Environment Pollution

Unit 5 & 6
Env pollution
Air polltion
Water pollution
Noise pollution
Public health aspects
Solid waste mgt
Env issues
Population growth
Climate change & global
warming
Urbanization
Automobile pollution
Acid rain
Ozone layer depletion
Animal husbandry
COMPILED BY PROF .PURABEE
PURNASHA MISHRA .

Air Pollution
COMPILED BY
PROF .PURABEE PURNASHA MISHRA .

oAtmosphere as a Resource
oTypes and Sources of Air Pollution
Major Classes of Air Pollutants
Sources of Outdoor Air Pollutants
Urban Air Pollution
oEffects of Air Pollution
oControlling Air Pollution in the US
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Atmosphere as a Resource
oAtmospheric
Composition
Nitrogen 78.08%
Oxygen 20.95%
Argon 0.93%
Carbon dioxide 0.04%
oEcosystem services
Blocks UV radiation
Moderates the climate
Redistributes water in the
hydrologic cycle
COMPILED BY
Structure of atmosphere

COMPILED BY
Types and Sources of Air Pollution
oAir Pollution
Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural events
or human activities in high enough concentrations to be
harmful
oTwo categories
Primary Air Pollutant
Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the atmosphere
Secondary Air Pollutant
Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a primary air
pollutant reacts with substances normally found in the
atmosphere or with other air pollutants
COMPILED BY
Major Air Pollutants
COMPILED BY
COMPILED BY
Major Classes of Air Pollutants
oParticulate Material
oNitrogen Oxides
oSulfur Oxides
oCarbon Oxides
oHydrocarbons
oOzone
COMPILED BY
Particulate Material
oThousands of different solid or liquid particles
suspended in air
Includes: soil particles, soot, lead, asbestos, sea salt,
and sulfuric acid droplets
oDangerous for 2 reasons
May contain materials with toxic or carcinogenic effects
Extremely small particles can become lodged in lungs

COMPILED BY
Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides
oNitrogen Oxides
Gases produced by the chemical interactions between
atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature
Problems
Greenhouse gases
Cause difficulty breathing
oSulfur Oxides
Gases produced by the chemical interactions between
sulfur and oxygen
Causes acid precipitation
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Carbon Oxides and Hydrocarbons
oCarbon Oxides
Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide
(CO
2
)
Greenhouse gases
oHydrocarbons
Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only
hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH
4
- methane)
Some are related to photochemical smog and
greenhouse gases
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Ozone
oTropospheric Ozone
Man- made pollutant in the lower atmosphere
Secondary air pollutant
Component of photochemical smog
oStratospheric Ozone
Essential component that screens out UV radiation in
the upper atmosphere
Man- made pollutants (ex: CFCs) can destroy it
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Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution
oTwo main sources
Transportation
Industry
oIntentional forest fires
is also high
COMPILED BY
Urban Air Pollution
oPhotochemical Smog (ex: Los Angeles below)
Brownish-orange haze formed by chemical reactions involving
sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons
COMPILED BY
Formation of Photochemical Smog
COMPILED BY
Sources of Smog in Los Angeles
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Case-In-Point Air Pollution in Beijing
and Mexico City
oBeijing (left)
oMexico City (above)
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Industrial pollution China
An example very much in the techno-fix category from overseas is aired now, from Guizou
Province, China. Mercury from an acetylene producing factory there discharges its effluent
straight into drainage channels. This contains mercury that prevents the nearby rice crops
from growing and puts farmers and environment at risk. Land is scarce for agriculture in
Guizou Province which is a limestone (cave or Karst ) area geologically. Areas for farming
and industry are sandwiched in between the touristic limestone mountains and associated
lakes and caves of outstanding natural beauty.
Public health suffers due to the pollution (eg farmers and minorities) and tourism (an
income generator) could be effected also. Biologists (including soil scientists and
biochemists) from the local Bureau of Environment in the capital city of Guiyang have
embarked on experiments. They have been using natural, geological, rare earth minerals,
available in China, to mop up the mercury. They can apply them in solid form directly to
the soil and/or in solution. These prevent the mercury from reacting and allow normal
plant growth.
The history of this case example is as follows:
Industry developing rapidly in China (akin to the UK industrial revolution)
Pollution from uncontrolled industry effects environment and farming
Government recognizes this and looks to techno-fix
Experiments prove successful

PURNASHA MISHRA .
Effects of Air Pollution
oLow level exposure
Irritates eyes
Causes inflammation of respiratory tract
oCan develop into chronic respiratory diseases
COMPILED BY
Health Effects of Air Pollution
oSulfur Dioxide and Particulate material
Irritate respiratory tract and impair ability of lungs to
exchange gases
oNitrogen Dioxides
Causes airway restriction
oCarbon monoxide
Binds with iron in blood hemoglobin
Causes headache, fatigue, drowsiness, death
oOzone
Causes burning eyes, coughing, and chest discomfort
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Children and Air Pollution
oGreater health threat to children than adults
Air pollution can restrict lung development
Children breath more often than adults
oChildren who live in high ozone areas are more
likely to develop asthma
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Controlling Air Pollution
oSmokestacks with
electrostatic precipitator (right)
Without
Electrostatic
precipitator
With Electrostatic
precipitator
COMPILED BY
Controlling Air
Pollution
oSmokestacks with scrubbers
(right)
oParticulate material can also
be controlled by proper
excavating techniques

