig up ice on Mars. Once the ice is melted, we can use solar
electricity to produce hydrogen and oxygen to fill the fuel tanks.
Second rocket
Will send three men and reach Mars in 9 Months. Theyll use above fuel tanks for
their return journey.
Space related Places in news
#1: Suns Twin
Brazilian Astronomers found a twin-star of Sun, known as HIP 102152.
250 light years away.
The constellation of Capricornus (The Sea Goat) nearly four billion years older
than Sun.
Benefit of studying Suns Twin?
1. will help increase our understanding of Sun.
2. will allows scientists to predict what may happen to our own Sun when it reaches
that age.
3. During Big Bang, Lithium was created along with hydrogen and helium.
Astronomers observed that when star gets old, its lithium content decreases. Suns
lithium content appears to be normal for its age at the moment.
#2: Europa
Europe= Jupiters moon.
Earlier, NASAs Voyager2 and Galileo spacecrafts took some photos.
They found ice-covered world + signs of a liquid water ocean under Europas
surface. Hence NASA Believes Europa could hold life forms.
#3:
Dione:
Saturns
Moon
Astronomers found an ocean anywhere from 5 to 30 miles
deep, trapped beneath a frozen surface of Dione.
And if water is found in any planet/moon=chance that there
will be Alien lifeform.
#4:
Solander
Point
Nasas Opportunity rover=> on Mars.
During Mars-winter, it will just camp at a slope called
Solander Point=> to survive in harsh winter and get Sunlight
for power.
Opportunity rover has survived five Martian winters since it
landed on Mars in 2004.
#5:
Mount
Sharp
Mount Sharp= in the middle of Gale Crater on Mars.
From this area, Scientists hope to find evidence about how
the ancient Martian environment changed and evolved.
Hence in July 2013, NASAs curiosity rover was directed to
move in this area, to collect samples.
#6: Pareidolia and Martian Rat
Humans have long known to display a tendency for identifying shapes or hearing
sounds from random sources and attaching significance to them. e.g. in clouds
youll see shapes of bear, car etc.
Scientists call this psychological phenomenon of deciphering shapes from random
patterns = Pareidolia.
You can see sample photos here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidolia
Why in news?
In Sept 2012, the Curiosity rover took photos from Mars, before collecting sand
samples.
When these photos posted on internet, several bloggers claimed they saw a rat in
the picture.
#7: Laguna Negra / Lake Lender
Titan=largest moon of Saturn.
NASA plans to parachute a robot into a sea on Titan.
For this, NASA doing experiments in Lake Lander in Laguna Negra region of
Chile. (in the Andes mountains)
Because Lake Lander has a few characteristics an alien sea. Its surrounded by a
barren environment with a thin atmosphere and is vulnerable to storms, avalanches,
and possibly volcanoes.
#8: Tunguska Devastation
in the early 1900s, a gigantic fireball devastated hundreds of square kilometres of
uninhabited Siberian forest around the Tunguska river
The first scientists thought it was a meteorite but no traces of meteorite were
found on the crash site.
So, they deducted, it must be Comet. Because Comets are essentially muddy ice
balls, they could cause such a devastation and then ice would have
evaporated=hence no evidence.
But now, scientists have found evidence that the Tunguska devastation was indeed
caused by a meteorite and not by a comet.
Physics/Chemistry related
#1: International Linear Collider (ILC)
ILC= next-generation particle collider. itll be setup in Japan (most likely
candidate)
ILC will complement the Large Hadron Collider, of the European Center for
Nuclear Research (CERN) located in Geneva, Switzerland
Together ILC + LHC =will help better understanding of Higgs Boson, Dark matter
and unlock the secrets of the universe.
#2: Arihant Reactor
INS Arihant is the first Indian nuclear-powered submarine.
Arihant reactor= compact pressurised water reactor (PWR) aboard INS Arihant
developed by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
Uses enriched uranium and ordinary water as both the moderator and coolant
Its enriched uranium is supplied by Rare Materials Plant (RMP) of the Department
of Atomic Energy (DAE) at Ratnahalli, Karnataka.
#2: New Element in Periodic Table
New super-heavy element has 115 Atomic Number.
It is yet to be named officially but temporary name is Ununpentium.
Was discovered by a Russian scientist way back in 2004.
