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Seminar Report Nov2011 Airborne Internet
1INTRODUCTION
Are you tired of slow modem connections? Cellonics Incorporated has developed
new technology that may end this and other communications problems forever. The new
modulation and demodulation technology is called Cellonics. In general, this technology
will allow for modem speeds that are 1,000 times faster than our present modems. The
development is based on the way biological cells communicate with each other and
nonlinear dynamical systems !"#$. %a&or telcos, which are telecommunications
companies, will benefit from the incredible speed, simplicity, and robustness of this new
technology, as well as individual users.
In current technology, the A#CII uses a combination of ones and 'eros to display a
single letter of the alphabet Cellonics, (001$. Then the data is sent over radio fre)uency
cycle to its destination where it is then decoded. The original technology also utili'es
carrier signals as a reference which uses hundreds of wave cycles before a decoder can
decide on the bit value *egard, (001$, whether the bit is a one or a 'ero, in order to
translate that into a single character.
The Cellonics technology came about after studying biological cell behaviour. The study
showed that human cells respond to stimuli and generate waveforms that consist of a
continuous line of pulses separated by periods of silence. The Cellonics technology
found a way to mimic these pulse signals and apply them to the communications industry
*egard, (001$. The Cellonics element accepts slow analog waveforms as input and in
return produces predictable, fast pulse output, thus encoding digital information and
sending it over communication channels. !onlinear "ynamical #ystems !"#$ are the
mathematical formulations re)uired to simulate the cell responses and were used in
building Cellonics. +ecause the techni)ue is nonlinear, performance can e,ceed the
norm, but at the same time, implementation is straightforward *egard, (001$.
This technology will be most beneficial to businesses that do most of their wor- by
remote and with the use of portable devices. The Cellonics technology will provide these
devices with faster, better data for longer periods of time Advantages, (001$. Cellonics
also utili'es a few discrete components, most of which are bypassed or consume very
Dept.Of Electronics C A S VATTAMK!AM
little power. This reduces the number of off the shelf components in portable devices
while dramatically decreasing the power used, leading to a lower cost for the entire
device. The non.portable devices of companies will benefit from the lac- of components
the machines have and the company will not have to worry so much about parts
brea-ing.
2.PRINCIPLE OF CELLONICS TECHNOLOGY
/ig (.a0 %easured 1.cell 2esponse
The Cellonics3 technology is a revolutionary and unconventional approach based on
the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems !"#$ and modelled after biological
cellbehaviour1. In essence, the term Cellonics is an euphemism for 4electronic cells5.
6hen used in the field of communications, the technology has the ability to encode,
transmit and decode digital information powerfully over a variety of physical channels,
be they cables or wirelessly through the air. There have been much research over the past
decades to study inter.cell communications. *aboratory studies have recorded electrical
waveforms that show burst of spi-es separated by periods of silence
/or e,amples, /ig (a and /ig 1b show the behaviour of the 1.cell and the *eech
!ociceptor respectively. /rom these figures, we may observe that the slow waveforms(
trigger the fast pulse trains7 allowing the cells to convey information as postulated by
some researchers$.!ote that while the fast pulse trains are always the same, the slow
time.varying stimulus analog waveforms can ta-e many arbitrary shapes. The number of
the pulse trains varies according to the parameters of the slow analog waveforms. Thus,
if a circuit can be found that accept an analog input waveform and output a set of pulse
trains with predictable number of pulses in each burst, we have a very powerful means of
encoding digital information and communicating it over a variety of physical channels.
Cellonics Inc. has invented and patented a number of circuits that mimic the above
biological cell behaviour. The Cellonics3 circuits are incredibly simple with advantages
of low.cost, low power consumption and smallness of si'e. They can and have been used
in various applications such as communications and electronic circuits gated oscillator,
sigma delta modulator, delta modulator, cloc- multipliers, etc$. 6hen applied in
communications, the Cellonics3 technology is a fundamental modulation and
demodulation techni)ue. The Cellonics3 receivers are used as devices that generate
pulses from the received analog signal and perform demodulation based on pulse
counting and related algorithms.
1 The study of biological cell behaviour is 8!*9 an inspiration to the invention of
Cellonics3 circuits. The Cellonics3 technology is !8T related to any neural networ-
communications or neurophomic electronics.
