Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
+ ( # of STDEV)(s)
c -DEJA6I>DC: x = + ( # of STDEV)()
5GD KNVDQ B@RD KDSSDQ I QDOQDRDMSR SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @MC SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQ \ (RHFL@, KNVDQ B@RD) QDOQDRDMSR
SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
5GD RXLANK x
HR SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD (QDDJ RXLANK HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
!;F=OF;NCHA NB? 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
*E N HR @ MTLADQ, SGDM SGD CHEEDQDMBD "N k LD@M" HR B@KKDC HSR 9:K>6I>DC. *M @ C@S@ RDS, SGDQD @QD @R L@MX CDUH@SHNMR @R SGDQD
@QD HSDLR HM SGD C@S@ RDS. 5GD CDUH@SHNMR @QD TRDC SN B@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. *E SGD MTLADQR ADKNMF SN @ ONOTK@SHNM,
HM RXLANKR @ CDUH@SHNM HR N k Z. 'NQ R@LOKD C@S@, HM RXLANKR @ CDUH@SHNM HR N k x
.
5GD OQNBDCTQD SN B@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM CDODMCR NM VGDSGDQ SGD MTLADQR @QD SGD DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM NQ @QD C@S@
EQNL @ R@LOKD. 5GD B@KBTK@SHNMR @QD RHLHK@Q, ATS MNS HCDMSHB@K. 5GDQDENQD SGD RXLANK TRDC SN QDOQDRDMS SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
CDODMCR NM VGDSGDQ HS HR B@KBTK@SDC EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM NQ @ R@LOKD. 5GD KNVDQ B@RD KDSSDQ R QDOQDRDMSR SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM @MC SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQ \ (RHFL@, KNVDQ B@RD) QDOQDRDMSR SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. *E SGD R@LOKD G@R SGD R@LD
BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR @R SGD ONOTK@SHNM, SGDM R RGNTKC AD @ FNNC DRSHL@SD NE \.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, VD MDDC SN B@KBTK@SD SGD U@QH@MBD EHQRS. 5GD K6G>6C8: HR SGD 6K:G6<: D; I=: HFJ6G:H
D; I=: 9:K>6I>DCH (SGD N k x
)
2
n 1
NQ s =
f (x x
)
2
n 1
c 'NQ SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ HR n - 1, SG@S HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD .*/64 1.
$ILGOF;M @IL NB? .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
c
=
(x )
2
N
NQ
=
f (x )
2
N
c 'NQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ HR ', SGD MTLADQ NE HSDLR HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
*M SGDRD ENQLTK@R, < QDOQDRDMSR SGD EQDPTDMBX VHSG VGHBG @ U@KTD @OOD@QR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE @ U@KTD @OOD@QR NMBD, < HR NMD. *E @
U@KTD @OOD@QR SGQDD SHLDR HM SGD C@S@ RDS NQ ONOTK@SHNM, < HR SGQDD.
1;GJFCHA 4;LC;<CFCNS I@ ; 1N;NCMNC=
5GD RS@SHRSHB NE @ R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM V@R CHRBTRRDC HM "?M=LCJNCP? 1N;NCMNC=M: +?;MOLCHA NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;.
)NV LTBG SGD RS@SHRSHB U@QHDR EQNL NMD R@LOKD SN @MNSGDQ HR JMNVM @R SGD H6BEA>C< K6G>67>A>IN D; 6 HI6I>HI>8. :NT SXOHB@KKX
LD@RTQD SGD R@LOKHMF U@QH@AHKHSX NE @ RS@SHRSHB AX HSR RS@MC@QC DQQNQ. 5GD HI6C96G9 :GGDG D; I=: B:6C HR @M DW@LOKD NE @
RS@MC@QC DQQNQ. *S HR @ RODBH@K RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @MC HR JMNVM @R SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD
LD@M. :NT VHKK BNUDQ SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M HM SGD BG@OSDQ 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G(MNS MNV). 5GD MNS@SHNM
ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M HR
n
VGDQD \ HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @MC M HR SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 75
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,-2#
&C EG68I>8:, 20" A A)2)A1,/ ,/ ,*-21"/ 0,#14A/" 1, A)2)A1" 1%" 01A+!A/!
!"3&A1&,+. &; NDJ 6G: JH>C< 6 1&-83, 83+, 84+ 86A8JA6IDG, NDJ C::9 ID H:A:8I I=: 6EEGDEG>6I: HI6C96G9
9:K>6I>DC 0
&
DG $
&
;GDB I=: HJBB6GN HI6I>HI>8H. 8D VHKK BNMBDMSQ@SD NM TRHMF @MC HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD HMENQL@SHNM SG@S SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM FHUDR TR. )NVDUDQ XNT RGNTKC RSTCX SGD ENKKNVHMF RSDO-AX-RSDO DW@LOKD SN GDKO XNT TMCDQRS@MC GNV
SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM LD@RTQDR U@QH@SHNM EQNL SGD LD@M. (5GD B@KBTK@SNQ HMRSQTBSHNMR @OOD@Q @S SGD DMC NE SGHR
DW@LOKD.)
$T=ILHA 2.1
*M @ EHESG FQ@CD BK@RR, SGD SD@BGDQ V@R HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD @UDQ@FD @FD @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD @FDR NE
GDQ RSTCDMSR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD SGD @FDR ENQ @ 4".1-& NE D = 20 EHESG FQ@CD RSTCDMSR. 5GD @FDR @QD QNTMCDC
SN SGD MD@QDRS G@KE XD@Q:
9; 9.5; 9.5; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10.5; 10.5; 10.5; 10.5; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11.5; 11.5; 11.5
x
=
9 + 9.5(2) + 10(4) + 10.5(4) + 11(6) + 11.5(3)
20
= 10.525
5GD @UDQ@FD @FD HR 10.53 XD@QR, QNTMCDC SN SVN OK@BDR.
5GD U@QH@MBD L@X AD B@KBTK@SDC AX TRHMF @ S@AKD. 5GDM SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR B@KBTK@SDC AX S@JHMF SGD
RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD U@QH@MBD. 8D VHKK DWOK@HM SGD O@QSR NE SGD S@AKD @ESDQ B@KBTK@SHMF I.
";N; $L?K. "?PC;NCIHM
D)8-%6-215
2
($L?K.)(D)8-%6-215
2
)
/ ! (/ _ x
) (/ _ x
)
2
(!)(/ _ x
)
2
9 1 9 _ 10.525 = _1.525
(_1.525)
2
=
2.325625
1 Z 2.325625 =
2.325625
9.5 2 9.5 _ 10.525 = _1.025
(_1.025)
2
=
1.050625
2 Z 1.050625 =
2.101250
10 4 10 _ 10.525 = _0.525
(_0.525)
2
=
0.275625
4 Z 0.275625 = 1.1025
10.5 4
10.5 _ 10.525 =
_0.025
(_0.025)
2
=
0.000625
4 Z 0.000625 = 0.0025
11 6 11 _ 10.525 = 0.475
(0.475)
2
= 0.225625
6 Z 0.225625 = 1.35375
11.5 3 11.5 _ 10.525 = 0.975
(0.975)
2
= 0.950625
3 Z 0.950625 =
2.851875
3DA PKP=H EO 9.7375
2;<F? 2.1
5GD R@LOKD U@QH@MBD, I
2
, HR DPT@K SN SGD RTL NE SGD K@RS BNKTLM (9.7375) CHUHCDC AX SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@
U@KTDR LHMTR NMD (20 k 1):
s
2
=
9.7375
20 1
= 0.5125
5GD H6BEA: HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC I HR DPT@K SN SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD R@LOKD U@QH@MBD:
76 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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s = 0.5125 = 0.0715891, VGHBG HR QNTMCDC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR, I = 0.72.
1NE>86AAN, NDJ 9D I=: 86A8JA6I>DC ;DG I=: HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC DC NDJG 86A8JA6IDG DG 8DBEJI:G. 5GD
HMSDQLDCH@SD QDRTKSR @QD MNS QNTMCDC. 5GHR HR CNMD ENQ @BBTQ@BX.
c 'NQ SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNAKDLR, QDB@KK SG@S K6AJ: = B:6C + (#D;01!"3H)(HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC). 7DQHEX SGD
LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NQ @ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ.
c 'NQ @ R@LOKD: N = x
+ (#NE45%&7R)(I)
c 'NQ @ ONOTK@SHNM: N = Z + (#NE45%&7R)(\)
c 'NQ SGHR DW@LOKD, TRD N = x
+ 1R).
?. 'HMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M. 'HMC ( x
k 2R).
@. 'HMC SGD U@KTDR SG@S @QD 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ;GDB(ADKNV @MC @ANUD) SGD LD@M.
1IFONCIH 2.1
=. i $KD@Q KHRSR -1 @MC -2. 1QDRR 45"5 4:$KQ-HRS. &MSDQ 2MC 1 ENQ -1, SGD BNLL@ (,), @MC 2MC 2 ENQ -2.
i &MSDQ C@S@ HMSN SGD KHRS DCHSNQ. 1QDRR 45"5 1:&%*5. *E MDBDRR@QX, BKD@Q SGD KHRSR AX @QQNVHMF TO HMSN
SGD M@LD. 1QDRR $-&"3 @MC @QQNV CNVM.
i 1TS SGD C@S@ U@KTDR (9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5) HMSN KHRS -1 @MC SGD EQDPTDMBHDR (1, 2, 4, 4, 6, 3) HMSN
KHRS -2. 6RD SGD @QQNV JDXR SN LNUD @QNTMC.
i 1QDRR 45"5 @MC @QQNV SN $"-$. 1QDRR 1:1-7@Q4S@SR @MC DMSDQ -1 (2MC 1), -2 (2MC 2). %N MNS
ENQFDS SGD BNLL@. 1QDRR &/5&3.
i x
= 10.525
i 6RD 4W ADB@TRD SGHR HR R@LOKD C@S@ (MNS @ ONOTK@SHNM): 4W=0.715891
>. ( x
)
2
n 1
VGDQD I
N
= R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, x
+ 1+ z =
x x
s
/KLQH=PEKJ
x = + 16 z =
x
2;<F? 2.5
$T=ILHA 2.4
5VN RSTCDMSR, +NGM @MC "KH, EQNL CHEEDQDMS GHFG RBGNNKR, V@MSDC SN EHMC NTS VGN G@C SGD GHFGDRS (1". VGDM
BNLO@QDC SN GHR RBGNNK. 8GHBG RSTCDMS G@C SGD GHFGDRS (1". VGDM BNLO@QDC SN GHR RBGNNK
1NO>?HN %.A 1=BIIF +?;H %.A 1=BIIF 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
)KDJ 2.85 3.0 0.7
HE 77 80 10
2;<F? 2.6
1IFONCIH 2.4
'NQ D@BG RSTCDMS, CDSDQLHMD GNV L@MX RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR (#NE45%&7R) GHR (1" HR @V@X EQNL SGD @UDQ@FD, ENQ
GHR RBGNNK. 1@X B@QDETK @SSDMSHNM SN RHFMR VGDM BNLO@QHMF @MC HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD @MRVDQ.
# of STDEVs =
value mean
standard deviation
z =
x +
= ?????
>. I = ?????
4. "QD SGD C@S@ CHRBQDSD NQ BNMSHMTNTR )NV CN XNT JMNV
86 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, CDRBQHAD SGD RG@OD NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L.
6. "QD SGDQD @MX ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR -HRS SGD U@KTD(R) SG@S BNTKC AD NTSKHDQR. 6RD @ ENQLTK@ SN BGDBJ SGD DMC U@KTDR SN
CDSDQLHMD HE SGDX @QD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR.
AH;FST? NB? ";N;
1. %DSDQLHMD SGD ENKKNVHMF U@KTDR.
=. .HM = ?????
>. & = ?????
?. .@W = ?????
@. *
1
= ?????
A. *
3
= ?????
B. "*+ = ?????
2. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE C@S@
3. 8G@S CNDR SGD RG@OD NE SGD ANW OKNS HLOKX @ANTS SGD BNMBDMSQ@SHNM NE C@S@ 6RD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
4. 6RHMF SGD ANW OKNS, GNV B@M XNT CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD @QD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR
5. )NV CNDR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM GDKO XNT SN CDSDQLHMD BNMBDMSQ@SHNM NE SGD C@S@ @MC VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDQD @QD
ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR
6. 8G@S CNDR SGD "*+ QDOQDRDMS HM SGHR OQNAKDL
7. 4GNV XNTQ VNQJ SN EHMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR:
=. @ANUD SGD LD@M.
>. ADKNV SGD LD@M.
2.2 U 1N?G-;H>-*?;@ %L;JBM (1N?GJFINM), *CH? %L;JBM, ;H>
;L %L;JBM
0MD RHLOKD FQ@OG, SGD HI:B-6C9-A:6; <G6E= NQ HI:BEADI, BNLDR EQNL SGD EHDKC NE DWOKNQ@SNQX C@S@ @M@KXRHR. *S HR @ FNNC
BGNHBD VGDM SGD C@S@ RDSR @QD RL@KK. 5N BQD@SD SGD OKNS, CHUHCD D@BG NARDQU@SHNM NE C@S@ HMSN @ RSDL @MC @ KD@E. 5GD KD@E
BNMRHRSR NE @ ;>C6A H><C>;>86CI 9><>I. 'NQ DW@LOKD, 23 G@R RSDLSVN @MC KD@E SGQDD. 5GD MTLADQ 432 G@R RSDL43 @MC KD@E SVN.
-HJDVHRD, SGD MTLADQ 5,432 G@R RSDL 543 @MC KD@E SVN. 5GD CDBHL@K 9.3 G@R RSDL MHMD @MC KD@E SGQDD. 8QHSD SGD RSDLR HM @
UDQSHB@K KHMD EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS. %Q@V @ UDQSHB@K KHMD SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD RSDLR. 5GDM VQHSD SGD KD@UDR HM HMBQD@RHMF NQCDQ
MDWS SN SGDHQ BNQQDRONMCHMF RSDL.
$T=ILHA 2.5
'NQ 4TR@M %D@M'R ROQHMF OQD-B@KBTKTR BK@RR, RBNQDR ENQ SGD EHQRS DW@L VDQD @R ENKKNVR (RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS):
33; 42; 49; 49; 53; 55; 55; 61; 63; 67; 68; 68; 69; 69; 72; 73; 74; 78; 80; 83; 88; 88; 88; 90; 92; 94; 94; 94; 94;
96; 100
1N?G *?;@
3 3
4 2 9 9
5 3 5 5
6 1 3 7 8 8 9 9
7 2 3 4 8
2;<F? 2.9 1N?G-;H>-*?;@
%L;JB
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 87
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1N?G *?;@
8 0 3 8 8 8
9 0 2 4 4 4 4 6
10 0
2;<F? 2.9 1N?G-;H>-*?;@
%L;JB
5GD RSDLOKNS RGNVR SG@S LNRS RBNQDR EDKK HM SGD 60R, 70R, 80R, @MC 90R. &HFGS NTS NE SGD 31 RBNQDR NQ
@OOQNWHL@SDKX 26%
8
31
.
5GD (QDDJ KDSSDQ Z (OQNMNTMBDC "LDV") QDOQDRDMSR SGD EDEJA6I>DC B:6C. 0MD NE SGD QDPTHQDLDMSR ENQ SGD H6BEA:
B:6C SN AD @ FNNC DRSHL@SD NE SGD EDEJA6I>DC B:6C HR ENQ SGD R@LOKD S@JDM SN AD SQTKX Q@MCNL.
5N RDD SG@S ANSG V@XR NE B@KBTK@SHMF SGD LD@M @QD SGD R@LD, BNMRHCDQ SGD R@LOKD:
1; 1; 1; 2; 2; 3; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4
x
=
1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4
11
= 2.7
x
=
3(1) + 2(2) + 1(3) + 5(4)
11
= 2.7
*M SGD RDBNMC DW@LOKD, SGD EQDPTDMBHDR @QD 3(1) + 2(2) + 1(3) + 5(4).
:NT B@M PTHBJKX EHMC SGD KNB@SHNM NE SGD LDCH@M AX TRHMF SGD DWOQDRRHNM
n + 1
2
.
5GD KDSSDQ D HR SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR HM SGD R@LOKD. *E D HR @M NCC MTLADQ, SGD LDCH@M HR SGD LHCCKD U@KTD NE
SGD NQCDQDC C@S@ (NQCDQDC RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS). *E D HR @M DUDM MTLADQ, SGD LDCH@M HR DPT@K SN SGD SVN LHCCKD U@KTDR @CCDC
SNFDSGDQ @MC CHUHCDC AX SVN @ESDQ SGD C@S@ G@R ADDM NQCDQDC. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR HR 97, SGDM
n + 1
2
=
97 + 1
2
= 49. 5GD LDCH@M HR SGD 49
SG
U@KTD HM SGD NQCDQDC C@S@. *E SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR HR 100, SGDM
n + 1
2
=
100 + 1
2
= 50.5. 5GD LDCH@M NBBTQR LHCV@X ADSVDDM SGD 50
SG
@MC 51
RS
U@KTDR. 5GD KNB@SHNM NE SGD LDCH@M @MC
SGD U@KTD NE SGD LDCH@M @QD CDI SGD R@LD. 5GD TOODQ B@RD KDSSDQ & HR NESDM TRDC SN QDOQDRDMS SGD LDCH@M. 5GD MDWS DW@LOKD
HKKTRSQ@SDR SGD KNB@SHNM NE SGD LDCH@M @MC SGD U@KTD NE SGD LDCH@M.
$T=ILHA 2.30
"*%4 C@S@ HMCHB@SHMF SGD MTLADQ NE LNMSGR @ O@SHDMS VHSG "*%4 KHUDR @ESDQ S@JHMF @ MDV @MSHANCX CQTF @QD @R
ENKKNVR (RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS):
3; 4; 8; 8; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 15; 16; 16; 17; 17; 18; 21; 22; 22; 24; 24; 25; 26; 26; 27; 27; 29; 29; 31; 32; 33;
33; 34; 34; 35; 37; 40; 44; 44; 47;
$@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M.
1IFONCIH 2.30
5GD B@KBTK@SHNM ENQ SGD LD@M HR:
x
=
[3 + 4 + (8)(2) + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + (15)(2) + (16)(2) + ... + 35 + 37 + 40 + (44)(2) + 47]
40
= 23.6
124 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5N EHMC SGD LDCH@M, &, EHQRS TRD SGD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD KNB@SHNM. 5GD KNB@SHNM HR:
n + 1
2
=
40 + 1
2
= 20.5
4S@QSHMF @S SGD RL@KKDRS U@KTD, SGD LDCH@M HR KNB@SDC ADSVDDM SGD 20
SG
@MC 21
RS
U@KTDR (SGD SVN 24R):
3; 4; 8; 8; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 15; 16; 16; 17; 17; 18; 21; 22; 22; 24; 24; 25; 26; 26; 27; 27; 29; 29; 31; 32; 33;
33; 34; 34; 35; 37; 40; 44; 44; 47;
M =
24 + 24
2
= 24
5N EHMC SGD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M:
$KD@Q KHRS -1. 1QDR 45"5 4:$KQ-HRS. &MSDQ 2MC 1 ENQ KHRS -1. 1QDRR &/5&3.
&MSDQ C@S@ HMSN SGD KHRS DCHSNQ. 1QDRR 45"5 1:&%*5.
1TS SGD C@S@ U@KTDR HMSN KHRS -1.
1QDRR 45"5 @MC @QQNV SN $"-$. 1QDRR 1:1-7@Q4S@SR. 1QDRR 2MC 1 ENQ -1 @MC SGDM &/5&3.
1QDRR SGD CNVM @MC TO @QQNV JDXR SN RBQNKK.
x
= 23.6, & = 24
2.30 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ RGNV SGD MTLADQ NE LNMSGR O@SHDMSR SXOHB@KKX V@HS NM @ SQ@MROK@MS KHRS ADENQD FDSSHMF RTQFDQX.
5GD C@S@ @QD NQCDQDC EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS. $@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M @MC LDCH@M.
3; 4; 5; 7; 7; 7; 7; 8; 8; 9; 9; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 11; 12; 12; 13; 14; 14; 15; 15; 17; 17; 18; 19; 19; 19; 21; 21; 22; 22;
23; 24; 24; 24; 24
$T=ILHA 2.31
4TOONRD SG@S HM @ RL@KK SNVM NE 50 ODNOKD, NMD ODQRNM D@QMR $5,000,000 ODQ XD@Q @MC SGD NSGDQ 49 D@BG D@QM
$30,000. 8GHBG HR SGD ADSSDQ LD@RTQD NE SGD "BDMSDQ": SGD LD@M NQ SGD LDCH@M
1IFONCIH 2.31
x
=
5, 000, 000 + 49(30, 000)
50
= 129,400
& = 30,000
(5GDQD @QD 49 ODNOKD VGN D@QM $30,000 @MC NMD ODQRNM VGN D@QMR $5,000,000.)
5GD LDCH@M HR @ ADSSDQ LD@RTQD NE SGD "BDMSDQ" SG@M SGD LD@M ADB@TRD 49 NE SGD U@KTDR @QD 30,000 @MC NMD HR
5,000,000. 5GD 5,000,000 HR @M NTSKHDQ. 5GD 30,000 FHUDR TR @ ADSSDQ RDMRD NE SGD LHCCKD NE SGD C@S@.
2.31 *M @ R@LOKD NE 60 GNTRDGNKCR, NMD GNTRD HR VNQSG $2,500,000. )@KE NE SGD QDRS @QD VNQSG $280,000, @MC @KK SGD
NSGDQR @QD VNQSG $315,000. 8GHBG HR SGD ADSSDQ LD@RTQD NE SGD oBDMSDQp: SGD LD@M NQ SGD LDCH@M
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 125
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"MNSGDQ LD@RTQD NE SGD BDMSDQ HR SGD LNCD. 5GD BD9: HR SGD LNRS EQDPTDMS U@KTD. 5GDQD B@M AD LNQD SG@M NMD LNCD HM
@ C@S@ RDS @R KNMF @R SGNRD U@KTDR G@UD SGD R@LD EQDPTDMBX @MC SG@S EQDPTDMBX HR SGD GHFGDRS. " C@S@ RDS VHSG SVN LNCDR HR
B@KKDC AHLNC@K.
$T=ILHA 2.32
4S@SHRSHBR DW@L RBNQDR ENQ 20 RSTCDMSR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
50; 53; 59; 59; 63; 63; 72; 72; 72; 72; 72; 76; 78; 81; 83; 84; 84; 84; 90; 93
'HMC SGD LNCD.
1IFONCIH 2.32
3DA IKOP BNAMQAJP O?KNA EO 72, SDE?D K??QNO BERA PEIAO. ,K@A = 72.
2.32 5GD MTLADQ NE ANNJR BGDBJDC NTS EQNL SGD KHAQ@QX EQNL 25 RSTCDMSR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
0; 0; 0; 1; 2; 3; 3; 4; 4; 5; 5; 7; 7; 7; 7; 8; 8; 8; 9; 10; 10; 11; 11; 12; 12
'HMC SGD LNCD.
$T=ILHA 2.33
'HUD QD@K DRS@SD DW@L RBNQDR @QD 430, 430, 480, 480, 495. 5GD C@S@ RDS HR AHLNC@K ADB@TRD SGD RBNQDR 430 @MC 480
D@BG NBBTQ SVHBD.
8GDM HR SGD LNCD SGD ADRS LD@RTQD NE SGD "BDMSDQ" $NMRHCDQ @ VDHFGS KNRR OQNFQ@L SG@S @CUDQSHRDR @ LD@M
VDHFGS KNRR NE RHW ONTMCR SGD EHQRS VDDJ NE SGD OQNFQ@L. 5GD LNCD LHFGS HMCHB@SD SG@S LNRS ODNOKD KNRD SVN
ONTMCR SGD EHQRS VDDJ, L@JHMF SGD OQNFQ@L KDRR @OOD@KHMF.
,-2#
5GD LNCD B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC ENQ PT@KHS@SHUD C@S@ @R VDKK @R ENQ PT@MSHS@SHUD C@S@. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD C@S@ RDS
HR: QDC, QDC, QDC, FQDDM, FQDDM, XDKKNV, OTQOKD, AK@BJ, AKTD, SGD LNCD HR QDC.
4S@SHRSHB@K RNESV@QD VHKK D@RHKX B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M, SGD LDCH@M, @MC SGD LNCD. 4NLD FQ@OGHMF B@KBTK@SNQR B@M
@KRN L@JD SGDRD B@KBTK@SHNMR. *M SGD QD@K VNQKC, ODNOKD L@JD SGDRD B@KBTK@SHNMR TRHMF RNESV@QD.
2.33 'HUD BQDCHS RBNQDR @QD 680, 680, 700, 720, 720. 5GD C@S@ RDS HR AHLNC@K ADB@TRD SGD RBNQDR 680 @MC 720 D@BG
NBBTQ SVHBD. $NMRHCDQ SGD @MMT@K D@QMHMFR NE VNQJDQR @S @ E@BSNQX. 5GD LNCD HR $25,000 @MC NBBTQR 150 SHLDR NTS NE
301. 5GD LDCH@M HR $50,000 @MC SGD LD@M HR $47,500. 8G@S VNTKC AD SGD ADRS LD@RTQD NE SGD oBDMSDQp
2B? *;Q I@ *;LA? ,OG<?LM ;H> NB? +?;H
5GD -@V NE -@QFD /TLADQR R@XR SG@S HE XNT S@JD R@LOKDR NE K@QFDQ @MC K@QFDQ RHYD EQNL @MX ONOTK@SHNM, SGDM SGD LD@M x
NE SGD R@LOKD HR UDQX KHJDKX SN FDS BKNRDQ @MC BKNRDQ SN R. 5GHR HR CHRBTRRDC HM LNQD CDS@HK K@SDQ HM SGD SDWS.
1;GJFCHA "CMNLC<ONCIHM ;H> 1N;NCMNC= I@ ; 1;GJFCHA "CMNLC<ONCIH
:NT B@M SGHMJ NE @ H6BEA>C< 9>HIG>7JI>DC @R @ G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N 9>HIG>7JI>DC VHSG @ FQD@S L@MX R@LOKDR. (4DD 06BEA>C<
6C9 !6I6 ENQ @ QDUHDV NE QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX). 4TOONRD SGHQSX Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE LNUHDR
SGDX V@SBGDC SGD OQDUHNTR VDDJ. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD HM SGD G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N I67A: RGNVM ADKNV.
126 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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# I@ GIPC?M 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0
5
30
1
15
30
2
6
30
3
4
30
4
1
30
2;<F? 2.32
&; NDJ A:I I=: CJB7:G D; H6BEA:H <:I K:GN A6G<: (H6N, 300 B>AA>DC DG BDG:), I=: G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N I67A: 7:8DB:H
6 G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N 9>HIG>7JI>DC.
" HI6I>HI>8 HR @ MTLADQ B@KBTK@SDC EQNL @ R@LOKD. 4S@SHRSHB DW@LOKDR HMBKTCD SGD LD@M, SGD LDCH@M @MC SGD LNCD @R
VDKK @R NSGDQR. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M x
) HR
x
=
Sum of all values in the sample
Number of values in the sample
, @MC SGD LD@M ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM (CDMNSDC AX Z) HR
=
Sum of all values in the population
Number of values in the population
.
@ MTLADQ SG@S RDO@Q@SDR NQCDQDC C@S@ HMSN G@KUDR; G@KE SGD U@KTDR @QD SGD R@LD MTLADQ NQ RL@KKDQ SG@M SGD LDCH@M
@MC G@KE SGD U@KTDR @QD SGD R@LD MTLADQ NQ K@QFDQ SG@M SGD LDCH@M. 5GD LDCH@M L@X NQ L@X MNS AD O@QS NE SGD C@S@.
SGD LD@M NE @M HMSDQU@K HM @ EQDPTDMBX S@AKD
SGD U@KTD SG@S @OOD@QR LNRS EQDPTDMSKX HM @ RDS NE C@S@
@M NARDQU@SHNM SG@S CNDR MNS EHS SGD QDRS NE SGD C@S@
SVN C@S@ RDSR SG@S G@UD @ NMD SN NMD QDK@SHNMRGHO RN SG@S:
c ANSG C@S@ RDSR @QD SGD R@LD RHYD, @MC
c D@BG C@S@ ONHMS HM NMD C@S@ RDS HR L@SBGDC VHSG DW@BSKX NMD ONHMS EQNL SGD NSGDQ RDS.
@ MTLADQ SG@S CHUHCDR NQCDQDC C@S@ HMSN GTMCQDCSGR; ODQBDMSHKDR L@X NQ L@X MNS AD O@QS NE SGD C@S@. 5GD
LDCH@M NE SGD C@S@ HR SGD RDBNMC PT@QSHKD @MC SGD 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 5GD EHQRS @MC SGHQC PT@QSHKDR @QD SGD 25
SG
@MC SGD 27
SG
ODQBDMSHKDR, QDRODBSHUDKX.
SGD MTLADQR SG@S RDO@Q@SD SGD C@S@ HMSN PT@QSDQR; PT@QSHKDR L@X NQ L@X MNS AD O@QS NE SGD C@S@. 5GD RDBNMC
PT@QSHKD HR SGD LDCH@M NE SGD C@S@.
SGD Q@SHN NE SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ U@KTD NE SGD C@S@ NBBTQR HM SGD RDS NE @KK NTSBNLDR SN SGD MTLADQ
NE @KK NTSBNLDR
TRDC SN CDRBQHAD C@S@ SG@S HR MNS RXLLDSQHB@K; VGDM SGD QHFGS RHCD NE @ FQ@OG KNNJR oBGNOODC NEEp BNLO@QDC SGD
KDES RHCD, VD R@X HS HR oRJDVDC SN SGD KDES.p 8GDM SGD KDES RHCD NE SGD FQ@OG KNNJR oBGNOODC NEEp BNLO@QDC SN SGD QHFGS
RHCD, VD R@X SGD C@S@ HR oRJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS.p "KSDQM@SHUDKX: VGDM SGD KNVDQ U@KTDR NE SGD C@S@ @QD LNQD ROQD@C NTS,
VD R@X SGD C@S@ @QD RJDVDC SN SGD KDES. 8GDM SGD FQD@SDQ U@KTDR @QD LNQD ROQD@C NTS, SGD C@S@ @QD RJDVDC SN SGD
QHFGS.
@ MTLADQ SG@S HR DPT@K SN SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD U@QH@MBD @MC LD@RTQDR GNV E@Q C@S@ U@KTDR @QD
EQNL SGDHQ LD@M; MNS@SHNM: I ENQ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @MC j ENQ ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
LD@M NE SGD RPT@QDC CDUH@SHNMR EQNL SGD LD@M, NQ SGD RPT@QD NE SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM; ENQ @ RDS NE C@S@, @
CDUH@SHNM B@M AD QDOQDRDMSDC @R N k x
)
2
n 1
NQ I =
f (x x
)
2
n 1
HR SGD ENQLTK@ ENQ B@KBTK@SHMF SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE @ R@LOKD.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE @ ONOTK@SHNM, VD VNTKC TRD SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, Z, @MC SGD ENQLTK@ \ =
(x )
2
N
NQ \ =
f (x )
2
N
.
2.2 1N?G-;H>-*?;@ %L;JBM (1N?GJFINM), *CH? %L;JBM, ;H> ;L %L;JBM
" HI:B-6C9-A:6; EADI HR @ V@X SN OKNS C@S@ @MC KNNJ @S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM. *M @ RSDL-@MC-KD@E OKNS, @KK C@S@ U@KTDR VHSGHM @
BK@RR @QD UHRHAKD. 5GD @CU@MS@FD HM @ RSDL-@MC-KD@E OKNS HR SG@S @KK U@KTDR @QD KHRSDC, TMKHJD @ GHRSNFQ@L, VGHBG FHUDR BK@RRDR
NE C@S@ U@KTDR. " A>C: <G6E= HR NESDM TRDC SN QDOQDRDMS @ RDS NE C@S@ U@KTDR HM VGHBG @ PT@MSHSX U@QHDR VHSG SHLD. 5GDRD
FQ@OGR @QD TRDETK ENQ EHMCHMF SQDMCR. 5G@S HR, EHMCHMF @ FDMDQ@K O@SSDQM HM C@S@ RDSR HMBKTCHMF SDLODQ@STQD, R@KDR, DLOKNXLDMS,
BNLO@MX OQNEHS NQ BNRS NUDQ @ ODQHNC NE SHLD. " 76G <G6E= HR @ BG@QS SG@S TRDR DHSGDQ GNQHYNMS@K NQ UDQSHB@K A@QR SN RGNV
BNLO@QHRNMR @LNMF B@SDFNQHDR. 0MD @WHR NE SGD BG@QS RGNVR SGD RODBHEHB B@SDFNQHDR ADHMF BNLO@QDC, @MC SGD NSGDQ @WHR
QDOQDRDMSR @ CHRBQDSD U@KTD. 4NLD A@Q FQ@OGR OQDRDMS A@QR BKTRSDQDC HM FQNTOR NE LNQD SG@M NMD (FQNTODC A@Q FQ@OGR), @MC
NSGDQR RGNV SGD A@QR CHUHCDC HMSN RTAO@QSR SN RGNV BTLTK@SHUD DEEDBS (RS@BJDC A@Q FQ@OGR). #@Q FQ@OGR @QD DRODBH@KKX TRDETK
VGDM B@SDFNQHB@K C@S@ HR ADHMF TRDC.
