1601 through 2400).

Following receipt of these segments, B acknowledges receipt

of
all octets through 1601 and issues a credit of 1000 octets. This means that A ca
n send octets
1601 through 2600 (5 segments). However, by the time that B's message has arrive
d atA,A
has already sent two segments, containing octets 1601 through 2000 (which was pe
rmissible
under the initial allocation). Thus, A's remaining credit at this point is OIily
400 octets (2 segments).
As the exchange proceeds,A advances the trailing edge of its window each time th
at
it transmits and advances the leading edge only when it is granted credit.
The credit allocation mechanism is quite flexible. For example, consider that th
e last
message issued by B was (AN = i, W = j) and that the last octet of data received
by B was
octet number i - 1. Then
To. increase credit to an amount k(k > j) when no additional data have arrived,
B
issues (AN = i, W = k).
To acknowledge an incoming segment containing m octets of data (m < j) without
granting additional credit, B issues (AN = i + m, W = j - m).
TCP Segment Format
TCP uses only a single type of protocol data unit, called a TCP segment. The hea
der is shown
in Figure 4.13a. Because one header must serve to perform all protocol mechanism
s, it is
rather large, with a minimum length of 20 octets. The fields are as follows:
Source Port (16 bits): Source TCP user.
Destination Port (16 bits): Destination TCP user.
Sequence Number (32 bits): Sequence number of the first data octet in this segme
nt
except when the SYN flag is set. If SYN is set, this field contains the initial
sequence
number (ISN) and the first data octet in this segment has sequence number ISN +
l.
Acknowle~gment N1601 through 2400). Following receipt of these segments, B ackno
wledges receipt of
all octets through 1601 and issues a credit of 1000 octets. This means that A ca
n send octets
1601 through 2600 (5 segments). However, by the time that B's message has arrive
d atA,A
has already sent two segments, containing octets 1601 through 2000 (which was pe
rmissible
under the initial allocation). Thus, A's remaining credit at this point is OIily
400 octets (2 segments).
As the exchange proceeds,A advances the trailing edge of its window each time th
at
it transmits and advances the leading edge only when it is granted credit.
The credit allocation mechanism is quite flexible. For example, consider that th
e last
message issued by B was (AN = i, W = j) and that the last octet of data received
by B was
octet number i - 1. Then
To. increase credit to an amount k(k > j) when no additional data have arrived,
B
issues (AN = i, W = k).
To acknowledge an incoming segment containing m octets of data (m < j) without
granting additional credit, B issues (AN = i + m, W = j - m).
TCP Segment Format
TCP uses only a single type of protocol data unit, called a TCP segment. The hea
der is shown
in Figure 4.13a. Because one header must serve to perform all protocol mechanism
s, it is
rather large, with a minimum length of 20 octets. The fields are as follows:
Source Port (16 bits): Source TCP user.
Destination Port (16 bits): Destination TCP user.
Sequence Number (32 bits): Sequence number of the first data octet in this segme
nt
except when the SYN flag is set. If SYN is set, this field contains the initial
sequence
number (ISN) and the first data octet in this segment has sequence number ISN +
l.
Acknowle~gment Number (32 bits): A piggybacked acknowledgment. Contains
the sequence number of the next data octet that the TCP entity expects to receiv
e.
Header Length (4 bits): Number of 32-bit words in the header.
Reserved (6 bits): Reserved for future use.
Flags (6 bits): For each flag, if set to 1, the meaning is
CWR: congestion window reduced
ECE: ECN-Echo; the CWR and ECE bits, defined in RFC 3168, are used for the
explicit congestion notification function
URG: urgent pointer field significant
ACK: acknowledgment field significantumber (32 bits): A piggybacked acknowledgme
nt. Contains
the sequence number of the next data octet that the TCP entity expects to receiv
e.
Header Length (4 bits): Number of 32-bit words in the header.
Reserved (6 bits): Reserved for future use.
Flags (6 bits): For each flag, if set to 1, the meaning is
CWR: congestion window reduced
ECE: ECN-Echo; the CWR and ECE bits, defined in RFC 3168, are used for the
explicit congestion notification function
URG: urgent pointer field significant
ACK: acknowledgment field significantAlthough linearly polarized antennas can be
used to communicate with circularly
polarized antennas, there will be an antenna polarization mismatch loss ????????
of approximately 3 dB. For a transmitting and receiving antenna both using
linear-polarization, the mismatch loss canPolarization can be linear, where the
electric field is always oriented at the same
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
larization can be linear, where the electric field is always oriented at the sam
e
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
is either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel to the plane of the e
quator,
or vertical. For earth-station antennas, however, the reference plane is the loc
al
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The angleas, however, the reference plane is the local
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The anglepan with a quasi-zenith system are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing.With
most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is round or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish antennas withcoverage ............................................