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Other Ways to Improve Air Quality
oReduce Sulfur content in gasoline from its
current average of 330 ppm to 30 ppm
Sulfur clogs catalytic converters
oRequire federal emission standards for all
passenger vehicles
Including SUVs, trucks and minivans( pollution control
bur
oRequire emission testing for all vehicles
Including diesel

COMPILED BY
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
Ozone layer is in stratosphere if in troposphere then its a pollutant
PURNASHA MISHRA .
Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere
oOzone Protects earth from UV radiation
Part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths
just shorter than visible light
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oOzone thinning/hole
First identified in 1985 over
Antarctica
oCaused by
human-produced bromine and
chlorine containing chemicals
Ex: CFCs

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oHole over Antarctica requires two conditions:
Sunlight just returning to polar region
Circumpolar vortex- a mass of cold air that circulates
around the southern polar region
Isolates it from the warmer air in the rest of the planet
oPolar stratospheric clouds form
Enables Cl and Br to destroy ozone
COMPILED BY
Effects of Ozone Depletion
oHigher levels of UV-
radiation hitting the earth
Eye cataracts
Skin cancer (right)
Weakened immunity
oMay disrupt ecosystems
oMay damage crops and
forests
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Recovery of Ozone Layer
oMontreal Protocol (1987)
Reduction of CFCs
Started using HCFCs (greenhouse gas)
oPhase out of all ozone destroying chemicals is
underway globally
oSatellite pictures in 2000 indicated that ozone
layer was recovering
oFull recovery will not occur until 2050
COMPILED BY
ACID RAIN
Worst result of pollution
PURNASHA MISHRA .
Acid Deposition
oSulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions
react with water vapor in the atmosphere and
form acids that return to the surface as either dry
or wet deposition
opH scale
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How Acid Deposition Develops
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Effects of Acid Deposition
oDeclining Aquatic Animal
Populations
oThin-shelled eggs prevent
bird reproduction
Because calcium is
unavailable in acidic soil
oForest decline
Ex: Black forest in Germany
(50% is destroyed)

COMPILED BY
Acid Deposition and Forest Decline
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Air Pollution Around the World
oAir quality is deteriorating rapidly in
developing countries
oShenyang, China
Residents only see sunlight a few weeks
each year
oDeveloping countries have older
cars
Still use leaded gasoline
o5 worst cities in world
Beijing, China; Mexico City, Mexico;
Shanghai, China; Tehran, Iran; and
Calcutta, India and now Delhi in particulate
pollution.
Compare it with latest data aswell.
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Indoor Air
Pollution
oPollutants can be
5-100X greater than
outdoors
oMost common:
Radon, cigarette
smoke, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen
dioxide, formaldehyde
pesticides, lead,
cleaning solvents,
ozone, and asbestos
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Indoor Air Pollution - Radon
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Water Pollution
COMPILED BY
Water, Air, Land .
The solution to
pollution is
dilution.
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Key Concepts
Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants
Major pollution problems of surface water
Major pollution problems of groundwater
Reduction and prevention of water pollution
Drinking water quality
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Water
makes
us
unique
and
gives
life to
Earth.
COMPILED BY
Key Ideas
What are major types and effects of
water pollution?
How do we measure water quality?
Point versus Nonpoint sources
What are the major sources of
pollution?
COMPILED BY
What is water pollution?
Any chemical,
biological, or physical
change in water
quality that has a
harmful effect on
living organisms or
makes water
unsuitable for desired
usage.
COMPILED BY
WHO:
3.4 million premature
deaths each year from
waterborne diseases
1.9 million from diarrhea
U.S. 1.5 million illnesses
1993 Milwaukee 370,000
sick
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Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often
from animal wastes
Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste that
needs oxygen often from animal waste, paper
mills and food processing.
Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic chemicals
often from runoff, industries and household
cleaners
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Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics, detergents often
from surface runoff, industries and cleaners
Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates, ammonia and
phosphates often from sewage, agriculture and urban
fertilizers
Sediment: soils and silts from land erosion can disrupt
photosynthesis, destroy spawning grounds, clog rivers
and streams
Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from powerplants
COMPILED BY
How do we measure water quality
Bacterial Counts: Fecal coliform
counts from intestines of
animals
None per 100 ml for drinking
>200 per 100 ml for swimming
Sources: human sewage,
animals, birds, raccoons, etc.
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Dissolved Oxygen: BOD
Biological Oxygen
Demandthe amount of
oxygen consumed by aquatic
decomposers
Chemical Analysis: looking for
presence of inorganic or
organic chemicals
Suspended Sediment water
clarity
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Indicator Species:
0rganisms that
give an idea of the
health of the water
body.
Mussels, oysters
and clams filter
water
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Types, Effects and Sources of Water
Pollution
Point sources
Nonpoint sources
Water quality
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Point and Nonpoint Sources
NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban
development
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT
SOURCES
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Major Sources of Water Pollution
Agriculture: by far the
leader
Sediment, fertilizers,
bacteria from livestock,
food processing, salt from
soil irrigation
Industrial: factories and
powerplants
Mining: surface mining
toxics, acids, sediment
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Key Ideas
Freshwater pollution: What are major problems
in streams?
Developed versus Developing Countries
Lake Pollution: Why are lakes and reservoirs
more vulnerable?
What is Eutrophication?
COMPILED BY
Freshwater Stream Pollution
Flowing streams can recover
from moderate level of
degradable water pollution if
their flows are not reduced.
Natural biodegradation
process
Does not work if
overloaded or stream flow
reduced
Does not work against non
biodegradable pollutants
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Pollution of Streams
Oxygen sag curve
Factors influencing recovery
Fig. 22-5 p. 496
What factors will influence this oxygen sag curve?
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Two Worlds
Developed Countries
U.S. and other developed
countries sharply
reduced point sources
even with population and
economic growth
Nonpoint still a problem
Toxic chemicals still
problem
Success Cuyahoga River,
Thames River
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Two Worlds
Developing Countries:
Serious and growing
problem
Half of worlds 500 major
rivers heavily polluted
Sewage treatment
minimal
Law enforcement difficult
10% of sewage in China
treated
Economic growth with
little to clean up
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Indias Ganges River
Holy River (1 million take
daily holy dip)
350 million (1/3
rd
of pop) live
in watershed
Little sewage treatment
Used for bathing, drinking
etc.
Bodies (cremated or not)
thrown in river
Good news is the Indian
government is beginning to
work on problem
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Freshwater Lake Pollution
Dilution as a solution in
lakes less effective
Little vertical mixing
Little water flow
(flushing)
Makes them more
vulnerable
Toxins settle
Kill bottom life
Atmospheric deposition
Food chain disruptions
COMPILED BY
Biomagnifications
of PCBs in an
aquatic food
chain from the
Great Lakes.