( #low waveforms0 Analogue waveforms that vary slowly with time. These waveforms
can be in any arbitrary shape.
7 /ast waveforms:fast pulse trains0 6aveform in the shape of pulses that varies rapidly
with time
3. THE CELLONICS CIRCUITS
Cellonics Inc. has developed and patented families of Cellonics3 circuits that are useful
for various applications. 8ne of these Cellonics3 circuits is an e,tremely simple circuit
that e,hibits the ;#curve< transfer characteristic. /ig 7a shows one of the possible circuit
reali'ations. The circuit contains a negative impedance converter. Its iv transfer
characteristic is shown in /ig 7b.Thetransfer characteristic consists of three different
regions. The two lines at the top and bottom have positive slope, 1:2/ and they represent
the regions in which the 8p.Amp is operating in the saturated nonlinear$ mode. In /ig
7b, the middle segment has a negative slope negative resistance$
/ig 7.A Cellonic Circuit
/ig 7b0 =hase #pace > I.? Characteristics Curve
and represents the region in which the 8p.Amp is operating linearly. It is this negative
resistance region that allows the 8p.Amp to oscillate and produce pulses bounded by the
positive and negative saturation voltages.
/or ease of e,planation@, we assume that the input signal is a triangular waveform. Aere
we have d?s:dt B ?0 depending on the slope of the triangular input waveform.
6henever the slope is positive, the 8p.Amp is stable and outputs a constant saturation
voltage. Thus a silent period is observed i.e. no spi-e is being produced. 8n the other
hand, with properly selected circuit parameters whenever the slope of the triangular
waveform is negative, the 8p.Amp is unstable. In this region, the output is oscillating.
The duration of each pulse is similar and the number of pulses generated depends on the
length of time the slope remains negative. Thus by Controlling the duration of the
negative slope, he number of pulses to be produced at the output of the 8p.Amp can be
controlled. The Cellonics3 circuit is robust against noise perturbations C as long as the
effective negative slope -eeps the 8p.Amp unstable, the noise will not have an effect on
the pulse generation. The level of tolerance against the noise perturbations is carried out
by proper selection of circuit parameters in the design. There are also many other
families of Cellonics3 circuits. +y using the =rinciple of "uality, the ;!.curve<
families of Cellonics3 circuits can be derived. In this case, the reali'ation of the circuits
can be based on the 8=.A%= or devices such as he tunnel diode, etc. The transfer
function of a tunnel diode e,hibits the ;!. curve< transfer characteristic inherently,
which is a ;dual< of the #.curve< family. +y connecting an inductor and
/ig 7d0 =!.Curve Cellonics3 Dlement
a tunnel diode in series, we can produce pulses that are separated by periods of silence.
This family of circuits responds to the voltage level of the input signal. As an application
e,ample, a s)uare wave signal is used in /ig 7d. In this case, the duration when the input
signal is above a certain ;threshold< voltage determines the duration that the circuit
operates in the unstable region and conse)uently the number of pulses generated.
4.APPLICATIONS TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS
/ig @a0 "igital Communication =athway /unctional "iagram
The Cellonics3 technology can be used as a modulation:demodulation techni)ue with
the Cellonics3 Dlement embedded in the demodulator/ig @a$. 8ne of the most
important features of the Cellonics3 demodulation techni)ue is its powerful inherent
Carrier.rate "ecoding3, which enables one information symbol to be carried in one 2/
carrier cycle. Convention systems re)uire thousands of cycles to capture one symbol.
Cellonics3 uni)ue Carrier.rate "ecoding3 offers throughput at ma,imum rate.
/ig @b0 8ne symbol =er Cycle
To further illustrate the Cellonics3 inherent Carrier.rate "ecoding3, an /#E. li-e
signal is ta-en as an e,ampleF. As shown in /ig @b, the information symbols are encoded
in this /#E. li-e signal that is transmitted through the channel. At the receiver, the
Cellonics3 circuit produces different sets of pulses with respect to the different
fre)uencies of the signal. The information symbol can be recovered by simply counting
the pulses i.e. f1 produces ( spi-es, f( produces 7spi-es, f7 produces @ spi-es etc.