2.3 &CMNIAL;GM, $L?KO?H=S .IFSAIHM, ;H> 2CG? 1?LC?M %L;JBM
" =>HID<G6B HR @ FQ@OGHB UDQRHNM NE @ EQDPTDMBX CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD FQ@OG BNMRHRSR NE A@QR NE DPT@K VHCSG CQ@VM @CI@BDMS SN
D@BG NSGDQ. 5GD GNQHYNMS@K RB@KD QDOQDRDMSR BK@RRDR NE PT@MSHS@SHUD C@S@ U@KTDR @MC SGD UDQSHB@K RB@KD QDOQDRDMSR EQDPTDMBHDR.
5GD GDHFGSR NE SGD A@QR BNQQDRONMC SN EQDPTDMBX U@KTDR. )HRSNFQ@LR @QD SXOHB@KKX TRDC ENQ K@QFD, BNMSHMTNTR, PT@MSHS@SHUD
C@S@ RDSR. " EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM B@M @KRN AD TRDC VGDM FQ@OGHMF K@QFD C@S@ RDSR VHSG C@S@ ONHMSR SG@S QDOD@S. 5GD C@S@ TRT@KKX
FNDR NM O-@WHR VHSG SGD EQDPTDMBX ADHMF FQ@OGDC NM SGD N-@WHR. 5HLD RDQHDR FQ@OGR B@M AD GDKOETK VGDM KNNJHMF @S K@QFD
@LNTMSR NE C@S@ ENQ NMD U@QH@AKD NUDQ @ ODQHNC NE SHLD.
2.4 IR .FINM
#NW OKNSR @QD @ SXOD NE FQ@OG SG@S B@M GDKO UHRT@KKX NQF@MHYD C@S@. 5N FQ@OG @ ANW OKNS SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ ONHMSR LTRS AD
B@KBTK@SDC: SGD LHMHLTL U@KTD, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, SGD LDCH@M, SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD, @MC SGD L@WHLTL U@KTD. 0MBD SGD ANW OKNS
HR FQ@OGDC, XNT B@M CHROK@X @MC BNLO@QD CHRSQHATSHNMR NE C@S@.
2.5 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? *I=;NCIH I@ NB? ";N;
5GD U@KTDR SG@S CHUHCD @ Q@MJ-NQCDQDC RDS NE C@S@ HMSN 100 DPT@K O@QSR @QD B@KKDC ODQBDMSHKDR. 1DQBDMSHKDR @QD TRDC SN BNLO@QD
@MC HMSDQOQDS C@S@. 'NQ DW@LOKD, @M NARDQU@SHNM @S SGD 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD VNTKC AD FQD@SDQ SG@M 50 ODQBDMS NE SGD NSGDQ
NADRDQU@SHNMR HM SGD RDS. 2T@QSHKDR CHUHCD C@S@ HMSN PT@QSDQR. 5GD EHQRS PT@QSHKD (*
1
) HR SGD 25
SG
ODQBDMSHKD,SGD RDBNMC PT@QSHKD
(*
2
NQ LDCH@M) HR 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD, @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD (*
3
) HR SGD SGD 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 5GD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD, NQ "*+, HR
SGD Q@MFD NE SGD LHCCKD 50 ODQBDMS NE SGD C@S@ U@KTDR. 5GD "*+ HR ENTMC AX RTASQ@BSHMF *
1
EQNL *
3
, @MC B@M GDKO CDSDQLHMD
NTSKHDQR AX TRHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF SVN DWOQDRRHNMR.
c *
3
+ "*+(1.5)
c *
3
k "*+(1.5)
2.6 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
5GD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC SN GDKO XNT EHMC SGD "BDMSDQ" NE @ C@S@ RDS. 5GD LD@M HR SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD ENQ
SGD @BST@K C@S@ RDS, ATS SGD LDCH@M HR SGD ADRS LD@RTQDLDMS VGDM @ C@S@ RDS BNMS@HMR RDUDQ@K NTSKHDQR NQ DWSQDLD U@KTDR. 5GD
LNCD VHKK SDKK XNT SGD LNRS EQDPTDMSKX NBBTQHMF C@STL(NQ C@S@) HM XNTQ C@S@ RDS. 5GD LD@M, LDCH@M, @MC LNCD @QD DWSQDLDKX
GDKOETK VGDM XNT MDDC SN @M@KXYD XNTQ C@S@, ATS HE XNTQ C@S@ RDS BNMRHRSR NE Q@MFDR VGHBG K@BJ RODBHEHB U@KTDR, SGD LD@M L@X
134 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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RDDL HLONRRHAKD SN B@KBTK@SD. )NVDUDQ, SGD LD@M B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC HE XNT @CC SGD KNVDQ ANTMC@QX VHSG SGD TOODQ ANTMC@QX
@MC CHUHCD AX SVN.
2.7 1E?QH?MM ;H> NB? +?;H, +?>C;H, ;H> +I>?
-NNJHMF @S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE C@S@ B@M QDUD@K @ KNS @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LD@M, SGD LDCH@M, @MC SGD LNCD.
5GDQD @QD SGQDD SXODR NE CHRSQHATSHNMR. " G><=I (DG EDH>I>K:) H@:L:9 CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ RG@OD KHJD $CAOL? 2.24. " A:;I (DG
C:<6I>K:) H@:L:9 CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ RG@OD KHJD $CAOL? 2.25. " HNBB:IG>86A CHRSQTASHNM KNNJR KHJD $CAOL? 2.23.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
2.1 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? 1JL?;> I@ NB? ";N;
s
x
=
f m
2
n
x
2
VGDQD
s
x
= sample standard deviation
x
= sample mean
2.5 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? *I=;NCIH I@ NB? ";N;
i =
k
100
(n + 1)
VGDQD ? = SGD Q@MJHMF NQ ONRHSHNM NE @ C@S@ U@KTD,
A = SGD JSG ODQBDMSHKD,
D = SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@.
&WOQDRRHNM ENQ EHMCHMF SGD ODQBDMSHKD NE @ C@S@ U@KTD:
x + 0.5y
n
(100)
VGDQD N = SGD MTLADQ NE U@KTDR BNTMSHMF EQNL SGD ANSSNL NE
SGD C@S@ KHRS TO SN ATS MNS HMBKTCHMF SGD C@S@ U@KTD ENQ VGHBG
XNT V@MS SN EHMC SGD ODQBDMSHKD,
O = SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR DPT@K SN SGD C@S@ U@KTD ENQ
VGHBG XNT V@MS SN EHMC SGD ODQBDMSHKD,
D = SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@
2.6 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
=
f m
f
8GDQD < = HMSDQU@K EQDPTDMBHDR @MC C =
HMSDQU@K LHCONHMSR.
.0A!2'!#
2.1 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? 1JL?;> I@ NB? ";N;
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD SGD CHRS@MBDR ADSVDDM 20 QDS@HK RSNQDR
@MC @ K@QFD CHRSQHATSHNM BDMSDQ. 5GD CHRS@MBDR @QD HM LHKDR.
29; 37; 38; 40; 58; 67; 68; 69; 76; 86; 87; 95; 96; 96; 99; 106; 112; 127; 145; 150
1. 6RD @ FQ@OGHMF B@KBTK@SNQ BNLOTSDQ SN EHMC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @MC QNTMC SN SGD MD@QDRS SDMSG.
2. 'HMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ADKNV SGD LD@M.
3. 5VN A@RDA@KK OK@XDQR, 'QDCN @MC ,@QK, NM CHEEDQDMS SD@LR V@MSDC SN EHMC NTS VGN G@C SGD GHFGDQ A@SSHMF @UDQ@FD VGDM
BNLO@QDC SN GHR SD@L. 8GHBG A@RDA@KK OK@XDQ G@C SGD GHFGDQ A@SSHMF @UDQ@FD VGDM BNLO@QDC SN GHR SD@L
;M?<;FF .F;S?L ;NNCHA AP?L;A? 2?;G ;NNCHA AP?L;A? 2?;G 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
%NA@K 0.158 0.166 0.012
*=NH 0.177 0.189 0.015
2;<F? 2.37
4. 6RD 2;<F? 2.37 SN EHMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR:
;. =>KRA PDA IA=J
<. >AHKS PDA IA=J
F?D: J>; IJ7D:7H: :;L?7J?ED <EH J>; <EBBEM?D= <H;GK;D9O J78B;I KI?D= J>; <EHCKB7. C>;9A J>; 97B9KB7J?EDI M?J> J>; -" 83/84.
5.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 135
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=.
%L;>? $L?KO?H=S
49.5_59.5 2
59.5_69.5 3
69.5_79.5 8
79.5_89.5 12
89.5_99.5 5
2;<F? 2.38
>.
";CFS *IQ 2?GJ?L;NOL? $L?KO?H=S
49.5_59.5 53
59.5_69.5 32
69.5_79.5 15
79.5_89.5 1
89.5_99.5 0
2;<F? 2.39
?.
.ICHNM J?L %;G? $L?KO?H=S
49.5_59.5 14
59.5_69.5 32
69.5_79.5 15
79.5_89.5 23
89.5_99.5 2
2;<F? 2.40
2.2 1N?G-;H>-*?;@ %L;JBM (1N?GJFINM), *CH? %L;JBM, ;H> ;L %L;JBM
FEH ;79> E< J>; <EBBEM?D= :7J7 I;JI, 9H;7J; 7 IJ;C FBEJ 7D: ?:;DJ?<O 7DO EKJB?;HI.
6. 5GD LHKDR ODQ F@KKNM Q@SHMF ENQ 30 B@QR @QD RGNVM ADKNV (KNVDRS SN GHFGDRS).
19, 19, 19, 20, 21, 21, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 28, 29, 31, 31, 32, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 41, 43, 43
136 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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7. 5GD GDHFGS HM EDDS NE 25 SQDDR HR RGNVM ADKNV (KNVDRS SN GHFGDRS).
25, 27, 33, 34, 34, 34, 35, 37, 37, 38, 39, 39, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 50, 53, 53, 54, 54
8. 5GD C@S@ @QD SGD OQHBDR NE CHEEDQDMS K@OSNOR @S @M DKDBSQNMHBR RSNQD. 3NTMC D@BG U@KTD SN SGD MD@QDRS SDM. BQD@SD @ RSDL OKNS
TRHMF SGD GTMCQDCR CHFHSR @R SGD RSDLR @MC SGD SDMR CHFHSR @R SGD KD@UDR. *CDMSHEX @MX NTSKHDQR.
249, 249, 260, 265, 265, 280, 299, 299, 309, 319, 325, 326, 350, 350, 350, 365, 369, 389, 409, 459, 489, 559, 569, 570, 610
9. 5GD C@S@ @QD C@HKX GHFG SDLODQ@STQDR HM @ SNVM ENQ NMD LNMSG. $QD@SD @ RSDL OKNS TRHMF SGD C@S@ @MC HCDMSHEX @MX NTSKHDQR.
61, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 67, 67, 68, 69, 70, 70, 70, 71, 71, 72, 74, 74, 74, 75, 75, 75, 76, 76, 77, 78, 78, 79, 79, 95
FEH J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I, KI; J>; :7J7 JE 9EDIJHK9J 7 B?D; =H7F>.
10. *M @ RTQUDX, 40 ODNOKD VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX SHLDR SGDX UHRHSDC @ RSNQD ADENQD L@JHMF @ L@INQ OTQBG@RD. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD
RGNVM HM SGD 2;<F? 2.41.
,OG<?L I@ NCG?M CH MNIL? $L?KO?H=S
1 4
2 10
3 16
4 6
5 4
2;<F? 2.41
11. *M @ RTQUDX, RDUDQ@K ODNOKD VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX XD@QR HS G@R ADDM RHMBD SGDX OTQBG@RDC @ L@SSQDRR. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD
RGNVM HM SGD 2;<F? 2.42.
7?;LM MCH=? F;MN JOL=B;M? $L?KO?H=S
0 2
1 8
2 13
3 22
4 16
5 9
2;<F? 2.42
12. 4DUDQ@K BGHKCQDM VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX 57 RGNVR SGDX V@SBG D@BG C@X. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F?
2.43.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 137
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,OG<?L I@ 24 1BIQM $L?KO?H=S
0 12
1 18
2 36
3 7
4 2
2;<F? 2.43
13. 5GD RSTCDMSR HM .R. 3@LHQDYnR L@SG BK@RR G@UD AHQSGC@XR HM D@BG NE SGD ENTQ RD@RNMR. 2;<F? 2.44 RGNVR SGD ENTQ
RD@RNMR, SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN G@UD AHQSGC@XR HM D@BG RD@RNM, @MC SGD ODQBDMS@FD (%) NE RSTCDMSR HM D@BG FQNTO.
$NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG RGNVHMF SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR.
1?;MIHM ,OG<?L I@ MNO>?HNM .LIJILNCIH I@ JIJOF;NCIH
2LNEJC 8 24%
2QIIAN 9 26%
QPQIJ 11 32%
6EJPAN 6 18%
2;<F? 2.44
14. 6RHMF SGD C@S@ EQNL .QR. 3@LHQDYnR L@SG BK@RR RTOOKHDC HM #R?L=CM? 2.8, BNMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG RGNVHMF SGD
ODQBDMS@FDR.
15. %@UHC $NTMSX G@R RHW GHFG RBGNNKR. &@BG RBGNNK RDMS RSTCDMSR SN O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ BNTMSX-VHCD RBHDMBD BNLODSHSHNM.
2;<F? 2.45 RGNVR SGD ODQBDMS@FD AQD@JCNVM NE BNLODSHSNQR EQNL D@BG RBGNNK, @MC SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD DMSHQD RSTCDMS
ONOTK@SHNM NE SGD BNTMSX SG@S FNDR SN D@BG RBGNNK. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG SG@S RGNVR SGD ONOTK@SHNM ODQBDMS@FD NE BNLODSHSNQR
EQNL D@BG RBGNNK.
&CAB 1=BIIF 1=C?H=? =IGJ?NCNCIH JIJOF;NCIH -P?L;FF MNO>?HN JIJOF;NCIH
H=>=OPAN 28.9% 8.6%
"KJ?KN@E= 7.6% 23.2%
&AJK= 12.1% 15.0%
,K?GOREHHA 18.5% 14.3%
2;<F? 2.45
138 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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&CAB 1=BIIF 1=C?H=? =IGJ?NCNCIH JIJOF;NCIH -P?L;FF MNO>?HN JIJOF;NCIH
3UJJAOKJ 24.2% 10.1%
6AOP $J@ 8.7% 28.8%
2;<F? 2.45
16. 6RD SGD C@S@ EQNL SGD %@UHC $NTMSX RBHDMBD BNLODSHSHNM RTOOKHDC HM #R?L=CM? 2.15. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG SG@S RGNVR
SGD BNTMSX-VHCD ONOTK@SHNM ODQBDMS@FD NE RSTCDMSR @S D@BG RBGNNK.
2.3 &CMNIAL;GM, $L?KO?H=S .IFSAIHM, ;H> 2CG? 1?LC?M %L;JBM
17. 4HWSX-EHUD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC B@Q R@KDRODQRNMR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE B@QR SGDX FDMDQ@KKX RDKK HM NMD VDDJ. 'NTQSDDM
ODNOKD @MRVDQDC SG@S SGDX FDMDQ@KKX RDKK SGQDD B@QR; MHMDSDDM FDMDQ@KKX RDKK ENTQ B@QR; SVDKUD FDMDQ@KKX RDKK EHUD B@QR; MHMD
FDMDQ@KKX RDKK RHW B@QR; DKDUDM FDMDQ@KKX RDKK RDUDM B@QR. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD.
";N; 4;FO? (# =;LM) $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
2;<F? 2.46
18. 8G@S CNDR SGD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM RTL SN 8GX
19. 8G@S CNDR SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM RTL SN 8GX
20. 8G@S HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX @MC EQDPTDMBX ENQ D@BG C@S@ U@KTD
21. 8G@S HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX @MC QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX ENQ D@BG C@S@ U@KTD
22. 5N BNMRSQTBS SGD GHRSNFQ@L, CDSDQLHMD @OOQNOQH@SD LHMHLTL @MC L@WHLTL N @MC O U@KTDR @MC SGD RB@KHMF. 4JDSBG SGD
GHRSNFQ@L. -@ADK SGD GNQHYNMS@K @MC UDQSHB@K @WDR VHSG VNQCR. *MBKTCD MTLDQHB@K RB@KHMF.
$CAOL? 2.31
23. $NMRSQTBS @ EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF:
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 139
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.OFM? 0;N?M @IL 5IG?H $L?KO?H=S
60_69 12
70_79 14
80_89 11
90_99 1
100_109 1
110_119 0
120_129 1
2;<F? 2.47
>.
A=NO;F 1J??> CH ; 30 +.& 8IH? $L?KO?H=S
42_45 25
46_49 14
50_53 7
54_57 3
58_61 1
2;<F? 2.48
?.
2;L (GA) CH ,IH@CFN?L?> !CA;L?NN?M $L?KO?H=S
10_13 1
14_17 0
18_21 15
22_25 7
26_29 2
2;<F? 2.49
24. $NMRSQTBS @ EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM EQNL SGD EQDPTDMBX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD 50 GHFGDRS Q@MJDC BNTMSQHDR ENQ CDOSG NE GTMFDQ.
140 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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"?JNB I@ &OHA?L $L?KO?H=S
230_259 21
260_289 13
290_319 5
320_349 7
350_379 1
380_409 1
410_439 1
2;<F? 2.50
25. 6RD SGD SVN EQDPTDMBX S@AKDR SN BNLO@QD SGD KHED DWODBS@MBX NE LDM @MC VNLDM EQNL 20 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BNTMSQHDR.
*MBKTCD @M NUDQK@XDC EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM @MC CHRBTRR SGD RG@ODR NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNMR, SGD BDMSDQ, SGD ROQD@C, @MC @MX NTSKHDQR.
8G@S B@M VD BNMBKTCD @ANTS SGD KHED DWODBS@MBX NE VNLDM BNLO@QDC SN LDM
*C@? #RJ?=N;H=S ;N CLNB X 5IG?H $L?KO?H=S
49_55 3
56_62 3
63_69 1
70_76 3
77_83 8
84_90 2
2;<F? 2.51
*C@? #RJ?=N;H=S ;N CLNB X +?H $L?KO?H=S
49_55 3
56_62 3
63_69 1
2;<F? 2.52
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 141
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*C@? #RJ?=N;H=S ;N CLNB X +?H $L?KO?H=S
70_76 1
77_83 7
84_90 5
2;<F? 2.52
26. $NMRSQTBS @ SHLDR RDQHDR FQ@OG ENQ (@) SGD MTLADQ NE L@KD AHQSGR, (A) SGD MTLADQ NE EDL@KD AHQSGR, @MC (B) SGD SNS@K
MTLADQ NE AHQSGR.
1?R/7?;L 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861
$?G;F? 45,545 49,582 50,257 50,324 51,915 51,220 52,403
+;F? 47,804 52,239 53,158 53,694 54,628 54,409 54,606
2IN;F 93,349 101,821 103,415 104,018 106,543 105,629 107,009
2;<F? 2.53
1?R/
7?;L
1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869
$?G;F? 51,812 53,115 54,959 54,850 55,307 55,527 56,292 55,033
+;F? 55,257 56,226 57,374 58,220 58,360 58,517 59,222 58,321
2IN;F 107,069 109,341 112,333 113,070 113,667 114,044 115,514 113,354
2;<F? 2.54
1?R/
7?;L
1871 1870 1872 1871 1872 1827 1874 1875
$?G;F? 56,099 56,431 57,472 56,099 57,472 58,233 60,109 60,146
+;F? 60,029 58,959 61,293 60,029 61,293 61,467 63,602 63,432
2IN;F 116,128 115,390 118,765 116,128 118,765 119,700 123,711 123,578
2;<F? 2.55
27. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ RDSR KHRS ETKK SHLD ONKHBD ODQ 100,000 BHSHYDMR @KNMF VHSG GNLHBHCDR ODQ 100,000 BHSHYDMR ENQ SGD BHSX
NE %DSQNHS, .HBGHF@M CTQHMF SGD ODQHNC EQNL 1961 SN 1973.
142 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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7?;L 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
.IFC=? 260.35 269.8 272.04 272.96 272.51 261.34 268.89
&IGC=C>?M 8.6 8.9 8.52 8.89 13.07 14.57 21.36
2;<F? 2.56
7?;L 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973
.IFC=? 295.99 319.87 341.43 356.59 376.69 390.19
&IGC=C>?M 28.03 31.49 37.39 46.26 47.24 52.33
2;<F? 2.57
=. $NMRSQTBS @ CNTAKD SHLD RDQHDR FQ@OG TRHMF @ BNLLNM N-@WHR ENQ ANSG RDSR NE C@S@.
>. 8GHBG U@QH@AKD HMBQD@RDC SGD E@RSDRS &WOK@HM.
?. %HC %DSQNHSnR HMBQD@RD HM ONKHBD NEEHBDQR G@UD @M HLO@BS NM SGD LTQCDQ Q@SD &WOK@HM.
2.4 IR .FINM
4HWSX-EHUD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC B@Q R@KDRODQRNMR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE B@QR SGDX FDMDQ@KKX RDKK HM NMD VDDJ. 'NTQSDDM
ODNOKD @MRVDQDC SG@S SGDX FDMDQ@KKX RDKK SGQDD B@QR; MHMDSDDM FDMDQ@KKX RDKK ENTQ B@QR; SVDKUD FDMDQ@KKX RDKK EHUD B@QR; MHMD
FDMDQ@KKX RDKK RHW B@QR; DKDUDM FDMDQ@KKX RDKK RDUDM B@QR.
28. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS ADKNV. 6RD @ QTKDQ SN LD@RTQD @MC RB@KD @BBTQ@SDKX.
29. -NNJHMF @S XNTQ ANW OKNS, CNDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD C@S@ @QD BNMBDMSQ@SDC SNFDSGDQ, ROQD@C NTS DUDMKX, NQ BNMBDMSQ@SDC HM
RNLD @QD@R, ATS MNS HM NSGDQR )NV B@M XNT SDKK
2.5 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? *I=;NCIH I@ NB? ";N;
30. -HRSDC @QD 29 @FDR ENQ "B@CDLX "V@QC VHMMHMF ADRS @BSNQR ?D EH:;H <HEC IC7BB;IJ JE B7H=;IJ.
18; 21; 22; 25; 26; 27; 29; 30; 31; 33; 36; 37; 41; 42; 47; 52; 55; 57; 58; 62; 64; 67; 69; 71; 72; 73; 74; 76; 77
=. 'HMC SGD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
>. 'HMC SGD 78
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
31. -HRSDC @QD 32 @FDR ENQ "B@CDLX "V@QC VHMMHMF ADRS @BSNQR ?D EH:;H <HEC IC7BB;IJ JE B7H=;IJ.
18; 18; 21; 22; 25; 26; 27; 29; 30; 31; 31; 33; 36; 37; 37; 41; 42; 47; 52; 55; 57; 58; 62; 64; 67; 69; 71; 72; 73; 74; 76;
77
=. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMSHKD NE 37.
>. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMSHKD NE 72.
32. +DRRD V@R Q@MJDC 37
SG
HM GHR FQ@CT@SHMF BK@RR NE 180 RSTCDMSR. "S VG@S ODQBDMSHKD HR +DRRDnR Q@MJHMF
33.
=. 'NQ QTMMDQR HM @ Q@BD, @ KNV SHLD LD@MR @ E@RSDQ QTM. 5GD VHMMDQR HM @ Q@BD G@UD SGD RGNQSDRS QTMMHMF SHLDR. *R HS
LNQD CDRHQ@AKD SN G@UD @ EHMHRG SHLD VHSG @ GHFG NQ @ KNV ODQBDMSHKD VGDM QTMMHMF @ Q@BD
>. 5GD 20
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE QTM SHLDR HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q Q@BD HR 5.2 LHMTSDR. 8QHSD @ RDMSDMBD HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD 20
SG
ODQBDMSHKD
HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
?. " AHBXBKHRS HM SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE @ AHBXBKD Q@BD BNLOKDSDC SGD Q@BD HM 1 GNTQ @MC 12 LHMTSDR. *R GD @LNMF
SGD E@RSDRS NQ RKNVDRS BXBKHRSR HM SGD Q@BD 8QHSD @ RDMSDMBD HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD
RHST@SHNM.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 143
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34.
=. 'NQ QTMMDQR HM @ Q@BD, @ GHFGDQ RODDC LD@MR @ E@RSDQ QTM. *R HS LNQD CDRHQ@AKD SN G@UD @ RODDC VHSG @ GHFG NQ @ KNV
ODQBDMSHKD VGDM QTMMHMF @ Q@BD
>. 5GD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE RODDCR HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q Q@BD HR 7.5 LHKDR ODQ GNTQ. 8QHSD @ RDMSDMBD HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
35. 0M @M DW@L, VNTKC HS AD LNQD CDRHQ@AKD SN D@QM @ FQ@CD VHSG @ GHFG NQ KNV ODQBDMSHKD &WOK@HM.
36. .HM@ HR V@HSHMF HM KHMD @S SGD %DO@QSLDMS NE .NSNQ 7DGHBKDR (%.7). )DQ V@HS SHLD NE 32 LHMTSDR HR SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD
NE V@HS SHLDR. *R SG@S FNNC NQ A@C 8QHSD @ RDMSDMBD HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGHR RHST@SHNM.
37. *M @ RTQUDX BNKKDBSHMF C@S@ @ANTS SGD R@K@QHDR D@QMDC AX QDBDMS BNKKDFD FQ@CT@SDR, -H ENTMC SG@S GDQ R@K@QX V@R HM SGD 78
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 4GNTKC -H AD OKD@RDC NQ TORDS AX SGHR QDRTKS &WOK@HM.
38. *M @ RSTCX BNKKDBSHMF C@S@ @ANTS SGD QDO@HQ BNRSR NE C@L@FD SN @TSNLNAHKDR HM @ BDQS@HM SXOD NE BQ@RG SDRSR, @ BDQS@HM LNCDK
NE B@Q G@C $1,700 HM C@L@FD @MC V@R HM SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 4GNTKC SGD L@MTE@BSTQDQ @MC SGD BNMRTLDQ AD OKD@RDC NQ TORDS
AX SGHR QDRTKS &WOK@HM @MC VQHSD @ RDMSDMBD SG@S HMSDQOQDSR SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGHR OQNAKDL.
39. 5GD 6MHUDQRHSX NE $@KHENQMH@ G@R SVN BQHSDQH@ TRDC SN RDS @CLHRRHNM RS@MC@QCR ENQ EQDRGL@M SN AD @CLHSSDC SN @ BNKKDFD
HM SGD 6$ RXRSDL:
=. 4STCDMSR' (1"R @MC RBNQDR NM RS@MC@QCHYDC SDRSR (4"5R @MC "$5R) @QD DMSDQDC HMSN @ ENQLTK@ SG@S B@KBTK@SDR @M
"@CLHRRHNMR HMCDW" RBNQD. 5GD @CLHRRHNMR HMCDW RBNQD HR TRDC SN RDS DKHFHAHKHSX RS@MC@QCR HMSDMCDC SN LDDS SGD FN@K
NE @CLHSSHMF SGD SNO 12% NE GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR HM SGD RS@SD. *M SGHR BNMSDWS, VG@S ODQBDMSHKD CNDR SGD SNO 12%
QDOQDRDMS
>. 4STCDMSR VGNRD (1"R @QD @S NQ @ANUD SGD 96
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE @KK RSTCDMSR @S SGDHQ GHFG RBGNNK @QD DKHFHAKD (B@KKDC
DKHFHAKD HM SGD KNB@K BNMSDWS), DUDM HE SGDX @QD MNS HM SGD SNO 12% NE @KK RSTCDMSR HM SGD RS@SD. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD NE
RSTCDMSR EQNL D@BG GHFG RBGNNK @QD "DKHFHAKD HM SGD KNB@K BNMSDWS"
40. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT @QD ATXHMF @ GNTRD. :NT @MC XNTQ QD@KSNQ G@UD CDSDQLHMDC SG@S SGD LNRS DWODMRHUD GNTRD XNT B@M
@EENQC HR SGD 34
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 5GD 34
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE GNTRHMF OQHBDR HR $240,000 HM SGD SNVM XNT V@MS SN LNUD SN. *M SGHR SNVM,
B@M XNT @EENQC 34% NE SGD GNTRDR NQ 66% NE SGD GNTRDR
6RD #R?L=CM? 12 SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF U@KTDR:
41. 'HQRS PT@QSHKD = ???????
42. 4DBNMC PT@QSHKD = LDCH@M = 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ???????
43. 5GHQC PT@QSHKD = ???????
44. *MSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD ("*+) = ????? k ????? = ?????
45. 10
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ???????
46. 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ???????
2.6 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
47. 'HMC SGD LD@M ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF EQDPTDMBX S@AKDR.
=.
%L;>? $L?KO?H=S
49.5_59.5 2
59.5_69.5 3
69.5_79.5 8
79.5_89.5 12
89.5_99.5 5
2;<F? 2.58
144 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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";CFS *IQ 2?GJ?L;NOL? $L?KO?H=S
49.5_59.5 53
59.5_69.5 32
69.5_79.5 15
79.5_89.5 1
89.5_99.5 0
2;<F? 2.59
?.
.ICHNM J?L %;G? $L?KO?H=S
49.5_59.5 14
59.5_69.5 32
69.5_79.5 15
79.5_89.5 23
89.5_99.5 2
2;<F? 2.60
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ RGNV SGD KDMFSGR NE AN@SR LNNQDC HM @
L@QHM@. 5GD C@S@ @QD NQCDQDC EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS: 16; 17; 19; 20; 20; 21; 23; 24; 25; 25; 25; 26; 26; 27; 27; 27; 28; 29;
30; 32; 33; 33; 34; 35; 37; 39; 40
48. $@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M.
49. *CDMSHEX SGD LDCH@M.
50. *CDMSHEX SGD LNCD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 4HWSX-EHUD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC B@Q R@KDRODQRNMR VDQD
@RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE B@QR SGDX FDMDQ@KKX RDKK HM NMD VDDJ. 'NTQSDDM ODNOKD @MRVDQDC SG@S SGDX FDMDQ@KKX RDKK SGQDD B@QR;
MHMDSDDM FDMDQ@KKX RDKK ENTQ B@QR; SVDKUD FDMDQ@KKX RDKK EHUD B@QR; MHMD FDMDQ@KKX RDKK RHW B@QR; DKDUDM FDMDQ@KKX RDKK RDUDM B@QR.
$@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
51. R@LOKD LD@M = x
= ???????
52. LDCH@M = ???????
53. LNCD = ???????
2.7 1E?QH?MM ;H> NB? +?;H, +?>C;H, ;H> +I>?
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 4S@SD VGDSGDQ SGD C@S@ @QD RXLLDSQHB@K, RJDVDC SN SGD KDES,
NQ RJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS.
54. 1; 1; 1; 2; 2; 2; 2; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 4; 4; 4; 5; 5
55. 16; 17; 19; 22; 22; 22; 22; 22; 23
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 145
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56. 87; 87; 87; 87; 87; 88; 89; 89; 90; 91
57. 8GDM SGD C@S@ @QD RJDVDC KDES, VG@S HR SGD SXOHB@K QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LD@M @MC LDCH@M
58. 8GDM SGD C@S@ @QD RXLLDSQHB@K, VG@S HR SGD SXOHB@K QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LD@M @MC LDCH@M
59. 8G@S VNQC CDRBQHADR @ CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S G@R SVN LNCDR
60. %DRBQHAD SGD RG@OD NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 2.32
61. %DRBQHAD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LNCD @MC SGD LDCH@M NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 2.33
62. %DRBQHAD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 2.34
146 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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63. %DRBQHAD SGD RG@OD NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 2.35
64. %DRBQHAD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LNCD @MC SGD LDCH@M NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 2.36
65. "QD SGD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M SGD DW@BS R@LD HM SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
$CAOL? 2.37
66. %DRBQHAD SGD RG@OD NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 147
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$CAOL? 2.38
67. %DRBQHAD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LNCD @MC SGD LDCH@M NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 2.39
68. %DRBQHAD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 2.40
69. 5GD LD@M @MC LDCH@M ENQ SGD C@S@ @QD SGD R@LD.
3; 4; 5; 5; 6; 6; 6; 6; 7; 7; 7; 7; 7; 7; 7
*R SGD C@S@ ODQEDBSKX RXLLDSQHB@K 8GX NQ VGX MNS
70. 8GHBG HR SGD FQD@SDRS, SGD LD@M, SGD LNCD, NQ SGD LDCH@M NE SGD C@S@ RDS
11; 11; 12; 12; 12; 12; 13; 15; 17; 22; 22; 22
148 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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71. 8GHBG HR SGD KD@RS, SGD LD@M, SGD LNCD, @MC SGD LDCH@M NE SGD C@S@ RDS
56; 56; 56; 58; 59; 60; 62; 64; 64; 65; 67
72. 0E SGD SGQDD LD@RTQDR, VGHBG SDMCR SN QDEKDBS RJDVHMF SGD LNRS, SGD LD@M, SGD LNCD, NQ SGD LDCH@M 8GX
73. *M @ ODQEDBSKX RXLLDSQHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM, VGDM VNTKC SGD LNCD AD CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD LD@M @MC LDCH@M
&-+#5-0)
2.1 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? 1JL?;> I@ NB? ";N;
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ D?D; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQR ADKNV CDRBQHAD SGD ETKK-SHLD
DPTHU@KDMS MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR ('5&4) D@BG XD@Q @S -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD EQNL 1976k1977 SGQNTFG 2004k2005.
c Z = 1000 '5&4
c LDCH@M = 1,014 '5&4
c \ = 474 '5&4
c EHQRS PT@QSHKD = 528.5 '5&4
c SGHQC PT@QSHKD = 1,447.5 '5&4
c D = 29 XD@QR
74. " R@LOKD NE 11 XD@QR HR S@JDM. "ANTS GNV L@MX @QD DWODBSDC SN G@UD @ '5&4 NE 1014 NQ @ANUD &WOK@HM GNV XNT
CDSDQLHMDC XNTQ @MRVDQ.
