ANGEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

TIRUPUR 641 665

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore
An I!" #$$%&'$$( Certified Instit)tion
DEPARTMENT OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY
FT2255 - DYEING, PRONITING AND POLLUTION CONTROL
TWO MARK QUESTION WITH ANSWER
Branch: B.Tech Year / Sem: II / III
Unit - I BLEACHING
1. Give the function of pattern roller and bowl in calendaring m/c
*ATTE+EN +",,E+& ,)st)re prod)ced-
."/,& 0lat, soft effect-
2. What is universal bleaching agent and why it`s called so?
1ydrogen pero2ide is a )niversal bleaching agent-
It is )sed for bleaching of all 3ind of te2tile fibres-
3. What are the types of effect to be given for universal calendaring?
i- Roll Effect: 0lattened fabric, high coverage ratio, soft hand and moderate gla4e
ii- Matt Effect: 1igh coverage ratio, soft hand and matt effect
iii- Lustrous effect: This effect originates from friction created d)ring the passage between a smooth
and a steel roller
4. What are the objectives of Bleaching cotton fabric?
To remove the nat)ral and added colo)ring matters
To ma3e white
5. Why sodium hypochlorite is called as strongest oxidizing agent?
!odi)m hypochlorite is capable for to release the nascent o2ygen (" at room temperat)re d)ring
bleaching process- !o that it is called as strongest o2idi4ing agent-
6. State object of calendaring
To compress the fabric and +ed)ced fabric thic3ness-
Increased fabric l)ster
Increased fabric cover
To )pgrade the fabric and impart smooth sil3y s)rface feel
+ed)ced air porosity and
+ed)ced yarn slippage
7. Mention the conditions of bleaching with hypochlorite and peroxide.
Conditions for hypochlorite bleaching
Temperat)re 5 +oom temp
Time 5 '5 6 hrs
p1 5%$-7 5 %%
Conditions for peroxide bleaching
Temperat)re 5 ($8C
Time 5 %5 ' hrs
p1 5 %$-7 5 %%
8. Which one is better bleaching process - hypochlorite or peroxide? Why?
*ero2ide is better bleaching
.eca)se of more whiteness, less damage, less time and combine sco)ring and bleaching process is
possible-
9. Why is grey cotton material hydrophobic?
9rey cotton fabric consists nat)ral imp)rities li3e oils, wa2, etc- and added imp)rities li3e starch so that
grey cotton materials are hydrophobic-
10. What is embossing?
It:s on 3ind of finishing process and prod)ce damas3 effects on the fabric-
11. Write the advantage and disadvantage for sodium hypochlorite bleaching
Advantage
1ypochlorites are easy to handle
!odi)m hypochlorite, being sodi)m salt of hypochloro)s acid, does not re;)ire any dissolving
arrangement and are ready for immediate )se-
!odi)m hypochlorite can penetrate into the fabric more thoro)ghly
.leaching is cheapest one-
*rocess temp is room temp-
Disadvantage
.leaching with sodi)m hypochlorite prod)ces slight damage to cell)losic fibres
!odi)m hypochlorite cannot be )sed for the bleaching of synthetic fibres as it prod)ces greater
damage to s)ch fibres
.leaching with sodi)m hypochlorite sol)tion re;)ires corrosion resistant e;)ipment-
!odi)m hypochlorite prod)ces )npleasent odo)rs in wor3ing environment-
!odi)m hypochlorite sol)tion is harmf)l to s3in in concentrated form-
It prod)ces harsh handle on fabric- 0)rthermore, it cannot be )sed on nat)ral animal fibres-
!tabilisation of sodi)m hypochlorite is diffic)lt to achieve where p1 varies
12. List out the advantage and disadvantage for hydrogen peroxide bleaching
Advantage
*ero2ide is capable of contin)ing the sco)ring action sim)ltaneo)sly with the bleaching action, th)s a
single stage combined sco)r and bleach or a contin)o)s method is possible )sing hydrogen pero2ide
*ero2ide bleaching is in general less liable to have adverse effect on dyed threads- The white effect is
good and permanent and there is less ris3 of yellowing at a later stage-
Thoro)gh rinsing followed by sco)ring or antichlor treatment is re;)ired with hypochlorite bleaching,
whereas with pero2ide a comparatively short rinsing s)ffices-
/ith hydrogen pero2ide, there is no danger of e;)ipment corrosion, no )npleasent odo)rs and no
limitations as to processing techni;)es-
Increasing strict control over the discharge of A"< from chlorine bleaching li;)ors has led to a
greater advantage of pero2ide processes for bleaching cell)losic fibres
Disadvantages
.leaching with pero2ide is costlier than that of hypochlorite or bleaching powder-