/ig @c0 Comparison with ?arious %odulation #chemes
/ig @c shows the different conventional modulation:demodulation schemes and the
Cellonics3 approach. In the conventional communication systems, thousands of 2/
carrier cycles are re)uired to reliably e,tract the information contained in a carrier signal.
This is because the receiver re)uires time to synchroni'e with the carrier signal. 6ith the
Cellonics3 technology, information can be decoded in every transmitted cycle. Thus,
this brea-through promises very high.speed data transmission.
+esides its application in decoding circuits, the Cellonics3 technology also offers
simplicity in receiver architecture with its attributes of low cost, smallness in si'e and
low power consumption. Its robustness in noisy environment
/ig @d0 @th Generation G#% 2eceiver Architecture vs. Cellonics3
also offers a system that has better performance and receiver sensitivity. /ig
@d shows a conventional #uper heterodyne receiver which is comple, in design and has
many practical drawbac-s. #ome issues that need considerable attention include0 device
noise inter modulation, local oscillators:mi,er isolation, =hase *oc- *oop =**$
switching time and noise immunity. %oreover, these subsystems consume considerable
amount of power. A newer techni)ue uses the #uper homodyne approach with no I/
stage i.e. 'ero.I/$. +ut these solutions are difficult to manufacture, have some tric-y
problems e.g. "C offset$ and still re)uire power hungry subsystems as mentioned
earlier. 6ith the Cellonics3 technology, a very simple receiver architecture can be
reali'ed without oscillators, phase loc- loops etc. This is a paradigm shift in design.
/ig @e0 @th Generation G#% 2eceiver vs. Cellonics
/ig @e shows a more detailed diagram of the @thgeneration #uper homodyne G#%
receiver and the Cellonics3 receiver. It clearly shows the simplicity of the Cellonics3
receiver as no oscillators and crystals are re)uired. To improve the spectral efficiency,
multi.level
/ig @f0 8ther =erformance Advantages
modulation scheme is usually employed. /ig @fcompares a conventional %.ary /#E
receiver and a Cellonics3 receiver. Dach increase in the modulation level re)uires a
significant number of circuits to be added in the conventional receiver. /or the
Cellonics3 receiver, no additional circuit elements are re)uired due to its inherent multi.
level modulation property. This is achieved using different number of spi-es per cycle to
represent different sets of information symbols /ig @g below$.
/ig @g0 %.ary 2eceiver /#E vs Cellonics
5. PERFORMANCE OF CELLONICS RECEIVER
/ig Fa0 Cellonics3 2eceiver =erformance
F a. +D2 =erformance in a !arrowband Communication #ystem
An important performance measure of any modulation scheme is its bit.error rate +D2$
performance in a noisy channel. /ig Fa shows the numerical simulation results of the
Cellonics3 receiver in the A6G! channel. Also shown in the figure is the theoretical
curve of the optimal +inary =hase #hift Eeying +=#E$ modulation scheme. /rom the
figure, it is clear that the +D performance of the Cellonics3 modulation is able to match
the theoretical optimal +=#E modulation scheme. This is achieved by using only
@Cellonics3 elements which are very simple please refer to /ig 7a and /ig 7d$. /igure
Fb shows another set of results in the multi.path environment which show that the
Cellonics3
/ig Fb0 =erformance in (.path and A6G! Channel
receiver has similar performance as the +=#E receiver but with much simpler receiver
architecture. /urthermore, in practical terms, the Cellonics3 receiver will have less
implementation losses when compared to a conventional receiver.
b. +D2 =erformance in an Hltra 6ideband
/ig Fc0 =erformance in Cellonics3 H6+
/ig Fd0 =erformance in Cellonics3 H6+
H6+ is a new radio system that occupies an ultra wide bandwidth. In H6+ signaling,
the transmission uses very short impulses of radio energy less than a few nanoseconds
in duration$. This results in a spectrum that covers a wide range of radio fre)uencies.
Conse)uently, the small amount of transmitted energy is spread over a wide fre)uency
range resulting in very small energy per Aert'. It will cause little interference to the
e,isting spectrum users. Typical correlator.based H6+ receiver re)uires thousands of
cycles and frames to ac)uire the signals and average out the noise.