75. 75% NE @KK XD@QR G@UD @M '5&4:
=. @S NQ ADKNV: ?????
>. @S NQ @ANUD: ?????
76. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = ?????
77. 8G@S ODQBDMS NE SGD '5&4 VDQD EQNL 528.5 SN 1447.5 )NV CN XNT JMNV
78. 8G@S HR SGD "*+ 8G@S CNDR SGD "*+ QDOQDRDMS
79. )NV L@MX RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @V@X EQNL SGD LD@M HR SGD LDCH@M
A::?J?ED7B "D<EHC7J?ED: 5GD ONOTK@SHNM '5&4 ENQ 2005k2006 SGQNTFG 2010k2011 V@R FHUDM HM @M TOC@SDC QDONQS. 5GD C@S@
@QD QDONQSDC GDQD.
7?;L 2005_06 2006_07 2007_08 2008_09 2009_10 2010_11
2IN;F $2#1 1,585 1,690 1,735 1,935 2,021 1,890
2;<F? 2.61
80. $@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M, LDCH@M, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD @MC SGD "*+. 3NTMC SN NMD CDBHL@K
OK@BD.
81. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS ENQ SGD '5&4 ENQ 2005k2006 SGQNTFG 2010k2011 @MC @ ANW OKNS ENQ SGD '5&4 ENQ 1976k1977
SGQNTFG 2004k2005.
82. $NLO@QD SGD "*+ ENQ SGD '5&4 ENQ 1976k77 SGQNTFG 2004k2005 VHSG SGD "*+ ENQ SGD '5&4 ENQ 2005-2006 SGQNTFG
2010k2011. 8GX CN XNT RTOONRD SGD "*+R @QD RN CHEEDQDMS
83. 5GQDD RSTCDMSR VDQD @OOKXHMF SN SGD R@LD FQ@CT@SD RBGNNK. 5GDX B@LD EQNL RBGNNKR VHSG CHEEDQDMS FQ@CHMF RXRSDLR.
8GHBG RSTCDMS G@C SGD ADRS (1" VGDM BNLO@QDC SN NSGDQ RSTCDMSR @S GHR RBGNNK &WOK@HM GNV XNT CDSDQLHMDC XNTQ @MRVDQ.
1NO>?HN %.A 1=BIIF AP?L;A? %.A 1=BIIF 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
3DQU 2.7 3.2 0.8
5E?DAP 87 75 20
2;<F? 2.62
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 149
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1NO>?HN %.A 1=BIIF AP?L;A? %.A 1=BIIF 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
*=I=H= 8.6 8 0.4
2;<F? 2.62
84. " LTRHB RBGNNK G@R ATCFDSDC SN OTQBG@RD SGQDD LTRHB@K HMRSQTLDMSR. 5GDX OK@M SN OTQBG@RD @ OH@MN BNRSHMF $3,000, @
FTHS@Q BNRSHMF $550, @MC @ CQTL RDS BNRSHMF $600. 5GD LD@M BNRS ENQ @ OH@MN HR $4,000 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $2,500.
5GD LD@M BNRS ENQ @ FTHS@Q HR $500 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $200. 5GD LD@M BNRS ENQ CQTLR HR $700 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE $100. 8GHBG BNRS HR SGD KNVDRS, VGDM BNLO@QDC SN NSGDQ HMRSQTLDMSR NE SGD R@LD SXOD 8GHBG BNRS HR SGD GHFGDRS
VGDM BNLO@QDC SN NSGDQ HMRSQTLDMSR NE SGD R@LD SXOD. +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ.
85. "M DKDLDMS@QX RBGNNK BK@RR Q@M NMD LHKD VHSG @ LD@M NE 11 LHMTSDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGQDD LHMTSDR. 3@BGDK,
@ RSTCDMS HM SGD BK@RR, Q@M NMD LHKD HM DHFGS LHMTSDR. " ITMHNQ GHFG RBGNNK BK@RR Q@M NMD LHKD VHSG @ LD@M NE MHMD LHMTSDR
@MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN LHMTSDR. ,DMIH, @ RSTCDMS HM SGD BK@RR, Q@M 1 LHKD HM 8.5 LHMTSDR. " GHFG RBGNNK BK@RR Q@M NMD
LHKD VHSG @ LD@M NE RDUDM LHMTSDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE ENTQ LHMTSDR. /DCC@, @ RSTCDMS HM SGD BK@RR, Q@M NMD LHKD HM
DHFGS LHMTSDR.
=. 8GX HR ,DMIH BNMRHCDQDC @ ADSSDQ QTMMDQ SG@M /DCC@, DUDM SGNTFG /DCC@ Q@M E@RSDQ SG@M GD
>. 8GN HR SGD E@RSDRS QTMMDQ VHSG QDRODBS SN GHR NQ GDQ BK@RR &WOK@HM VGX.
86. 5GD LNRS NADRD BNTMSQHDR HM SGD VNQKC G@UD NADRHSX Q@SDR SG@S Q@MFD EQNL 11.4% SN 74.6%. 5GHR C@S@ HR RTLL@QHYDC HM
2;<F? 14.
.?L=?HN I@ .IJOF;NCIH -<?M? ,OG<?L I@ !IOHNLC?M
11.4_20.45 29
20.45_29.45 13
29.45_38.45 4
38.45_47.45 0
47.45_56.45 2
56.45_65.45 1
65.45_74.45 0
74.45_83.45 1
2;<F? 2.63
8G@S HR SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD NE SGD @UDQ@FD NADRHSX ODQBDMS@FD ENQ SGDRD BNTMSQHDR 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD KHRSDC
NADRHSX Q@SDR 5GD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR G@R @M @UDQ@FD NADRHSX Q@SD NE 33.9%. *R SGHR Q@SD @ANUD @UDQ@FD NQ ADKNV )NV oTMTRT@Kp
HR SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDRn NADRHSX Q@SD BNLO@QDC SN SGD @UDQ@FD Q@SD &WOK@HM.
87. 2;<F? 2.64 FHUDR SGD ODQBDMS NE BGHKCQDM TMCDQ EHUD BNMRHCDQDC SN AD TMCDQVDHFGS.
150 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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.?L=?HN I@ 3H>?LQ?CABN !BCF>L?H ,OG<?L I@ !IOHNLC?M
16_21.45 23
21.45_26.9 4
26.9_32.35 9
32.35_37.8 7
37.8_43.25 6
43.25_48.7 1
2;<F? 2.64
8G@S HR SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD LD@M ODQBDMS@FD NE TMCDQVDHFGS BGHKCQDM 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM 8GHBG
HMSDQU@K(R) BNTKC AD BNMRHCDQDC TMTRT@K &WOK@HM.
2.2 1N?G-;H>-*?;@ %L;JBM (1N?GJFINM), *CH? %L;JBM, ;H> ;L %L;JBM
88. 4STCDMS FQ@CDR NM @ BGDLHRSQX DW@L VDQD: 77, 78, 76, 81, 86, 51, 79, 82, 84, 99
=. $NMRSQTBS @ RSDL-@MC-KD@E OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
>. "QD SGDQD @MX ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR *E RN, VGHBG RBNQDR @QD SGDX 8GX CN XNT BNMRHCDQ SGDL NTSKHDQR
89. 2;<F? 2.65 BNMS@HMR SGD 2010 NADRHSX Q@SDR HM 6.4. RS@SDR @MC 8@RGHMFSNM, %$.
1N;N? .?L=?HN (%) 1N;N? .?L=?HN (%) 1N;N? .?L=?HN (%)
H=>=I= 32.2 *AJPQ?GU 31.3 -KNPD #=GKP= 27.2
H=OG= 24.5 +KQEOE=J= 31.0 .DEK 29.2
NEVKJ= 24.3 ,=EJA 26.8 .GH=DKI= 30.4
NG=JO=O 30.1 ,=NUH=J@ 27.1 .NACKJ 26.8
"=HEBKNJE= 24.0 ,=OO=?DQOAPPO 23.0 /AJJOUHR=JE= 28.6
"KHKN=@K 21.0 ,E?DEC=J 30.9 1DK@A (OH=J@ 25.5
"KJJA?PE?QP 22.5 ,EJJAOKP= 24.8 2KQPD "=NKHEJ= 31.5
#AH=S=NA 28.0 ,EOOEOOELLE 34.0 2KQPD #=GKP= 27.3
6=ODEJCPKJ, #" 22.2 ,EOOKQNE 30.5 3AJJAOOAA 30.8
%HKNE@= 26.6 ,KJP=J= 23.0 3AT=O 31.0
2;<F? 2.65
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 151
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1N;N? .?L=?HN (%) 1N;N? .?L=?HN (%) 1N;N? .?L=?HN (%)
&AKNCE= 29.6 -A>N=OG= 26.9 4P=D 22.5
'=S=EE 22.7 -AR=@= 22.4 5ANIKJP 23.2
(@=DK 26.5 -AS '=ILODENA 25.0 5ENCEJE= 26.0
(HHEJKEO 28.2 -AS )ANOAU 23.8 6=ODEJCPKJ 25.5
(J@E=J= 29.6 -AS ,ATE?K 25.1 6AOP 5ENCEJE= 32.5
(KS= 28.4 -AS 8KNG 23.9 6EO?KJOEJ 26.3
*=JO=O 29.4 -KNPD "=NKHEJ= 27.8 6UKIEJC 25.1
2;<F? 2.65
=. 6RD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN Q@MCNLKX OHBJ DHFGS RS@SDR. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG NE SGD NADRHSX Q@SDR NE SGNRD
DHFGS RS@SDR.
>. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG ENQ @KK SGD RS@SDR ADFHMMHMF VHSG SGD KDSSDQ ""."
?. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG ENQ @KK SGD RS@SDR ADFHMMHMF VHSG SGD KDSSDQ ".."
2.3 &CMNIAL;GM, $L?KO?H=S .IFSAIHM, ;H> 2CG? 1?LC?M %L;JBM
90. 4TOONRD SG@S SGQDD ANNJ OTAKHRGDQR VDQD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE EHBSHNM O@ODQA@BJR @CTKS BNMRTLDQR OTQBG@RD ODQ
LNMSG. &@BG OTAKHRGDQ BNMCTBSDC @ RTQUDX. *M SGD RTQUDX, @CTKS BNMRTLDQR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE EHBSHNM O@ODQA@BJR SGDX
G@C OTQBG@RDC SGD OQDUHNTR LNMSG. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
# I@ <IIEM $L?K. 0?F. $L?K.
0 10
1 12
2 16
3 12
4 8
5 6
6 2
8 2
2;<F? 2.66 .O<FCMB?L A
152 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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# I@ <IIEM $L?K. 0?F. $L?K.
0 18
1 24
2 24
3 22
4 15
5 10
7 5
9 1
2;<F? 2.67 .O<FCMB?L
# I@ <IIEM $L?K. 0?F. $L?K.
0_1 20
2_3 35
4_5 12
6_7 2
8_9 1
2;<F? 2.68 .O<FCMB?L !
=. 'HMC SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR ENQ D@BG RTQUDX. 8QHSD SGDL HM SGD BG@QSR.
>. 6RHMF DHSGDQ @ FQ@OGHMF B@KBTK@SNQ, BNLOTSDQ, NQ AX G@MC, TRD SGD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM SN BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L ENQ
D@BG OTAKHRGDQ'R RTQUDX. 'NQ 1TAKHRGDQR " @MC #, L@JD A@Q VHCSGR NE NMD. 'NQ 1TAKHRGDQ $, L@JD A@Q VHCSGR NE
SVN.
?. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, FHUD SVN QD@RNMR VGX SGD FQ@OGR ENQ 1TAKHRGDQR " @MC # @QD MNS HCDMSHB@K.
@. 8NTKC XNT G@UD DWODBSDC SGD FQ@OG ENQ 1TAKHRGDQ $ SN KNNJ KHJD SGD NSGDQ SVN FQ@OGR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
A. .@JD MDV GHRSNFQ@LR ENQ 1TAKHRGDQ " @MC 1TAKHRGDQ #. 5GHR SHLD, L@JD A@Q VHCSGR NE SVN.
B. /NV, BNLO@QD SGD FQ@OG ENQ 1TAKHRGDQ $ SN SGD MDV FQ@OGR ENQ 1TAKHRGDQR " @MC #. "QD SGD FQ@OGR LNQD RHLHK@Q
NQ LNQD CHEEDQDMS &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ.
91. 0ESDM, BQTHRD RGHOR BNMCTBS @KK NM-AN@QC SQ@MR@BSHNMR, VHSG SGD DWBDOSHNM NE F@LAKHMF, NM @ B@RGKDRR A@RHR. "S SGD DMC
NE SGD BQTHRD, FTDRSR O@X NMD AHKK SG@S BNUDQR @KK NMAN@QC SQ@MR@BSHNMR. 4TOONRD SG@S 60 RHMFKD SQ@UDKDQR @MC 70 BNTOKDR VDQD
RTQUDXDC @R SN SGDHQ NM-AN@QC AHKKR ENQ @ RDUDM-C@X BQTHRD EQNL-NR "MFDKDR SN SGD .DWHB@M 3HUHDQ@. 'NKKNVHMF HR @ RTLL@QX
NE SGD AHKKR ENQ D@BG FQNTO.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 153
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AGIOHN($) $L?KO?H=S 0?F. $L?KO?H=S
51_100 5
101_150 10
151_200 15
201_250 15
251_300 10
301_350 5
2;<F? 2.69 1CHAF?M
AGIOHN($) $L?KO?H=S 0?F. $L?KO?H=S
100_150 5
201_250 5
251_300 5
301_350 5
351_400 10
401_450 10
451_500 10
501_550 10
551_600 5
601_650 5
2;<F? 2.70 !IOJF?M
=. 'HKK HM SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX ENQ D@BG FQNTO.
>. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L ENQ SGD RHMFKDR FQNTO. 4B@KD SGD N-@WHR AX $50 VHCSGR. 6RD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NM SGD O-@WHR.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L ENQ SGD BNTOKDR FQNTO. 4B@KD SGD N-@WHR AX $50 VHCSGR. 6RD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NM SGD O-@WHR.
@. $NLO@QD SGD SVN FQ@OGR:
E. -HRS SVN RHLHK@QHSHDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR.
EE. -HRS SVN CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR.
EEE. 0UDQ@KK, @QD SGD FQ@OGR LNQD RHLHK@Q NQ CHEEDQDMS
154 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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A. $NMRSQTBS @ MDV FQ@OG ENQ SGD BNTOKDR AX G@MC. 4HMBD D@BG BNTOKD HR O@XHMF ENQ SVN HMCHUHCT@KR, HMRSD@C NE RB@KHMF
SGD N-@WHR AX $50, RB@KD HS AX $100. 6RD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NM SGD O-@WHR.
B. $NLO@QD SGD FQ@OG ENQ SGD RHMFKDR VHSG SGD MDV FQ@OG ENQ SGD BNTOKDR:
E. -HRS SVN RHLHK@QHSHDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR.
EE. 0UDQ@KK, @QD SGD FQ@OGR LNQD RHLHK@Q NQ CHEEDQDMS
C. )NV CHC RB@KHMF SGD BNTOKDR FQ@OG CHEEDQDMSKX BG@MFD SGD V@X XNT BNLO@QDC HS SN SGD RHMFKDR FQ@OG
D. #@RDC NM SGD FQ@OGR, CN XNT SGHMJ SG@S HMCHUHCT@KR RODMC SGD R@LD @LNTMS, LNQD NQ KDRR, @R RHMFKDR @R SGDX CN
ODQRNM AX ODQRNM @R @ BNTOKD &WOK@HM VGX HM NMD NQ SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
92. 5VDMSX-EHUD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE LNUHDR SGDX V@SBGDC SGD OQDUHNTR VDDJ. 5GD QDRTKSR
@QD @R ENKKNVR.
# I@ GIPC?M $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0 5
1 9
2 6
3 4
4 1
2;<F? 2.71
=. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD C@S@.
>. $NLOKDSD SGD BNKTLMR NE SGD BG@QS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD NMD GTMCQDC DKDUDM ODNOKD VGN RGNOODC HM @
RODBH@K S-RGHQS RSNQD VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE S-RGHQSR SGDX NVM BNRSHMF LNQD SG@M $19 D@BG.
93. 5GD ODQBDMS@FD NE ODNOKD VGN NVM @S LNRS SGQDD S-RGHQSR BNRSHMF LNQD SG@M $19 D@BG HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX:
=. 21
>. 59
?. 41
@. $@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC
94. *E SGD C@S@ VDQD BNKKDBSDC AX @RJHMF SGD EHQRS 111 ODNOKD VGN DMSDQDC SGD RSNQD, SGDM SGD SXOD NE R@LOKHMF HR:
=. BKTRSDQ
>. RHLOKD Q@MCNL
?. RSQ@SHEHDC
@. BNMUDMHDMBD
95. 'NKKNVHMF @QD SGD 2010 NADRHSX Q@SDR AX 6.4. RS@SDR @MC 8@RGHMFSNM, %$.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 155
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1N;N? .?L=?HN (%) 1N;N? .?L=?HN (%) 1N;N? .?L=?HN (%)
H=>=I= 32.2 *AJPQ?GU 31.3 -KNPD #=GKP= 27.2
H=OG= 24.5 +KQEOE=J= 31.0 .DEK 29.2
NEVKJ= 24.3 ,=EJA 26.8 .GH=DKI= 30.4
NG=JO=O 30.1 ,=NUH=J@ 27.1 .NACKJ 26.8
"=HEBKNJE= 24.0 ,=OO=?DQOAPPO 23.0 /AJJOUHR=JE= 28.6
"KHKN=@K 21.0 ,E?DEC=J 30.9 1DK@A (OH=J@ 25.5
"KJJA?PE?QP 22.5 ,EJJAOKP= 24.8 2KQPD "=NKHEJ= 31.5
#AH=S=NA 28.0 ,EOOEOOELLE 34.0 2KQPD #=GKP= 27.3
6=ODEJCPKJ, #" 22.2 ,EOOKQNE 30.5 3AJJAOOAA 30.8
%HKNE@= 26.6 ,KJP=J= 23.0 3AT=O 31.0
&AKNCE= 29.6 -A>N=OG= 26.9 4P=D 22.5
'=S=EE 22.7 -AR=@= 22.4 5ANIKJP 23.2
(@=DK 26.5 -AS '=ILODENA 25.0 5ENCEJE= 26.0
(HHEJKEO 28.2 -AS )ANOAU 23.8 6=ODEJCPKJ 25.5
(J@E=J= 29.6 -AS ,ATE?K 25.1 6AOP 5ENCEJE= 32.5
(KS= 28.4 -AS 8KNG 23.9 6EO?KJOEJ 26.3
*=JO=O 29.4 -KNPD "=NKHEJ= 27.8 6UKIEJC 25.1
2;<F? 2.72
$NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG NE NADRHSX Q@SDR NE XNTQ RS@SD @MC SGD ENTQ RS@SDR BKNRDRS SN XNTQ RS@SD. )HMS: -@ADK SGD N-@WHR VHSG SGD
RS@SDR.
2.4 IR .FINM
96. *M @ RTQUDX NE 20-XD@Q-NKCR HM $GHM@, (DQL@MX, @MC SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR, ODNOKD VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE ENQDHFM
BNTMSQHDR SGDX G@C UHRHSDC HM SGDHQ KHEDSHLD. 5GD ENKKNVHMF ANW OKNSR CHROK@X SGD QDRTKSR.
156 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 2.41
=. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, CDRBQHAD VG@S SGD RG@OD NE D@BG ANW OKNS HLOKHDR @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@
BNKKDBSDC.
>. )@UD LNQD "LDQHB@MR NQ LNQD (DQL@MR RTQUDXDC ADDM SN NUDQ DHFGS ENQDHFM BNTMSQHDR
?. $NLO@QD SGD SGQDD ANW OKNSR. 8G@S CN SGDX HLOKX @ANTS SGD ENQDHFM SQ@UDK NE 20-XD@Q-NKC QDRHCDMSR NE SGD SGQDD
BNTMSQHDR VGDM BNLO@QDC SN D@BG NSGDQ
97. (HUDM SGD ENKKNVHMF ANW OKNS, @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
$CAOL? 2.42
=. 5GHMJ NE @M DW@LOKD (HM VNQCR) VGDQD SGD C@S@ LHFGS EHS HMSN SGD @ANUD ANW OKNS. *M 2k5 RDMSDMBDR, VQHSD CNVM SGD
DW@LOKD.
>. 8G@S CNDR HS LD@M SN G@UD SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC PT@QSHKDR RN BKNRD SNFDSGDQ, VGHKD SGD RDBNMC SN SGHQC PT@QSHKDR @QD
E@Q @O@QS
98. (HUDM SGD ENKKNVHMF ANW OKNS, @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
$CAOL? 2.43
=. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX D@BG RS@SDLDMS HR E@KRD.
E. !6I6 1 G@R LNQD C@S@ U@KTDR @ANUD SVN SG@M !6I6 2 G@R @ANUD SVN.
EE. 5GD C@S@ RDSR B@MMNS G@UD SGD R@LD LNCD.
EEE. 'NQ !6I6 1, SGDQD @QD LNQD C@S@ U@KTDR ADKNV ENTQ SG@M SGDQD @QD @ANUD ENTQ.
>. 'NQ VGHBG FQNTO, %@S@ 1 NQ %@S@ 2, HR SGD U@KTD NE o7p LNQD KHJDKX SN AD @M NTSKHDQ &WOK@HM VGX HM BNLOKDSD
RDMSDMBDR.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 157
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99. " RTQUDX V@R BNMCTBSDC NE 130 OTQBG@RDQR NE MDV #.83 RDQHDR B@QR, 130 OTQBG@RDQR NE MDV #.85 RDQHDR B@QR, @MC
130 OTQBG@RDQR NE MDV #.8 7 RDQHDR B@QR. *M HS, ODNOKD VDQD @RJDC SGD @FD SGDX VDQD VGDM SGDX OTQBG@RDC SGDHQ B@Q. 5GD
ENKKNVHMF ANW OKNSR CHROK@X SGD QDRTKSR.
$CAOL? 2.44
=. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, CDRBQHAD VG@S SGD RG@OD NE D@BG ANW OKNS HLOKHDR @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC
ENQ SG@S B@Q RDQHDR.
>. 8GHBG FQNTO HR LNRS KHJDKX SN G@UD @M NTSKHDQ &WOK@HM GNV XNT CDSDQLHMDC SG@S.
?. $NLO@QD SGD SGQDD ANW OKNSR. 8G@S CN SGDX HLOKX @ANTS SGD @FD NE OTQBG@RHMF @ #.8 EQNL SGD RDQHDR VGDM
BNLO@QDC SN D@BG NSGDQ
@. -NNJ @S SGD #.8 5 RDQHDR. 8GHBG PT@QSDQ G@R SGD RL@KKDRS ROQD@C NE C@S@ 8G@S HR SGD ROQD@C
A. -NNJ @S SGD #.8 5 RDQHDR. 8GHBG PT@QSDQ G@R SGD K@QFDRS ROQD@C NE C@S@ 8G@S HR SGD ROQD@C
B. -NNJ @S SGD #.8 5 RDQHDR. &RSHL@SD SGD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD (*23).
C. -NNJ @S SGD #.8 5 RDQHDR. "QD SGDQD LNQD C@S@ HM SGD HMSDQU@K 31 SN 38 NQ HM SGD HMSDQU@K 45 SN 55 )NV CN XNT
JMNV SGHR
D. -NNJ @S SGD #.8 5 RDQHDR. 8GHBG HMSDQU@K G@R SGD EDVDRS C@S@ HM HS )NV CN XNT JMNV SGHR
E. 31k35
EE. 38k41
EEE. 41k64
100. 5VDMSX-EHUD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE LNUHDR SGDX V@SBGDC SGD OQDUHNTR VDDJ. 5GD QDRTKSR
@QD @R ENKKNVR:
# I@ GIPC?M $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0 5
1 9
2 6
3 4
4 1
2;<F? 2.73
$NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
2.5 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? *I=;NCIH I@ NB? ";N;
101. 5GD LDCH@M @FD ENQ 6.4. AK@BJR BTQQDMSKX HR 30.9 XD@QR; ENQ 6.4. VGHSDR HS HR 42.3 XD@QR.
=. #@RDC TONM SGHR HMENQL@SHNM, FHUD SVN QD@RNMR VGX SGD AK@BJ LDCH@M @FD BNTKC AD KNVDQ SG@M SGD VGHSD LDCH@M
@FD.
>. %NDR SGD KNVDQ LDCH@M @FD ENQ AK@BJR MDBDRR@QHKX LD@M SG@S AK@BJR CHD XNTMFDQ SG@M VGHSDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
158 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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?. )NV LHFGS HS AD ONRRHAKD ENQ AK@BJR @MC VGHSDR SN CHD @S @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD @FD, ATS ENQ SGD LDCH@M @FD ENQ
VGHSDR SN AD GHFGDQ
102. 4HW )TMCQDC @CTKS "LDQHB@MR VDQD @RJDC AX SDKDOGNMD ONKK, "8G@S CN XNT SGHMJ BNMRSHSTSDR @ LHCCKD-BK@RR HMBNLD"
5GD QDRTKSR @QD HM 2;<F? 2.74. "KRN, HMBKTCD KDES DMCONHMS, ATS MNS SGD QHFGS DMCONHMS.
1;F;LS ($) 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
< 20,000 0.02
20,000_25,000 0.09
25,000_30,000 0.19
30,000_40,000 0.26
40,000_50,000 0.18
50,000_75,000 0.17
75,000_99,999 0.02
100,000+ 0.01
2;<F? 2.74
=. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD RTQUDX @MRVDQDC "MNS RTQD"
>. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD SGHMJ SG@S LHCCKD-BK@RR HR EQNL $25,000 SN $50,000
?. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD C@S@.
E. 4GNTKC @KK A@QR G@UD SGD R@LD VHCSG, A@RDC NM SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
EE. )NV RGNTKC SGD <20,000 @MC SGD 100,000+ HMSDQU@KR AD G@MCKDC 8GX
@. 'HMC SGD 40
SG
@MC 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKDR
A. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG NE SGD C@S@
103. (HUDM SGD ENKKNVHMF ANW OKNS:
$CAOL? 2.45
=. VGHBG PT@QSDQ G@R SGD RL@KKDRS ROQD@C NE C@S@ 8G@S HR SG@S ROQD@C
>. VGHBG PT@QSDQ G@R SGD K@QFDRS ROQD@C NE C@S@ 8G@S HR SG@S ROQD@C
?. EHMC SGD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD ("*+).
@. @QD SGDQD LNQD C@S@ HM SGD HMSDQU@K 5k10 NQ HM SGD HMSDQU@K 10k13 )NV CN XNT JMNV SGHR
A. VGHBG HMSDQU@K G@R SGD EDVDRS C@S@ HM HS )NV CN XNT JMNV SGHR
E. 0k2
EE. 2k4
EEE. 10k12
ER. 12k13
R. MDDC LNQD HMENQL@SHNM
104. 5GD ENKKNVHMF ANW OKNS RGNVR SGD 6.4. ONOTK@SHNM ENQ 1990, SGD K@SDRS @U@HK@AKD XD@Q.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 159
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$CAOL? 2.46
=. "QD SGDQD EDVDQ NQ LNQD BGHKCQDM (@FD 17 @MC TMCDQ) SG@M RDMHNQ BHSHYDMR (@FD 65 @MC NUDQ) )NV CN XNT JMNV
>. 12.6% @QD @FD 65 @MC NUDQ. "OOQNWHL@SDKX VG@S ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @QD VNQJHMF @FD @CTKSR (@ANUD @FD
17 SN @FD 65)
2.6 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
105. 5GD LNRS NADRD BNTMSQHDR HM SGD VNQKC G@UD NADRHSX Q@SDR SG@S Q@MFD EQNL 11.4% SN 74.6%. 5GHR C@S@ HR RTLL@QHYDC HM
SGD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD.
.?L=?HN I@ .IJOF;NCIH -<?M? ,OG<?L I@ !IOHNLC?M
11.4_20.45 29
20.45_29.45 13
29.45_38.45 4
38.45_47.45 0
47.45_56.45 2
56.45_65.45 1
65.45_74.45 0
74.45_83.45 1
2;<F? 2.75
=. 8G@S HR SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD NE SGD @UDQ@FD NADRHSX ODQBDMS@FD ENQ SGDRD BNTMSQHDR
>. 5GD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR G@R @M @UDQ@FD NADRHSX Q@SD NE 33.9%. *R SGHR Q@SD @ANUD @UDQ@FD NQ ADKNV
?. )NV CNDR SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR BNLO@QD SN NSGDQ BNTMSQHDR
106. 2;<F? 2.76 FHUDR SGD ODQBDMS NE BGHKCQDM TMCDQ EHUD BNMRHCDQDC SN AD TMCDQVDHFGS. 8G@S HR SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD
LD@M ODQBDMS@FD NE TMCDQVDHFGS BGHKCQDM
.?L=?HN I@ 3H>?LQ?CABN !BCF>L?H ,OG<?L I@ !IOHNLC?M
16_21.45 23
21.45_26.9 4
2;<F? 2.76
160 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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.?L=?HN I@ 3H>?LQ?CABN !BCF>L?H ,OG<?L I@ !IOHNLC?M
26.9_32.35 9
32.35_37.8 7
37.8_43.25 6
43.25_48.7 1
2;<F? 2.76
2.7 1E?QH?MM ;H> NB? +?;H, +?>C;H, ;H> +I>?
107. 5GD LDCH@M @FD NE SGD 6.4. ONOTK@SHNM HM 1980 V@R 30.0 XD@QR. *M 1991, SGD LDCH@M @FD V@R 33.1 XD@QR.
=. 8G@S CNDR HS LD@M ENQ SGD LDCH@M @FD SN QHRD
>. (HUD SVN QD@RNMR VGX SGD LDCH@M @FD BNTKC QHRD.
?. 'NQ SGD LDCH@M @FD SN QHRD, HR SGD @BST@K MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM KDRR HM 1991 SG@M HS V@R HM 1980 8GX NQ VGX MNS
0',%',% '2 2-%#2� : &-+#5-0)
108. 5VDMSX-EHUD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE LNUHDR SGDX V@SBGDC SGD OQDUHNTR VDDJ. 5GD QDRTKSR
@QD @R ENKKNVR:
# I@ GIPC?M $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0 5
1 9
2 6
3 4
4 1
2;<F? 2.77
=. 'HMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M x
.
>. 'HMC SGD @OOQNWHL@SD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I.
109. 'NQSX Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE O@HQR NE RMD@JDQR SGDX NVMDC. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE O@HQR
NE RMD@JDQR NVMDC. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
" $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
1 2
2;<F? 2.78
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 161
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" $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
2 5
3 8
4 12
5 12
6 0
7 1
2;<F? 2.78
=. 'HMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M x
= 23.32
q 6RHMF SGD 5* 83/84, VD NAS@HM @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE: s
x
= 12.95.
q 5GD NADRHSX Q@SD NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HR 10.58% GHFGDQ SG@M SGD @UDQ@FD NADRHSX Q@SD.
q 4HMBD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 12.95, VD RDD SG@S 23.32 + 12.95 = 36.27 HR SGD NADRHSX ODQBDMS@FD SG@S HR NMD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM EQNL SGD LD@M. 5GD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR NADRHSX Q@SD HR RKHFGSKX KDRR SG@M NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM EQNL SGD LD@M.
5GDQDENQD, VD B@M @RRTLD SG@S SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR, VGHKD 34% NADRD, CNDR MNS G@U D @M TMTRT@KKX GHFG ODQBDMS@FD NE
NADRD ODNOKD.
89
174 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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@. &W@LOKD RNKTSHNM ENQ TRHMF SGD Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ ENQ SGD 5*-84+ SN FDMDQ@SD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 8
RS@SDR. *MRSQTBSHNMR @QD @R ENKKNVR.
/TLADQ SGD DMSQHDR HM SGD S@AKD 1k51 (*MBKTCDR 8@RGHMFSNM, %$; /TLADQDC UDQSHB@KKX)
1QDRR ."5)
"QQNV NUDQ SN 13#
1QDRR 5:Q@MC*MS(
&MSDQ 51,1,8)
&HFGS MTLADQR @QD FDMDQ@SDC (TRD SGD QHFGS @QQNV JDX SN RBQNKK SGQNTFG SGD MTLADQR). 5GD MTLADQR BNQQDRONMC SN SGD
MTLADQDC RS@SDR (ENQ SGHR DW@LOKD: Z47 21 9 23 51 13 25 4\. *E @MX MTLADQR @QD QDOD@SDC, FDMDQ@SD @ CHEEDQDMS MTLADQ
AX TRHMF 5:Q@MC*MS(51,1)). )DQD, SGD RS@SDR (@MC 8@RGHMFSNM %$) @QD Z"QJ@MR@R, 8@RGHMFSNM %$, *C@GN, .@QXK@MC,
.HBGHF@M, .HRRHRRHOOH, 7HQFHMH@, 8XNLHMF\.
$NQQDRONMCHMF ODQBDMSR @QD Z30.1, 22.2, 26.5, 27.1, 30.9, 34.0, 26.0, 25.1\.
#><JG: 2.58
A.
#><JG: 2.59
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 175
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B.