.................................... 86
Geostationary earth orbit (GEO) ...............................................
86
Station keeping ................................................................
......... 87
Geosynchronous orbits ..........................................................
... 89
Precession of the argument of perigee ..................................... 90
Quasi-zenWith 1601 through 2400). Following receipt of these segments, B acknowl
edges receipt of
all octets through 1601 and issues a credit of 1000 octets. This means that A ca
n send octets
1601 through 2600 (5 segments). However, by the time that B's message has arrive
d atA,A
has already sent two segments, containing octets 1601 through 2000 (which was pe
rmissible
under the initial allocation). Thus, A's remaining credit at this point is OIily
400 octets (2 segments).
As the exchange proceeds,A advances the trailing edge of its window each time th
at
it transmits and advances the leading edge only when it is granted credit.
The credit allocation mechanism is quite flexible. For example, consider that th
e last
message issued by B was (AN = i, W = j) and that the last octet of data received
by B was
octet number i - 1. Then
To. increase credit to an amount k(k > j) when no additional data have arrived,
B
issues (AN = i, W = k).
To acknowledge an incoming segment containing m octets of data (m < j) without
granting additional credit, B issues (AN = i + m, W = j - m).
TCP Segment Format
TCP uses only a single type of protocol data unit, called a TCP segment. The hea
der is shown
in Figure 4.13a. Because one header must serve to perform all protocol mechanism
s, it is
rather large, with a minimum length of 20 octets. The fields are as follows:
Source Port (16 bits): Source TCP user.
Destination Port (16 bits): Destination TCP user.
Sequence Number (32 bits): Sequence number of the first data octet in this segme
nt
except when the SYN flag is set. If SYN is set, this field contains the initial
sequence
number (ISN) and the first data octet in this segment has sequence number ISN +
l.
Acknowle~gment Number (32 bits): A piggybacked acknowledgment. Contains
the sequence number of the next data octet that the TCP entity expects to receiv
e.
Header Length (4 bits): Number of 32-bit words in the header.
Reserved (6 bits): Reserved for future use.
Flags (6 bits): For each flag, if set to 1, the meaning is
CWR: congestion window reduced
ECE: ECN-Echo; the CWR and ECE bits, defined in RFC 3168, are used for the
explicit congestion notification function
URG: urgent pointer field significant
ACK: acknowledgment field significantparabolic dish antennas, the contour of the
reflector is round or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish ante1601 through 2400). Following receipt of these segments, B ack
nowledges receipt of
all octets through 1601 and issues a credit of 1000 octets. This means that A ca
n send octets
1601 through 2600 (5 segments). However, by the time that B's message has arrive
d atA,A
has already sent two segments, containing octets 1601 through 2000 (which was pe
rmissible
under the initial allocation). Thus, A's remaining credit at this point is OIily
400 octets (2 segments).
As the exchange proceeds,A advances the trailing edge of its window each time th
at
it transmits and advances the leading edge only when it is granted credit.
The credit allocation mechanism is quite flexible. For example, consider that th
e last
message issued by B was (AN = i, W = j) and that the last octet of data received
by B was
octet number i - 1. Then
To. increase credit to an amount k(k > j) when no additional data have arrived,
B
issues (AN = i, W = k).
To acknowledge an incoming segment containing m octets of data (m < j) without
granting additional credit, B issues (AN = i + m, W = j - m).
TCP Segment Format
TCP uses only a single type of protocol data unit, called a TCP segment. The hea
der is shown
in Figure 4.13a. Because one header must serve to perform all protocol mechanism
s, it is
rather large, with a minimum length of 20 octets. The fields are as follows:
Source Port (16 bits): Source TCP user.
Destination Port (16 bits): Destination TCP user.
Sequence Number (32 bits): Sequence number of the first data octet in this segme
nt
except when the SYN flag is set. If SYN is set, this field contains the initial
sequence
number (ISN) and the first data octet in this segment has sequence number ISN +
l.
Acknowle~gment Number (32 bits): A piggybacked acknowledgment. Contains
the sequence number of the next data octet that the TCP entity expects to receiv
e.
Header Length (4 bits): Number of 32-bit words in the header.
Reserved (6 bits): Reserved for future use.
Flags (6 bits): For each flag, if set to 1, the meaning is
CWR: congestion window reduced
ECE: ECN-Echo; the CWR and ECE bits, defined in RFC 3168, are used for the
explicit congestion notification function
URG: urgent pointer field significant
ACK: acknowledgment field significantnnas withith satellites ...................
............................................ 90
Low earth orbit (LEO) ..........................................................
..... 92
Polar orbit ..............................................................highes
t Minimum Elevation Angle setting that ensures continuous
coverage ofAlthough linearly polarized antennas can be used to communicate with
circularly
polarized antennas, there will be an antenna polarization mismatch loss ????????
of approximately 3 dB. For a transmitting and receiving antenna both using
linear-polarization, the mismatch loss can the four main islands is approximatel
y 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing.....