See figure 22-6 on
page 498
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Eutrophication of Lakes
Eutrophication: nutrient
enrichment of lakes
mostly from runoff of
plant nutrients (nitrates
and phosphates)
During hot dry weather can
lead to algae blooms
Decrease of photosynthesis
Dying algae then drops DO
levels
Fish kills, bad odor
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Pollution of Lakes
Eutrophication
Fig. 22-7 p. 499
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Eutrophication in Lakes
Solutions:
Advanced sewage
treatment (N, P)
Household detergents
Soil conservation
Remove excess weed
build up
Pump in oxygen or
freshwater
COMPILED BY
Case Study: The Great Lakes
Pollution levels
dropped, but
long way to go
95% of U.S.
freshwater
30% Canadian
pop, 14% U.S.
38 million drink
1% flow out St.
Lawrence
Toxic fish
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Groundwater
Why is groundwater pollution a serious
problem?
What is the extent of the problem?
What are the solutions?
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COMPILED BY
Groundwater
Groundwater can become
contaminated
No way to cleanse itself
Little dilution and
dispersion
Out of sight pollution
Prime source for irrigation
and drinking
REMOVAL of pollutant
difficult
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Groundwater
Pollution: Causes
Low flow rates
Few bacteria
Cold temperatures
Coal strip
mine runoff
Pumping
well
Waste lagoon
Accidental
spills
Groundwater
flow
Confined aquifer
Discharge
Leakage from faulty
casing
Hazardous waste injection well
Pesticides
Gasoline
station
Buried gasoline
and solvent tank
Sewer
Cesspool
septic tank
De-icing
road salt
Water pumping
well
Landfill
Low oxygen
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Groundwater
Pollution moves in
plumes
Soil, rocks, etc. act
like sponge
Cleansing does not
work (low O, low
flow, cold)
Nondegradables
may be permanent
COMPILED BY
Groundwater Pollution Prevention
Monitor aquifers
Leak detection systems
Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal
Store hazardous materials above ground
Find less hazardous substitutes
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Prevention is the
most effective and
cheapest
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Ocean Pollution
How much pollution can the oceans tolerate?
Coastal zones: How does pollution affect
coastal zones?
What are major sources of ocean pollution and
what is being done?
Oils spills

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Ocean Pollution
Oceans can disperse and
break down large
quantities of degradable
pollution if they are not
overloaded.
Pollution worst near heavily
populated coastal zones
Wetlands, estuaries, coral reefs,
mangrove swamps
40% of worlds pop. Live within
62 miles of coast
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Mangrove Swamp
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Estuaries
An estuary is a partly enclosed coastal body
of brackish water with one or more rivers
or streams flowing into it, and with a free
connection to the open sea.
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Ocean Pollution
Large amounts of
untreated raw sewage
(viruses)
Leaking septic tanks
Runoff
Algae blooms from
nutrients
Dead zones
Airborne toxins
Oil spills
COMPILED BY
Ocean Pollution
Fig. 22-11 p. 504
COMPILED BY
Preventing and
reducing the
flow of
pollution from
land and from
streams
emptying into
the ocean is
key to
protecting
oceans
COMPILED BY
Oil Spills
Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and
storage tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal
insulation and buoyancy, smothering
Significant economic impacts
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and
blotters
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and
dispersing agents
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Oil Spills
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Prevention and Reduction
How can we reduce surface water pollution:
point and also nonpoint.
How do sewage treatment plants work?
How successful has the World been at reducing
water pollution? Clean Water Act, water pollution
prevention act etc
COMPILED BY
Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
Nonpoint Sources Point Sources
Reduce runoff
Buffer zone vegetation
Reduce soil erosion
Clean Water Act
Water Quality Act
Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed
COMPILED BY
93
Water Pollution Sources
Point sources are direct discharges to a single
point;
examples include discharges from sewage treatment
plants, injection wells,and some industrial sources.
94
Water Pollution Sources
Non-point sources are diffused across a broad
area and their contamination cannot be traced
to a single discharge point.
Examples include runoff of excess fertilizers,
herbicides, and insecticides from agricultural lands
and residential areas; oil, grease, and toxic chemicals
from urban runoff and energy production; and
sediment from improperly managed construction sites,
crop and forest lands, and eroding stream banks.
95
Nonpoint Sources
Reduce runoff
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Nonpoint Sources
Buffer Zones Near
Streams
COMPILED BY
Nonpoint
Prevent soil erosion and only apply
needed pesticides and fertilizers
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Point Sources
Most developed countries
use laws to set water
pollution standards.
Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (Clean Water
Act 1972, 77, 87)
Regulates navigable
waterways..streams,
wetlands, rivers, lake
COMPILED BY
Clean Water Act
Sets standards for key
pollutants
Requires permits for
discharge
Requires sewage
treatment
Require permits for
wetland destruction
Does not deal with
nonpoint sources well
Goal All Waterways
fishable and swimable
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Technological Approach: Septic
Systems
Require suitable soils and maintenance
Fig. 22-15 p. 510
of all U.S. homes
have Septic tanks
Can be used in
parking lots, business
parks, etc.

