Overview

OG_OV1
Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Porous rock (sedimentary)
Rocks mainly carbonate or sandstone
Unconventional gas (shale, coal bed, tight gas)
Trap is needed
A source of carbon (micro-organisms in seawater)
On- or Off-shore
Economics
OG_OV2
OG_OV3
Off-Shore Rigs and Platforms
How to Produce HCs?
Drill a well (gas or liquid)
Pressure difference
Mining (oil sands)
a
OG_OV4
a. Oil is extracted by heat and caustic, Canada
How to Maintain Pressure Difference?
Reservoir pressure
Gas injection
Water injection
Pumps (surface or submersible)
Gas lift
Minimize damage
OG_OV5
Oil Recovery Modes
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Chemical
CO
2
Steam
In-situ combustion
OG_OV6
Types of Injection Water
Seawater (SRB, SO
4
scale)
Aquifer water (fines migration, SO
4
)
River water (fines migration, TSS)
Produced water (TSO, SRB, H
2
S)
Commingled water (scale formation)
OG_OV7
a. There are problems with all types of waters
Oil Processing
Oil gas separation plant (GOSP)
Separate dissolved gases
Separate free and emulsified waters
Water contains salts (scale, corrosion)
Gases contain hydrogen sulfide
OG_OV8
Problems with Produced Waters
Loss of production
Lifting, separation, disposal
Scale
Corrosion
Bacteria
Emulsions
Sanding
OG_OV9
Chemicals Needed
Corrosion inhibitors
Scale inhibitors
Demulsifiers
Biocides
Drag reducing agents
OG_OV10
OG_OV11
Types of Wells - Function
Oil producer
Water injection
Water disposal
Water supply
Gas producer
Gas injection
Observation (T, P, OWC, GOC, GWC)
OG_OV12
Types of Wells Geometry
Vertical
Horizontal
Short radius
Extended reach
Multi-lateral
OG_OV13
Types of Wells Completion
Open hole
Perforated
Screens
Gravel packed
Smart completions
OG_OV14
Lithology
Carbonates
Sandstones
Mixed
Shales
OG_OV15
Carbonate Reservoirs
Calcite (CaCO
3
)
Dolomite CaMg((CO)
3
)
2
Ankerite Ca(MgFe)((CO
3
)
2
)
Small amounts of clays, pyrite
Middle East, Brazil, USA, UK
OG_OV16
Carbonate Rocks (2)
Dissolve in HCl
Density of Calcite = 2.7 g/cc
Density of Dolomite = 2.85 g/cc
Natural fractures
Positively charged
Never use HF, H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
3
OG_OV17
Sandstone Rocks
Quartz (sand)
Feldspars and clays
Carbonates
Sulfates
Iron oxides (hematite)
Pyrite (iron sulfide)
OG_OV18
Sandstone Rocks (2)
Density = 2.65 g/cc
Negatively charged
Cementing material
Sand production
Fines migration
HF acid for silica/silicates
Never use HF alone
OG_OV19
Drilling Fluids (Mud)
Water-based
All oil
Oil-based
OG_OV20
Function
Well control
Cool-down the drilling bit
Carry drilling cuttings
Form filter cake
Left drilling cuttings
Suspend solids if bit stops
OG_OV21
Formulation
Water
XC-polymer (xanthan gum)
Starch, Poly-anionic cellulose
Weighting material
KCl
KOH, Ca(OH)
2
Drag reducing agents
OG_OV22
Weighting Materials
Bentonite
a
Barite, BaSO
4
a
Calcium carbonate, CaCO
3
Hematite, Fe
2
O
3
Manganese tetraoxide, Mn
3
O
4
a. Insoluble in HCl acid
OG_OV23
Casing
Mainly low-carbon steel
Joints
Examples: J-55 and C-95
Letter stands for heat treatment
Number is the minimum yield
strength of steel
OG_OV24
Cement
Placed between rock and casing
Zone isolation
Water shut-off
OG_OV25
Formulation
Water
Class G cement
Additives
Light weight cement
Flexible cement
OG_OV26
Sand Production
Weak rock
High drawdown
Water production
Chemical treatments
OG_OV27
Unconsolidated Sandstone
Rock Integrity
OG_OV28
Problems
Accumulation in the well bore
Erosion to surface valves
Erosion to pumps
All kinds of problems