............... 95
Sun-synchronous orbit ..........................................................
.... 96
Medium earth orbit (MEO) and intermediate circular orbit
(ICO) ..........................................................................
............... 96
Highly elliptical orbit (HEO) ..................................................
..... 97
Comparison of different orbits .highest Minimum Elevation Angle setting that ens
ures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing.....
.............................................. 98
SatelliteWith most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is roun
d or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish antennas with constellations .....................................
...................... 99An offset-feed antenna also has the feed at the focus o
f the parabola. However,
the reflector forms only a section of the parabola. As a result, the feed is no
longer on the boresight. If the section does not include the center of the parab
ola,
then none of the radiated beam is blocked by the feed horn. With many
antennas, however, the bottom ofhighest Minimum Elevation Angle setting that ens
ures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a Polarization can be linear, where the electric
field is always oriented at the same
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
is either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel to the plane of the e
quator,
or vertical. For earth-station antennas, however, the reference plane is the loc
al
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The anglesystem are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing. the
reflector coincides with the center of the
parabola, aWith most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is ro
und or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish antennas withs shown in Figure 69. In this case, a small portion o
f the beam is
blocked by the feed, causing a slight loss in efficiency.
Although the antennas shown in Figure 68 and Figure 69 have the same
elevation, the feed horn of the offset feed antenna is pointing slightly upwards
,
which results in less sensitivity to noise from the ground.
The reflector of an offset feed anhighest Minimum Elevation Angle setting that e
nsures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing.tenn
a is not perfectly circular, but is slightly
elliptical, as shown in Figure 69, with the long axis in the vertical direction.
This
ensures that the aperture projected along the boresight is circular. The ratio
between the short and long axes of the reflector depends on the offset of the
antenna:With most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is round
or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish antennas with
????????With most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is round
or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, With most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is roun
d or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, dish antennas withdish antennas with???? ?? cos???? ??
?????????? ????????
???????? ????????
?? (34With most parabolic dish antennas, the contour of the reflector is round o
r, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.
However, Although linearly polarized antennas can be used to communicate with ci
rcularly
polarized antennas, there will be an antenna polarization mismatch loss ????????
of approximately 3 dB. For a transmitting and receiving antenna both using
linear-polarization, the mismatch loss canantennas with)highest Minimum Elevatio
n Angle setting that ensures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing.
When setting the elevation of an offset feed antenna with the satellite, the off
set
must be taken into account. The elevation of the antenna is equal to the
inclination of the reflector plus the offset of the antennaWith most parabolic d
ish antennas, the contour of the reflector is round or, in the
case of an offset feed antenna, slightly elongated in the vertical direction.hig
hest Minimum Elevation Angle setting that ensures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system are significanthighest Mini
mum Elevation Angle setting that ensures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system arhighest Minimum Elevation
Angle setting that ensures continuous
coverage of the four main islands is approximately 60.
Elevation angles in Japan with a quasi-zenith system are significantly greater
than with a GEO satellite. This resPolarization can be linear, where the electri
c field is always oriented at the same
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
is either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel to the plane of the e
quator,
or vertical. For earth-station antennas, however, the reference plane is the loc
al
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The angleults in greatly reduced signal shadowing.e significantly gre
ater
than with a GEO satellite. This results in greatly reduced signal shadowing.ly g
reater
than with a GEO satellite. This rePolarization can be linear, where the electric
field is always oriented at the same
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
is either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel to the plane of the e
quator,
or vertical. For earth-station antePolarization can be linear, where the electri
c field is always oriented at the same
angle with respect to a reference plane. For antennas on a satellite, the
reference plane is usually the equatorial plane. In most cases, linear-polarizat
ion
is either horizontal, where the electric field is parallel to the plane of the e
quator,
or vertical. For earth-station antennas, however, the reference plane is the loc
al
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are Although linearly polarized antennas can be used to communicate with
circularly
polarized antennas, there will be an antenna polarization mismatch loss ????????
of approximately 3 dB. For a transmitting and receiving antenna both using
linear-polarization, the mismatch loss cannot parallel, unless the earth station
and the satellite have the same
longitude. The anglennas, however, the reference plane is the local
horizontal plane. Because of the curvature of the earth, these two reference
planes are not parallel, unless the earth station and the satellite have the sam
e
longitude. The anglesults in greatly reduced signal shadowing.
However, dish antennas withAlthough linearly polarized antennas can be used to c
ommunicate with circularly
polarized antennas, there will be an antenna polarization mismatch loss ????????
of approximately 3 dB. For a transmitting and receiving antenna both using
linear-polarization, the mismatch loss can