COMPILED BY
Combined sewer
overflow is a
problem in many
older towns
EPA: 1.8 M to
3.85 M sick from
swimming in
water
contaminated by
sewer overflows
EPA: $100 billion
to fix
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Technological Approach: Sewage
Treatment
Physical and biological treatment
Fig. 22-16 p. 511
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COMPILED BY
Primary: removes 60% of
solids and 30-40% oxygen
demanding wastes
(physically)
Secondary: uses biological
processes to remove up to
90% of biodegradables
Tertiary: advanced
techniques only used in 5%
of U.S. $$$$
Disinfection: chlorine,
ozone, UV
What is not taken out??? COMPILED BY
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Technological Approach: Advanced (Tertiary)
Sewage Treatment
Uses physical and chemical processes
Removes nitrate and phosphate
Expensive
Not widely used
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Sludge disposalusing as fertilizer
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Technological Approach: Using
Wetlands to Treat Sewage
Fig. 22-18 p. 513
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The Good News
Largely thanks to CWA:
Between 1972 2002
fishable and swimmable
streams 36% to 60%
74% served by sewage
treatment
Wetlands loss dropped by
80%
Topsoil losses dropped by
1 billion tons annually
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The Bad News
45% of Lakes, 40% streams
still not fishable and
swimmable
Nonpoint sources still huge
problem
Livestock and Ag. Runoff
Fish with toxins
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Drinking Water
How is drinking water purified? High tech way.
How can we purify drinking water in developing
nations?
What is the Safe Drinking Water Act?
Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive
rip-off?
COMPILED BY
Drinking Water Quality
Safe Drinking Water Act
Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
Purification of urban drinking water
Bottled water
Protection from terrorism
Purification of rural drinking water
COMPILED BY
Purification of urban drinking
water
Surface Water: (like
Delaware River)
Removed to reservoir
to improve clarity
Pumped to a treatment
plant to meet drinking
water standards
Groundwater: often
does not need much
treatment
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Purification of rural drinking
water
There can be simple
ways to purify water:

Exposing to heat and
UV rays
Fine cloths to filter
water
Add small amounts of
chlorine
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54 countries have drinking
water laws

SDWA passed 1974
requires EPA to set
drinking water standards

Maximum Contaminating
Levels (MCLs)
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Privately owned wells
exempt from SDWA

SDWA requires public
notification of failing to
meet standards and fine.

MCLs often stated in parts
per million or parts per
billion
COMPILED BY
Bottle Water
U.S. has the worlds
safest tap water due
to billions of $$$ of
investment
Bottle water 240 to
10,000 times more
expensive than tap
water

25% of bottle water is
tap water
COMPILED BY
Bottle Water
1.4 million metric tons
of bottle thrown away
each year
Toxic fumes released
during bottling
Bottles made from oil
based plastics

Water does not need to
meet SDWA
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Noise Pollution and Control

Noise is an undesirable and unwanted sound, and noise is a form of
waste energy.
[Note: Not all sound is noise]

Sound Waves - Is the form of transport for sound and it cannot be
transmitted in a vacuum due to a lack of medium to carry the vibration.
COMPILED BY
Wave Lengths-distance between pressure peaks
Frequency - The number of wavelengths that appear to pass a fixed
point in 1 second. [cps or Hz]
Amplitude-heights of the peak which represents the pressure intensity
and is related to the volume or loudness.
Cycle - is a single wave length
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow2/apr99/soundvib.html
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Speed of Sound- 1500 m/s in water and 5000 m/s in steel, 340 m/s in
air (1100 ft/s).