#><JG: 2.60
176 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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91
ABDJCI($) #G:FJ:C8N /:A6I>K: #G:FJ:C8N
51k100 5 0.08
101k150 10 0.17
151k200 15 0.25
201k250 15 0.25
251k300 10 0.17
301k350 5 0.08
167A: 2.86 0>C<A:H
ABDJCI($) #G:FJ:C8N /:A6I>K: #G:FJ:C8N
100k150 5 0.07
201k250 5 0.07
251k300 5 0.07
301k350 5 0.07
351k400 10 0.14
401k450 10 0.14
451k500 10 0.14
501k550 10 0.14
551k600 5 0.07
601k650 5 0.07
167A: 2.87 DJEA:H
@. 4DD 2;<F? 2.86 @MC 2;<F? 2.87.
A. *M SGD ENKKNVHMF GHRSNFQ@L C@S@ U@KTDR SG@S E@KK NM SGD QHFGS ANTMC@QX @QD BNTMSDC HM SGD BK@RR HMSDQU@K, VGHKD U@KTDR
SG@S E@KK NM SGD KDES ANTMC@QX @QD MNS BNTMSDC (VHSG SGD DWBDOSHNM NE SGD EHQRS HMSDQU@K VGDQD ANSG ANTMC@QX U@KTDR @QD
HMBKTCDC).
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 177
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#><JG: 2.61
B. *M SGD ENKKNVHMF GHRSNFQ@L, SGD C@S@ U@KTDR SG@S E@KK NM SGD QHFGS ANTMC@QX @QD BNTMSDC HM SGD BK@RR HMSDQU@K, VGHKD U@KTDR
SG@S E@KK NM SGD KDES ANTMC@QX @QD MNS BNTMSDC (VHSG SGD DWBDOSHNM NE SGD EHQRS HMSDQU@K VGDQD U@KTDR NM ANSG ANTMC@QHDR
@QD HMBKTCDC).
#><JG: 2.62
C. $NLO@QD SGD SVN FQ@OGR:
H. "MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQR HMBKTCD:
z #NSG FQ@OGR G@UD @ RHMFKD OD@J.
z #NSG FQ@OGR TRD BK@RR HMSDQU@KR VHSG VHCSG DPT@K SN $50.
HH. "MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQR HMBKTCD:
z 5GD BNTOKDR FQ@OG G@R @ BK@RR HMSDQU@K VHSG MN U@KTDR.
z *S S@JDR @KLNRS SVHBD @R L@MX BK@RR HMSDQU@KR SN CHROK@X SGD C@S@ ENQ BNTOKDR.
HHH. "MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQR HMBKTCD: 5GD FQ@OGR @QD LNQD RHLHK@Q SG@M CHEEDQDMS ADB@TRD SGD NUDQ@KK
O@SSDQMR ENQ SGD FQ@OGR @QD SGD R@LD.
D. *M SGD ENKKNVHMF GHRSNFQ@L, C@S@ U@KTDR SG@S E@KK NM SGD QHFGS ANTMC@QX @QD BNTMSDC HM SGD BK@RR HMSDQU@K, VGHKD U@KTDR
SG@S E@KK NM SGD KDES ANTMC@QX @QD MNS BNTMSDC (VHSG SGD DWBDOSHNM NE SGD EHQRS HMSDQU@K VGDQD U@KTDR NM ANSG ANTMC@QHDR
@QD HMBKTCDC).
178 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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#><JG: 2.63
E. $NLO@QD SGD FQ@OG ENQ SGD 4HMFKDR VHSG SGD MDV FQ@OG ENQ SGD $NTOKDR:
H. z #NSG FQ@OGR G@UD @ RHMFKD OD@J.
z #NSG FQ@OGR CHROK@X 6 BK@RR HMSDQU@KR.
z #NSG FQ@OGR RGNV SGD R@LD FDMDQ@K O@SSDQM.
HH. "MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQR HMBKTCD: "KSGNTFG SGD VHCSG NE SGD BK@RR HMSDQU@KR ENQ BNTOKDR HR CNTAKD SG@S
NE SGD BK@RR HMSDQU@KR ENQ RHMFKDR, SGD FQ@OGR @QD LNQD RHLHK@Q SG@M SGDX @QD CHEEDQDMS.
F. "MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQR HMBKTCD: :NT @QD @AKD SN BNLO@QD SGD FQ@OGR HMSDQU@K AX HMSDQU@K. *S HR D@RHDQ SN
BNLO@QD SGD NUDQ@KK O@SSDQMR VHSG SGD MDV RB@KD NM SGD $NTOKDR FQ@OG. #DB@TRD @ BNTOKD QDOQDRDMSR SVN HMCHUHCT@KR,
SGD MDV RB@KD KD@CR SN @ LNQD @BBTQ@SD BNLO@QHRNM.
G. "MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQR HMBKTCD: #@RDC NM SGD GHRSNFQ@LR, HS RDDLR SG@S RODMCHMF CNDR MNS U@QX LTBG
EQNL RHMFKDR SN HMCHUHCT@KR VGN @QD O@QS NE @ BNTOKD. 5GD NUDQ@KK O@SSDQMR @QD SGD R@LD. 5GD Q@MFD NE RODMCHMF ENQ
BNTOKDR HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX CNTAKD SGD Q@MFD ENQ HMCHUHCT@KR.
93 B
95 "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
97
@. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQ: 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX BNMCTBSDC @ RTQUDX SN RDD GNV HMUNKUDC HSR RSTCDMSR @QD HM
BNLLTMHSX RDQUHBD. 5GD ANW OKNS RGNVR SGD MTLADQ NE BNLLTMHSX RDQUHBD GNTQR KNFFDC AX O@QSHBHO@MSR NUDQ SGD O@RS
XD@Q.
A. #DB@TRD SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC PT@QSHKDR @QD BKNRD, SGD C@S@ HM SGHR PT@QSDQ HR UDQX RHLHK@Q. 5GDQD HR MNS LTBG U@QH@SHNM HM
SGD U@KTDR. 5GD C@S@ HM SGD SGHQC PT@QSDQ HR LTBG LNQD U@QH@AKD, NQ ROQD@C NTS. 5GHR HR BKD@Q ADB@TRD SGD RDBNMC PT@QSHKD
HR RN E@Q @V@X EQNL SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD.
99
@. &@BG ANW OKNS HR ROQD@C NTS LNQD HM SGD FQD@SDQ U@KTDR. &@BG OKNS HR RJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS, RN SGD @FDR NE SGD SNO 50% NE
ATXDQR @QD LNQD U@QH@AKD SG@M SGD @FDR NE SGD KNVDQ 50%.
A. 5GD #.8 3 RDQHDR HR LNRS KHJDKX SN G@UD @M NTSKHDQ. *S G@R SGD KNMFDRS VGHRJDQ.
B. $NLO@QHMF SGD LDCH@M @FDR, XNTMFDQ ODNOKD SDMC SN ATX SGD #.83 RDQHDR, VGHKD NKCDQ ODNOKD SDMC SN ATX SGD #.8
7 RDQHDR. )NVDUDQ, SGHR HR MNS @ QTKD, ADB@TRD SGDQD HR RN LTBG U@QH@AHKHSX HM D@BG C@S@ RDS.
C. 5GD RDBNMC PT@QSDQ G@R SGD RL@KKDRS ROQD@C. 5GDQD RDDLR SN AD NMKX @ SGQDD-XD@Q CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD
@MC SGD LDCH@M.
D. 5GD SGHQC PT@QSDQ G@R SGD K@QFDRS ROQD@C. 5GDQD RDDLR SN AD @OOQNWHL@SDKX @ 14-XD@Q CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LDCH@M @MC
SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD.
E. "*+ ] 17 XD@QR
F. 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM SN SDKK. &@BG HMSDQU@K KHDR VHSGHM @ PT@QSDQ, RN VD B@MMNS SDKK DW@BSKX VGDQD SGD C@S@ HM
SG@S PT@QSDQ HR BNMBDMSQ@SDC.
G. 5GD HMSDQU@K EQNL 31 SN 35 XD@QR G@R SGD EDVDRS C@S@ U@KTDR. 5VDMSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD U@KTDR E@KK HM SGD HMSDQU@K 38 SN
41, @MC 25% E@KK ADSVDDM 41 @MC 64. 4HMBD 25% NE U@KTDR E@KK ADSVDDM 31 @MC 38, VD JMNV SG@S EDVDQ SG@M 25% E@KK
ADSVDDM 31 @MC 35.
102
@. 1 k (0.02+0.09+0.19+0.26+0.18+0.17+0.02+0.01) = 0.06
A. 0.19+0.26+0.18 = 0.63
B. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 179
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C. 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD VHKK E@KK ADSVDDM 30,000 @MC 40,000
80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD VHKK E@KK ADSVDDM 50,000 @MC 75,000
D. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
104
@. LNQD BGHKCQDM
A. 62.4%
106 5GD LD@M ODQBDMS@FD, x
=
1328.65
50
= 26.75
108
@. 1.48
A. 1.12
110
@. 174; 177; 178; 184; 185; 185; 185; 185; 188; 190; 200; 205; 205; 206; 210; 210; 210; 212; 212; 215; 215; 220; 223;
228; 230; 232; 241; 241; 242; 245; 247; 250; 250; 259; 260; 260; 265; 265; 270; 272; 273; 275; 276; 278; 280; 280;
285; 285; 286; 290; 290; 295; 302
A. 241
B. 205.5
C. 272.5
D.
E. 205.5, 272.5
F. R@LOKD
G. ONOTK@SHNM
H. H. 236.34
HH. 37.50
HHH. 161.34
HU. 0.84 RSC. CDU. ADKNV SGD LD@M
I. :NTMF
112
@. 5QTD
A. 5QTD
B. 5QTD
C. '@KRD
180 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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114
@.
"CGDAAB:CI #G:FJ:C8N
1000-5000 10
5000-10000 16
10000-15000 3
15000-20000 3
20000-25000 1
25000-30000 2
167A: 2.88
A. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
B. LNCD
C. 8628.74
D. 6943.88
E. k0.09
116 @
118
@. *M SGHR GHRSNFQ@L, U@KTDR SG@S E@KK NM SGD KDES ANTMC@QX @QD BNTMSDC HM SGD HMSDQU@K, VGHKD U@KTDR SG@S E@KK NM SGD QHFGS
ANTMC@QX @QD MNS. /NSD SG@S SGD VHCSG NE SGD HMSDQU@KR U@QHDR. 5GD C@S@ V@R QDBNQCDC HM BK@RRDR NE U@QXHMF VHCSG.
1@X BKNRD @SSDMSHNM SN SGD RB@KD K@ADKR NE SGD FQ@OG ADB@TRD SGD GHRSNFQ@L B@M AD LHRKD@CHMF VGDM SGD HMSDQU@KR G@UD
CHEEDQDMS VHCSGR.
A. 49.7% NE SGD BNLLTMHSX HR TMCDQ SGD @FD NE 35.
B. #@RDC NM SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM SGD S@AKD, FQ@OG (@) LNRS BKNRDKX QDOQDRDMSR SGD C@S@.
120 @
122 A
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 181
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182 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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3 U .0-A'*'27 2-.'!1
$CAOL? 3.1 ,APAKN ODKSANO =NA N=NA, >QP PDA LNK>=>EHEPU KB PDAI K??QNNEJC ?=J >A ?=H?QH=PA@. (?NA@EP: -=RE?KNA/BHE?GN)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
#X SGD DMC NE SGHR BG@OSDQ, SGD RSTCDMS RGNTKC AD @AKD SN:
c 6MCDQRS@MC @MC TRD SGD SDQLHMNKNFX NE OQNA@AHKHSX.
c %DSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SVN DUDMSR @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD @MC VGDSGDQ SVN DUDMSR @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
c $@KBTK@SD OQNA@AHKHSHDR TRHMF SGD "CCHSHNM 3TKDR @MC .TKSHOKHB@SHNM 3TKDR.
c $NMRSQTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS $NMSHMFDMBX 5@AKDR.
c $NMRSQTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS 7DMM %H@FQ@LR.
c $NMRSQTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS 5QDD %H@FQ@LR.
*S HR NESDM MDBDRR@QX SN "FTDRR" @ANTS SGD NTSBNLD NE @M DUDMS HM NQCDQ SN L@JD @ CDBHRHNM. 1NKHSHBH@MR RSTCX ONKKR SN FTDRR
SGDHQ KHJDKHGNNC NE VHMMHMF @M DKDBSHNM. 5D@BGDQR BGNNRD @ O@QSHBTK@Q BNTQRD NE RSTCX A@RDC NM VG@S SGDX SGHMJ RSTCDMSR B@M
BNLOQDGDMC. %NBSNQR BGNNRD SGD SQD@SLDMSR MDDCDC ENQ U@QHNTR CHRD@RDR A@RDC NM SGDHQ @RRDRRLDMS NE KHJDKX QDRTKSR. :NT
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 183
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L@X G@UD UHRHSDC @ B@RHMN VGDQD ODNOKD OK@X F@LDR BGNRDM ADB@TRD NE SGD ADKHDE SG@S SGD KHJDKHGNNC NE VHMMHMF HR FNNC. :NT
L@X G@UD BGNRDM XNTQ BNTQRD NE RSTCX A@RDC NM SGD OQNA@AKD @U@HK@AHKHSX NE INAR.
:NT G@UD, LNQD SG@M KHJDKX, TRDC OQNA@AHKHSX. *M E@BS, XNT OQNA@AKX G@UD @M HMSTHSHUD RDMRD NE OQNA@AHKHSX. 1QNA@AHKHSX
CD@KR VHSG SGD BG@MBD NE @M DUDMS NBBTQQHMF. 8GDMDUDQ XNT VDHFG SGD NCCR NE VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SN CN XNTQ GNLDVNQJ NQ
SN RSTCX ENQ @M DW@L, XNT @QD TRHMF OQNA@AHKHSX. *M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK KD@QM GNV SN RNKUD OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDLR TRHMF @
RXRSDL@SHB @OOQN@BG.
:NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK RTQUDX XNTQ BK@RR. $NTMS SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR HM SGD BK@RR SNC@X.
c 3@HRD XNTQ G@MC HE XNT G@UD @MX BG@MFD HM XNTQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE Q@HRDC G@MCR.
c 3@HRD XNTQ G@MC HE XNT QNCD @ ATR VHSGHM SGD O@RS LNMSG. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE Q@HRDC G@MCR.
c 3@HRD XNTQ G@MC HE XNT @MRVDQDC "XDR" SN #05) NE SGD EHQRS SVN PTDRSHNMR. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE Q@HRDC G@MCR.
6RD SGD BK@RR C@S@ @R DRSHL@SDR NE SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR. )(BG@MFD) LD@MR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM
ODQRNM HM XNTQ BK@RR G@R BG@MFD HM GHR/GDQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD. )(ATR) LD@MR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM ODQRNM
HM XNTQ BK@RR QNCD @ ATR VHSGHM SGD K@RS LNMSG @MC RN NM. %HRBTRR XNTQ @MRVDQR.
c 'HMC )(BG@MFD).
c 'HMC )(ATR).
c 'HMC )(BG@MFD "/% ATR). 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM RSTCDMS HM XNTQ BK@RR G@R BG@MFD HM GHR/GDQ
ONBJDS NQ OTQRD @MC QNCD @ ATR VHSGHM SGD K@RS LNMSG.
c 'HMC )(BG@MFD[ATR). 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM RSTCDMS G@R BG@MFD FHUDM SG@S GD NQ RGD QNCD @
ATR VHSGHM SGD K@RS LNMSG. $NTMS @KK SGD RSTCDMSR SG@S QNCD @ ATR. 'QNL SGD FQNTO NE RSTCDMSR VGN QNCD @ ATR,
BNTMS SGNRD VGN G@UD BG@MFD. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR DPT@K SN SGNRD VGN G@UD BG@MFD @MC QNCD @ ATR CHUHCDC AX SGNRD
VGN QNCD @ ATR.
3.1 U 2?LGCHIFIAS
1QNA@AHKHSX HR @ LD@RTQD SG@S HR @RRNBH@SDC VHSG GNV BDQS@HM VD @QD NE NTSBNLDR NE @ O@QSHBTK@Q DWODQHLDMS NQ @BSHUHSX.
"M :ME:G>B:CI HR @ OK@MMDC NODQ@SHNM B@QQHDC NTS TMCDQ BNMSQNKKDC BNMCHSHNMR. *E SGD QDRTKS HR MNS OQDCDSDQLHMDC, SGDM SGD
DWODQHLDMS HR R@HC SN AD @ 8=6C8: DWODQHLDMS. 'KHOOHMF NMD E@HQ BNHM SVHBD HR @M DW@LOKD NE @M DWODQHLDMS.
" QDRTKS NE @M DWODQHLDMS HR B@KKDC @M DJI8DB:. 5GD H6BEA: HE68: NE @M DWODQHLDMS HR SGD RDS NE @KK ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR.
5GQDD V@XR SN QDOQDRDMS @ R@LOKD RO@BD @QD: SN KHRS SGD ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR, SN BQD@SD @ SQDD CH@FQ@L, NQ SN BQD@SD @ 7DMM
CH@FQ@L. 5GD TOODQB@RD KDSSDQ , HR TRDC SN CDMNSD SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE XNT EKHO NMD E@HQ BNHM, , = Z!, -\ VGDQD
! = GD@CR @MC - = S@HKR @QD SGD NTSBNLDR.
"M :K:CI HR @MX BNLAHM@SHNM NE NTSBNLDR. 6OODQ B@RD KDSSDQR KHJD A @MC B QDOQDRDMS DUDMSR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD
DWODQHLDMS HR SN EKHO NMD E@HQ BNHM, DUDMS A LHFGS AD FDSSHMF @S LNRS NMD GD@C. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @M DUDMS A HR VQHSSDM )(A).
5GD EGD767>A>IN NE @MX NTSBNLD HR SGD ADC<-I:GB G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N NE SG@S NTSBNLD. -GD767>A>I>:H 6G: 7:IL::C O:GD
6C9 DC:, >C8AJH>K: (SG@S HR, YDQN @MC NMD @MC @KK MTLADQR ADSVDDM SGDRD U@KTDR). )(A) = 0 LD@MR SGD DUDMS A B@M MDUDQ
G@OODM. )(A) = 1 LD@MR SGD DUDMS A @KV@XR G@OODMR. )(A) = 0.5 LD@MR SGD DUDMS A HR DPT@KKX KHJDKX SN NBBTQ NQ MNS SN
NBBTQ. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE XNT EKHO NMD E@HQ BNHM QDOD@SDCKX (EQNL 20 SN 2,000 SN 20,000 SHLDR) SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NE GD@CR
@OOQN@BGDR 0.5 (SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE GD@CR).
"FJ6AAN A>@:AN LD@MR SG@S D@BG NTSBNLD NE @M DWODQHLDMS NBBTQR VHSG DPT@K OQNA@AHKHSX. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE XNT SNRR @
;6>G, RHW-RHCDC CHD, D@BG E@BD (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, NQ 6) HR @R KHJDKX SN NBBTQ @R @MX NSGDQ E@BD. *E XNT SNRR @ E@HQ BNHM, @ )D@C (!) @MC
@ 5@HK (-) @QD DPT@KKX KHJDKX SN NBBTQ. *E XNT Q@MCNLKX FTDRR SGD @MRVDQ SN @ SQTD/E@KRD PTDRSHNM NM @M DW@L, XNT @QD DPT@KKX
KHJDKX SN RDKDBS @ BNQQDBS @MRVDQ NQ @M HMBNQQDBS @MRVDQ.
1D 86A8JA6I: I=: EGD767>A>IN D; 6C :K:CI A L=:C 6AA DJI8DB:H >C I=: H6BEA: HE68: 6G: :FJ6AAN A>@:AN, BNTMS SGD
MTLADQ NE NTSBNLDR ENQ DUDMS A @MC CHUHCD AX SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE NTSBNLDR HM SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE XNT SNRR
@ E@HQ CHLD @MC @ E@HQ MHBJDK, SGD R@LOKD RO@BD HR Z!!, -!, !-, --\ VGDQD - = S@HKR @MC ! = GD@CR. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD G@R
ENTQ NTSBNLDR. A = FDSSHMF NMD GD@C. 5GDQD @QD SVN NTSBNLDR Z!-, -!\, RN )(A) =
2
4
= 0.5.
4TOONRD XNT QNKK NMD E@HQ RHW-RHCDC CHD, VHSG SGD MTLADQR Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\ NM HSR E@BDR. -DS DUDMS E = QNKKHMF @ MTLADQ
SG@S HR @S KD@RS EHUD. 5GDQD @QD SVN NTSBNLDR Z5, 6\. )(E) =
2
6
. *E XNT VDQD SN QNKK SGD CHD NMKX @ EDV SHLDR, XNT VNTKC MNS AD
184 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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RTQOQHRDC HE XNTQ NARDQUDC QDRTKSR CHC MNS L@SBG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. *E XNT VDQD SN QNKK SGD CHD @ UDQX K@QFD MTLADQ NE SHLDR, XNT
VNTKC DWODBS SG@S, NUDQ@KK,
2
6
NE SGD QNKKR VNTKC QDRTKS HM @M NTSBNLD NE "@S KD@RS EHUD". :NT VNTKC MNS DWODBS DW@BSKX
2
6
.
5GD KNMF-SDQL QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NE NAS@HMHMF SGHR QDRTKS VNTKC @OOQN@BG SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE
2
6
@R SGD MTLADQ NE
QDODSHSHNMR FQNVR K@QFDQ @MC K@QFDQ.
5GHR HLONQS@MS BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE OQNA@AHKHSX DWODQHLDMSR HR JMNVM @R SGD A6L D; A6G<: CJB7:GH VGHBG RS@SDR SG@S @R
SGD MTLADQ NE QDODSHSHNMR NE @M DWODQHLDMS HR HMBQD@RDC, SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NAS@HMDC HM SGD DWODQHLDMS SDMCR SN ADBNLD
BKNRDQ @MC BKNRDQ SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX. &UDM SGNTFG SGD NTSBNLDR CN MNS G@OODM @BBNQCHMF SN @MX RDS O@SSDQM NQ
NQCDQ, NUDQ@KK, SGD KNMF-SDQL NARDQUDC QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX VHKK @OOQN@BG SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX. (5GD VNQC :BE>G>86A HR
NESDM TRDC HMRSD@C NE SGD VNQC NARDQUDC.)
*S HR HLONQS@MS SN QD@KHYD SG@S HM L@MX RHST@SHNMR, SGD NTSBNLDR @QD MNS DPT@KKX KHJDKX. " BNHM NQ CHD L@X AD JC;6>G, NQ
7>6H:9. 5VN L@SG OQNEDRRNQR HM &TQNOD G@C SGDHQ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR SDRS SGD #DKFH@M NMD &TQN BNHM @MC CHRBNUDQDC SG@S HM
250 SQH@KR, @ GD@C V@R NAS@HMDC 56% NE SGD SHLD @MC @ S@HK V@R NAS@HMDC 44% NE SGD SHLD. 5GD C@S@ RDDL SN RGNV SG@S SGD
BNHM HR MNS @ E@HQ BNHM; LNQD QDODSHSHNMR VNTKC AD GDKOETK SN CQ@V @ LNQD @BBTQ@SD BNMBKTRHNM @ANTS RTBG AH@R. 4NLD CHBD
L@X AD AH@RDC. -NNJ @S SGD CHBD HM @ F@LD XNT G@UD @S GNLD; SGD RONSR NM D@BG E@BD @QD TRT@KKX RL@KK GNKDR B@QUDC NTS @MC
SGDM O@HMSDC SN L@JD SGD RONSR UHRHAKD. :NTQ CHBD L@X NQ L@X MNS AD AH@RDC; HS HR ONRRHAKD SG@S SGD NTSBNLDR L@X AD @EEDBSDC
AX SGD RKHFGS VDHFGS CHEEDQDMBDR CTD SN SGD CHEEDQDMS MTLADQR NE GNKDR HM SGD E@BDR. (@LAKHMF B@RHMNR L@JD @ KNS NE LNMDX
CDODMCHMF NM NTSBNLDR EQNL QNKKHMF CHBD, RN B@RHMN CHBD @QD L@CD CHEEDQDMSKX SN DKHLHM@SD AH@R. $@RHMN CHBD G@UD EK@S E@BDR;
SGD GNKDR @QD BNLOKDSDKX EHKKDC VHSG O@HMS G@UHMF SGD R@LD CDMRHSX @R SGD L@SDQH@K SG@S SGD CHBD @QD L@CD NTS NE RN SG@S D@BG
E@BD HR DPT@KKX KHJDKX SN NBBTQ. -@SDQ VD VHKK KD@QM SDBGMHPTDR SN TRD SN VNQJ VHSG OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ DUDMSR SG@S @QD MNS DPT@KKX
KHJDKX.
"-0" #P?HN:
"M NTSBNLD HR HM SGD DUDMS A 03 B HE SGD NTSBNLD HR HM A NQ HR HM B NQ HR HM ANSG A @MC B. 'NQ DW@LOKD, KDS A = Z1, 2, 3,
4, 5\ @MC B = Z4, 5, 6, 7, 8\. A 03 B = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8\. /NSHBD SG@S 4 @MC 5 @QD /05 KHRSDC SVHBD.
"A,"" #P?HN:
"M NTSBNLD HR HM SGD DUDMS A "/% B HE SGD NTSBNLD HR HM ANSG A @MC B @S SGD R@LD SHLD. 'NQ DW@LOKD, KDS A @MC B AD
Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5\ @MC Z4, 5, 6, 7, 8\, QDRODBSHUDKX. 5GDM A "/% B = Z4, 5\.
5GD 8DBEA:B:CI NE DUDMS A HR CDMNSDC Ac (QD@C "A OQHLD"). Ac BNMRHRSR NE @KK NTSBNLDR SG@S @QD +,1 HM A. /NSHBD SG@S
)(A) + )(Ac) = 1. 'NQ DW@LOKD, KDS , = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\ @MC KDS A = Z1, 2, 3, 4\. 5GDM, Ac = Z5, 6\. )(A) =
4
6
, )(Ac) =
2
6
,
@MC )(A) + )(Ac) =
4
6
+
2
6
= 1
5GD 8DC9>I>DC6A EGD767>A>IN NE A FHUDM B HR VQHSSDM )(A[B). )(A[B) HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DUDMS A VHKK NBBTQ FHUDM
SG@S SGD DUDMS B G@R @KQD@CX NBBTQQDC. A 8DC9>I>DC6A G:9J8:H I=: H6BEA: HE68:. 8D B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE A EQNL SGD
QDCTBDC R@LOKD RO@BD B. 5GD ENQLTK@ SN B@KBTK@SD )(A[B) HR )(A[B) =
P(AANDB)
P(B)
VGDQD )(B) HR FQD@SDQ SG@M YDQN.
'NQ DW@LOKD, RTOONRD VD SNRR NMD E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD , = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\. -DS A = E@BD HR 2 NQ 3 @MC
B = E@BD HR DUDM (2, 4, 6). 5N B@KBTK@SD )(A[B), VD BNTMS SGD MTLADQ NE NTSBNLDR 2 NQ 3 HM SGD R@LOKD RO@BD B = Z2, 4, 6\.
5GDM VD CHUHCD SG@S AX SGD MTLADQ NE NTSBNLDR B (Q@SGDQ SG@M ,).
8D FDS SGD R@LD QDRTKS AX TRHMF SGD ENQLTK@. 3DLDLADQ SG@S , G@R RHW NTSBNLDR.
)(A[B) =
P(A
|
B)
P(B)
=
(the number of outcomes that are 2 or 3 and even inS)
6
(the number of outcomes that are even inS)
6
=
1
6
3
6
=
1
3
3H>?LMN;H>CHA 2?LGCHIFIAS ;H> 1SG<IFM
*S HR HLONQS@MS SN QD@C D@BG OQNAKDL B@QDETKKX SN SGHMJ @ANTS @MC TMCDQRS@MC VG@S SGD DUDMSR @QD. 6MCDQRS@MCHMF SGD
VNQCHMF HR SGD EHQRS UDQX HLONQS@MS RSDO HM RNKUHMF OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDLR. 3DQD@C SGD OQNAKDL RDUDQ@K SHLDR HE MDBDRR@QX.
$KD@QKX HCDMSHEX SGD DUDMS NE HMSDQDRS. %DSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGDQD HR @ BNMCHSHNM RS@SDC HM SGD VNQCHMF SG@S VNTKC HMCHB@SD SG@S
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX HR BNMCHSHNM@K; B@QDETKKX HCDMSHEX SGD BNMCHSHNM, HE @MX.
$T=ILHA 3.1
5GD R@LOKD RO@BD , HR SGD VGNKD MTLADQR RS@QSHMF @S NMD @MC KDRR SG@M 20.
=. S = <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
-DS DUDMS A = SGD DUDM MTLADQR @MC DUDMS B = MTLADQR FQD@SDQ SG@M 13.
>. A = ?????????????????????, B = ?????????????????????
?. )(A) = ?????????????, )(B) = ????????????????
@. A "/% B = ????????????????????, A 03 B = ????????????????
A. )(A "/% B) = ?????????, )(A 03 B) = ?????????????
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 185
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B. Ac = ?????????????, )(Ac) = ?????????????
C. )(A) + )(Ac) = ????????????
D. )(A[B) = ???????????, )(B[A) = ?????????????; @QD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR DPT@K
1IFONCIH 3.1
=. , = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19\
>. A = Z2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18\, B = Z14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19\
?. )(A) =
9
19
, )(B) =
6
19
@. A "/% B = Z14,16,18\, A 03 B = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19\
A. )(A "/% B) =
3
19
, )(A 03 B) =
12
19
B. Ac = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19; )(Ac) =
10
19
C. )(A) + )(Ac) = 1 (
9
19
+
10
19
= 1)
D. )(A[B) =
P(AANDB)
P(B)
=
3
6
, )(B[A) =
P(AANDB)
P(A)
=
3
9
, /N
3.1 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD , HR SGD NQCDQDC O@HQR NE SVN VGNKD MTLADQR, SGD EHQRS EQNLNMD SN SGQDD @MC SGD RDBNMC EQNLNMD
SN ENTQ (&W@LOKD: (1, 4)).
=. , = ?????????????????????????????
-DS DUDMS A = SGD RTL HR DUDM @MC DUDMS B = SGD EHQRS MTLADQ HR OQHLD.
>. A = ?????????????????????, B = ?????????????????????
?. )(A) = ?????????????, )(B) = ????????????????
@. A "/% B = ????????????????????, A 03 B = ????????????????
A. )(A "/% B) = ?????????, )(A 03 B) = ?????????????
B. Bc = ?????????????, )(Bc) = ?????????????
C. )(A) + )(Ac) = ????????????
D. )(A[B) = ???????????, )(B[A) = ?????????????; @QD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR DPT@K
$T=ILHA 3.2
" E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD HR QNKKDC. %DRBQHAD SGD R@LOKD RO@BD ,, HCDMSHEX D@BG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF DUDMSR VHSG @ RTARDS NE
, @MC BNLOTSD HSR OQNA@AHKHSX (@M NTSBNLD HR SGD MTLADQ NE CNSR SG@S RGNV TO).
=. &UDMS - = SGD NTSBNLD HR SVN.
>. &UDMS A = SGD NTSBNLD HR @M DUDM MTLADQ.
?. &UDMS B = SGD NTSBNLD HR KDRR SG@M ENTQ.
@. 5GD BNLOKDLDMS NE A.
A. A (*7&/ B
B. B (*7&/ A
C. A "/% B
D. A 03 B
E. A 03 Bc
F. &UDMS ' = SGD NTSBNLD HR @ OQHLD MTLADQ.
G. &UDMS " = SGD NTSBNLD HR RDUDM.
1IFONCIH 3.2
=. - = Z2\, )(-) =
1
6
186 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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>. A = Z2, 4, 6\, )(A) =
1
2
?. B = Z1, 2, 3\, )(B) =
1
2
@. Ac = Z1, 3, 5\, )(Ac) =
1
2
A. A[B = Z2\, )(A[B) =
1
3
B. B[A = Z2\, )(B[A) =
1
3
C. A "/% B = Z2\, )(A "/% B) =
1
6
D. A 03 B = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 6\, )(A 03 B) =
5
6
E. A 03 Bc = Z2, 4, 5, 6\, )(A 03 Bc) =
2
3
F. ' = Z2, 3, 5\, )(') =
1
2
G. " RHW-RHCDC CHD CNDR MNS G@UD RDUDM CNSR. )(7) = 0.
$T=ILHA 3.3
2;<F? 3.1 CDRBQHADR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD , NE 100 HMCHUHCT@KR, NQF@MHYDC AX FDMCDQ @MC VGDSGDQ
SGDX @QD QHFGS- NQ KDES-G@MCDC.
0CABN-B;H>?> *?@N-B;H>?>
,=HAO 43 9
%AI=HAO 44 4
2;<F? 3.1
-DSnR CDMNSD SGD DUDMSR &= SGD RTAIDBS HR L@KD, F = SGD RTAIDBS HR EDL@KD, + = SGD RTAIDBS HR QHFGS-G@MCDC, % = SGD
RTAIDBS HR KDES-G@MCDC. $NLOTSD SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR:
=. )(&)
>. )(F)
?. )(+)
@. )(%)
A. )(& "/% +)
B. )(F "/% %)
C. )(& 03 F)
D. )(& 03 +)
E. )(F 03 %)
F. )(&')
G. )(+[&)
H. )(F[%)
I. )(%[F)
1IFONCIH 3.3
=. )(&) = 0.52
>. )(F) = 0.48
?. )(+) = 0.87
@. )(%) = 0.13
A. )(& "/% +) = 0.43
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 187
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B. )(F "/% %) = 0.04
C. )(& 03 F) = 1
D. )(& 03 +) = 0.96
E. )(F 03 %) = 0.57
F. )(&') = 0.48
G. )(+[&) = 0.8269 (QNTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR)
H. )(F[%) = 0.3077 (QNTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR)
I. )(%[F) = 0.0833
3.2 U 'H>?J?H>?HN ;H> +ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
*MCDODMCDMS @MC LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD CN CDI LD@M SGD R@LD SGHMF.