1ydrogen pero2ide bleaching re;)ires stabilisation )s)ally with silicates which brings the ris3 of
forming resist stains in s)bse;)ent dyeing, and ca)ses a b)ild5)p of hard crystalline deposits on plant
and machinery ca)sing abrasion damage to the fabric d)ring passage-
Catalytic damage= occ)rs d)ring hydrogen pero2ide bleaching of cotton fabrics and res)lts in small
spots of )nevenly dyed fabric or even, in severe cases, the formation of small holes-
There is limitation in white obtained on acrylic fibres- It also ca)ses deleterio)s effect on s3in when
)sed in a concentrated form-
13. Mention the advantage and disadvantage for sodium chlorite bleaching
Advantage
1igh brightness degree
Negligible degradation of fibres (%5'> weight loss for cell)losic fibres and no attac3 to the
polymeric chains in the synthetic fibres
,ower environmental impact of wastewaters (negligible level of A"< and C"D-
?ersatile bleaching agent for cell)losics, synthetics and blends, especially poly5cotton blends- It is
also safe for those synthetic fibers which are sensitive to al3ali-
Non sensitive to metal ions s)ch as iron and /ater hardness )nder acidic conditions-
Disadvantages
It is e2pensive as compared to hydrogen pero2ide-
It cannot be )sed for wool and sil3-
Chlorine dio2ide is highly corrosive to metals and to2ic in nat)re-
.leaching in ne)tral and acidic p1 damage cotton-
14. Why the bleaching agents used in textile industry are oxidizing agents and not used for reducing
agents?
"2idi4ing bleaching agents provide the permanent whiteness compare to red)cing bleaching agents-
15. How are the Bleaching method classified? and write down a typical recipe for H2O2 bleaching
.leaching method
1alf bleaching
0)ll bleaching
Typical recipe for H2O2 bleaching
1
'
"
'
@ ' 5( >
Na"1 @ $-A5$-B>
Na
'
!io
6
@ 6>
Na
'
Co
6
@ $-( 5 B>
Temp 5 ($8C, Time @ ' hrs, p1 %$-7 to %'
16. What is M: L: R for dyeing machine?
Cigger @ %& 7
/inch @ %& '$ to %& A$
17. State the concentration of bleaching agent, the temperature and pH to be maintained while sodium
chlorite bleaching
!odi)m chlorite& $-7 @ ' gpl
Temp& (75#$DC
p1& A E $-'
Time& #$5%'$ min-
18. What is the role of peroxide concentration in bleaching
To maintain the ' vol)me of hydrogen pero2ide concentration sol)tion to provide the better effect-
If Concentration is increase, fabric will damage
If concentration is decrease- No reaction
19. What is the role of sodium silicate in scouring and bleaching?
!tabili4er
To maintain the p1 d)ring sco)ring and bleaching process
20. What do you mean Antichlor Treatment?
Anti chlorine treatment is to remove the chlorine content present in the hypochlorite bleached fabric to
avoid the yellowise problem d)e to formation of chloramines by )sing sodi)m bis)lphate or sodi)m
thios)lphate or sodi)m hydros)lphite
21. What do you mean Souring?
.leached fabric is treated with dil)ted hydrochloric acid or s)lph)ric acid with 6$ mins to ma3e ne)tral
condition for bleached fabric
22. Mention the merits and demerits of winch and jigger dyeing machine.
1igger Merits
The cloth can be dyed in open width form of f)ll width form-
Chemical and heat loses are less when compared to winch dyeing machine
The material to li;)or ratio is %&6 (or %&A which saves considerable amo)nt of chemical cost and
steam cost-
Demerits
It e2erts lot of tension in the warp direction and beca)se of this normally woolen, 3nitted fabrics, sil3
etc are not dyed in Figger dyeing machine-
Winch Merits (advantages)
Thin and light weight fabrics li3e 3nitted fabrics, voile cloth etc, can be dyed s)ccessf)lly in winch
dyeing machine witho)t e2erting any tension-
Embroidery fabrics may be dyed in winch dyeing machine witho)t affecting the embroidery designs-
Demerits (disadvantages)
0abrics are dyed in rope form, so there are more chances for )neven dyeing- Therefore, we will get even
dyeing only when retarding G leveling agent is added to the dye li;)or- The material to li;)or ratio is very
high i-e- %&6$ or %&A$- Therefore the heat and the additional chemicals are provided more when compared
to Figger- 1eat and chemical losses are more beca)se of the wider open tan3-
23. List out the function of friction calender
To prod)ces high degree of l)st)re on one side of the fabric and
Closing )p the interlacing threads