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Map Projections
Transfer of Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude from the curved surface of globe to a flat
sheet of paper.
Cylindrical Projections
Suitable for equatorial areas.

1 parallels and meridians are straight lines
2. Meridians intersect the parallels at right angles.
3. All parallels are of the same length and every one of them is equal to the length of equator.
4. The length of equator on this projection is equal to the length of equator on globe therefore the
scale along the equator is correct. all other parallels are longer than the corresponding parallels on
globe. For example 30 parallel , 30 parallel and 80 on this projection are 1.154 times 2 times 5.578
times longer than the corresponding parallels on the globe respectively. The pole which is a point on
the globe is equal to the length of equator on this projection.
Simple Cylindrical Projection
1. The distances between the parallels and those between the meridians remain the same
throughout the projection.
2. All meridians are of the same length and every one of them is equal to half the length of equator
on this projection, therefore scale is correct along all meridians.
Cylindrical Equal Area Projection
1. The distances between parallels go on decreasing towards the poles, but distances between the
meridians remain the same.
2. All meridians are of the same length, the length of meridians is shorter than the corresponding
meridians on the globe, their lengths have been reduced in the same ratio in which the length of
parallels has increased, and the length of meridians on this projection is equal to the diameter of the
globe.
MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066
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Cylindrical Orthomorphic Projection (Mercators Projection)
1. Distances between parallels go on increasing towards the poles, but distances between the
meridians remain the same.
2. All meridians are of the same length, the length of meridians is longer than the corresponding
meridians on the globe, their lengths have been increased in the same ratio in which the length of
parallels has increased.
Uses
Simple Cylindrical Projection
It is suitable for the maps of equatorial areas, as the scale along equator is true the east west
distances can be correctly determined along the equator, the scale along all the meridians is true
thus this projection can be used for maps showing railways and roads running in north south
direction.
Equal Area Projection
This projection is used for showing maps of the tropical countries, Tropical crops such as coffee,
rubber etc.
Mercator projection
As this projection preserves the direction and shape, it is used for drawing general purpose maps,
maps of winds, currents and navigation maps.
Conical Projections
Suitable for middle latitudes, Temperate regions

1. The Parallels are concentric arcs of circle. The pole is represented by an arc.
2. Meridians are straight lines.
MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066
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3. The meridians intersect the parallels at right angles.
4. The distance between any two parallels on this projection is true. Thus, scale along all the
meridians is correct.
5. The distance between the meridians decreases towards the poles, i.e. meridians are close to each
other towards the poles.
Conical Projection with one standard parallel
1. The Scale is correct along the standard parallel but very large along all other parallels, the
exaggeration increasing away from the standard parallel. Thus, areas lying adjacent to the standard
parallel are correctly represented on this projection.
Conical Projection with Two Standard Parallels
1. The Scale is correct along the standard parallels but relatively small along the parallels between
the standard parallels and relatively large along all other parallels.
Bonnes Projection
1. The parallels are concentric arcs of circles. The pole is represented as a point on this projection.
2. All the parallels are correctly divided for spacing the meridians. Scale along all the meridians is
thus correct.
3. The central meridian is a straight line and it is correctly divided for spacing the parallels. The scale
along the central meridian is thus correct. Other meridians being curves are longer than the
corresponding meridians on the globe. The scale along them is, thus, enlarged. The scale along the
meridians increases away from the central meridian.
4. The Central meridian intersects all parallels at right angles. Other meridians intersect the parallels
obliquely.
5. The scale along the parallels is correct and the perpendicular distance between them is also
correct. Evidently, the area between any two parallels on this projection is equal to area between
the same two parallels o the globe.
USES
1. Conical Projection with One Standard Parallel
The east west distance is only accurate on standard parallel, only a narrow strip of land can be
shown correctly, so this projection is used for showing railways, roads, valleys and international
borders that run in east west direction for example trans Siberian railway, Tran Canadian Railway, US
Canada Border etc


MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066
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2. Conical Projection with Two Standard Parallels
The east west distance is only accurate on standard parallels, only a narrow strip of land can be
shown correctly, so this projection is used for showing railways, roads, valleys and international
borders that run in east west direction for example trans Siberian railway, Tran Canadian Railway, US
Canada Border etc

3. Bonnes Projection (Modified Conical Projection)
As it is an equal area projection it is used for maps showing the countries of temperate areas, Scale
is correct on all parallels so the countries that are extensive in north south direction can be
accurately shown. Maps of European countries, map of Pakistan
Zenithal Projections
Suitable for polar areas

1. The parallels are concentric circles. The pole is a point forming the centre of the projection.
2. Meridians are straight lines radiating from the pole and spaced uniformly at their correct angular
interval, thus, making the direction from the centre as true.
3. The meridians intersect the parallels at right angles.
Zenithal Gnomonic Projection
1. The Distance of Equator from the centre of the projection cannot be determined because the
radius passing through the equator becomes parallel to the plane placed on the pole. Accordingly
the equator cannot be shown on this projection.
2. The parallels are not spaced at equal distances. The distances between the parallels increase
rapidly towards margins of the projection. This has resulted in exaggeration of the scale along the
meridians.
3. The scale along the parallels also increases rapidly away from the centre of the projection. The
exaggeration in the meridian scale is greater than any other zenithal projection.

MENTOR CIVIL SERVICES COACHING CENTRE SYED YASIR USMAN 0300-4168066
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Zenithal Stereographic Projection
1. The parallels are not spaced at equal distances. The distances between them increase towards the
margins of the projection. Exaggeration in the meridian scale is however less than that in case of
Gnomonic Projection.
2. The Scale along the parallels also increases away from the centre of the projection. The scale
along the parallels however, increases in the same proportion in which it increases along the
meridians with the result that at any point the scale along the parallel is equal to the scale along the
meridian.
3. This an orthomorphic Projection.

Zenithal Orthographic Projection
1. The parallels are not spaced at equal distances. The distances between them decrease rapidly
towards the margins of the projection. As a result the scale along the meridians decreases rapidly
away from the centre of the projection.
2. The scale along the parallels is, however, correct.
3. Since the scale along the meridians decreases rapidly away from the centre, the shapes are much
distorted, the distortion increasing away from the centre of the projection.
4. It is neither equal area nor orthomorphic.
USES
1. Zenithal Gnomonic Projection
This projection is used for navigation purpose in polar areas as the Mercators projection cannot
show the polar areas with accuracy.
2. Zenithal Stereographic Projection
A circle drawn on globe is represented as a circle on this projection; it is used for showing range of
missiles, aeroplanes, transmission towers, as the shape is preserved in this projection it is used for
general purpose maps as well
3. Zenithal Orthographic Projection
This projection represents the view of earth as seen from a distant point from space, the projection
is used for making astronomical charts.