'H>?J?H>?HN #P?HNM
5VN DUDMSR @QD HMCDODMCDMS HE SGD ENKKNVHMF @QD SQTD:
c )(A[B) = )(A)
c )(B[A) = )(B)
c )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B)
5VN DUDMSR A @MC B @QD >C9:E:C9:CI HE SGD JMNVKDCFD SG@S NMD NBBTQQDC CNDR MNS @EEDBS SGD BG@MBD SGD NSGDQ NBBTQR.
'NQ DW@LOKD, SGD NTSBNLDR NE SVN QNKDR NE @ E@HQ CHD @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR. 5GD NTSBNLD NE SGD EHQRS QNKK CNDR MNS BG@MFD
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ SGD NTSBNLD NE SGD RDBNMC QNKK. 5N RGNV SVN DUDMSR @QD HMCDODMCDMS, XNT LTRS RGNV DCAN DC: NE SGD
@ANUD BNMCHSHNMR. *E SVN DUDMSR @QD /05 HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM VD R@X SG@S SGDX @QD 9:E:C9:CI.
4@LOKHMF L@X AD CNMD L>I= G:EA68:B:CI NQ L>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI.
c 4>I= G:EA68:B:CI: *E D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM HR QDOK@BDC @ESDQ HS HR OHBJDC, SGDM SG@S LDLADQ G@R SGD ONRRHAHKHSX
NE ADHMF BGNRDM LNQD SG@M NMBD. 8GDM R@LOKHMF HR CNMD VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS, SGDM DUDMSR @QD BNMRHCDQDC SN AD
HMCDODMCDMS, LD@MHMF SGD QDRTKS NE SGD EHQRS OHBJ VHKK MNS BG@MFD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ SGD RDBNMC OHBJ.
c 4>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI: 8GDM R@LOKHMF HR CNMD VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS, D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM L@X AD BGNRDM
NMKX NMBD. *M SGHR B@RD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ SGD RDBNMC OHBJ @QD @EEDBSDC AX SGD QDRTKS NE SGD EHQRS OHBJ. 5GD DUDMSR @QD
BNMRHCDQDC SN AD CDODMCDMS NQ MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
*E HS HR MNS JMNVM VGDSGDQ A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS NQ CDODMCDMS, 6HHJB: I=:N 6G: 9:E:C9:CI JCI>A NDJ 86C H=DL
DI=:GL>H:.
$T=ILHA 3.4
:NT G@UD @ E@HQ, VDKK-RGTEEKDC CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. *S BNMRHRSR NE ENTQ RTHSR. 5GD RTHSR @QD BKTAR, CH@LNMCR, GD@QSR @MC
RO@CDR. 5GDQD @QD 13 B@QCR HM D@BG RTHS BNMRHRSHMF NE 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, # (I@BJ), * (PTDDM), $ (JHMF) NE
SG@S RTHS.
@. 4@LOKHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS:
4TOONRD XNT OHBJ SGQDD B@QCR VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS. 5GD EHQRS B@QC XNT OHBJ NTS NE SGD 52 B@QCR HR SGD * NE RO@CDR. :NT
OTS SGHR B@QC A@BJ, QDRGTEEKD SGD B@QCR @MC OHBJ @ RDBNMC B@QC EQNL SGD 52-B@QC CDBJ. *S HR SGD SDM NE BKTAR. :NT
OTS SGHR B@QC A@BJ, QDRGTEEKD SGD B@QCR @MC OHBJ @ SGHQC B@QC EQNL SGD 52-B@QC CDBJ. 5GHR SHLD, SGD B@QC HR SGD * NE
RO@CDR @F@HM. :NTQ OHBJR @QD Z* NE RO@CDR, SDM NE BKTAR, * NE RO@CDR\. :NT G@UD OHBJDC SGD * NE RO@CDR SVHBD.
:NT OHBJ D@BG B@QC EQNL SGD 52-B@QC CDBJ.
A. 4@LOKHMF VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS:
4TOONRD XNT OHBJ SGQDD B@QCR VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS. 5GD EHQRS B@QC XNT OHBJ NTS NE SGD 52 B@QCR HR SGD $ NE GD@QSR.
:NT OTS SGHR B@QC @RHCD @MC OHBJ SGD RDBNMC B@QC EQNL SGD 51 B@QCR QDL@HMHMF HM SGD CDBJ. *S HR SGD SGQDD NE
CH@LNMCR. :NT OTS SGHR B@QC @RHCD @MC OHBJ SGD SGHQC B@QC EQNL SGD QDL@HMHMF 50 B@QCR HM SGD CDBJ. 5GD SGHQC B@QC
HR SGD # NE RO@CDR. :NTQ OHBJR @QD Z$ NE GD@QSR, SGQDD NE CH@LNMCR, # NE RO@CDR\. #DB@TRD XNT G@UD OHBJDC SGD
B@QCR VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS, XNT B@MMNS OHBJ SGD R@LD B@QC SVHBD.
188 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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3.4 :NT G@UD @ E@HQ, VDKK-RGTEEKDC CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. *S BNMRHRSR NE ENTQ RTHSR. 5GD RTHSR @QD BKTAR, CH@LNMCR, GD@QSR @MC
RO@CDR. 5GDQD @QD 13 B@QCR HM D@BG RTHS BNMRHRSHMF NE 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, # (I@BJ), * (PTDDM), $ (JHMF) NE SG@S RTHS.
5GQDD B@QCR @QD OHBJDC @S Q@MCNL.
=. 4TOONRD XNT JMNV SG@S SGD OHBJDC B@QCR @QD * NE RO@CDR, $ NE GD@QSR @MC * NE RO@CDR. $@M XNT CDBHCD HE SGD
R@LOKHMF V@R VHSG NQ VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS
>. 4TOONRD XNT JMNV SG@S SGD OHBJDC B@QCR @QD * NE RO@CDR, $ NE GD@QSR, @MC # NE RO@CDR. $@M XNT CDBHCD HE SGD
R@LOKHMF V@R VHSG NQ VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS
$T=ILHA 3.5
:NT G@UD @ E@HQ, VDKK-RGTEEKDC CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. *S BNMRHRSR NE ENTQ RTHSR. 5GD RTHSR @QD BKTAR, CH@LNMCR, GD@QSR, @MC
RO@CDR. 5GDQD @QD 13 B@QCR HM D@BG RTHS BNMRHRSHMF NE 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, # (I@BJ), * (PTDDM), @MC $ (JHMF)
NE SG@S RTHS. , = RO@CDR, ! = )D@QSR, D = %H@LNMCR, C = $KTAR.
=. 4TOONRD XNT OHBJ ENTQ B@QCR, ATS CN MNS OTS @MX B@QCR A@BJ HMSN SGD CDBJ. :NTQ B@QCR @QD *,, 1D, 1C, *D.
>. 4TOONRD XNT OHBJ ENTQ B@QCR @MC OTS D@BG B@QC A@BJ ADENQD XNT OHBJ SGD MDWS B@QC. :NTQ B@QCR @QD $!, 7D,
6D, $!.
8GHBG NE 1 NQ 2 CHC XNT R@LOKD VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS @MC VGHBG CHC XNT R@LOKD VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS
1IFONCIH 3.5
@. 8HSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS; A. 8HSG QDOK@BDLDMS
3.5 :NT G@UD @ E@HQ, VDKK-RGTEEKDC CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. *S BNMRHRSR NE ENTQ RTHSR. 5GD RTHSR @QD BKTAR, CH@LNMCR, GD@QSR, @MC
RO@CDR. 5GDQD @QD 13 B@QCR HM D@BG RTHS BNMRHRSHMF NE 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, # (I@BJ), * (PTDDM), @MC $ (JHMF) NE
SG@S RTHS. , = RO@CDR, ! = )D@QSR, D = %H@LNMCR, C = $KTAR. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT R@LOKD ENTQ B@QCR VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS.
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF NTSBNLDR @QD ONRRHAKD "MRVDQ SGD R@LD PTDRSHNM ENQ R@LOKHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS.
=. *,, 1D, 1C, *D
>. $!, 7D, 6D, $!
?. *,, 7D, 6D, $,
+ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
A @MC B @QD BJIJ6AAN :M8AJH>K: DUDMSR HE SGDX B@MMNS NBBTQ @S SGD R@LD SHLD. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S A @MC B CN MNS RG@QD @MX
NTSBNLDR @MC )(A "/% B) = 0.
'NQ DW@LOKD, RTOONRD SGD R@LOKD RO@BD , = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10\. -DS A = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5\, B = Z4, 5, 6, 7, 8\, @MC
C = Z7, 9\. A "/% B = Z4, 5\. )(A "/% B) =
2
10
@MC HR MNS DPT@K SN YDQN. 5GDQDENQD, A @MC B @QD MNS LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
A @MC C CN MNS G@UD @MX MTLADQR HM BNLLNM RN )(A "/% C) = 0. 5GDQDENQD, A @MC C @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
*E HS HR MNS JMNVM VGDSGDQ A @MC B @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD, 6HHJB: I=:N 6G: CDI JCI>A NDJ 86C H=DL DI=:GL>H:. 5GD
ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKDR HKKTRSQ@SD SGDRD CDEHMHSHNMR @MC SDQLR.
$T=ILHA 3.6
'KHO SVN E@HQ BNHMR. (5GHR HR @M DWODQHLDMS.)
5GD R@LOKD RO@BD HR Z!!, !-, -!, --\ VGDQD - = S@HKR @MC ! = GD@CR. 5GD NTSBNLDR @QD !!, !-, -!, @MC
--. 5GD NTSBNLDR )5 @MC 5) @QD CHEEDQDMS. 5GD !- LD@MR SG@S SGD EHQRS BNHM RGNVDC GD@CR @MC SGD RDBNMC BNHM
RGNVDC S@HKR. 5GD -! LD@MR SG@S SGD EHQRS BNHM RGNVDC S@HKR @MC SGD RDBNMC BNHM RGNVDC GD@CR.
c -DS A = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF 6I BDHI DC: I6>A. ("S LNRS NMD S@HK LD@MR YDQN NQ NMD S@HK.) 5GDM A B@M AD VQHSSDM
@R Z!!, !-, -!\. 5GD NTSBNLD !! RGNVR YDQN S@HKR. !- @MC -! D@BG RGNV NMD S@HK.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 189
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c -DS B = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @KK S@HKR. B B@M AD VQHSSDM @R Z--\. B HR SGD 8DBEA:B:CI NE A, RN B = Ac. "KRN,
)(A) + )(B) = )(A) + )(Ac) = 1.
c 5GD OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ A @MC ENQ B @QD )(A) =
3
4
@MC )(B) =
1
4
.
c -DS C = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @KK GD@CR. C = Z!!\. 4HMBD B = Z--\, )(B "/% C) = 0. B @MC C @QD LTST@KKX
DWBKTRHUD. (B @MC C G@UD MN LDLADQR HM BNLLNM ADB@TRD XNT B@MMNS G@UD @KK S@HKR @MC @KK GD@CR @S SGD R@LD
SHLD.)
c -DS D = DUDMS NE FDSSHMF BDG: I=6C DC: S@HK. D = Z--\. )(D) =
1
4
c -DS E = DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ GD@C NM SGD EHQRS QNKK. (5GHR HLOKHDR XNT B@M FDS DHSGDQ @ GD@C NQ S@HK NM SGD RDBNMC
QNKK.) E = Z!-, !!\. )(E) =
2
4
c 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF 6I A:6HI DC: (NMD NQ SVN) S@HK HM SVN EKHOR. -DS F = DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @S KD@RS NMD
S@HK HM SVN EKHOR. F = Z!-, -!, --\. )(F) =
3
4
3.6 %Q@V SVN B@QCR EQNL @ RS@MC@QC 52-B@QC CDBJ VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF @S KD@RS NMD AK@BJ
B@QC.
$T=ILHA 3.7
'KHO SVN E@HQ BNHMR. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR NE SGD DUDMSR.
=. -DS F = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @S LNRS NMD S@HK (YDQN NQ NMD S@HK).
>. -DS = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF SVN E@BDR SG@S @QD SGD R@LD.
?. -DS ! = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ GD@C NM SGD EHQRS EKHO ENKKNVDC AX @ GD@C NQ S@HK NM SGD RDBNMC EKHO.
@. "QD F @MC LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
A. -DS # = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @KK S@HKR. "QD # @MC ! LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
1IFONCIH 3.7
-NNJ @S SGD R@LOKD RO@BD HM #R;GJF? 3.6.
=. ;DQN (0) NQ NMD (1) S@HKR NBBTQ VGDM SGD NTSBNLDR !!, -!, !- RGNV TO. )(F) =
3
4
>. 5VN E@BDR @QD SGD R@LD HE !! NQ -- RGNV TO. )() =
2
4
?. " GD@C NM SGD EHQRS EKHO ENKKNVDC AX @ GD@C NQ S@HK NM SGD RDBNMC EKHO NBBTQR VGDM !! NQ !- RGNV TO. )(!)
=
2
4
@. F @MC RG@QD !! RN )(F "/% ) HR MNS DPT@K SN YDQN (0). F @MC @QD MNS LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
A. (DSSHMF @KK S@HKR NBBTQR VGDM S@HKR RGNVR TO NM ANSG BNHMR (--). !nR NTSBNLDR @QD !! @MC !-.
# @MC ! G@UD MNSGHMF HM BNLLNM RN )(# "/% !) = 0. # @MC ! @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
190 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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3.7 " ANW G@R SVN A@KKR, NMD VGHSD @MC NMD QDC. 8D RDKDBS NMD A@KK, OTS HS A@BJ HM SGD ANW, @MC RDKDBS @ RDBNMC A@KK
(R@LOKHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS). 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD ENKKNVHMF DUDMSR:
=. -DS F = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF SGD VGHSD A@KK SVHBD.
>. -DS = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF SVN A@KKR NE CHEEDQDMS BNKNQR.
?. -DS ! = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF VGHSD NM SGD EHQRS OHBJ.
@. "QD F @MC LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
A. "QD @MC ! LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
$T=ILHA 3.8
3NKK NMD E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD HR Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\. -DS DUDMS A = @ E@BD HR NCC. 5GDM A = Z1, 3, 5\.
-DS DUDMS B = @ E@BD HR DUDM. 5GDM B = Z2, 4, 6\.
c 'HMC SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE A, Ac. 5GD BNLOKDLDMS NE A, Ac, HR B ADB@TRD A @MC B SNFDSGDQ L@JD TO SGD R@LOKD
RO@BD. )(A) + )(B) = )(A) + )(Ac) = 1. "KRN, )(A) =
3
6
@MC )(B) =
3
6
.
c -DS DUDMS C = NCC E@BDR K@QFDQ SG@M SVN. 5GDM C = Z3, 5\. -DS DUDMS D= @KK DUDM E@BDR RL@KKDQ SG@M EHUD. 5GDM
D = Z2, 4\. )(C "/% D) = 0 ADB@TRD XNT B@MMNS G@UD @M NCC @MC DUDM E@BD @S SGD R@LD SHLD. 5GDQDENQD, C
@MC D @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR.
c -DS DUDMS E = @KK E@BDR KDRR SG@M EHUD. E = Z1, 2, 3, 4\.
"QD C @MC E LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR ("MRVDQ XDR NQ MN.) 8GX NQ VGX MNS
1IFONCIH 3.8
/N. C = Z3, 5\ @MC E = Z1, 2, 3, 4\. )(C "/% E) =
1
6
. 5N AD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD, )(C "/% E) LTRS AD YDQN.
c 'HMC )(C[A). 5GHR HR @ BNMCHSHNM@K OQNA@AHKHSX. 3DB@KK SG@S SGD DUDMS C HR Z3, 5\ @MC DUDMS A HR Z1, 3, 5\. 5N
EHMC )(C[A), EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE C TRHMF SGD R@LOKD RO@BD A. :NT G@UD QDCTBDC SGD R@LOKD RO@BD EQNL
SGD NQHFHM@K R@LOKD RO@BD Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\ SN Z1, 3, 5\. 4N, )(C[A) =
2
3
.
3.8 -DS DUDMS A = KD@QMHMF 4O@MHRG. -DS DUDMS B = KD@QMHMF (DQL@M. 5GDM A "/% B = KD@QMHMF 4O@MHRG @MC (DQL@M.
4TOONRD )(A) = 0.4 @MC )(B) = 0.2. )(A "/% B) = 0.08. "QD DUDMSR A @MC B HMCDODMCDMS )HMS: :NT LTRS RGNV 0/&
NE SGD ENKKNVHMF:
c )(A[B) = )(A)
c )(B[A)
c )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B)
$T=ILHA 3.9
-DS DUDMS = S@JHMF @ L@SG BK@RR. -DS DUDMS ! = S@JHMF @ RBHDMBD BK@RR. 5GDM, "/% ! = S@JHMF @ L@SG BK@RR
@MC @ RBHDMBD BK@RR. 4TOONRD )() = 0.6, )(!) = 0.5, @MC )( "/% !) = 0.3. "QD @MC ! HMCDODMCDMS
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 191
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*E @MC ! @QD HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM XNT LTRS RGNV ,+" NE SGD ENKKNVHMF:
c )([!) = )()
c )(![) = )(!)
c )( "/% !) = )())(!)
,-2#
1=: 8=D>8: NDJ B6@: 9:E:C9H DC I=: >C;DGB6I>DC NDJ =6K:. :NT BNTKC BGNNRD @MX NE SGD LDSGNCR GDQD
ADB@TRD XNT G@UD SGD MDBDRR@QX HMENQL@SHNM.
@. 4GNV SG@S )([!) = )().
1IFONCIH 3.9
P(GWH) =
P(G AND H)
P(H)
=
0.3
0.5
= 0.6 = P(G)
A. 4GNV )( "/% !) = )())(!).
1IFONCIH 3.9
P(G)P(H) = (0.6)(0.5) = 0.3 = P(G -# H)
4HMBD @MC ! @QD HMCDODMCDMS, JMNVHMF SG@S @ ODQRNM HR S@JHMF @ RBHDMBD BK@RR CNDR MNS BG@MFD SGD BG@MBD
SG@S GD NQ RGD HR S@JHMF @ L@SG BK@RR. *E SGD SVN DUDMSR G@C MNS ADDM HMCDODMCDMS (SG@S HR, SGDX @QD CDODMCDMS) SGDM
JMNVHMF SG@S @ ODQRNM HR S@JHMF @ RBHDMBD BK@RR VNTKC BG@MFD SGD BG@MBD GD NQ RGD HR S@JHMF L@SG. 'NQ OQ@BSHBD,
RGNV SG@S )(![) = )(!) SN RGNV SG@S @MC ! @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
3.9 *M @ A@F, SGDQD @QD RHW QDC L@QAKDR @MC ENTQ FQDDM L@QAKDR. 5GD QDC L@QAKDR @QD L@QJDC VHSG SGD MTLADQR 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, @MC 6. 5GD FQDDM L@QAKDR @QD L@QJDC VHSG SGD MTLADQR 1, 2, 3, @MC 4.
c + = @ QDC L@QAKD
c = @ FQDDM L@QAKD
c ( = @M NCC-MTLADQDC L@QAKD
c 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD HR , = Z+1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, 1, 2, 3, 4\.
, G@R SDM NTSBNLDR. 8G@S HR )( "/% ()
$T=ILHA 3.10
-DS DUDMS C = S@JHMF @M &MFKHRG BK@RR. -DS DUDMS D = S@JHMF @ RODDBG BK@RR.
4TOONRD )(C) = 0.75, )(D) = 0.3, )(C[D) = 0.75 @MC )(C "/% D) = 0.225.
+TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQR SN SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR MTLDQHB@KKX.
=. "QD C @MC D HMCDODMCDMS
>. "QD C @MC D LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
?. 8G@S HR )(D[C)
1IFONCIH 3.10
=. :DR, ADB@TRD )(C[D) = )(C).
>. /N, ADB@TRD )(C "/% D) HR MNS DPT@K SN YDQN.
?. )(D[C) =
P(C AND D)
P(C)
=
0.225
0.75
= 0.3
192 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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3.10 " RSTCDMS FNDR SN SGD KHAQ@QX. -DS DUDMSR B = SGD RSTCDMS BGDBJR NTS @ ANNJ @MC D = SGD RSTCDMS BGDBJ NTS @ %7%.
4TOONRD SG@S )(B) = 0.40, )(D) = 0.30 @MC )(B "/% D) = 0.20.
=. 'HMC )(B[D).
>. 'HMC )(D[B).
?. "QD B @MC D HMCDODMCDMS
@. "QD B @MC D LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
$T=ILHA 3.11
*M @ ANW SGDQD @QD SGQDD QDC B@QCR @MC EHUD AKTD B@QCR. 5GD QDC B@QCR @QD L@QJDC VHSG SGD MTLADQR 1, 2, @MC 3, @MC
SGD AKTD B@QCR @QD L@QJDC VHSG SGD MTLADQR 1, 2, 3, 4, @MC 5. 5GD B@QCR @QD VDKK-RGTEEKDC. :NT QD@BG HMSN SGD ANW
(XNT B@MMNS RDD HMSN HS) @MC CQ@V NMD B@QC.
-DS + = QDC B@QC HR CQ@VM, B = AKTD B@QC HR CQ@VM, E = DUDM-MTLADQDC B@QC HR CQ@VM.
5GD R@LOKD RO@BD , = +1, +2, +3, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5. , G@R DHFGS NTSBNLDR.
c )(+) =
3
8
. )(B) =
5
8
. )(+ "/% B) = 0. (:NT B@MMNS CQ@V NMD B@QC SG@S HR ANSG QDC @MC AKTD.)
c )(E) =
3
8
. (5GDQD @QD SGQDD DUDM-MTLADQDC B@QCR, +2, B2, @MC B4.)
c )(E[B) =
2
5
. (5GDQD @QD EHUD AKTD B@QCR: B1, B2, B3, B4, @MC B5. 0TS NE SGD AKTD B@QCR, SGDQD @QD SVN DUDM
B@QCR; B2 @MC B4.)
c )(B[E) =
2
3
. (5GDQD @QD SGQDD DUDM-MTLADQDC B@QCR: +2, B2, @MC B4. 0TS NE SGD DUDM-MTLADQDC B@QCR, SN @QD
AKTD; B2 @MC B4.)
c 5GD DUDMSR + @MC B @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD ADB@TRD )(+ "/% B) = 0.
c -DS = B@QC VHSG @ MTLADQ FQD@SDQ SG@M 3. = ZB4, B5\. )() =
2
8
. -DS ! = AKTD B@QC MTLADQDC ADSVDDM
NMD @MC ENTQ, HMBKTRHUD. ! = ZB1, B2, B3, B4\. )([!) =
1
4
. (5GD NMKX B@QC HM ! SG@S G@R @ MTLADQ FQD@SDQ
SG@M SGQDD HR B4.) 4HMBD
2
8
=
1
4
, )() = )([!), VGHBG LD@MR SG@S @MC ! @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
3.11 *M @ A@RJDSA@KK @QDM@,
c 70% NE SGD E@MR @QD QNNSHMF ENQ SGD GNLD SD@L.
c 25% NE SGD E@MR @QD VD@QHMF AKTD.
c 20% NE SGD E@MR @QD VD@QHMF AKTD @MC @QD QNNSHMF ENQ SGD @V@X SD@L.
c 0E SGD E@MR QNNSHMF ENQ SGD @V@X SD@L, 67% @QD VD@QHMF AKTD.
-DS A AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ E@M HR QNNSHMF ENQ SGD @V@X SD@L.
-DS B AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ E@M HR VD@QHMF AKTD.
"QD SGD DUDMSR NE QNNSHMF ENQ SGD @V@X SD@L @MC VD@QHMF AKTD HMCDODMCDMS "QD SGDX LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
$T=ILHA 3.12
*M @ O@QSHBTK@Q BNKKDFD BK@RR, 60% NE SGD RSTCDMSR @QD EDL@KD. 'HESX ODQBDMS NE @KK RSTCDMSR HM SGD BK@RR G@UD KNMF
G@HQ. 'NQSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR @QD EDL@KD @MC G@UD KNMF G@HQ. 0E SGD EDL@KD RSTCDMSR, 75%G@UD KNMF G@HQ.
-DS F AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD. -DS % AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS G@R KNMF G@HQ. 0MD RSTCDMS HR OHBJDC
Q@MCNLKX. "QD SGD DUDMSR NE ADHMF EDL@KD @MC G@UHMF KNMF G@HQ HMCDODMCDMS
c 5GD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR @QD FHUDM HM SGHR DW@LOKD:
c )(F) = 0.60; )(%) = 0.50
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 193
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c )(F "/% %) = 0.45
c )(%[F) = 0.75
,-2#
1=: 8=D>8: NDJ B6@: 9:E:C9H DC I=: >C;DGB6I>DC NDJ =6K:. :NT BNTKC TRD SGD EHQRS NQ K@RS BNMCHSHNM NM
SGD KHRS ENQ SGHR DW@LOKD. :NT CN MNS JMNV )(F[%) XDS, RN XNT B@MMNS TRD SGD RDBNMC BNMCHSHNM.
1IFONCIH 1
$GDBJ VGDSGDQ )(F "/% %) = )(F))(%). 8D @QD FHUDM SG@S )(F "/% %) = 0.45, ATS )(F))(%) = (0.60)(0.50)
= 0.30. 5GD DUDMSR NE ADHMF EDL@KD @MC G@UHMF KNMF G@HQ @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS ADB@TRD )(F "/% %) CNDR MNS DPT@K
)(F))(%).
1IFONCIH 2
$GDBJ VGDSGDQ )(%[F) DPT@KR )(%). 8D @QD FHUDM SG@S )(%[F) = 0.75, ATS )(%) = 0.50; SGDX @QD MNS DPT@K. 5GD
DUDMSR NE ADHMF EDL@KD @MC G@UHMF KNMF G@HQ @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
'HN?LJL?N;NCIH I@ 0?MOFNM
5GD DUDMSR NE ADHMF EDL@KD @MC G@UHMF KNMF G@HQ @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS; JMNVHMF SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD
BG@MFDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS G@R KNMF G@HQ.
3.12 .@QJ HR CDBHCHMF VGHBG QNTSD SN S@JD SN VNQJ. )HR BGNHBDR @QD " = SGD *MSDQRS@SD @MC F = 'HESG 4SQDDS.
c )(") = 0.44 @MC )(F) = 0.55
c )(" "/% F) = 0 ADB@TRD .@QJ VHKK S@JD NMKX NMD QNTSD SN VNQJ.
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE )(" 03 F)
$T=ILHA 3.13
=. 5NRR NMD E@HQ BNHM (SGD BNHM G@R SVN RHCDR, !@MC -). 5GD NTSBNLDR @QD ????????. $NTMS SGD NTSBNLDR. 5GDQD
@QD ???? NTSBNLDR.
>. 5NRR NMD E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD (SGD CHD G@R 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 NQ 6 CNSR NM @ RHCD). 5GD NTSBNLDR @QD
????????????????. $NTMS SGD NTSBNLDR. 5GDQD @QD ??? NTSBNLDR.
?. .TKSHOKX SGD SVN MTLADQR NE NTSBNLDR. 5GD @MRVDQ HR ???????.
@. *E XNT EKHO NMD E@HQ BNHM @MC ENKKNV HS VHSG SGD SNRR NE NMD E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD, SGD @MRVDQ HM SGQDD HR SGD MTLADQ
NE NTSBNLDR (RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD RO@BD). 8G@S @QD SGD NTSBNLDR ()HMS: 5VN NE SGD NTSBNLDR @QD !1 @MC -6.)
A. &UDMS A = GD@CR (!) NM SGD BNHM ENKKNVDC AX @M DUDM MTLADQ (2, 4, 6) NM SGD CHD.
A = Z?????????????????\. 'HMC )(A).
B. &UDMS B = GD@CR NM SGD BNHM ENKKNVDC AX @ SGQDD NM SGD CHD. B = Z????????\. 'HMC )(B).
C. "QD A @MC B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD ()HMS: 8G@S HR )(A "/% B) *E )(A "/% B) = 0, SGDM A @MC B @QD LTST@KKX
DWBKTRHUD.)
D. "QD A @MC B HMCDODMCDMS ()HMS: *R )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B) *E )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B), SGDM A @MC B @QD
HMCDODMCDMS. *E MNS, SGDM SGDX @QD CDODMCDMS).
1IFONCIH 3.13
=. ! @MC -; 2
>. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; 6
?. 2(6) = 12
@. -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, !1, !2, !3, !4, !5, !6
A. A = Z!2, !4, !6\; )(A) =
3
12
B. B = Z!3\; )(B) =
1
12
C. :DR, ADB@TRD )(A "/% B) = 0
D. )(A "/% B) = 0.)(A))(B) =
3
12
1
12
305
755
+
685
755
280
755
=
710
755
D. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR @ B@Q OGNMD TRDQ (*7&/ ODQRNM G@C @ UHNK@SHNM HM SGD K@RS XD@Q).
1IFONCIH 3.20
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 201
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A.
25
70
(3DA O=ILHA OL=?A EO NA@Q?A@ PK PDA JQI>AN KB LANOKJO SDK D=@ = REKH=PEKJ.)
E. 'HMC )(1DQRNM G@C MN UHNK@SHNM K@RS XD@Q (*7&/ ODQRNM V@R MNS @ B@Q OGNMD TRDQ)
1IFONCIH 3.20
B.
405
450
(3DA O=ILHA OL=?A EO NA@Q?A@ PK PDA JQI>AN KB LANOKJO SDK SANA JKP ?=N LDKJA QOANO.)
3.20 2;<F? 3.3 RGNVR SGD MTLADQ NE @SGKDSDR VGN RSQDSBG ADENQD DWDQBHRHMF @MC GNV L@MX G@C HMITQHDR VHSGHM SGD
O@RS XD@Q.
'HDOLS CH F;MN S?;L ,I CHDOLS CH F;MN S?;L 2IN;F
2PNAP?DAO 55 295 350
#KAO JKP OPNAP?D 231 219 450
3KP=H 286 514 800
2;<F? 3.3
=. 8G@S HR )(@SGKDSD RSQDSBGDR ADENQD DWDQBHRHMF)
>. 8G@S HR )(@SGKDSD RSQDSBGDR ADENQD DWDQBHRHMF[MN HMITQX HM SGD K@RS XD@Q)
$T=ILHA 3.21
2;<F? 3.4 RGNVR @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 GHJDQR @MC SGD @QD@R NE GHJHMF SGDX OQDEDQ.
1?R 2B? !I;MNFCH? ,?;L *;E?M ;H> 1NL?;GM -H +IOHN;CH .?;EM 2IN;F
%AI=HA 18 16 <<< 45
,=HA <<< <<< 14 55
3KP=H <<< 41 <<< <<<
2;<F? 3.4 &CECHA AL?; .L?@?L?H=?
@. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD.
1IFONCIH 3.21
202 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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=.
1?R 2B? !I;MNFCH? ,?;L *;E?M ;H> 1NL?;GM -H +IOHN;CH .?;EM 2IN;F
%AI=HA 18 16 11 45
,=HA 16 25 14 55
3KP=H 34 41 25 100
2;<F? 3.5 &CECHA AL?; .L?@?L?H=?
A. "QD SGD DUDMSR "ADHMF EDL@KD" @MC "OQDEDQQHMF SGD BN@RSKHMD" HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR
-DS F = ADHMF EDL@KD @MC KDS C = OQDEDQQHMF SGD BN@RSKHMD.
1. 'HMC )(F "/% C).
2. 'HMC )(F))(C)
"QD SGDRD SVN MTLADQR SGD R@LD *E SGDX @QD, SGDM F @MC C @QD HMCDODMCDMS. *E SGDX @QD MNS, SGDM F @MC C @QD
MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
1IFONCIH 3.21
A.
1. )(F "/% C) =
18
100
= 0.18
2. )(F))(C) =
45
100
34
100
= (0.45)(0.34) = 0.153
)(F "/% C) w )(F))(C), RN SGD DUDMSR F @MC C @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR L@KD FHUDM SG@S SGD ODQRNM OQDEDQR GHJHMF MD@Q K@JDR @MC RSQD@LR. -DS L@KD
& = ADHMF L@KD, @MC KDS % = OQDEDQR GHJHMF MD@Q K@JDR @MC RSQD@LR.
1. 8G@S VNQC SDKKR XNT SGHR HR @ BNMCHSHNM@K
2. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX: )(???[???) = ???.
3. *R SGD R@LOKD RO@BD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL @KK 100 GHJDQR *E MNS, VG@S HR HS
1IFONCIH 3.21
?.
1. 5GD VNQC 'FHUDM' SDKKR XNT SG@S SGHR HR @ BNMCHSHNM@K.
2. )(&[%) =
25
41
3. /N, SGD R@LOKD RO@BD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL HR SGD 41 GHJDQR VGN OQDEDQ K@JDR @MC RSQD@LR.
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR EDL@KD NQ OQDEDQR GHJHMF NM LNTMS@HM OD@JR. -DS F = ADHMF EDL@KD, @MC KDS
) = OQDEDQR LNTMS@HM OD@JR.
1. 'HMC )(F).
2. 'HMC )()).
3. 'HMC )(F "/% )).
4. 'HMC )(F 03 )).
1IFONCIH 3.21
@.