The human ear can detect sounds in the frequency range of
about 20 to 20,000 Hz.
(The average is 200 - 10,000 Hz)
x f
where, v= speed of sound, m/s or ft/s
= wavelength, m/cycle or ft./cycle
f = frequency, Hz or cps
v
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microbars- 1 millionth of a bar, where a bar is equal to 100 kPa or
14.7 psi (atmospheric pressure at sea level)
The reference pressure generally used for Po is the hearing
threshold or lowest audible sound pressure of .0002 microbars.
(1000 microbars is the highest sound pressure w/o pain)
0
0
P
SPL = 20 X log ( )
P
where, SPL= sound pressure level, dB
P= rms sound pressure, bar
P = reference pressure, bar
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decibel scale (dB) - a ratio of two pressures
(Note : 10,000 microbars can cause immediate physical damage.)
Sound Pressure Level - expresses the magnitude of volume or a
sound (dB)
[Refer to p.461 in text fig. 14.3]
Note: The avg. person will perceive a high-pitch sound to be louder
than a low pitch sound with the same SPL. (see fig. 14.5 under
sound-level measurements in phons)
http://www.jimprice.com/prosound/db.htm
COMPILED BY
Sound Intensity (W/m
2
) - is proportional to the square of the root
mean square (rms) value of a sound pressure or SPL
(Note :for every 10 dB increase in SPL, there is a 10 fold increase
in sound intensity.)
Frequency Weighting Networks- noise is broken down to bands
of low-medium-high frequency. A-weighted network filters out
low and high frequency where human ears is less efficient. [dBA is
a.k.a A-weighted decibels]
Sound Level (SL)- Sound Level measurement over a period of
time. i.e. L
90
=75 dBA means 90% of the time sound level exceeded
75 dBA.
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Sound Exposure Level (SEL) - provides a basis for computing noise events of
variable durations which matches a persons impression of noise. It is
standardized to 1 sec. (Note: refer to figure 14.7, p. 465)
Equivalent Sound Level (Leq)- is is the average or constant SPL over the
period of interest. [i.e. Leq(8) is the average for an 8 hr. period.]
Day - Night Sound Level (DNL)- Leq(24) with a 10-dBA penalty for night time
which is more annoying. see fig. 14.8

[Note: Noise can cause damage to our irritability, anxiety, stress and other
emotional symptoms.]

Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS)- Temporary hearing loss (approx. 1 month)
Noise -induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS) - loss of hearing with no
chance of recovery
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less than 80 dBA -no hearing loss
80 to 130 dBA - TTS hearing loss is noticeable
50 % of people exposed to 95-dBA will experience NIPTS
(permanent hearing loss)
150 dBA or greater- can physically rupture the human eardrum.

(Note: 1 hr. of 100 dBA can produce TTS whereas 8 hours of 95
dBA over 10 years may cause NIPTS)

B
B
A
D
10X log
D
A
SL S
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WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION?
Sound that is unwanted or disrupts ones quality of
life is called as noise. When there is lot of noise in the
environment, it is termed as noise pollution.

Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the
normal activities such as working, sleeping, and
during conversations.

It is an underrated environmental problem because
of the fact that we cant see, smell, or taste it.

World Health Organization stated that Noise must
be recognized as a major threat to human well-being
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HEALTH EFFECTS
According to the USEPA, there are direct links
between noise and health. Also, noise pollution
adversely affects the lives of millions of people.

Noise pollution can damage physiological and
psychological health.

High blood pressure, stress related illness,
sleep disruption, hearing loss, and productivity
loss are the problems related to noise pollution.

It can also cause memory loss, severe
depression, and panic attacks.
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SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION
Transportation systems are the main source
of noise pollution in urban areas.

Construction of buildings, highways, and
streets cause a lot of noise, due to the usage
of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump
trucks, and pavement breakers.

Industrial noise also adds to the already
unfavorable state of noise pollution.

Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators,
air conditioners, fans, and vacuum cleaners
add to the existing noise pollution.
COMPILED BY
SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION
Planting bushes and trees in and around sound
generating sources is an effective solution for
noise pollution.

Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles
can effectively reduce the noise pollution.

Buildings can be designed with suitable noise
absorbing material for the walls, windows, and
ceilings.

Workers should be provided with equipments
such as ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing
protection.
COMPILED BY
Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the
machinery and servicing should be done to
minimize noise generation.

Soundproof doors and windows can be
installed to block unwanted noise from
outside.

Regulations should be imposed to restrict
the usage of play loudspeakers in crowded
areas and public places.

Factories and industries should be located
far from the residential areas.
COMPILED BY
Community development or urban
management should be done with long-
term planning, along with an aim to
reduce noise pollution.

Social awareness programs should be
taken up to educate the public about the
causes and effects of noise pollution.
COMPILED BY
Solid Waste
Management
PURNASHA MISHRA .
Waste- Definition & Classification
Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or
processor.
Classification
Domestic waste
Factory waste
Waste from oil factory
E-waste
Construction waste
Agricultural waste
Food processing waste
Bio-medical waste
Nuclear waste

PURNASHA MISHRA .
Solid Waste
COMPILED BY
Classification of Wastes
Solid waste- vegetable waste, kitchen waste, household waste etc.

E-waste- discarded electronic devices like computer, TV, music systems etc.

Liquid wastewater used for different industries eg tanneries, distillaries,
thermal power plants

Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc.

Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps etc.

Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear power plants

PURNASHA MISHRA .
143
Industrial Waste
Industrial waste is process waste associated
with manufacturing.
This waste usually is not classified as either
municipal waste or hazardous waste by federal or state
laws.
Regulatory programs for managing industrial waste
vary widely among state, tribal, and some local
governments.
Each year, industrial facilities generate and
manage 7.6 billion tons of nonhazardous
industrial waste in land application units.
144
Municipal Solid Waste
EPA definition
includes wastes such as durable goods, nondurable
goods, containers and packaging, food scraps, yard
trimmings, and miscellaneous inorganic wastes from
residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial
sources.
Examples of waste from these categories include appliances,
automobile tires, newspapers, clothing, boxes, disposable
tableware, office and classroom paper, wood pallets, and
cafeteria wastes.
Solid Waste in India
7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste

One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year

Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes

In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million tonnes of high
volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostly dumped on open
low lying land areas.