The Cellonics3 technology can be used as a receiver to detect the H6+ signals.
The +D2 performance of the Cellonics3 H6+ system has been evaluated in both
simulation and e,periment. /ig @c shows the simulated and e,perimental results. Hsing
the 8n.8ff Eeying method, the e,perimental Cellonics3 performance curve is less than
1 d+ from the theoretical best performance using the correlate approach. Aowever, the
Cellonics3 H6+ system has superior throughput and is potentially hundreds to
thousands times faster as it uses only one to few frames e.g. Iframes$ to decode one
information symbol depending on the power efficiency re)uirements. /ig @d shows its
performance in a dense in.door multipath environment. The fading margin is only7 d+
and indicates that it is suitable for indoor applications such as wireless local area
networ-s.
6. PROOF OF CONCEPT - DEMONSTRATION ON
SYSTEMS
In the following discussions, the parameters used in the demonstration systems such as
the distance of transmission and the data rates are merely for ease of prototyping
purposes and are !8T the limitation of the Cellonics3 technology.
a0 !arrowband Communication #ystem
/ ig J a0 6ireline Cellonics3 Communication #ystem F.I %bps$
/ig Ja shows the bloc- diagram of a proof.of concept demonstration system that
transmits compact disc music at a data rate of F.I %bps over a wired line. In this system,
a C".28% player is used as a convenient signal source to provide the re)uired bit
stream. The digital data is modulated using a pulse width modulation scheme. These
modulated data are then passed through aI00.ft telephone wire line. At the receiver, the
data is demodulated using the ;!.shaped< Cellonics3 circuit, which in this case uses
only two elements . an inductor in series with a tunnel diode. To recover the digital
information, the decision device simply counts the pulses to determine if it is a logic 415
or 405. The recovered data is then output to an audio player for real time playbac-.
!ote0 This demo highlights good long distance performance.
b. !arrowband Communication #ystem6ireless$
/ ig Jb 6ireless Cellonics3 Communication #ystem
/ig Jb shows the bloc- diagram of another demonstration system which is a (J.I %bps
file transfer system. The system consists of a transmitter and receiverK both sub.systems
further comprise three modules0 the =C:"#= module, baseband transceiver module and
the 2/ transmit:receive module. The "#= module resides in a personal computer and
provides a high.speed data transmission interface with the transmit:receive =C. The "#=
transmits a data file residing on the =C serially to the baseband transmitter at a data rate
of (J.I %bps. The baseband transmitter converts these data from the "#= into /#E.li-e
waveforms. The 2/ receiver module down converts the received signal using an A%
envelope detector. The received waveform is fed into the ;#.shaped< Cellonics3 chip to
recover the data. The recovered data are sent to the "#= storage on the receiver =C. The
transmission has no error correction scheme and the off.line +D2 chec- has 'ero error
most of the time. The demonstration system shows a high throughput of data transfer and
is 7 times faster as compared to a commercial 2adio *A! product. !ote0 This demo
highlights better than current wireless *A! 11 %bps$ performance.
c. Hltra 6ideband Audio #ystem
/ig Jc Cellonics3 H6+ 6ireless Audio 2adio #ystem
/ig Jc shows the bloc- diagram of a H6+ radio system. This system demonstrates the
live transmission of compact disc music using H6+ wireless technology. "igital data
from two C".28% players is tapped at a rate of 11.@ %bps. This data stream is fed into
a H6+ pulse generator and transmitted wirelessly. At the receiver end, the signal is
detected and then fed to a Cellonics3 receiver to decode and the original music data is
recovered:sent to an audio player for real.time playbac-.
!ote0 This demo highlights future application and good noise immunity.
d. Hltra 6ideband ?ideo #ystem
/ig Jd Cellonics3 H6+ 6ireless ?ideo 2adio #ystem
/ig Jd shows the bloc- diagram of a second H6+ demonstration system that transmits
real.time video images at a data rate of 1(%bps wirelessly to a video monitor. In this
system, a simple web camera is used as the video capture source. The digital video
information is fed into a pulse position modulation processing board a /ield
=rogrammable Gate Array or /=GA board$ via a H#+ connection before being
fre)uency translated to a higher fre)uency band at a transmitter for sending over the air.