1. )(F) =
45
100
2. )()) =
25
100
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 203
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3. )(F "/% )) =
11
100
4. )(F 03 )) =
45
100
+
25
100
-
11
100
=
59
100
3.21 2;<F? 3.6 RGNVR @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 200 BXBKHRSR @MC SGD QNTSDR SGDX OQDEDQ. -DS & = L@KDR @MC ! = GHKKX O@SG.
%?H>?L *;E? .;NB &CFFS .;NB 5II>?> .;NB 2IN;F
%AI=HA 45 38 27 110
,=HA 26 52 12 90
3KP=H 71 90 39 200
2;<F? 3.6
=. 0TS NE SGD L@KDR, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BXBKHRS OQDEDQR @ GHKKX O@SG
>. "QD SGD DUDMSR oADHMF L@KDp @MC oOQDEDQQHMF SGD GHKKX O@SGp HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR
$T=ILHA 3.22
.TCCX .NTRD KHUDR HM @ B@FD VHSG SGQDD CNNQR. *E .TCCX FNDR NTS SGD EHQRS CNNQ, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD FDSR B@TFGS
AX "KHRR@ SGD B@S HR
1
5
@MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX GD HR MNS B@TFGS HR
4
5
. *E GD FNDR NTS SGD RDBNMC CNNQ, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX GD
FDSR B@TFGS AX "KHRR@ HR
1
4
@MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX GD HR MNS B@TFGS HR
3
4
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S "KHRR@ B@SBGDR .TCCX
BNLHMF NTS NE SGD SGHQC CNNQ HR
1
2
@MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX RGD CNDR MNS B@SBG .TCCX HR
1
2
. *S HR DPT@KKX KHJDKX SG@S
.TCCX VHKK BGNNRD @MX NE SGD SGQDD CNNQR RN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE BGNNRHMF D@BG CNNQ HR
1
3
.
!;OABN IL ,IN "IIL -H? "IIL 2QI "IIL 2BL?? 2IN;F
"=QCDP
1
15
1
12
1
6
<<<<
-KP "=QCDP
4
15
3
12
1
6
<<<<
3KP=H <<<< <<<< <<<< 1
2;<F? 3.7 "IIL !BIC=?
c 5GD EHQRS DMSQX
1
15
=
1
5
1
3
4
5
1
3
3
11
3
11
=
9
121
B. 6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(+B 03 B+).
1IFONCIH 3.24
?. P(RB .1 BR) =
3
11
8
11
8
11
3
11
=
48
121
C. 6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(+ NM 1RS CQ@V "/% B NM 2MC CQ@V).
1IFONCIH 3.24
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 207
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@. P(R KJ 1OP @N=S -# B KJ 2J@ @N=S) = P(RB) =
3
11
8
11
=
24
121
D. 6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(+ NM 2MC CQ@V (*7&/ B NM 1RS CQ@V).
1IFONCIH 3.24
D. )(+ NM 2MC CQ@V (*7&/ B NM 1RS CQ@V) = )(+ NM 2MC[B NM 1RS) =
24
88
=
3
11
5GHR OQNAKDL HR @ BNMCHSHNM@K NMD. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD G@R ADDM QDCTBDC SN SGNRD NTSBNLDR SG@S @KQD@CX G@UD
@ AKTD NM SGD EHQRS CQ@V. 5GDQD @QD 24 + 64 = 88 ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR (24 B+ @MC 64 BB). 5VDMSX-ENTQ NE SGD 88
ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR @QD B+.
24
88
=
3
11
.
E. 6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(BB).
1IFONCIH 3.24
B. P(BB) =
64
121
F. 6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(B NM SGD 2MC CQ@V FHUDM + NM SGD EHQRS CQ@V).
1IFONCIH 3.24
F. )(B NM 2MC CQ@V[+ NM 1RS CQ@V) =
8
11
5GDQD @QD 9 + 24 NTSBNLDR SG@S G@UD + NM SGD EHQRS CQ@V (9 ++ @MC 24 +B). 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD HR SGDM 9 + 24
= 33. 24 NE SGD 33 NTSBNLDR G@UD B NM SGD RDBNMC CQ@V. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR SGDM
24
33
.
208 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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3.24 *M @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ, SGDQD @QD 52 B@QCR. 12 B@QCR @QD E@BD B@QCR (DUDMS F) @MC 40 B@QCR @QD MNS E@BD B@QCR (DUDMS ').
%Q@V SVN B@QCR, NMD @S @ SHLD, VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS. "KK ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR @QD RGNVM HM SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L @R EQDPTDMBHDR.
6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(FF).
$CAOL? 3.3
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 209
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$T=ILHA 3.25
"M TQM G@R SGQDD QDC L@QAKDR @MC DHFGS AKTD L@QAKDR HM HS. %Q@V SVN L@QAKDR, NMD @S @ SHLD, SGHR SHLD VHSGNTS
QDOK@BDLDMS, EQNL SGD TQM. "4>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI" LD@MR SG@S XNT CN MNS OTS SGD EHQRS A@KK A@BJ ADENQD XNT
RDKDBS SGD RDBNMC L@QAKD. 'NKKNVHMF HR @ SQDD CH@FQ@LENQ SGHR RHST@SHNM. 5GD AQ@MBGDR @QD K@ADKDC VHSG OQNA@AHKHSHDR
HMRSD@C NE EQDPTDMBHDR. 5GD MTLADQR @S SGD DMCR NE SGD AQ@MBGDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC AX LTKSHOKXHMF SGD MTLADQR NM SGD
SVN BNQQDRONMCHMF AQ@MBGDR, ENQ DW@LOKD,
3
11
2
10
=
6
110
.
$CAOL? 3.4 3KP=H =
56 + 24 + 24 + 6
110
=
110
110
= 1
,-2#
*E XNT CQ@V @ QDC NM SGD EHQRS CQ@V EQNL SGD SGQDD QDC ONRRHAHKHSHDR, SGDQD @QD SVN QDC L@QAKDR KDES SN CQ@V NM
SGD RDBNMC CQ@V. :NT CN MNS OTS A@BJ NQ QDOK@BD SGD EHQRS L@QAKD @ESDQ XNT G@UD CQ@VM HS. :NT CQ@V L>I=DJI
G:EA68:B:CI, RN SG@S NM SGD RDBNMC CQ@V SGDQD @QD SDM L@QAKDR KDES HM SGD TQM.
210 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR TRHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L.
@. )(++) = ????????
1IFONCIH 3.25
=. P(RR) =
3
11
2
10
=
6
110
A. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR:
)(+B 03 B+) =
3
11
8
10
+ (___)(___) =
48
110
1IFONCIH 3.25
>. P(RB .1 BR) =
3
11
8
10
8
11
3
10
=
48
110
B. )(+ NM 2MC[B NM 1RS) =
1IFONCIH 3.25
?. P(R KJ 2J@WB KJ 1OP) =
3
10
C. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR.
)(+ NM 1RS "/% B NM 2MC) = )(+B) = (???)(???) =
24
100
1IFONCIH 3.25
@. P(R KJ 1OP -# B KJ 2J@) = P(RB) =
3
11
8
10
=
24
100
D. 'HMC )(BB).
1IFONCIH 3.25
A. P(BB) =
8
11
7
10
1
2
1
2
A.
4
9
4
9
B.
4
9
3
8
C.
4
9
5
9
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD JHSSDM NE D@BG BNKNQHMF HR RDKDBSDC
@.
4
9
5
9
A.
4
9
5
8
B.
4
9
5
9
5
9
4
9
C.
4
9
5
8
5
9
4
8
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ S@AAX HR BGNRDM @R SGD RDBNMC JHSSDM VGDM @ AK@BJ JHSSDM V@R BGNRDM @R SGD
EHQRS
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE BGNNRHMF SVN JHSSDMR NE SGD R@LD BNKNQ
1IFONCIH 3.26
=. ?, >. @, ?.
4
8
, @.
32
72
3.26 4TOONRD SGDQD @QD ENTQ QDC A@KKR @MC SGQDD XDKKNV A@KKR HM @ ANW. 5GQDD A@KKR @QD CQ@VM EQNL SGD ANW VHSGNTS
QDOK@BDLDMS. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD A@KK NE D@BG BNKNQHMF HR RDKDBSDC
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 213
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4?HH "C;AL;G
" 3:CC 9>6<G6B HR @ OHBSTQD SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS. *S FDMDQ@KKX BNMRHRSR NE @ ANW SG@S QDOQDRDMSR
SGD R@LOKD RO@BD 4 SNFDSGDQ VHSG BHQBKDR NQ NU@KR. 5GD BHQBKDR NQ NU@KR QDOQDRDMS DUDMSR.
$T=ILHA 3.27
4TOONRD @M DWODQHLDMS G@R SGD NTSBNLDR 1, 2, 3, ... , 12 VGDQD D@BG NTSBNLD G@R @M DPT@K BG@MBD NE NBBTQQHMF.
-DS DUDMS A = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\ @MC DUDMS B = Z6, 7, 8, 9\. 5GDM A "/% B = Z6\ @MC A 03 B = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9\. 5GD 7DMM CH@FQ@L HR @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 3.6
3.27 4TOONRD @M DWODQHLDMS G@R NTSBNLDR AK@BJ, VGHSD, QDC, NQ@MFD, XDKKNV, FQDDM, AKTD, @MC OTQOKD, VGDQD D@BG
NTSBNLD G@R @M DPT@K BG@MBD NE NBBTQQHMF. -DS DUDMS C = ZFQDDM, AKTD, OTQOKD\ @MC DUDMS ) = ZQDC, XDKKNV, AKTD\. 5GDM
C "/% ) = ZAKTD\ @MC C 03 ) = ZFQDDM, AKTD, OTQOKD, QDC, XDKKNV\. %Q@V @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L QDOQDRDMSHMF SGHR RHST@SHNM.
$T=ILHA 3.28
'KHO SVN E@HQ BNHMR. -DS A = S@HKR NM SGD EHQRS BNHM. -DS B = S@HKR NM SGD RDBNMC BNHM. 5GDM A = Z--, -!\ @MC B =
Z--, !-\. 5GDQDENQD, A "/% B = Z--\. A 03 B = Z-!, --, !-\.
214 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5GD R@LOKD RO@BD VGDM XNT EKHO SVN E@HQ BNHMR HR 1 = Z!!, !-, -!, --\. 5GD NTSBNLD !! HR HM /&*5)&3
A /03 B. 5GD 7DMM CH@FQ@L HR @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 3.7
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 215
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3.28 3NKK @ E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD. -DS A = @ OQHLD MTLADQ NE CNSR HR QNKKDC. -DS B = @M NCC MTLADQ NE CNSR HR QNKKDC. 5GDM
A = Z2, 3, 5\ @MC B = Z1, 3, 5\. 5GDQDENQD, A "/% B = Z3, 5\. A 03 B = Z1, 2, 3, 5\. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD ENQ QNKKHMF @
E@HQ CHD HR , = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\. %Q@V @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L QDOQDRDMSHMF SGHR RHST@SHNM.
$T=ILHA 3.29
#DGIN E:G8:CI NE SGD RSTCDMSR @S @ KNB@K BNKKDFD ADKNMF SN @ BKTA @MC 50% VNQJ O@QS SHLD. #>K: E:G8:CI NE SGD
RSTCDMSR VNQJ O@QS SHLD @MC ADKNMF SN @ BKTA. %Q@V @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L RGNVHMF SGD QDK@SHNMRGHOR. -DS C = RSTCDMS
ADKNMFR SN @ BKTA @MC )- = RSTCDMS VNQJR O@QS SHLD.
$CAOL? 3.8
*E @ RSTCDMS HR RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL, EHMC
c SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS ADKNMFR SN @ BKTA. )(C) = 0.40
c SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS VNQJR O@QS SHLD. )()-) = 0.50
c SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS ADKNMFR SN @ BKTA "/% VNQJR O@QS SHLD. )(C "/% )-) = 0.05
c SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS ADKNMFR SN @ BKTA <>K:C SG@S SGD RSTCDMS VNQJR O@QS SHLD.
P(C|PT) =
P(C AND PT)
P(PT)
=
0.05
0.50
= 0.1
c SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS ADKNMFR SN @ BKTA ,/ VNQJR O@QS SHLD. )(C 03 )-) = )(C) + )()-) - )(C
"/% )-) = 0.40 + 0.50 - 0.05 = 0.85
216 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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3.29 'HESX ODQBDMS NE SGD VNQJDQR @S @ E@BSNQX VNQJ @ RDBNMC INA, 25% G@UD @ RONTRD VGN @KRN VNQJR, 5% VNQJ @
RDBNMC INA @MC G@UD @ RONTRD VGN @KRN VNQJR. %Q@V @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L RGNVHMF SGD QDK@SHNMRGHOR. -DS 0 = VNQJR @
RDBNMC INA @MC , = RONTRD @KRN VNQJR.
$T=ILHA 3.30
" ODQRNM VHSG SXOD 0 AKNNC @MC @ MDF@SHUD 3G E@BSNQ (3G-) B@M CNM@SD AKNNC SN @MX ODQRNM VHSG @MX AKNNC SXOD.
'NTQ ODQBDMS NE "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR G@UD SXOD 0 AKNNC @MC @ MDF@SHUD 3) E@BSNQ, 5u10% NE "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR
G@UD SGD 3G- E@BSNQ, @MC 51% G@UD SXOD 0 AKNNC.
$CAOL? 3.9
5GD o0p BHQBKD QDOQDRDMSR SGD "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR VHSG SXOD 0 AKNNC. 5GD o3G-o NU@K QDOQDRDMSR SGD "EQHB@M
"LDQHB@MR VHSG SGD 3G- E@BSNQ.
8D VHKK S@JD SGD @UDQ@FD NE 5% @MC 10% @MC TRD 7.5% @R SGD ODQBDMS NE "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR VGN G@UD SGD
3G- E@BSNQ. -DS ( = "EQHB@M "LDQHB@M VHSG 5XOD 0 AKNNC @MC + = "EQHB@M "LDQHB@M VHSG 3G- E@BSNQ.
=. )(() = ???????????
>. )(+) = ???????????
?. )(( "/% +) = ???????????
@. )(( 03 +) = ????????????
A. *M SGD 7DMM %H@FQ@L, CDRBQHAD SGD NUDQK@OOHMF @QD@ TRHMF @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
B. *M SGD 7DMM %H@FQ@L, CDRBQHAD SGD @QD@ HM SGD QDBS@MFKD ATS NTSRHCD ANSG SGD BHQBKD @MC SGD NU@K TRHMF @
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
1IFONCIH 3.30
=. 0.51; >. 0.075; ?. 0.04; @. 0.545; A. 3DA =NA= NALNAOAJPO PDA BNE?=J IANE?=JO PD=P D=RA PULA .
>HKK@ =J@ PDA 1D- B=?PKN. B. 3DA =NA= NALNAOAJPO PDA BNE?=J IANE?=JO PD=P D=RA JAEPDAN PULA . >HKK@
JKN PDA 1D- B=?PKN.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 217
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3.30 *M @ ANNJRSNQD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BTRSNLDQ ATXR @ MNUDK HR 0.6, @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BTRSNLDQ ATXR
@ MNM-EHBSHNM ANNJ HR 0.4. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BTRSNLDQ ATXR ANSG HR 0.2.
=. %Q@V @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD RHST@SHNM.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BTRSNLDQ ATXR DHSGDQ @ MNUDK NQ @MNM-EHBSHNM ANNJ.
?. *M SGD 7DMM CH@FQ@L, CDRBQHAD SGD NUDQK@OOHMF @QD@ TRHMF @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
@. 4TOONRD SG@S RNLD BTRSNLDQR ATX NMKX BNLO@BS CHRJR. %Q@V @M NU@K HM XNTQ 7DMM CH@FQ@L QDOQDRDMSHMF SGHR
DUDMS.
218 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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3.1 .LI<;<CFCNS 2IJC=M
$K@RR SHLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK TRD SGDNQDSHB@K @MC DLOHQHB@K LDSGNCR SN DRSHL@SD OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK @OOQ@HRD SGD CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD SVN DRSHL@SDR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDLNMRSQ@SD @M TMCDQRS@MCHMF NE KNMF-SDQL QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR.
"I NB? #RJ?LCG?HN
$NTMS NTS 40 LHWDC-BNKNQ .&.R_ VGHBG HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX NMD RL@KK A@FnR VNQSG. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE D@BG
BNKNQ HM 2;<F? 3.11. 6RD SGD HMENQL@SHNM EQNL SGHR S@AKD SN BNLOKDSD 2;<F? 3.12. /DWS, OTS SGD .&.R HM @ BTO. 5GD
DWODQHLDMS HR SN OHBJ SVN .&.R, NMD @S @ SHLD. %N CDI KNNJ @S SGDL @R XNT OHBJ SGDL. 5GD EHQRS SHLD SGQNTFG, QDOK@BD
SGD EHQRS .&.ADENQD OHBJHMF SGD RDBNMC NMD. 3DBNQC SGD QDRTKSR HM SGD o8HSG 3DOK@BDLDMSp BNKTLM NE 2;<F? 3.13. %N
SGHR 24 SHLDR. 5GD RDBNMC SHLD SGQNTFG, @ESDQ OHBJHMF SGD EHQRS .&., CN CDI QDOK@BD HS ADENQD OHBJHMF SGD RDBNMC NMD.
5GDM, OHBJ SGD RDBNMC NMD. 3DBNQC SGD QDRTKSR HM SGD o8HSGNTS 3DOK@BDLDMSp BNKTLM RDBSHNM NE 2;<F? 3.14. "ESDQ XNT
QDBNQC SGD OHBJ, OTS 7DI= .&.R A@BJ. %N SGHR @ SNS@K NE 24 SHLDR, @KRN. 6RD SGD C@S@ EQNL 2;<F? 3.14 SN B@KBTK@SD SGD
DLOHQHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNMR. -D@UD XNTQ @MRVDQR HM TMQDCTBDC EQ@BSHNM@K ENQL. %N CDI LTKSHOKX NTS @MX EQ@BSHNMR.
!IFIL /O;HNCNS
8AHHKS (Y)
&NAAJ (G)
!HQA (BL)
!NKSJ (B)
.N=JCA (O)
1A@ (R)
2;<F? 3.11 .IJOF;NCIH
5CNB 0?JF;=?G?HN 5CNBION 0?JF;=?G?HN
P(2 NA@O)
P(R
1
B
2
.1 B
1
R
2
)
P(R
1
-# G
2
)
2;<F? 3.12 2B?IL?NC=;F .LI<;<CFCNC?M
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 219
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5CNB 0?JF;=?G?HN 5CNBION 0?JF;=?G?HN
P(G
2
WR
1
)
P(JK UAHHKSO)
P(@KQ>HAO)
P(JK @KQ>HAO)
2;<F? 3.12 2B?IL?NC=;F .LI<;<CFCNC?M
,-2#
2
= FQDDM NM RDBNMC OHBJ; +
1
= QDC NM EHQRS OHBJ; B
1
= AQNVM NM EHQRS OHBJ; B
2
= AQNVM NM RDBNMC OHBJ; CNTAKDR
= ANSG OHBJR @QD SGD R@LD BNKNTQ.
5CNB 0?JF;=?G?HN 5CNBION 0?JF;=?G?HN
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
2;<F? 3.13 #GJCLC=;F 0?MOFNM
220 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5CNB 0?JF;=?G?HN 5CNBION 0?JF;=?G?HN
P(2 NA@O)
P(R
1
B
2
.1 B
1
R
2
)
P(R
1
-# G
2
)
P(G
2
WR
1
)
P(JK UAHHKSO)
P(@KQ>HAO)
P(JK @KQ>HAO)
2;<F? 3.14 #GJCLC=;F .LI<;<CFCNC?M
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIHM
1. 8GX @QD SGD o8HSG 3DOK@BDLDMSp @MC o8HSGNTS 3DOK@BDLDMSp OQNA@AHKHSHDR CHEEDQDMS
2. $NMUDQS )(MN XDKKNVR) SN CDBHL@K ENQL@S ENQ ANSG 5GDNQDSHB@K o8HSG 3DOK@BDLDMSp @MC ENQ &LOHQHB@K o8HSG
3DOK@BDLDMSp. 3NTMC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
=. 5GDNQDSHB@K o8HSG 3DOK@BDLDMSp: )(MN XDKKNVR) = ???????
>. &LOHQHB@K o8HSG 3DOK@BDLDMSp: )(MN XDKKNVR) = ???????
?. "QD SGD CDBHL@K U@KTDR oBKNRDp %HC XNT DWODBS SGDL SN AD BKNRDQ SNFDSGDQ NQ E@QSGDQ @O@QS 8GX
3. *E XNT HMBQD@RDC SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR XNT OHBJDC SVN .&.R SN 240 SHLDR, VGX VNTKC DLOHQHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX
U@KTDR BG@MFD
4. 8NTKC SGHR BG@MFD (RDD O@QS 3) B@TRD SGD DLOHQHB@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR @MC SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR SN AD BKNRDQ SNFDSGDQ
NQ E@QSGDQ @O@QS )NV CN XNT JMNV
5. &WOK@HM SGD CHEEDQDMBDR HM VG@S )(
1
"/% +
2
) @MC )(+
1
[
2
) QDOQDRDMS. )HMS: 5GHMJ @ANTS SGD R@LOKD RO@BD ENQ
D@BG OQNA@AHKHSX.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 221
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!IH>CNCIH;F .LI<;<CFCNS
=IHNCHA?H=S N;<F?
"?J?H>?HN #P?HNM
#KO;FFS *CE?FS
#P?HN
#RJ?LCG?HN
'H>?J?H>?HN #P?HNM
+ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP?
-ON=IG?
.LI<;<CFCNS
1;GJF? 1J;=?
1;GJFCHA QCNB 0?JF;=?G?HN
1;GJFCHA QCNBION 0?JF;=?G?HN
2B? A," #P?HN
2B? !IGJF?G?HN #P?HN
2B? !IH>CNCIH;F .LI<;<CFCNS I@ -H? #P?HN %CP?H AHINB?L #P?HN
2B? !IH>CNCIH;F .LI<;<CFCNS I@ A %'4#, B
2B? -0 I@ 2QI #P?HNM
2B? -L #P?HN
2L?? "C;AL;G
4?HH "C;AL;G
)#7 2#0+1
SGD KHJDKHGNNC SG@S @M DUDMS VHKK NBBTQ FHUDM SG@S @MNSGDQ DUDMS G@R @KQD@CX NBBTQQDC
SGD LDSGNC NE CHROK@XHMF @ EQDPTDMBX CHRSQHATSHNM @R @ S@AKD VHSG QNVR @MC BNKTLMR SN RGNV GNV
SVN U@QH@AKDR L@X AD CDODMCDMS (BNMSHMFDMS) TONM D@BG NSGDQ; SGD S@AKD OQNUHCDR @M D@RX V@X SN B@KBTK@SD
BNMCHSHNM@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
*E SVN DUDMSR @QD /05 HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM VD R@X SG@S SGDX @QD CDODMCDMS.
D@BG NTSBNLD NE @M DWODQHLDMS G@R SGD R@LD OQNA@AHKHSX
@ RTARDS NE SGD RDS NE @KK NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS; SGD RDS NE @KK NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS HR B@KKDC @ H6BEA:
HE68: @MC HR TRT@KKX CDMNSDC AX ,. "M DUDMS HR @M @QAHSQ@QX RTARDS HM ,. *S B@M BNMS@HM NMD NTSBNLD, SVN NTSBNLDR,
MN NTSBNLDR (DLOSX RTARDS), SGD DMSHQD R@LOKD RO@BD, @MC SGD KHJD. 4S@MC@QC MNS@SHNMR ENQ DUDMSR @QD B@OHS@K KDSSDQR
RTBG @R A, B, C, @MC RN NM.
@ OK@MMDC @BSHUHSX B@QQHDC NTS TMCDQ BNMSQNKKDC BNMCHSHNMR
5GD NBBTQQDMBD NE NMD DUDMS G@R MN DEEDBS NM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD NBBTQQDMBD NE @MNSGDQ DUDMS.
&UDMSR A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS HE NMD NE SGD ENKKNVHMF HR SQTD:
1. )(A[B) = )(A)
2. )(B[A) = )(B)
3. )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B)
5VN DUDMSR @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD HE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDX ANSG G@OODM @S SGD R@LD SHLD HR
YDQN. *E DUDMSR A @MC B @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD, SGDM )(A "/% B) = 0.
@ O@QSHBTK@Q QDRTKS NE @M DWODQHLDMS
@ MTLADQ ADSVDDM YDQN @MC NMD, HMBKTRHUD, SG@S FHUDR SGD KHJDKHGNNC SG@S @ RODBHEHB DUDMS VHKK NBBTQ, SGD
ENTMC@SHNM NE RS@SHRSHBR HR FHUDM AX SGD ENKKNVHMF 3 @WHNLR (AX "./. ,NKLNFNQNU, 1930nR): -DS , CDMNSD SGD R@LOKD
RO@BD @MC A @MC B @QD SVN DUDMSR HM ,. 5GDM:
c 0 x )(A) x 1
c *E A @MC B @QD @MX SVN LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR, SGDM )(A 03 B) = )(A) + )(#).
c )(,) = 1
SGD RDS NE @KK ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS
*E D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM HR QDOK@BDC @ESDQ HS HR OHBJDC, SGDM SG@S LDLADQ G@R SGD
ONRRHAHKHSX NE ADHMF BGNRDM LNQD SG@M NMBD.
8GDM R@LOKHMF HR CNMD VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS, D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM L@X AD
BGNRDM NMKX NMBD.
"M NTSBNLD HR HM SGD DUDMS A "/% B HE SGD NTSBNLD HR HM ANSG A "/% B @S SGD R@LD SHLD
5GD BNLOKDLDMS NE DUDMS A BNMRHRSR NE @KK NTSBNLDR SG@S @QD /05 HM A.
)(A[B) HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DUDMS A VHKK
NBBTQ FHUDM SG@S SGD DUDMS B G@R @KQD@CX NBBTQQDC.
)(A[B) HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DUDMS A VHKK NBBTQ FHUDM SG@S SGD DUDMS B
G@R @KQD@CX NBBTQQDC.
"M NTSBNLD HR HM SGD DUDMS A 03 B HE SGD NTSBNLD HR HM A, HR HM B, NQ HR HM ANSG A @MC B.
"M NTSBNLD HR HM SGD DUDMS A 03 B HE SGD NTSBNLD HR HM A NQ HR HM B NQ HR HM ANSG A @MC B.
SGD TRDETK UHRT@K QDOQDRDMS@SHNM NE @ R@LOKD RO@BD @MC DUDMSR HM SGD ENQL NE @ oSQDDp VHSG AQ@MBGDR
L@QJDC AX ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR SNFDSGDQ VHSG @RRNBH@SDC OQNA@AHKHSHDR (EQDPTDMBHDR, QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR)
SGD UHRT@K QDOQDRDMS@SHNM NE @ R@LOKD RO@BD @MC DUDMSR HM SGD ENQL NE BHQBKDR NQ NU@KR RGNVHMF SGDHQ
HMSDQRDBSHNMR
222 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
3.1 2?LGCHIFIAS
*M SGHR LNCTKD VD KD@QMDC SGD A@RHB SDQLHMNKNFX NE OQNA@AHKHSX. 5GD RDS NE @KK ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS HR B@KKDC
SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. &UDMSR @QD RTARDSR NE SGD R@LOKD RO@BD, @MC SGDX @QD @RRHFMDC @ OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HR @ MTLADQ ADSVDDM YDQN
@MC NMD, HMBKTRHUD.
3.2 'H>?J?H>?HN ;H> +ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
5VN DUDMSR A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS HE SGD JMNVKDCFD SG@S NMD NBBTQQDC CNDR MNS @EEDBS SGD BG@MBD SGD NSGDQ NBBTQR. *E SVN
DUDMSR @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM VD R@X SG@S SGDX @QD CDODMCDMS.
*M 4@LOKHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS, D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM HR QDOK@BDC @ESDQ HS HR OHBJDC, RN SG@S LDLADQ G@R
SGD ONRRHAHKHSX NE ADHMF BGNRDM LNQD SG@M NMBD, @MC SGD DUDMSR @QD BNMRHCDQDC SN AD HMCDODMCDMS. *M R@LOKHMF VHSGNTS
QDOK@BDLDMS, D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM L@X AD BGNRDM NMKX NMBD, @MC SGD DUDMSR @QD BNMRHCDQDC MNS SN AD HMCDODMCDMS.
8GDM DUDMSR CN MNS RG@QD NTSBNLDR, SGDX @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD NE D@BG NSGDQ.
3.3 2QI ;MC= 0OF?M I@ .LI<;<CFCNS
5GD LTKSHOKHB@SHNM QTKD @MC SGD @CCHSHNM QTKD @QD TRDC ENQ BNLOTSHMF SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE A @MC B, @R VDKK @R SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE
A NQ B ENQ SVN FHUDM DUDMSR A, B CDEHMDC NM SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. *M R@LOKHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM HR
QDOK@BDC @ESDQ HS HR OHBJDC, RN SG@S LDLADQ G@R SGD ONRRHAHKHSX NE ADHMF BGNRDM LNQD SG@M NMBD, @MC SGD DUDMSR @QD BNMRHCDQDC
SN AD HMCDODMCDMS. *M R@LOKHMF VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS, D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM L@X AD BGNRDM NMKX NMBD, @MC SGD
DUDMSR @QD BNMRHCDQDC SN AD MNS HMCDODMCDMS. 5GD DUDMSR A @MC B @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR VGDM SGDX CN MNS G@UD @MX
NTSBNLDR HM BNLLNM.
3.4 !IHNCHA?H=S 2;<F?M
5GDQD @QD RDUDQ@K SNNKR XNT B@M TRD SN GDKO NQF@MHYD @MC RNQS C@S@ VGDM B@KBTK@SHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR. $NMSHMFDMBX S@AKDR GDKO
CHROK@X C@S@ @MC @QD O@QSHBTK@QKX TRDETK VGDM B@KBTK@SHMF OQNA@AHKHSDR SG@S G@UD LTKSHOKD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR.
3.5 2L?? ;H> 4?HH "C;AL;GM
" SQDD CH@FQ@L TRD AQ@MBGDR SN RGNV SGD CHEEDQDMS NTSBNLDR NE DWODQHLDMSR @MC L@JDR BNLOKDW OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNMR D@RX
SN UHRT@KHYD.
" 7DMM CH@FQ@LHR @ OHBSTQD SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS. *S FDMDQ@KKX BNMRHRSR NE @ ANW SG@S QDOQDRDMSR
SGD R@LOKD RO@BD , SNFDSGDQ VHSG BHQBKDR NQ NU@KR. 5GD BHQBKDR NQ NU@KR QDOQDRDMS DUDMSR. " 7DMM CH@FQ@L HR DRODBH@KKX
GDKOETK ENQ UHRT@KHYHMF SGD 03 DUDMS, SGD "/% DUDMS, @MC SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE @M DUDMS @MC ENQ TMCDQRS@MCHMF BNMCHSHNM@K
OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
3.1 2?LGCHIFIAS
A @MC B @QD DUDMSR
)(,) = 1 VGDQD , HR SGD R@LOKD RO@BD
0 x )(A) x 1
)(A[B) =
P(AANDB)
P(B)
3.2 'H>?J?H>?HN ;H> +ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
*E A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS, )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B), )(A[B)
= )(A) @MC )(B[A) = )(B).
*E A @MC B @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD, )(A 03 B) = )(A) + )(B)
@MC )(A "/% B) = 0.
3.3 2QI ;MC= 0OF?M I@ .LI<;<CFCNS
1=: BJAI>EA>86I>DC GJA:: )(A "/% B) = )(A[B))(B)
1=: 699>I>DC GJA:: )(A 03 B) = )(A) + )(B) - )(A "/% B)
.0A!2'!#
3.1 2?LGCHIFIAS
1. *M @ O@QSHBTK@Q BNKKDFD BK@RR, SGDQD @QD L@KD @MC EDL@KD RSTCDMSR. 4NLD RSTCDMSR G@UD KNMF G@HQ @MC RNLD RSTCDMSR G@UD
RGNQS G@HQ. 8QHSD SGD HNB7DAH ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR NE SGD DUDMSR ENQ O@QSR @ SGQNTFG I. (/NSD SG@S XNT B@MMNS EHMC MTLDQHB@K
@MRVDQR GDQD. :NT VDQD MNS FHUDM DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM SN EHMC @MX OQNA@AHKHSX U@KTDR XDS; BNMBDMSQ@SD NM TMCDQRS@MCHMF SGD
RXLANKR.)
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 223
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c -DS F AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD.
c -DS & AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR L@KD.
c -DS , AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS G@R RGNQS G@HQ.
c -DS % AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS G@R KNMF G@HQ.
=. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS CNDR MNS G@UD KNMF G@HQ.
>. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR L@KD NQ G@R RGNQS G@HQ.
?. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR @ EDL@KD @MC G@R KNMF G@HQ.
@. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR L@KD, FHUDM SG@S SGD RSTCDMS G@R KNMF G@HQ.
A. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS G@R KNMF G@HQ, FHUDM SG@S SGD RSTCDMS HR L@KD.
B. 0E @KK SGD EDL@KD RSTCDMSR, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS G@R RGNQS G@HQ.
C. 0E @KK RSTCDMSR VHSG KNMF G@HQ, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD.
D. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD NQ G@R KNMF G@HQ.
E. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMS HR @ L@KD RSTCDMS VHSG RGNQS G@HQ.
F. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. " ANW HR EHKKDC VHSG RDUDQ@K O@QSX E@UNQR. *S BNMS@HMR 12
G@SR, 15 MNHRDL@JDQR, SDM EHMFDQ SQ@OR, @MC EHUD A@FR NE BNMEDSSH.