At present, International committee of scientists looking into its research data,
may be included in the official periodic table.
#3: Gold origin
Gold is rare on Earth in part because its also rare in the universe.
Gold cannot be created within a star (unlike elements like carbon or iron)
Now scientists believe, gold would been created because of short gamma ray
bursts in the galaxy.
NASAs Hubble telescope observed following:
Two dead neutron stars collided.
Short gamma-ray burst (GRB) produced.
Then kilonova was produced (= explosion is so powerful that it can be 1,000 times
brighter than a typical star explosion, called a nova.)
After this blast, a unique glow that persisted for days at that location.
Scientists believe this glow signifies presence of heavy elementsincluding gold.
#4: Fire vs Sun
Q. Fire does not exist in the absence of air but how is it possible for the sun to have
immense heat and chemical reactions in the absence of air?
fire sun
Fire is a chemical
reaction that needs a
fuel and oxygen
present in air to
exist.
this is a nuclear reaction
Sun mainly consists of two gaseous elements:
hydrogen and helium. In the nuclear reaction
occurring in the sun, called a fusion reaction, four
hydrogen nuclei combine to form one helium
nucleus and also release a large amount of energy.
Fire needs fuel,
oxygen and a little
initial heat to start a
reaction; remove any
of them and fire
ceases to exist.
The sun doesnt need any oxygen and can continue
to produce heat by the continuous conversion of
hydrogen to helium.
Mock Questions
1. Correct Statement
a. An Electrophoratic screen consumes more electricity than an LCD screen.
b. Titanium dioxide is used in Electroporetic screens.
c. Both
d. None
2. What is Ampacity?
a. The maximum amount of voltage, a galvanometer can carry before losing its
electrical properties.
b. The maximum amount of current, a conductor can carry before losing its
electrical properties.
c. It is a measure of the degree to which an electrical component opposes the
passage of current
d. None of above
3. Incorrect pair?
a. Europa: Jupiter
b. Diaone: Saturn
c. Titan: Saturn
d. Solander Point: Mercury
4. The main purpose of Internet.org consortium is:
a. Implementation of IPv6 protocol across the world.
b. Protection of web users personal privacy against government backed
invasion such as Project PRISM.
c. Protection of freedom of speech on the internet.
d. None of Above
5. Incorrect Statement
a. Gamma rays cannot travel beyond Earths upper atmosphere.
b. A comet is a small, icy celestial body that orbits around the sun.
c. Both
d. None of above.
Descriptive
5 marks
1. Wi-vi
2. Internet.org
3. International Linear Collider (ILC)
4. Gamma Ray telescope
5. ICERT
6. Kindle
7. National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre
8. Earl Tablet
9. applications of 3-D printer.
12 marks
1. Define Nano-Technology. Discuss its applications in Medicine and
electronics.
2. Define digital divide and list the measures taken by government to bring
down digital divide in India.
3. National Cyber Security Policy-2013 will improve Indias preparedness for
countering cyber threats. Comment.
4. Examine the need for an international policy on cyber security.
5. Write a note on ISROs IRNSS project.
Essay (200m)
1. The balance between freedom and security is a delicate one.
2. Humanity is acquiring all the right technology for all the wrong reasons.
3. Freedom is an internal achievement rather than an external adjustment.
4. Men have become the tools of their tools.
Interview
1. Indian Government should also fund a project to build our own version of
flame/stuxnet virus. Agree/Disagree. Why?
2. India shouldnt waste money on building IRNSS, there is already a fully functional
GPS system. Tax payers money is better served in food security and poverty
removal. Agree/Disagree. Why?
URL to article: http://mrunal.org/2013/09/science-tech-thehindu-june-july-aug-part-
3-of-3-it-nano-space-national-cyber-security-policy-wi-vi-irnss-ilc-arihant-
reactor.html
Posted By Mrunal On 15/09/2013 @ 22:21 In the category Science

TheHindu June-July-Aug Part 3 of 3

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TheHindu June-July-Aug Part 3 of 3

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6/13/2014 Mrunal [Science-Tech] TheHindu June-July-Aug: (Part 3 of 3) IT, Nano, Space: National Cyber Security Policy, Wi-vi, IRNSS,

ILC, Arihant Reactor Mru

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