Source: Estimate of Ministry of Environment & Forest

PURNASHA MISHRA .
Growth of Solid Waste In India
Waste is growing by leaps & bounds

In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from 8.2 million to 12.3
million

During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown from 3200
tonnes to 5355 tonne, an increase of 67%

Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities

City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per annum, the ever
increasing waste has put pressure on hygienic condition of the city

Source: The Energy & Resources Institute, New Delhi
PURNASHA MISHRA .
Waste Collection in India
Primarily by the city municipality
-No gradation of waste product eg bio-degradable, glasses, polybags,
paper shreds etc
-Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts

Local raddiwala / kabadiwala (Rag pickers)
-Collecting small iron pieces by magnets
-Collecting glass bottles
-Collecting paper for recycling

MCD- Sophisticated DWM (Delhi Waste Management) vehicle

PURNASHA MISHRA .
How solid waste affected us in recent
years?
Cloudburst in Mumbai (2005) clogged the sewage line due to
large no. of plastic bags

Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida, caused due to
imported scrap from Iran

Reduction in the number of migratory birds due to consumption
of contaminated foods

Stray animals dying on streets and farmland due to consumption
of plastic bags, which blocks the food movement in their stomach
PURNASHA MISHRA .
Hazardous / Toxic Waste & Dumping
Site
Industrialised countries have waste
management problems

Developed countries have strict environment
regulation norms

Most attractive option for them- to dump into
developing countries
PURNASHA MISHRA .
Philadelphias Municipal Waste
16 years journey for the cargo ship to eleven
countries and four continents

25,000 tonnes of fly ash came back to
Philadelphias garbage dump

Several government refused cargo ships

In 2002, Cargo ship returned back to US

PURNASHA MISHRA .
Major Polluting Industries in India
Around 2500 tanneries discharge 24 million cu
m of waste water containing high level of
dissolved solids and 4,00,000 tonnes of
hazardous solid waste

300 distilleries discharge 26 million kilo-litres
of spend wash per year containing several
pollutants

Thermal power plants discharge huge waste
materials

PURNASHA MISHRA .
Collection & Recycling of Waste Materials
COMPILED BY
Managing Waste
Recycling: Processing of a waste item into usable forms.

Benefits of recycling:
-Reduce environmental degradation
-Making money out of waste
-Save energy that would have gone into waste handling & product manufacture

Saving through recycling:
-When Al is resmelted- considerable saving in cost
-Making paper from waste saves 50% energy
-Every tonne of recycled glass saves energy equivalent to 100 litres of oil

PURNASHA MISHRA .
Recycling not a solution to all
problems!

Recycling is not a solution to managing every
kind of waste material

For many items recycling technologies are
unavailable or unsafe

In some cases, cost of recycling is too high.
PURNASHA MISHRA .
Solution: More Profit With Zero
Waste
Exchanging output that are considered
waste
Waste of one could be input or raw material
for others
Evolving a closed system- matter & energy
circulate within
System was not designed to be so
The system of exchange evolved in 10 years

PURNASHA MISHRA .
Problems in Dealing With Solid
Waste
Education & voluntary compliance
Collection of waste
Technological interventions
Institutions & regulatory framework
Absence of mandatory standards for waste
reduction
Market action for waste reduction

Source: The Energy & Resources Institute
PURNASHA MISHRA .
TERI Projections on Waste Generation In
India
PURNASHA MISHRA .
French aircraft carrier Clemenceau
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/ghost-ship-121205
COMPILED BY
French aircraft carrier Clemenceau
December 12, 2005, Clemenceau, Ghost ship nobody wants
27,000-ton warship full of asbestos, PCBs, lead, mercury, and
other toxic chemicals
Indian scrapyard of Alang (Bhavnagar district, Gujarat) , a place
where environmental regulations are lax and workers' rights are
practically nonexistant
In most shipbreaking nations proper waste management is absent.
There are no rules and regulations. And where rules exist, they're
unlikely to be enforced.
Basel Convention (1989) is an international treaty which prohibits
the export of hazardous waste from rich to poor countries
Greenpeace raised awareness campaigned against the ship in
India as well as in France
French President Chirac has announced a dramatic recall of the
asbestos-laden warship Clemenceau
PURNASHA MISHRA .
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Presentation based on EPAs Municipal Solid Waste Basic
information web site
(http://www.epa.gov/wastes/nonhaz/municipal/)
COMPILED BY
According to EPA regulations, SOLID
WASTE is
Any garbage or refuse (Municipal Solid Waste)
Sludge from a wastewater treatment plant,
water supply treatment plant, or air pollution
control facility
Other discarded material
Solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous
material from industrial, commercial, mining,
and agricultural operations, and from
community activities
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/basifact.htm#solidwaste
COMPILED BY
Trash or garbage is called Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW)
Product packaging, grass clippings, furniture,
clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers,
appliances, paint, batteries
In 2010, Americans generated about 250 million tons of trash and
recycled and composted over 85 million tons of this material,
equivalent to a 34.1 percent recycling rate . On average, we recycled
and composted 1.51 pounds of our individual waste generation of
4.43 pounds per person per day.