-DS ! = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ G@S.
-DS ' = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ MNHRDL@JDQ.
-DS F = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ EHMFDQ SQ@O.
-DS C = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ A@F NE BNMEDSSH.
2. 'HMC )(!).
3. 'HMC )(').
4. 'HMC )(F).
5. 'HMC )(C).
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I. " I@Q NE 150 IDKKX AD@MR BNMS@HMR 22 QDC IDKKX AD@MR, 38
XDKKNV, 20 FQDDM, 28 OTQOKD, 26 AKTD, @MC SGD QDRS @QD NQ@MFD.
-DS B = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ AKTD IDKKX AD@M
-DS = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ FQDDM IDKKX AD@M.
-DS ( = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @M NQ@MFD IDKKX AD@M.
-DS ) = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ OTQOKD IDKKX AD@M.
-DS + = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ QDC IDKKX AD@M.
-DS 2 = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ XDKKNV IDKKX AD@M.
6. 'HMC )(B).
7. 'HMC )().
8. 'HMC )()).
9. 'HMC )(+).
10. 'HMC )(2).
11. 'HMC )(().
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I. 5GDQD @QD 23 BNTMSQHDR HM /NQSG "LDQHB@, 12 BNTMSQHDR HM
4NTSG "LDQHB@, 47 BNTMSQHDR HM &TQNOD, 44 BNTMSQHDR HM "RH@, 54 BNTMSQHDR HM "EQHB@, @MC 14 HM 0BD@MH@ (1@BHEHB 0BD@M
QDFHNM).
-DS A = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTMSQX HR HM "RH@.
-DS E = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTMSQX HR HM &TQNOD.
-DS F = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTMSQX HR HM "EQHB@.
-DS ' = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTMSQX HR HM /NQSG "LDQHB@.
-DS ( = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTMSQX HR HM 0BD@MH@.
-DS , = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTMSQX HR HM 4NTSG "LDQHB@.
12. 'HMC )(A).
13. 'HMC )(E).
14. 'HMC )(F).
15. 'HMC )(').
16. 'HMC )(().
224 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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17. 'HMC )(,).
18. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE CQ@VHMF @ QDC B@QC HM @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR
19. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE CQ@VHMF @ BKTA HM @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR
20. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE QNKKHMF @M DUDM MTLADQ NE CNSR VHSG @ E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD MTLADQDC NMD SGQNTFG RHW
21. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE QNKKHMF @ OQHLD MTLADQ NE CNSR VHSG @ E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD MTLADQDC NMD SGQNTFG RHW
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. :NT RDD @ F@LD @S @ KNB@K E@HQ. :NT G@UD SN SGQNV @ C@QS @S @
BNKNQ VGDDK. &@BG RDBSHNM NM SGD BNKNQ VGDDK HR DPT@K HM @QD@.
$CAOL? 3.10
-DS B = SGD DUDMS NE K@MCHMF NM AKTD.
-DS + = SGD DUDMS NE K@MCHMF NM QDC.
-DS = SGD DUDMS NE K@MCHMF NM FQDDM.
-DS 2 = SGD DUDMS NE K@MCHMF NM XDKKNV.
22. *E XNT K@MC NM 2, XNT FDS SGD AHFFDRS OQHYD. 'HMC )(2).
23. *E XNT K@MC NM QDC, XNT CNMnS FDS @ OQHYD. 8G@S HR )(+)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D ;N;H9?I;I. 0M @ A@RDA@KK SD@L, SGDQD @QD HMEHDKCDQR @MC NTSEHDKCDQR.
4NLD OK@XDQR @QD FQD@S GHSSDQR, @MC RNLD OK@XDQR @QD MNS FQD@S GHSSDQR.
-DS " = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ OK@XDQ HM @M HMEHDKCDQ.
-DS ( = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M NTSEHDKCDQ.
-DS ! = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
-DS ' = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR MNS @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
24. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR MNS @M NTSEHDKCDQ.
25. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M NTSEHDKCDQ NQ HR @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
26. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M HMEHDKCDQ @MC HR MNS @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
27. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @ FQD@S GHSSDQ, FHUDM SG@S SGD OK@XDQ HR @M HMEHDKCDQ.
28. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M HMEHDKCDQ, FHUDM SG@S SGD OK@XDQ HR @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
29. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NE @KK SGD NTSEHDKCDQR, @ OK@XDQ HR MNS @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
30. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NE @KK SGD FQD@S GHSSDQR, @ OK@XDQ HR @M NTSEHDKCDQ.
31. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M HMEHDKCDQ NQ HR MNS @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
32. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M NTSEHDKCDQ @MC HR @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
33. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M HMEHDKCDQ.
34. 8G@S HR SGD VNQC ENQ SGD RDS NE @KK ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR
35. 8G@S HR BNMCHSHNM@K OQNA@AHKHSX
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 225
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36. " RGDKE GNKCR 12 ANNJR. &HFGS @QD EHBSHNM @MC SGD QDRS @QD MNMEHBSHNM. &@BG HR @ CHEEDQDMS ANNJ VHSG @ TMHPTD SHSKD. 5GD
EHBSHNM ANNJR @QD MTLADQDC NMD SN DHFGS. 5GD MNMEHBSHNM ANNJR @QD MTLADQDC NMD SN ENTQ. 3@MCNLKX RDKDBS NMD ANNJ
-DS F = DUDMS SG@S ANNJ HR EHBSHNM
-DS ' = DUDMS SG@S ANNJ HR MNMEHBSHNM
8G@S HR SGD R@LOKD RO@BD
37. 8G@S HR SGD RTL NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR NE @M DUDMS @MC HSR BNLOKDLDMS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. :NT @QD QNKKHMF @ E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC MTLADQ BTAD. -DS E = SGD
DUDMS SG@S HS K@MCR NM @M DUDM MTLADQ. -DS & = SGD DUDMS SG@S HS K@MCR NM @ LTKSHOKD NE SGQDD.
38. 8G@S CNDR )(E[&) LD@M HM VNQCR
39. 8G@S CNDR )(E 03 &) LD@M HM VNQCR
3.2 'H>?J?H>?HN ;H> +ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
40. E @MC F LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR. )(E) = 0.4; )(F) = 0.5. 'HMC )(EF).
41. # @MC $ @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR. )(#[$) = 0.3. 'HMC )(#).
42. . @MC / @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR. )(.) = 0.26; )(/) = 0.37. 'HMC:
=. )(. "/% /) =
>. )(.[/) =
?. )(. 03 /) =
43. * @MC + @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR. )(*) = 0.4 @MC )(* "/% +) = 0.1. 'HMC )(+).
3.3 2QI ;MC= 0OF?M I@ .LI<;<CFCNS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D ;N;H9?I;I. 'NTQSX-DHFGS ODQBDMS NE @KK $@KHENQMH@MR QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR
OQDEDQ KHED HM OQHRNM VHSGNTS O@QNKD NUDQ SGD CD@SG ODM@KSX ENQ @ ODQRNM BNMUHBSDC NE EHQRS CDFQDD LTQCDQ. "LNMF -@SHMN
$@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR, 55% OQDEDQ KHED HM OQHRNM VHSGNTS O@QNKD NUDQ SGD CD@SG ODM@KSX ENQ @ ODQRNM BNMUHBSDC NE EHQRS
CDFQDD LTQCDQ. 37.6% NE @KK $@KHENQMH@MR @QD -@SHMN.
*M SGHR OQNAKDL, KDS:
c C = $@KHENQMH@MR (QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR) OQDEDQQHMF KHED HM OQHRNM VHSGNTS O@QNKD NUDQ SGD CD@SG ODM@KSX ENQ @ ODQRNM
BNMUHBSDC NE EHQRS CDFQDD LTQCDQ.
c % = -@SHMN $@KHENQMH@MR
4TOONRD SG@S NMD $@KHENQMH@M HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
44. 'HMC )(C).
45. 'HMC )(%).
46. 'HMC )(C[%).
47. *M VNQCR, VG@S HR C[%
48. 'HMC )(% "/% C).
49. *M VNQCR, VG@S HR % "/% C
50. "QD % @MC C HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR 4GNV VGX NQ VGX MNS.
51. 'HMC )(% 03 C).
52. *M VNQCR, VG@S HR % 03 C
53. "QD % @MC C LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR 4GNV VGX NQ VGX MNS.
3.4 !IHNCHA?H=S 2;<F?M
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. 2;<F? 3.15 RGNVR @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE LTRHBH@MR @MC GNV
SGDX KD@QMDC SN OK@X SGDHQ HMRSQTLDMSR.
226 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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%?H>?L 1?F@-N;OABN 1NO>C?> CH 1=BIIF .LCP;N? 'HMNLO=NCIH 2IN;F
%AI=HA 12 38 22 72
,=HA 19 24 15 58
3KP=H 31 62 37 130
2;<F? 3.15
54. 'HMC )(LTRHBH@M HR @ EDL@KD).
55. 'HMC )(LTRHBH@M HR @ L@KD "/% G@C OQHU@SD HMRSQTBSHNM).
56. 'HMC )(LTRHBH@M HR @ EDL@KD 03 HR RDKE S@TFGS).
57. "QD SGD DUDMSR oADHMF @ EDL@KD LTRHBH@Mp @MC oKD@QMHMF LTRHB HM RBGNNKp LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR
"M @QSHBKD HM SGD ';M ED=B7D: #EKHD7B E< &;:?9?D;, QDONQSDC @ANTS @ RSTCX NE RLNJDQR HM $@KHENQMH@ @MC )@V@HH.
*M NMD O@QS NE SGD QDONQS, SGD RDKE-QDONQSDC DSGMHBHSX @MC RLNJHMF KDUDKR ODQ C@X VDQD FHUDM. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF @S
LNRS SDM BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 9,886 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 2,745 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 12,831 -@SHMNR, 8,378 +@O@MDRD
"LDQHB@MR, @MC 7,650 8GHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 6,514 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR,
3,062 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 4,932 -@SHMNR, 10,680 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 9,877 8GHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF 21 SN 30
BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 1,671 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 1,419 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 1,406 -@SHMNR, 4,715 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR,
@MC 6,062 8GHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF @S KD@RS 31 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 759 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 788 /@SHUD
)@V@HH@MR, 800 -@SHMNR, 2,305 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 3,970 8GHSDR.
58. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD ADKNV TRHMF SGD C@S@ OQNUHCDC. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 'HMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ODQRNM RLNJDC 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.
1GIECHA
*?P?F
A@LC=;H
AG?LC=;H
,;NCP?
&;Q;CC;H
*;NCHI
(;J;H?M?
AG?LC=;HM
5BCN? 2-2A*1
1_10
11_20
21_30
31+
3.3+2
2;<F? 3.16 1GIECHA *?P?FM <S #NBHC=CNS
59. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD ODQRNM EQNLSGD RSTCX HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ODQRNM RLNJDC 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR
ODQ C@X.
60. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNM V@R -@SHMN.
61. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR SN OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR o+@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M A+! RLNJDR 21 SN 30
BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.p "KRN, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
62. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR SN OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR o+@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M ,/ RLNJDR 21 SN 30
BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.p "KRN, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
63. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR SN OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR o+@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M $&3"+ SG@S ODQRNM
RLNJDR 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.p "KRN, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
64. 1QNUD SG@S RLNJHMF KDUDK/C@X @MC DSGMHBHSX @QD CDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 227
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3.5 2L?? ;H> 4?HH "C;AL;GM
65. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ L@M CDUDKNOR RNLD ENQL NE B@MBDQ HM GHR KHEDSHLD HR 0.4567. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ L@M G@R @S
KD@RS NMD E@KRD ONRHSHUD SDRS QDRTKS (LD@MHMF SGD SDRS BNLDR A@BJ ENQ B@MBDQ VGDM SGD L@M CNDR MNS G@UD HS) HR 0.51. -DS: C =
@ L@M CDUDKNOR B@MBDQ HM GHR KHEDSHLD; ) = L@M G@R @S KD@RS NMD E@KRD ONRHSHUD. $NMRSQTBS @ SQDD CH@FQ@L NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
0',%',% '2 2-%#2� : .0A!2'!#
"M @QSHBKD HM SGD ';M ED=B7D: #EKHD7B E< &;:?9?D;, QDONQSDC @ANTS @ RSTCX NE RLNJDQR HM $@KHENQMH@ @MC )@V@HH. *M NMD O@QS
NE SGD QDONQS, SGD RDKE-QDONQSDC DSGMHBHSX @MC RLNJHMF KDUDKR ODQ C@X VDQD FHUDM. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF @S LNRS SDM BHF@QDSSDR
ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 9,886 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 2,745 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 12,831 -@SHMNR, 8,378 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC
7,650 8GHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 6,514 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 3,062 /@SHUD
)@V@HH@MR, 4,932 -@SHMNR, 10,680 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 9,877 8GHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ
C@X, SGDQD VDQD 1,671 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 1,419 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 1,406 -@SHMNR, 4,715 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 6,062
8GHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF @S KD@RS 31 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 759 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 788 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR,
800 -@SHMNR, 2,305 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 3,970 8GHSDR.
66. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD ADKNV TRHMF SGD C@S@ OQNUHCDC. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 'HMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ODQRNM RLNJDC 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.
1GIECHA
*?P?F
A@LC=;H
AG?LC=;H
,;NCP?
&;Q;CC;H
*;NCHI
(;J;H?M?
AG?LC=;HM
5BCN? 2-2A*1
1_10
11_20
21_30
31+
3.3+2
2;<F? 3.17 1GIECHA *?P?FM <S #NBHC=CNS
67. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD ODQRNM EQNLSGD RSTCX HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ODQRNM RLNJDC 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR
ODQ C@X.
68. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNM V@R -@SHMN.
69. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR SN OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR o+@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M A+! RLNJDR 21 SN 30
BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.p "KRN, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
70. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR SN OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR o+@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M ,/ RLNJDR 21 SN 30
BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.p "KRN, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
71. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR SN OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR o+@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M $&3"+ SG@S ODQRNM
RLNJDR 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.p "KRN, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
72. 1QNUD SG@S RLNJHMF KDUDK/C@X @MC DSGMHBHSX @QD CDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
&-+#5-0)
228 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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3.1 2?LGCHIFIAS
$CAOL? 3.11
5GD FQ@OG HM $CAOL? 3.11 CHROK@XR SGD R@LOKD RHYDR @MC ODQBDMS@FDR NE ODNOKD HM CHEEDQDMS @FD @MC FDMCDQ FQNTOR VGN VDQD
ONKKDC BNMBDQMHMF SGDHQ @OOQNU@K NE .@XNQ 'NQCnR @BSHNMR HM NEEHBD. 5GD SNS@K MTLADQ HM SGD R@LOKD NE @KK SGD @FD FQNTOR HR
1,045.
73.
=. %DEHMD SGQDD DUDMSR HM SGD FQ@OG.
>. %DRBQHAD HM VNQCR VG@S SGD DMSQX 40 LD@MR.
?. %DRBQHAD HM VNQCR SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE SGD DMSQX HM PTDRSHNM 2.
@. %DRBQHAD HM VNQCR VG@S SGD DMSQX 30 LD@MR.
A. 0TS NE SGD L@KDR @MC EDL@KDR, VG@S ODQBDMS @QD L@KDR
B. 0TS NE SGD EDL@KDR, VG@S ODQBDMS CHR@OOQNUD NE .@XNQ 'NQC
C. 0TS NE @KK SGD @FD FQNTOR, VG@S ODQBDMS @OOQNUD NE .@XNQ 'NQC
D. 'HMC )("OOQNUD[.@KD).
E. 0TS NE SGD @FD FQNTOR, VG@S ODQBDMS @QD LNQD SG@M 44 XD@QR NKC
F. 'HMC )("OOQNUD["FD < 35).
74. &WOK@HM VG@S HR VQNMF VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR. 6RD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
=. *E SGDQD HR @ 60% BG@MBD NE Q@HM NM 4@STQC@X @MC @ 70% BG@MBD NE Q@HM NM 4TMC@X, SGDM SGDQD HR @ 130% BG@MBD NE
Q@HM NUDQ SGD VDDJDMC.
>. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ A@RDA@KK OK@XDQ GHSR @ GNLD QTM HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD FDSR @ RTBBDRRETK GHS.
3.2 'H>?J?H>?HN ;H> +ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 12 ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD FQ@OG RGNVM HR A@RDC NM LNQD SG@M 170,000 HMSDQUHDVR
CNMD AX (@KKTO SG@S SNNJ OK@BD EQNL+@MT@QX SGQNTFG %DBDLADQ 2012. 5GD R@LOKD BNMRHRSR NE DLOKNXDC "LDQHB@MR 18 XD@QR
NE @FD NQ NKCDQ. 5GD &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQDR @QD SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. 8D Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD NMD &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW
4BNQD.
75. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR 82.7.
76. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR 81.0.
77. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR LNQD SG@M 81
78. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR ADSVDDM 80.5 @MC 82
79. *E VD JMNV @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR 81.5 NQ LNQD, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS HR 82.7
80. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR 80.7 NQ 82.7
81. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR KDRR SG@M 80.2 FHUDM SG@S HS HR @KQD@CX KDRR SG@M 81.
82. 8G@S NBBTO@SHNM G@R SGD GHFGDRS DLNSHNM@K HMCDW RBNQD
83. 8G@S NBBTO@SHNM G@R SGD KNVDRS DLNSHNM@K HMCDW RBNQD
84. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MFD NE SGD C@S@
85. $NLOTSD SGD @UDQ@FD &)*4.
86. *E @KK NBBTO@SHNMR @QD DPT@KKX KHJDKX ENQ @ BDQS@HM HMCHUHCT@K, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD NQ RGD VHKK G@UD @M NBBTO@SHNM
VHSG KNVDQ SG@M @UDQ@FD &)*4
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 229
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3.3 2QI ;MC= 0OF?M I@ .LI<;<CFCNS
0M 'DAQT@QX 28, 2013, @ 'HDKC 1NKK 4TQUDX QDONQSDC SG@S 61% NE $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR @OOQNUDC NE @KKNVHMF SVN
ODNOKD NE SGD R@LD FDMCDQ SN L@QQX @MC G@UD QDFTK@Q L@QQH@FD K@VR @OOKX SN SGDL. "LNMF 18 SN 39 XD@Q NKCR ($@KHENQMH@
QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR), SGD @OOQNU@K Q@SHMF V@R 78%. 4HW HM SDM $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR R@HC SG@S SGD TOBNLHMF 4TOQDLD
$NTQSnR QTKHMF @ANTS SGD BNMRSHSTSHNM@KHSX NE $@KHENQMH@nR 1QNONRHSHNM 8 V@R DHSGDQ UDQX NQ RNLDVG@S HLONQS@MS SN SGDL. 0TS
NE SGNRD $" QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR VGN RTOONQS R@LD-RDW L@QQH@FD, 75% R@X SGD QTKHMF HR HLONQS@MS SN SGDL.
*M SGHR OQNAKDL, KDS:
c C = $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR VGN RTOONQS R@LD-RDW L@QQH@FD.
c B = $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR VGN R@X SGD 4TOQDLD $NTQSnR QTKHMF @ANTS SGD BNMRSHSTSHNM@KHSX NE $@KHENQMH@nR
1QNONRHSHNM 8 HR UDQX NQ RNLDVG@S HLONQS@MS SN SGDL
c A = $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR VGN @QD 18 SN 39 XD@QR NKC.
87.
=. 'HMC )(C).
>. 'HMC )(B).
?. 'HMC )(C[A).
@. 'HMC )(B[C).
A. *M VNQCR, VG@S HR C[A
B. *M VNQCR, VG@S HR B[C
C. 'HMC )(C "/% B).
D. *M VNQCR, VG@S HR C "/% B
E. 'HMC )(C 03 B).
F. "QD C @MC B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR 4GNV VGX NQ VGX MNS.
88. "ESDQ 3NA 'NQC, SGD L@XNQ NE 5NQNMSN, @MMNTMBDC GHR OK@MR SN BTS ATCFDS BNRSR HM K@SD 2011, SGD 'NQTL 3DRD@QBG ONKKDC
1,046 ODNOKD SN LD@RTQD SGD L@XNQnR ONOTK@QHSX. &UDQXNMD ONKKDC DWOQDRRDC DHSGDQ @OOQNU@K NQ CHR@OOQNU@K. 5GDRD @QD SGD
QDRTKSR SGDHQ ONKK OQNCTBDC:
c *M D@QKX 2011, 60 ODQBDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @OOQNUDC NE .@XNQ 'NQCnR @BSHNMR HM NEEHBD.
c *M LHC-2011, 57 ODQBDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @OOQNUDC NE GHR @BSHNMR.
c *M K@SD 2011, SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE ONOTK@Q @OOQNU@K V@R LD@RTQDC @S 42 ODQBDMS.
=. 8G@S HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD ENQ SGHR RSTCX
>. 8G@S OQNONQSHNM HM SGD ONKK CHR@OOQNUDC NE .@XNQ 'NQC, @BBNQCHMF SN SGD QDRTKSR EQNL K@SD 2011
?. )NV L@MX ODNOKD ONKKDC QDRONMCDC SG@S SGDX @OOQNUDC NE .@XNQ 'NQC HM K@SD 2011
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM RTOONQSDC .@XNQ 'NQC, A@RDC NM SGD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC HM LHC-2011
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM RTOONQSDC .@XNQ 'NQC, A@RDC NM SGD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC HM D@QKX 2011
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD B@RHMN F@LD, QNTKDSSD, @KKNVR SGD F@LAKDQ SN ADS NM
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ A@KK, VGHBG ROHMR HM SGD QNTKDSSD VGDDK, K@MCHMF NM @ O@QSHBTK@Q BNKNQ, MTLADQ, NQ Q@MFD NE MTLADQR. 5GD
S@AKD TRDC SN OK@BD ADSR BNMS@HMR NE 38 MTLADQR, @MC D@BG MTLADQ HR @RRHFMDC SN @ BNKNQ @MC @ Q@MFD.
$CAOL? 3.12 (?NA@EP: BEHI8GAN/SEGE>KKGO)
89.
=. -HRS SGD R@LOKD RO@BD NE SGD 38 ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR HM QNTKDSSD.
>. :NT ADS NM QDC. 'HMC )(QDC).
230 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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?. :NT ADS NM -1RS 12- (1RS %NYDM). 'HMC )(-1RS 12-).
@. :NT ADS NM @M DUDM MTLADQ. 'HMC )(DUDM MTLADQ).
A. *R FDSSHMF @M NCC MTLADQ SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE FDSSHMF @M DUDM MTLADQ 8GX
B. 'HMC SVN LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR.
C. "QD SGD DUDMSR &UDM @MC 1RS %NYDM HMCDODMCDMS
90. $NLOTSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE VHMMHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF SXODR NE ADSR:
=. #DSSHMF NM SVN KHMDR SG@S SNTBG D@BG NSGDQ NM SGD S@AKD @R HM 1-2-3-4-5-6
>. #DSSHMF NM SGQDD MTLADQR HM @ KHMD, @R HM 1-2-3
?. #DSSHMF NM NMD MTLADQ
@. #DSSHMF NM ENTQ MTLADQR SG@S SNTBG D@BG NSGDQ SN ENQL @ RPT@QD, @R HM 10-11-13-14
A. #DSSHMF NM SVN MTLADQR SG@S SNTBG D@BG NSGDQ NM SGD S@AKD, @R HM 10-11 NQ 10-13
B. #DSSHMF NM 0-00-1-2-3
C. #DSSHMF NM 0-1-2; NQ 0-00-2; NQ 00-2-3
91. $NLOTSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE VHMMHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF SXODR NE ADSR:
=. #DSSHMF NM @ BNKNQ
>. #DSSHMF NM NMD NE SGD CNYDM FQNTOR
?. #DSSHMF NM SGD Q@MFD NE MTLADQR EQNL 1 SN 18
@. #DSSHMF NM SGD Q@MFD NE MTLADQR 19k36
A. #DSSHMF NM NMD NE SGD BNKTLMR
B. #DSSHMF NM @M DUDM NQ NCC MTLADQ (DWBKTCHMF YDQN)
92. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT G@UD DHFGS B@QCR. 'HUD @QD FQDDM @MC SGQDD @QD XDKKNV. 5GD EHUD FQDDM B@QCR @QD MTLADQDC 1, 2, 3, 4,
@MC 5. 5GD SGQDD XDKKNV B@QCR @QD MTLADQDC 1, 2, @MC 3. 5GD B@QCR @QD VDKK RGTEEKDC. :NT Q@MCNLKX CQ@V NMD B@QC.
c = B@QC CQ@VM HR FQDDM
c E = B@QC CQ@VM HR DUDM-MTLADQDC
=. -HRS SGD R@LOKD RO@BD.
>. )() = ?????
?. )([E) = ?????
@. )( "/% E) = ?????
A. )( 03 E) = ?????
B. "QD @MC E LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
93. 3NKK SVN E@HQ CHBD. &@BG CHD G@R RHW E@BDR.
=. -HRS SGD R@LOKD RO@BD.
>. -DS A AD SGD DUDMS SG@S DHSGDQ @ SGQDD NQ ENTQ HR QNKKDC EHQRS, ENKKNVDC AX @M DUDM MTLADQ. 'HMC )(A).
?. -DS B AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD SVN QNKKR HR @S LNRS RDUDM. 'HMC )(B).
@. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S o)(A[B)p QDOQDRDMSR. 'HMC )(A[B).
A. "QD A @MC B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, HMBKTCHMF
MTLDQHB@K ITRSHEHB@SHNM.
B. "QD A @MC B HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, HMBKTCHMF MTLDQHB@K
ITRSHEHB@SHNM.
94. " RODBH@K CDBJ NE B@QCR G@R SDM B@QCR. 'NTQ @QD FQDDM, SGQDD @QD AKTD, @MC SGQDD @QD QDC. 8GDM @ B@QC HR OHBJDC, HSR BNKNQ
NE HS HR QDBNQCDC. "M DWODQHLDMS BNMRHRSR NE EHQRS OHBJHMF @ B@QC @MC SGDM SNRRHMF @ BNHM.
=. -HRS SGD R@LOKD RO@BD.
>. -DS A AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ AKTD B@QC HR OHBJDC EHQRS, ENKKNVDC AX K@MCHMF @ GD@C NM SGD BNHM SNRR. 'HMC )(A).
?. -DS B AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ QDC NQ FQDDM HR OHBJDC, ENKKNVDC AX K@MCHMF @ GD@C NM SGD BNHM SNRR. "QD SGD DUDMSR A @MC
B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, HMBKTCHMF MTLDQHB@K ITRSHEHB@SHNM.
@. -DS C AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ QDC NQ AKTD HR OHBJDC, ENKKNVDC AX K@MCHMF @ GD@C NM SGD BNHM SNRR. "QD SGD DUDMSR A @MC
C LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, HMBKTCHMF MTLDQHB@K ITRSHEHB@SHNM.
95. "M DWODQHLDMS BNMRHRSR NE EHQRS QNKKHMF @ CHD @MC SGDM SNRRHMF @ BNHM.
=. -HRS SGD R@LOKD RO@BD.
>. -DS A AD SGD DUDMS SG@S DHSGDQ @ SGQDD NQ @ ENTQ HR QNKKDC EHQRS, ENKKNVDC AX K@MCHMF @ GD@C NM SGD BNHM SNRR. 'HMC
)(A).
?. -DS B AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC SNRRDR K@MC NM GD@CR. "QD SGD DUDMSR A @MC B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
&WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, HMBKTCHMF MTLDQHB@K ITRSHEHB@SHNM.
96. "M DWODQHLDMS BNMRHRSR NE SNRRHMF @ MHBJDK, @ CHLD, @MC @ PT@QSDQ. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD RHCD SGD BNHM K@MCR NM.
=. -HRS SGD R@LOKD RO@BD.
>. -DS A AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGDQD @QD @S KD@RS SVN S@HKR. 'HMC )(A).
?. -DS B AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC SNRRDR K@MC NM GD@CR. "QD SGD DUDMSR A @MC B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
&WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, HMBKTCHMF ITRSHEHB@SHNM.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 231
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97. $NMRHCDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF RBDM@QHN:
-DS )(C) = 0.4.
-DS )(D) = 0.5.
-DS )(C[D) = 0.6.
=. 'HMC )(C "/% D).
>. "QD C @MC D LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
?. "QD C @MC D HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
@. 'HMC )(C 03 D).
A. 'HMC )(D[C).
98. 2 @MC 3 @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
=. 3DVQHSD SGD A@RHB "CCHSHNM 3TKD )(2 03 3) = )(2) + )(3) - )(2 "/% 3) TRHMF SGD HMENQL@SHNM SG@S 2 @MC 3 @QD
HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
>. 6RD SGD QDVQHSSDM QTKD SN EHMC )(3) HE )(2 03 3) = 0.71 @MC )(2) = 0.42.
99. @MC ! @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR. )() = 0.5 )(!) = 0.3
=. &WOK@HM VGX SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMS .645 AD E@KRD: )(![) = 0.4.
>. 'HMC )(! 03 ).
?. "QD @MC ! HMCDODMCDMS NQ CDODMCDMS DUDMSR &WOK@HM HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
100. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 281,000,000 ODNOKD NUDQ @FD EHUD KHUD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. 0E SGDRD ODNOKD, 55,000,000 ROD@J @
K@MFT@FD NSGDQ SG@M &MFKHRG @S GNLD. 0E SGNRD VGN ROD@J @MNSGDQ K@MFT@FD @S GNLD, 62.3% ROD@J 4O@MHRG.
-DS: E = ROD@JR &MFKHRG @S GNLD; Ec = ROD@JR @MNSGDQ K@MFT@FD @S GNLD; , = ROD@JR 4O@MHRG;
'HMHRG D@BG OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS AX L@SBGHMF SGD BNQQDBS @MRVDQ.
.LI<;<CFCNS 1N;N?G?HNM AHMQ?LM
=. P(E8) = E. 0.8043
>. P(E) = EE. 0.623
?. P(S =J@ E8) = EEE. 0.1957
@. P(SWE8) = ER. 0.1219
2;<F? 3.18
101. 1994, SGD 6.4. FNUDQMLDMS GDKC @ KNSSDQX SN HRRTD 55,000 (QDDM $@QCR (ODQLHSR ENQ MNM-BHSHYDMR SN VNQJ KDF@KKX HM SGD
6.4.). 3DM@SD %DTSRBG, EQNL (DQL@MX, V@R NMD NE @OOQNWHL@SDKX 6.5 LHKKHNM ODNOKD VGN DMSDQDC SGHR KNSSDQX. -DS = VNM
FQDDM B@QC.
=. 8G@S V@R 3DM@SDnR BG@MBD NE VHMMHMF @ (QDDM $@QC 8QHSD XNTQ @MRVDQ @R @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
>. *M SGD RTLLDQ NE 1994, 3DM@SD QDBDHUDC @ KDSSDQ RS@SHMF RGD V@R NMD NE 110,000 EHM@KHRSR BGNRDM. 0MBD SGD EHM@KHRSR
VDQD BGNRDM, @RRTLHMF SG@S D@BG EHM@KHRS G@C @M DPT@K BG@MBD SN VHM, VG@S V@R 3DM@SDnR BG@MBD NE VHMMHMF @
(QDDM $@QC 8QHSD XNTQ @MRVDQ @R @ BNMCHSHNM@K OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS. -DS F = V@R @ EHM@KHRS.
?. "QD @MC F HMCDODMCDMS NQ CDODMCDMS DUDMSR +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX @MC @KRN DWOK@HM VGX.
@. "QD @MC F LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX @MC DWOK@HM VGX.
102. 5GQDD OQNEDRRNQR @S (DNQFD 8@RGHMFSNM 6MHUDQRHSX CHC @M DWODQHLDMS SN CDSDQLHMD HE DBNMNLHRSR @QD LNQD RDKEHRG
SG@M NSGDQ ODNOKD. 5GDX CQNOODC 64 RS@LODC, @CCQDRRDC DMUDKNODR VHSG $10 B@RG HM CHEEDQDMS BK@RRQNNLR NM SGD (DNQFD
8@RGHMFSNM B@LOTR. 44% VDQD QDSTQMDC NUDQ@KK. 'QNL SGD DBNMNLHBR BK@RRDR 56% NE SGD DMUDKNODR VDQD QDSTQMDC. 'QNL
SGD ATRHMDRR, ORXBGNKNFX, @MC GHRSNQX BK@RRDR 31% VDQD QDSTQMDC.
-DS: + = LNMDX QDSTQMDC; E = DBNMNLHBR BK@RRDR; ( = NSGDQ BK@RRDR
=. 8QHSD @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS ENQ SGD NUDQ@KK ODQBDMS NE LNMDX QDSTQMDC.
>. 8QHSD @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS ENQ SGD ODQBDMS NE LNMDX QDSTQMDC NTS NE SGD DBNMNLHBR BK@RRDR.
?. 8QHSD @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS ENQ SGD ODQBDMS NE LNMDX QDSTQMDC NTS NE SGD NSGDQ BK@RRDR.
@. *R LNMDX ADHMF QDSTQMDC HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD BK@RR +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX @MC DWOK@HM HS.
A. #@RDC TONM SGHR RSTCX, CN XNT SGHMJ SG@S DBNMNLHRSR @QD LNQD RDKEHRG SG@M NSGDQ ODNOKD &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
*MBKTCD MTLADQR SN ITRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ.