The airborne signals are then detected by a H6+ receiver and pulse position
demodulated bac- into digital video information for display at a video monitor. In both
instances, an ultra simple Cellonics Transmitter and a simple Celloncis receiver are used.
The speed of the system is only limited by the ?ideo camera5s H#+ interface data rate.
!ote0 This demo highlights the ultra simplicity, speed and robust performance of the
Cellonics H6+ transceiver technology in a popular consumer application.
7:CELLONICS ADVANTAGES
The impact of Cellonics3 is such that it effects a fundamental change in the way
digital communications have traditionally been done. As such, many communication
devices will benefit from its incredible simplicity, speed and robustness.
"evices built with the Cellonics3 technology will save on chip:=C+ real estate, power
and implementation time.
1. N! L"# $% C%&&'(")*$"%( D+"),
The strength of the Cellonics3 technology lies in its inherent Carrier.rate "ecoding3
i.e. e,tremely fast decoding rate$, multilevel capability spectral efficiency$, simple
circuitry, low power consumption and low cost. #ome telecommunication application
e,amples in wireless communication are cellular networ-s(:7:@ G and beyond$, 6.
*A!:Aome networ-s ,*%"#, broadcasting, military radio, 2/ identification tags, low
cost radar with fine range precision and sensor for automobiles. In wire line
communication, some areas where the Cellonics3 technology is deployable are0 high.
speed modem cable modem, ,"#*$, *A!:Aome networ-s, bac-bone telephony:data
networ-s, power line communications and military applications. +eyond its application
in telecommunication, the Cellonics 3 technology is also applicable in the electronics
circuits such as gated oscillators, delta modulators, sigma.delta modulators and cloc-
multipliers, etc.

10#avings on Chip: =C+ 2eal Dstate +ecause of its simplicity, a receiver implemented
with Cellonics3 can save as much as @ times the chip real estate. Comparison made
with a 'ero.I/ receiver designed with the same 0.L%m +iC%8# process.$
(0#avings on =ower
Hsing the same design and comparison above, it was found that a Cellonics3.based
receiver consumed 7 times less power. This is possible because a Cellonics3 circuit is
built with a few discrete components that are mostly passive and hence consume very
little or negligible power. Cellonics3 returns a high Mpower budgetM bac- to a
communication device. "esigners can use this Me,traM power to MfinanceM other power.
needy features in a device such a color screen, G=# receiver, etc. Dlse, the device will
simply end up having a longer battery life. As in the case of mobile phones.$
Table I0a
70#avings in Implementation Time In a receiver, the Cellonics3 circuit replaces many
traditional subsystems such as the amplifier, mi,er, =**, oscillator, filter, crystal )uart',
etc. that are necessary in a common #uper heterodyne and #uper homodyne design.
These parts in these subsystems can be costly, fragile and noisy. Aside from this, the
subsystems need great e,pertise to be put together and fine.tuned. It is also difficult to
miniaturi'e. 6ith the simplicity and robustness of Cellonics3, implementation time is
swift without the sacrifice on performance.
@0+uild or 2e&uvenate your =roducts with Cellonics3 The incredible simplicity, low
cost, low power consumption of Cellonics3 ma-es it ideal for use in your ne,t
generation of feature.rich products that need to be small in si'e and long on power
reserve. Dlse, the technology is also ideal in giving your current products a new low. cost
and power.saving receiver engine.
-:CONCLUSION
The Cellonics communication method is one inspired by how biological cells
signal. It is a fresh and novel loo- at how digital signals may be conveyed. In this digital
day and age, it is timelyK current digital communication designs are mostly derived from
old analog signal methods. 6ith the Cellonics method, much of the sub.systems in a
traditional communication system are not re)uired. !oise.generating and power.
consuming systems such as voltage.controlled oscillators, =**s, mi,ers, power
amplifiers, etc., are eliminated. To a communications engineer, this is unheard off. 8ne
&ust doesn5t build a communication device without an oscillator, mi,er, orN.
#uch is the revolutionary impact of Cellonics. Dngineers will have to reform
their thin-ing. that such a simple solution is possible.
..REFERENCE
10www.cellonics.com
(0www.future(0hottechnologies.com

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Seminar Report Nov2011 Airborne Internet

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