http://www.epa.gov/wastes/nonhaz/municipal/index.htm
COMPILED BY
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/pubs/msw06.pdf
COMPILED BY
http://www.epa.gov/wastes/nonhaz/municipal/
COMPILED BY
By recycling almost 8 million tons of metals (which includes aluminum, steel,
and mixed metals), we eliminated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions totaling
more than 26 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO
2
E). This
is equivalent to removing more than 5 million cars from the road for one year.
COMPILED BY
About 136 million tons of MSW (54.2 percent) were discarded in landfills in 2010
COMPILED BY
CATEGORIES OF WASTE DISPOSAL
1. DILUTE AND
DISPERSE
(ATTENUATION)
Throw it in the
river / lake / sea
Burn it
Basically this involves spreading trash thinly
over a large area to minimize its impact

Works for sewage, some waste chemicals,
when land-disposal is not available
Plastic in Pacific
COMPILED BY
2. CONCENTRATE
AND CONTAIN
(ISOLATION)
Waste dumps,
landfills
Historically, thats how most of the solid
waste gets treated
COMPILED BY
MUNICIPAL WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS
(modified after Pipkin and Trent: Geology and the
Environment, 3
rd
. ed
They are open
Minimum effort and expense
Unsanitary and smelly
Vermin and pests
Contaminate soil, water and
air
Fire hazard
1. OPEN DUMPS (rarely used in the USA anymore):
COMPILED BY
http://www.epa.gov/garbage/dmg2/chapter9.pdf
2. Sanitary Landfill (AKA Municipal Solid
Waste Landfill)
COMPILED BY
COMPILED BY
SANITARY LANDFILLS (accommodate 57% of
total municipal solid waste):
Each day trash is
spread in thin layers
Compacted down
Covered with a soil
layer
Graded for drainage
http://www.epa.gov/garbage/dmg2/chapter9.pdf
Sanitary landfills have largely
replaced open dumps.
COMPILED BY
COMPILED BY
The amount of garbage received by the Dane County Landfill, 7102 Highway 12, each day is
enough to cover the surface of the playing field at Camp Randall Stadium to a depth of six
inches, said Gerald Mandli, director of public works for the county.
JOHN MANIACI - State Journal
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COMPILED BY
Site selection criteria for a landfill
Is it too close to airports? (bird hazard
to aircrafts)
Is it on a flood plain/wetland?
Is it too close to a fault (200 feet or
less)?
Is it within seismic zones?
Is it located on unstable areas, such as
landslide-prone areas, areas with
sinkholes etc.?
COMPILED BY
Properly designed Sanitary landfills:
Prevent water infiltration and leaching of
toxic fluids
(LEACHATE = a liquid that has passed through or
emerged from solid waste and contains soluble,
suspended, or miscible materials removed from
such waste)
Prevent water pollution
Reduce Vermin and pests
Reduce smell, toxic gases and fire hazard
COMPILED BY
COMPILED BY
Problems with landfills
Landfills require space
Produce methane gas (can be used for
energy, or can cause climate change)
Leachate must be collected and treated
Potential for water pollution
NOT a long-term remedy
COMPILED BY
If not landfill, then?
3. INCINERATION (burning):
Significantly reduces the volume of
garbage
Produces heat energy for generating
electricity
Materials such as batteries, glass etc.
are NOT suitable for incineration
Causes air pollution
Creates toxic ash and other solid
waste
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/municipal-sw.html
COMPILED BY

COMPILED BY

Indias Population = 1027 Million
As per 2001 Census

Urban Population = 285 Million

Urban Areas = 5161
(Cities / Towns)
COMPILED BY
TREND OF URBANIZATION

Year Year Year Year
1951 1991 2001 2021

1. Number of Urban 2795 3768 5161 --
Agglomerations / Towns

2. Urban Population 62.0 217.0 285.0 550.0
(in million)

3. As percentage of total 17.3% 25.72% 27.8% 41%
Population
COMPILED BY
MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM

- Per capita waste generation increasing by
1.3% per annum

- With urban population increasing between
3 3.5% per annum

- Yearly increase in waste generation is
around 5% annually

COMPILED BY
- India produces 42.0 million tons of
municipal solid waste annually at present.

- Per capita generation of waste varies from
200 gm to 600 gm per capita / day. Average
generation rate at 0.4 kg per capita per day
in 0.1 million plus towns.

- Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to
90% of the solid waste generated.

COMPILED BY
- Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500/-
to Rs.1500/- per ton on solid waste
management of which,

* 60-70% of the amount is on
collection alone

* 20% - 30% on transportation

* Hardly any fund is spent on
treatment and disposal of waste

- Crude dumping of waste in most of the
cities
COMPILED BY
QUANTITY OF WASTE GENERATION

TOTAL QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE 1.15 LAKH TONNE
GENERATED IN URBAN AREAS PER DAY (TPD)
OF THE COUNTRY
% OF
TOTAL
GARBAGE
WASTE GENERATED IN 6 MEGA CITIES 21,100 TPD 18.35%

WASTE GENERATED IN METRO CITIES 19,643 TPD 17.08%
(1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS)

WASTE GENERATED IN OTHER 42,635.28 TPD 37.07%
CLASS-I TOWNS
(0.1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS) ____________ _________
83,378.28 TPD 72.50%

IF WASTE PRODUCED IN ALL CLASS-I CITIES IS TACKLED, PERCENTAGE
OF WASTE SCIENTIFICALLY MANAGED WOULD BE 72.5% OF TOTAL
WASTE.

COMPILED BY
Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste

Compostable / Bio-degradable = 30% - 55%
matter (can be converted
into manure)

Inert material = 40% - 45% (to
go to landfill)

Recyclable materials = 5% - 10%
(Recycling)

These percentages vary from city to city depending
on food habits
COMPILED BY
PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

- STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE IS LACKING

- DOMESTIC WASTE THROWN ON STREETS
- TRADE WASTE ON ROADS / STREETS
- CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS LEFT UNATTENDED
- BIO-MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSED IN MUNICIPAL
WASTE STREAM
- INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSED OF IN OPEN
AREAS

- SEGREGATION OF RECYCLABLE WASTE AT SOURCE
NOT DONE

- PRIMARY COLLECTION OF WASTE NOT DONE AT
PLACE OF GENERATION

COMPILED BY
Contd../..

- DESIGN & LOCATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE STORAGE
DEPOTS INAPPROPRIATE, RESULTING IN LITTERING OF
GARBAGE .

- STREET SWEEPING NOT DONE EVERYDAY

- WASTE TRANSPORTATION DONE IN OPEN VEHICLES

- WASTE PROCESSING PARTIALLY PRACTISED IN 35
ULBs ONLY

- FINAL DISPOSAL DONE THROUGH CRUDE DUMPING

- RAG PICKERS COLLECT RECYCLABLES FROM
MUNICIPAL BINS / DUMPSITES AND LITTER THE WASTE
CAUSING INSANITARY CONDITIONS

COMPILED BY
REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE

Lack of planning for waste management while planning
townships
Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management,
planning and designing in urban local bodies
Lack of technically trained manpower
Lack of community involvement
Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste management
using modern techniques / best practices
Lack of awareness creation mechanism
Lack of Management Information Systems
Lack of funds with ULBs
Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges and
sustainability
COMPILED BY
RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE
MANAGEMENT

1. Possible Waste Management Options :

(a) Waste Minimisation
(b) Material Recycling
(c) Waste Processing (Resource Recovery)
(d) Waste Transformation
(e) Sanitary Landfilling Limited land availability is a
constraint in Metro cities.

2. Processing / Treatment should be :

(i) Technically sound
(ii) Financially viable
(iii) Eco-friendly / Environmental friendly
(iv) Easy to operate & maintain by local community
(v) Long term sustainability

COMPILED BY
RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING & DISPOSAL
I WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE)

(A) WASTE TO COMPOST

(i) AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING

(ii) VERMI-COMPOSTING

(B) WASTE TO ENERGY

(i) REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / PELLETIZATION

(ii) BIO-METHANATION

II RECYCLING OF WASTE

III SANITARY LANDFILLING

IV TREATMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE SEPARATELY
COMPILED BY
VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS RECOMMENDED
FOR WASTE PROCESSING

TOWNS GENERATING GARBAGE

UPTO 50 METRIC TONS / DAY(MT/DAY) = VERMI-COMPOSTING

BETWEEN 50 MT & 500 MT / DAY = VERMI-COMPOSTING +
MECHANICAL COMPOSTING

MORE THAN 500 MT / DAY = MECHANICAL COMPOSTING +
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL(RDF)
FROM REJECTS KEEPING IN
VIEW THE TYPE OF THE CITY
(INDUSTRIAL OR NON-
INDUSTRIAL)
OR
BIO-METHANATION
COMPILED BY
INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998 -
Notified
Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules,
2000 Notified.
Reforms Agenda (Fiscal, Institutional, Legal)
Technical Manual on Municipal Solid Waste
Management
Technology Advisory Group on Municipal
Solid Waste Management
Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Integrated
Plant Nutrient Management from city compost.
COMPILED BY
Tax Free Bonds by ULBs permitted by
Government of India
Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies
Public-Private Partnership in SWM
Capacity Building
Urban Reforms Incentive Fund
Guidelines for PSP and setting up of Regulatory
Authority
Introduction of Commercial Accounting System in
ULBs & other Sector Reforms
Model Municipal Bye-Laws framed / circulated for
benefit of ULBs for adoption
Financial Assistance by Government of India -
12th Finance Commission Grants

COMPILED BY
MAIN ISSUES

- ABSENCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE

- LACK OF TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND
APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

- UNWILLINGNESS OF ULBs TO INTRODUCE PROPER
COLLECTION, SEGREGATION, TRANSPORTATION AND
TREATMENT / DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

- INDIFFERENT ATTITUDE OF CITIZENS TOWARDS WASTE
MANAGEMENT DUE TO LACK OF AWARENESS

- LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION TOWARDS WASTE
MANAGEMENT AND HYGIENIC CONDITIONS

- LACK OF FUNDS WITH ULBs

COMPILED BY
197

To cherish what remains of the Earth and to
foster its renewal is our only legitimate hope of
survival.
Wendell Berry

References
Environmental Studies
-R Rajagopalan
www.greenpeace.org

www.teri.res.in
www.wikepedia.com

COMPILED BY

Environment Pollution

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Unit 5 & 6

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