232 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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103. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD NE C@S@ NAS@HMDC EQNL VVV.A@RDA@KK-@KL@M@B.BNL RGNVR HS HMENQL@SHNM ENQ ENTQ VDKK JMNVM
OK@XDQR. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD GHS EQNL SGD S@AKD HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
,;G? 1CHAF? "IO<F? 2LCJF? &IG? 0OH 2IN;F &CNM
!=>A 1QPD 1,517 506 136 714 2,873
)=?GEA 1K>EJOKJ 1,054 273 54 137 1,518
3U "K>> 3,603 174 295 114 4,189
'=JG =NKJ 2,294 624 98 755 3,771
3KP=H 8,471 1,577 583 1,720 12,351
2;<F? 3.19
"QD SGD GHS ADHMF L@CD AX )@MJ "@QNM @MC SGD GHS ADHMF @ CNTAKD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR
=. :DR, ADB@TRD )(GHS AX )@MJ "@QNM[GHS HR @ CNTAKD) = )(GHS AX )@MJ "@QNM)
>. /N, ADB@TRD )(GHS AX )@MJ "@QNM[GHS HR @ CNTAKD) w )(GHS HR @ CNTAKD)
?. /N, ADB@TRD )(GHS HR AX )@MJ "@QNM[GHS HR @ CNTAKD) w )(GHS AX )@MJ "@QNM)
@. :DR, ADB@TRD )(GHS HR AX )@MJ "@QNM[GHS HR @ CNTAKD) = )(GHS HR @ CNTAKD)
104. 6MHSDC #KNNC 4DQUHBDR HR @ AKNNC A@MJ SG@S RDQUDR LNQD SG@M 500 GNROHS@KR HM 18 RS@SDR. "BBNQCHMF SN SGDHQ VDARHSD,
@ ODQRNM VHSG SXOD 0 AKNNC @MC @ MDF@SHUD 3G E@BSNQ (3G-) B@M CNM@SD AKNNC SN @MX ODQRNM VHSG @MX AKNNCSXOD. 5GDHQ C@S@
RGNV SG@S 43% NE ODNOKD G@UD SXOD 0 AKNNC @MC 15% NE ODNOKD G@UD 3G- E@BSNQ; 52% NE ODNOKD G@UD SXOD 0 NQ 3G- E@BSNQ.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM G@R ANSG SXOD 0 AKNNC @MC SGD 3G- E@BSNQ.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM CNDR /05 G@UD ANSG SXOD 0 AKNNC @MC SGD 3G- E@BSNQ.
105. "S @ BNKKDFD, 72% NE BNTQRDR G@UD EHM@K DW@LR @MC 46% NE BNTQRDR QDPTHQD QDRD@QBG O@ODQR. 4TOONRD SG@S 32% NE
BNTQRDR G@UD @ QDRD@QBG O@ODQ @MC @ EHM@K DW@L. -DS F AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTQRD G@R @ EHM@K DW@L. -DS + AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @
BNTQRD QDPTHQDR @ QDRD@QBG O@ODQ.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNTQRD G@R @ EHM@K DW@L NQ @ QDRD@QBG OQNIDBS.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNTQRD G@R /&*5)&3 NE SGDRD SVN QDPTHQDLDMSR.
106. *M @ ANW NE @RRNQSDC BNNJHDR, 36% BNMS@HM BGNBNK@SD @MC 12% BNMS@HM MTSR. 0E SGNRD, 8% BNMS@HM ANSG BGNBNK@SD @MC
MTSR. 4D@M HR @KKDQFHB SN ANSG BGNBNK@SD @MC MTSR.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNNJHD BNMS@HMR BGNBNK@SD NQ MTSR (GD B@M'S D@S HS).
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNNJHD CNDR MNS BNMS@HM BGNBNK@SD NQ MTSR (GD B@M D@S HS).
107. " BNKKDFD EHMCR SG@S 10% NE RSTCDMSR G@UD S@JDM @ CHRS@MBD KD@QMHMF BK@RR @MC SG@S 40% NE RSTCDMSR @QD O@QS SHLD
RSTCDMSR. 0E SGD O@QS SHLD RSTCDMSR, 20% G@UD S@JDM @ CHRS@MBD KD@QMHMF BK@RR. -DS D = DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS S@JDR @ CHRS@MBD
KD@QMHMF BK@RR @MC E = DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR @ O@QS SHLD RSTCDMS
=. 'HMC )(D "/% E).
>. 'HMC )(E[D).
?. 'HMC )(D 03 E).
@. 6RHMF @M @OOQNOQH@SD SDRS, RGNV VGDSGDQ D @MC E @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
A. 6RHMF @M @OOQNOQH@SD SDRS, RGNV VGDSGDQ D @MC E @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
3.4 !IHNCHA?H=S 2;<F?M
.I; J>; ?D<EHC7J?ED ?D J>; %&/) 3.20 JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD S@AKD RGNVR SGD ONKHSHB@K O@QSX @EEHKH@SHNM NE
D@BG NE 67 LDLADQR NE SGD 64 4DM@SD HM +TMD 2012, @MC VGDM SGDX @QD TO ENQ QDDKDBSHNM.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 233
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3J @IL L??F?=NCIH: "?GI=L;NC= .;LNS 0?JO<FC=;H .;LNS -NB?L 2IN;F
-KRAI>AN 2014 20 13 0
-KRAI>AN 2016 10 24 0
3KP=H
2;<F? 3.20
108. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RDM@SNQ G@R @M o0SGDQp @EEHKH@SHNM
109. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RDM@SNQ HR TO ENQ QDDKDBSHNM HM /NUDLADQ 2016
110. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RDM@SNQ HR @ %DLNBQ@S @MC TO ENQ QDDKDBSHNM HM /NUDLADQ 2016
111. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RDM@SNQ HR @ 3DOTAKHB@M NQ HR TO ENQ QDDKDBSHNM HM /NUDLADQ 2014
112. 4TOONRD SG@S @ LDLADQ NE SGD 64 4DM@SD HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. (HUDM SG@S SGD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RDM@SNQ HR TO ENQ
QDDKDBSHNM HM /NUDLADQ 2016, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGHR RDM@SNQ HR @ %DLNBQ@S
113. 4TOONRD SG@S @ LDLADQ NE SGD 64 4DM@SD HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RDM@SNQ HR TO ENQ
QDDKDBSHNM HM /NUDLADQ 2014, JMNVHMF SG@S SGHR RDM@SNQ HR @ 3DOTAKHB@M
114. 5GD DUDMSR o3DOTAKHB@Mp @MC o6O ENQ QDDKDBSHNM HM 2016p @QD ????????
=. LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
>. HMCDODMCDMS.
?. ANSG LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD @MC HMCDODMCDMS.
@. MDHSGDQ LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD MNQ HMCDODMCDMS.
115. 5GD DUDMSR o0SGDQp @MC o6O ENQ QDDKDBSHNM HM /NUDLADQ 2016p @QD ????????
=. LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
>. HMCDODMCDMS.
?. ANSG LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD @MC HMCDODMCDMS.
@. MDHSGDQ LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD MNQ HMCDODMCDMS.
116. 2;<F? 3.21 FHUDR SGD MTLADQ NE RTHBHCDR DRSHL@SDC HM SGD 6.4. ENQ @ QDBDMS XD@Q AX @FD, Q@BD (AK@BJ NQ VGHSD), @MC RDW.
8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM ONRRHAKD QDK@SHNMRGHOR ADSVDDM @FD, Q@BD, @MC RDW. 8D VHKK KDS RTHBHCD UHBSHLR AD NTQ ONOTK@SHNM.
0;=? ;H> 1?R 1X14 15X24 25X64 IP?L 64 2-2A*1
SDEPA, I=HA 210 3,360 13,610 22,050
SDEPA, BAI=HA 80 580 3,380 4,930
>H=?G, I=HA 10 460 1,060 1,670
>H=?G, BAI=HA 0 40 270 330
=HH KPDANO
3.3+2 310 4,650 18,780 29,760
2;<F? 3.21
%N MNS HMBKTCD "@KK NSGDQR" ENQ O@QSR E @MC F.
=. 'HKK HM SGD BNKTLM ENQ SGD RTHBHCDR ENQ HMCHUHCT@KR NUDQ @FD 64.
234 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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>. 'HKK HM SGD QNV ENQ @KK NSGDQ Q@BDR.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMCHUHCT@K V@R @ VGHSD L@KD.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMCHUHCT@K V@R @ AK@BJ EDL@KD.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMCHUHCT@K V@R AK@BJ
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMCHUHCT@K V@R L@KD.
C. 0TS NE SGD HMCHUHCT@KR NUDQ @FD 64, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMCHUHCT@K V@R @ AK@BJ NQ VGHSD
L@KD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD S@AKD NE C@S@ NAS@HMDC EQNL MMM.87I;87BB-7BC7D79.9EC
RGNVR GHS HMENQL@SHNM ENQ ENTQ VDKK JMNVM A@RDA@KK OK@XDQR. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD GHS EQNL SGD S@AKD HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
,A+# 1CHAF? "IO<F? 2LCJF? &IG? 0OH 2-2A* &'21
!=>A 1QPD 1,517 506 136 714 2,873
)=?GEA 1K>EJOKJ 1,054 273 54 137 1,518
3U "K>> 3,603 174 295 114 4,189
'=JG =NKJ 2,294 624 98 755 3,771
3.3+ 8,471 1,577 583 1,720 12,351
2;<F? 3.22
117. 'HMC )(GHS V@R L@CD AX #@AD 3TSG).
=.
1518
2873
>.
2873
12351
?.
583
12351
@.
4189
12351
118. 'HMC )(GHS V@R L@CD AX 5X $NAA[5GD GHS V@R @ )NLD 3TM).
=.
4189
12351
>.
114
1720
?.
1720
4189
@.
114
12351
119. 2;<F? 3.23 HCDMSHEHDR @ FQNTO NE BGHKCQDM AX NMD NE ENTQ G@HQ BNKNQR, @MC AX SXOD NE G@HQ.
&;CL 2SJ? LIQH FIH> F;=E 0?> 2IN;FM
6=RU 20 15 3 43
2PN=ECDP 80 15 12
3KP=HO 20 215
2;<F? 3.23
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 235
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=. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD.
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BGHKC VHKK G@UD V@UX G@HQ
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BGHKC VHKK G@UD DHSGDQ AQNVM NQ AKNMC G@HQ
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BGHKC VHKK G@UD V@UX AQNVM G@HQ
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BGHKC VHKK G@UD QDC G@HQ, FHUDM SG@S GD NQ RGD G@R RSQ@HFGS G@HQ
B. *E B HR SGD DUDMS NE @ BGHKC G@UHMF AQNVM G@HQ, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE B.
C. *M VNQCR, VG@S CNDR SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE B QDOQDRDMS
120. *M @ OQDUHNTR XD@Q, SGD VDHFGSR NE SGD LDLADQR NE SGD 06C #G6C8>H8D 49:GH @MC SGD !6AA6H DL7DNH VDQD OTAKHRGDC
HM SGD ,7D #EI; &;H9KHO ';MI. 5GD E@BST@K C@S@ VDQD BNLOHKDC HMSN SGD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD.
1BCLN# \ 210 211X250 251X290 > 290
1_33 21 5 0 0
34_66 6 18 7 4
66_99 6 12 22 5
2;<F? 3.24
'NQ SGD ENKKNVHMF, RTOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS NMD OK@XDQ EQNL SGD 49DQR NQ $NVANXR.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GHR RGHQS MTLADQ HR EQNL 1 SN 33.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD VDHFGR @S LNRS 210 ONTMCR.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GHR RGHQS MTLADQ HR EQNL 1 SN 33 "/% GD VDHFGR @S LNRS 210 ONTMCR.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GHR RGHQS MTLADQ HR EQNL 1 SN 33 03 GD VDHFGR @S LNRS 210 ONTMCR.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GHR RGHQS MTLADQ HR EQNL 1 SN 33 (*7&/ SG@S GD VDHFGR @S LNRS 210 ONTMCR.
3.5 2L?? ;H> 4?HH "C;AL;GM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GHR SQDD CH@FQ@L RGNVR SGD SNRRHMF NE @M TME@HQ BNHM
ENKKNVDC AX CQ@VHMF NMD AD@C EQNL @ BTO BNMS@HMHMF SGQDD QDC (+), ENTQ XDKKNV (2) @MC EHUD AKTD (B) AD@CR. 'NQ SGD BNHM,
)(!) =
2
3
@MC )(-) =
1
3
VGDQD ! HR GD@CR @MC - HR S@HKR.
$CAOL? 3.13
121. 'HMC )(SNRRHMF @ )D@C NM SGD BNHM "/% @ 3DC AD@C)
=.
2
3
236 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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15
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6
36
@.
5
36
122. 'HMC )(#KTD AD@C).
=.
15
36
>.
10
36
?.
10
12
@.
6
36
123. " ANW NE BNNJHDR BNMS@HMR SGQDD BGNBNK@SD @MC RDUDM ATSSDQ BNNJHDR. .HFTDK Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSR @ BNNJHD @MC D@SR HS.
5GDM GD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSR @MNSGDQ BNNJHD @MC D@SR HS. ()NV L@MX BNNJHDR CHC GD S@JD)
=. %Q@V SGD SQDD SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD ONRRHAHKHSHDR ENQ SGD BNNJHD RDKDBSHNMR. 8QHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR @KNMF D@BG AQ@MBG
NE SGD SQDD.
>. "QD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ SGD EK@UNQ NE SGD 4&$0/% BNNJHD SG@S .HFTDK RDKDBSR HMCDODMCDMS NE GHR EHQRS RDKDBSHNM
&WOK@HM.
?. 'NQ D@BG BNLOKDSD O@SG SGQNTFG SGD SQDD, VQHSD SGD DUDMS HS QDOQDRDMSR @MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
@. -DS 4 AD SGD DUDMS SG@S ANSG BNNJHDR RDKDBSDC VDQD SGD R@LD EK@UNQ. 'HMC )(,).
A. -DS - AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD BNNJHDR RDKDBSDC VDQD CHEEDQDMS EK@UNQR. 'HMC )(-) AX SVN CHEEDQDMS LDSGNCR: AX TRHMF
SGD BNLOKDLDMS QTKD @MC AX TRHMF SGD AQ@MBGDR NE SGD SQDD. :NTQ @MRVDQR RGNTKC AD SGD R@LD VHSG ANSG LDSGNCR.
B. -DS . AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD RDBNMC BNNJHD RDKDBSDC HR @ ATSSDQ BNNJHD. 'HMC )(.).
0',%',% '2 2-%#2� : &-+#5-0)
124. " OQDUHNTR XD@Q, SGD VDHFGSR NE SGD LDLADQR NE SGD 06C #G6C8>H8D 49:GH @MC SGD !6AA6H DL7DNH VDQD OTAKHRGDC HM
SGD ,7D #EI; &;H9KHO ';MI. 5GD E@BST@K C@S@ @QD BNLOHKDC HMSN 2;<F? 3.25.
1BCLN# \ 210 211X250 251X290 290\
1_33 21 5 0 0
34_66 6 18 7 4
66_99 6 12 22 5
2;<F? 3.25
'NQ SGD ENKKNVHMF, RTOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS NMD OK@XDQ EQNL SGD 49DQR NQ $NVANXR.
*E G@UHMF @ RGHQS MTLADQ EQNL NMD SN 33 @MC VDHFGHMF @S LNRS 210 ONTMCR VDQD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR, SGDM VG@S RGNTKC
AD SQTD @ANTS )(4GHQS# 1k33[x 210 ONTMCR)
125. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ L@KD CDUDKNOR RNLD ENQL NE B@MBDQ HM GHR KHEDSHLD HR 0.4567. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ L@KD G@R @S
KD@RS NMD E@KRD ONRHSHUD SDRS QDRTKS (LD@MHMF SGD SDRS BNLDR A@BJ ENQ B@MBDQ VGDM SGD L@M CNDR MNS G@UD HS) HR 0.51. 4NLD NE
SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR CN MNS G@UD DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM ENQ XNT SN @MRVDQ SGDL. 8QHSD oMNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNMp ENQ SGNRD
@MRVDQR. -DS C = @ L@M CDUDKNOR B@MBDQ HM GHR KHEDSHLD @MC ) = L@M G@R @S KD@RS NMD E@KRD ONRHSHUD.
=. )(C) = ??????
>. )()[C) = ??????
?. )()[C') = ??????
@. *E @ SDRS BNLDR TO ONRHSHUD, A@RDC TONM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, B@M XNT @RRTLD SG@S L@M G@R B@MBDQ +TRSHEX MTLDQHB@KKX
@MC DWOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
126. (HUDM DUDMSR @MC !: )() = 0.43; )(!) = 0.26; )(! "/% ) = 0.14
=. 'HMC )(! 03 ).
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE DUDMS (! "/% ).
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 237
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?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE DUDMS (! 03 ).
127. (HUDM DUDMSR # @MC $: )(#) = 0.18; )($) = 0.37; )(# 03 $) = 0.45
=. 'HMC )(# "/% $).
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE DUDMS (# "/% $).
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE DUDMS (# "/% $).
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT G@UD DHFGS B@QCR. 'HUD @QD FQDDM @MC SGQDD
@QD XDKKNV. 5GD B@QCR @QD VDKK RGTEEKDC.
128. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX CQ@V SVN B@QCR, NMD @S @ SHLD, L>I= G:EA68:B:CI.
-DS
1
= EHQRS B@QC HR FQDDM
-DS
2
= RDBNMC B@QC HR FQDDM
=. %Q@V @ SQDD CH@FQ@L NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
>. 'HMC )(
1
"/%
2
).
?. 'HMC )(@S KD@RS NMD FQDDM).
@. 'HMC )(
2
[
1
).
A. "QD
2
@MC
1
HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
129. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX CQ@V SVN B@QCR, NMD @S @ SHLD, L>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI.
1
= EHQRS B@QC HR FQDDM
2
= RDBNMC B@QC HR FQDDM
=. %Q@V @ SQDD CH@FQ@L NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
>. 'HMC )(
1
"/%
2
).
?. 'HMC )(@S KD@RS NMD FQDDM).
@. 'HMC )(
2
[
1
).
A. "QD
2
@MC
1
HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD ODQBDMS NE KHBDMRDC 6.4. CQHUDQR (EQNL @ QDBDMS
XD@Q) SG@S @QD EDL@KD HR 48.60. 0E SGD EDL@KDR, 5.03% @QD @FD 19 @MC TMCDQ; 81.36% @QD @FD 20k64; 13.61% @QD @FD 65 NQ
NUDQ. 0E SGD KHBDMRDC 6.4. L@KD CQHUDQR, 5.04% @QD @FD 19 @MC TMCDQ; 81.43% @QD @FD 20k64; 13.53% @QD @FD 65 NQ NUDQ.
130. $NLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF.
=. $NMRSQTBS @ S@AKD NQ @ SQDD CH@FQ@L NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
>. 'HMC )(CQHUDQ HR EDL@KD).
?. 'HMC )(CQHUDQ HR @FD 65 NQ NUDQ[CQHUDQ HR EDL@KD).
@. 'HMC )(CQHUDQ HR @FD 65 NQ NUDQ "/% EDL@KD).
A. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HM O@QS B @MC O@QS C.
B. 'HMC )(CQHUDQ HR @FD 65 NQ NUDQ).
C. "QD ADHMF @FD 65 NQ NUDQ @MC ADHMF EDL@KD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR )NV CN XNT JMNV
131. 4TOONRD SG@S 10,000 6.4. KHBDMRDC CQHUDQR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
=. )NV L@MX VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN AD L@KD
>. 6RHMF SGD S@AKD NQ SQDD CH@FQ@L EQNL SGD OQDUHNTR DWDQBHRD, BNMRSQTBS @ BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD NE FDMCDQ UDQRTR @FD
FQNTO.
?. 6RHMF SGD BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NTS NE SGD @FD 20k64 FQNTO, @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC CQHUDQ HR
EDL@KD.
132. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 86.5% NE "LDQHB@MR BNLLTSD SN VNQJ AX B@Q, SQTBJ, NQ U@M. 0TS NE SG@S FQNTO, 84.6% CQHUD @KNMD @MC
15.4% CQHUD HM @ B@QONNK. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 3.9% V@KJ SN VNQJ @MC @OOQNWHL@SDKX 5.3% S@JD OTAKHB SQ@MRONQS@SHNM.
=. $NMRSQTBS @ S@AKD NQ @ SQDD CH@FQ@L NE SGD RHST@SHNM. *MBKTCD @ AQ@MBG ENQ @KK NSGDQ LNCDR NE SQ@MRONQS@SHNM SN VNQJ.
>. "RRTLHMF SG@S SGD V@KJDQR V@KJ @KNMD, VG@S ODQBDMS NE @KK BNLLTSDQR SQ@UDK @KNMD SN VNQJ
?. 4TOONRD SG@S 1,000 VNQJDQR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. )NV L@MX VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN SQ@UDK @KNMD SN VNQJ
@. 4TOONRD SG@S 1,000 VNQJDQR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. )NV L@MX VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN CQHUD HM @ B@QONNK
133. 8GDM SGD &TQN BNHM V@R HMSQNCTBDC HM 2002, SVN L@SG OQNEDRRNQR G@C SGDHQ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD #DKFH@M
NMD &TQN BNHM V@R @ E@HQ BNHM. 5GDX ROTM SGD BNHM Q@SGDQ SG@M SNRRHMF HS @MC ENTMC SG@S NTS NE 250 ROHMR, 140 RGNVDC @ GD@C
(DUDMS !) VGHKD 110 RGNVDC @ S@HK (DUDMS -). 0M SG@S A@RHR, SGDX BK@HLDC SG@S HS HR MNS @ E@HQ BNHM.
=. #@RDC NM SGD FHUDM C@S@, EHMC )(!) @MC )(-).
>. 6RD @ SQDD SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR NE D@BG ONRRHAKD NTSBNLD ENQ SGD DWODQHLDMS NE SNRRHMF SGD BNHM SVHBD.
?. 6RD SGD SQDD SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE NAS@HMHMF DW@BSKX NMD GD@C HM SVN SNRRDR NE SGD BNHM.
@. 6RD SGD SQDD SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE NAS@HMHMF @S KD@RS NMD GD@C.
134. .I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD ENKKNVHMF @QD QD@K C@S@ EQNL 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX,
$". "R NE @ BDQS@HM SHLD, SGDQD G@C ADDM @ SNS@K NE 3,059 CNBTLDMSDC B@RDR NE "*%4 HM SGD BNTMSX. 5GDX VDQD FQNTODC HMSN
SGD ENKKNVHMF B@SDFNQHDR:
238 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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&IGIM?RO;F/CM?RO;F '4 "LOA 3M?L* &?N?LIM?RO;F !IHN;=N -NB?L 2IN;FM
%AI=HA 0 70 136 49 <<<<
,=HA 2,146 463 60 135 <<<<
3KP=HO <<<< <<<< <<<< <<<< <<<<
2;<F? 3.26 * EJ?HQ@AO DKIKOATQ=H/>EOATQ=H (5 @NQC QOANO
4TOONRD @ ODQRNM VHSG "*%4 HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
=. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR EDL@KD).
>. 'HMC )(1DQRNM G@R @ QHRJ E@BSNQ GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS).
?. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR EDL@KD 03 G@R @ QHRJ E@BSNQ NE *7 CQTF TRDQ).
@. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR EDL@KD "/% G@R @ QHRJ E@BSNQ NE GNLNRDWT@K/AHRDWT@K).
A. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR L@KD "/% G@R @ QHRJ E@BSNQ NE *7 CQTF TRDQ).
B. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR EDL@KD (*7&/ ODQRNM FNS SGD CHRD@RD EQNL GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS).
C. $NMRSQTBS @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L. .@JD NMD FQNTO EDL@KDR @MC SGD NSGDQ FQNTO GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS.
135. "MRVDQ SGDRD PTDRSHNMR TRHMF OQNA@AHKHSX QTKDR. %N /05 TRD SGD BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD. 5GQDD SGNTR@MC EHESX-MHMD B@RDR
NE "*%4 G@C ADDM QDONQSDC HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX, $", SGQNTFG @ BDQS@HM C@SD. 5GNRD B@RDR VHKK AD NTQ ONOTK@SHNM. 0E SGNRD
B@RDR, 6.4% NAS@HMDC SGD CHRD@RD SGQNTFG GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS @MC 7.4% @QD EDL@KD. 0TS NE SGD EDL@KDR VHSG SGD CHRD@RD,
53.3% FNS SGD CHRD@RD EQNL GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS.
=. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR EDL@KD).
>. 'HMC )(1DQRNM NAS@HMDC SGD CHRD@RD SGQNTFG GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS).
?. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR EDL@KD (*7&/ ODQRNM FNS SGD CHRD@RD EQNL GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS)
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L QDOQDRDMSHMF SGHR RHST@SHNM. .@JD NMD FQNTO EDL@KDR @MC SGD NSGDQ FQNTO GDSDQNRDWT@K
BNMS@BS. 'HKK HM @KK U@KTDR @R OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
0#$#0#,!#1
3.1 2?LGCHIFIAS
o$NTMSQHDR -HRS AX $NMSHMDMS.p 8NQKC@SK@R, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.VNQKC@SK@R.BNL/BMSXBNMS.GSL (@BBDRRDC
.@X 2, 2013).
3.2 'H>?J?H>?HN ;H> +ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
-NODY, 4G@MD, 1QDDSX 4HCGT. o6.4. 5D@BGDQR -NUD 5GDHQ -HUDR, ATS 4SQTFFKD HM SGD 8NQJOK@BD.p (@KKTO 8DKKADHMF, 2013.
GSSO://VVV.F@KKTO.BNL/ONKK/161516/SD@BGDQR-KNUD-KHUDR-RSQTFFKD-VNQJOK@BD.@ROW (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL (@KKTO. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.F@KKTO.BNL/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
3.3 2QI ;MC= 0OF?M I@ .LI<;<CFCNS
%H$@LHKKN, .@QJ, .DQUHM 'HDKC. o5GD 'HKD 1NKK.p 'HDKC 3DRD@QBG $NQONQ@SHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.EHDKC.BNL/
EHDKCONKKNMKHMD/RTARBQHADQR/3KR2443.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
3HCDQ, %@UHC, o'NQC RTOONQS OKTLLDSHMF, ONKK RTFFDRSR,p 5GD 4S@Q, 4DOSDLADQ 14, 2011. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.SGDRS@Q.BNL/MDVR/FS@/2011/09/14/ENQC?RTOONQS?OKTLLDSHMF?ONKK?RTFFDRSR.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
o.@XNQnR "OOQNU@K %NVM.p /DVR 3DKD@RD AX 'NQTL 3DRD@QBG *MB. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ENQTLQDRD@QBG.BNL/
ENQLR//DVR "QBGHUDR//DVR 3DKD@RDR/74209?50?*RRTDR?-
?.@XNQ@K?"OOQNU@K?%28'NQTL?3DRD@QBG%29%2820130320%29.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
o3NTKDSSD.p 8HJHODCH@. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DM.VHJHODCH@.NQF/VHJH/3NTKDSSD (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
4GHM, )XNM #., 3NADQS ". ,NLHMRJH. o-@MFT@FD 6RD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR: 2007.p 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD
NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BDMRTR.FNU/GGDR/RNBCDLN/K@MFT@FD/C@S@/@BR/"$4-12.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD #@RDA@KK-"KL@M@B, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.A@RDA@KK-@KL@M@B.BNL (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 8@KK 4SQDDS +NTQM@K.
%@S@ EQNL 5GD 3NODQ $DMSDQ: 1TAKHB 0OHMHNM "QBGHUDR @S SGD 6MHUDQRHSX NE $NMMDBSHBTS. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.QNODQBDMSDQ.TBNMM.DCT/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL 'HDKC 3DRD@QBG $NQONQ@SHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.EHDKC.BNL/EHDKCONKKNMKHMD (@BBDRRDC .@X 2,2 013).
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 239
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3.4 !IHNCHA?H=S 2;<F?M
o#KNNC 5XODR.p "LDQHB@M 3DC $QNRR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.QDCBQNRRAKNNC.NQF/KD@QM-@ANTS-AKNNC/AKNNC-
SXODR (@BBDRRDC .@X 3, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ )D@KSG 4S@SHRSHBR, O@QS NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE )D@KSG @MC )TL@M 4DQUHBDR.
%@S@ EQNL 6MHSDC 4S@SDR 4DM@SD. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.RDM@SD.FNU (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
)@HL@M, $GQHRSNOGDQ "., %@MHDK 0. 4SQ@L, -XMM 3. 8HKJDMR, .@KBNL $. 1HJD, -@TQDMBD /. ,NKNMDK, #QHDM &. )DMCDQRNM,
@MC -NcB -D .@QBG@MC. o&SGMHB @MC 3@BH@K %HEEDQDMBDR HM SGD 4LNJHMF-3DK@SDC 3HRJ NE -TMF $@MBDQ.p 5GD /DV &MFK@MC
+NTQM@K NE .DCHBHMD, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.MDIL.NQF/CNH/ETKK/10.1056//&+.N@033250 (@BBDRRDC .@X 2,
2013).
o)TL@M #KNNC 5XODR.p 6MHSD #KNNC 4DQUHBDR, 2011. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.TMHSDCAKNNCRDQUHBDR.NQF/
KD@QM.NQD.@ROW (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
4@LTDK, 5. .. o4SQ@MFD '@BSR @ANTS 3) /DF@SHUD #KNNC.p D)NV )D@KSG, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.DGNV.BNL/
E@BSR?5552003?RSQ@MFD-QG-MDF@SHUD-AKNNC.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
o6MHSDC 4S@SDR: 6MHENQL $QHLD 3DONQS k 4S@SD 4S@SHRSHBR EQNL 1960k2011.p 5GD %HR@RSDQ $DMSDQ. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.CHR@RSDQBDMSDQ.BNL/BQHLD/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
3.5 2L?? ;H> 4?HH "C;AL;GM
%@S@ EQNL $K@Q@ $NTMSX 1TAKHB ).%.
%@S@ EQNL SGD "LDQHB@M $@MBDQ 4NBHDSX.
%@S@ EQNL 5GD %@S@ @MC 4SNQX -HAQ@QX, 1996. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://KHA.RS@S.BLT.DCT/%"4-/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD 'DCDQ@K )HFGV@X "CLHMHRSQ@SHNM, O@QS NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE 5Q@MRONQS@SHNM.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T, O@QS NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE $NLLDQBD.
%@S@ EQNL 64" 5NC@X.
o&MUHQNMLDMS.p 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://C@S@.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF/SNOHB/DMUHQNMLDMS (@BBDRRDC .@X 2,
2013).
o4D@QBG ENQ %@S@RDSR.p 3NODQ $DMSDQ: 1TAKHB 0OHMHNM "QBGHUDR, 6MHUDQRHSX NE $NMMDBSHBTS., 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.QNODQBDMSDQ.TBNMM.DCT/C@S@?@BBDRR/C@S@/RD@QBG?ENQ?C@S@RDSR.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1
@. )(%c) = )(,)
A. )(& 03 ,)
B. )(F "/% %)
C. )(&[%)
D. )(%[&)
E. )(,[F)
F. )(F[%)
G. )(F 03 %)
H. )(& "/% ,)
I. )(F)
3 )(') =
15
42
=
5
14
= 0.36
5 )(C) =
5
42
= 0.12
7 )() =
20
150
=
2
15
= 0.13
9 )(+) =
22
150
=
11
75
= 0.15
11 )(() =
150 - 22 - 38 - 20 - 28 - 26
150
=
16
150
=
8
75
= 0.11
13 )(E) =
47
194
= 0.24
240 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
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15 )(') =
23
194
= 0.12
17 )(,) =
12
194
=
6
97
= 0.06
19
13
52
=
1
4
= 0.25
21
3
6
=
1
2
= 0.5
23 P(R) =
4
8
= 0.5
25 )(( 03 !)
27 )(![")
29 )('[()
31 )(" 03 ')
33 )(")
35 5GD KHJDKHGNNC SG@S @M DUDMS VHKK NBBTQ FHUDM SG@S @MNSGDQ DUDMS G@R @KQD@CX NBBTQQDC.
37 1
39 SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE K@MCHMF NM @M DUDM MTLADQ NQ @ LTKSHOKD NE SGQDD
41 )(#) = 0.3
43 )(* "/% +) = )(*))(+) 0.1 = (0.4))(+) )(+) = 0.25
45 0.376
47 C[% LD@MR, FHUDM SGD ODQRNM BGNRDM HR @ -@SHMN $@KHENQMH@M, SGD ODQRNM HR @ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQ VGN OQDEDQR KHED HM OQHRNM
VHSGNTS O@QNKD ENQ @ ODQRNM BNMUHBSDC NE EHQRS CDFQDD LTQCDQ.
49 % "/% C HR SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD ODQRNM BGNRDM HR @ -@SHMN $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQ VGN OQDEDQR KHED VHSGNTS O@QNKD NUDQ
SGD CD@SG ODM@KSX ENQ @ ODQRNM BNMUHBSDC NE EHQRS CDFQDD LTQCDQ.
51 0.6492
53 /N, ADB@TRD )(% "/% C) CNDR MNS DPT@K 0.
55 )(LTRHBH@M HR @ L@KD "/% G@C OQHU@SD HMRSQTBSHNM) =
15
130
=
3
26
= 0.12
57 )(ADHMF @ EDL@KD LTRHBH@M "/% KD@QMHMF LTRHB HM RBGNNK) =
38
130
=
19
65
= 0.29 )(ADHMF @ EDL@KD LTRHBH@M))(KD@QMHMF
LTRHB HM RBGNNK) =
72
130
62
130
=
4, 464
16, 900
=
1, 116
4, 225
= 0.26 /N, SGDX @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS ADB@TRD )(ADHMF @ EDL@KD
LTRHBH@M "/% KD@QMHMF LTRHB HM RBGNNK) HR MNS DPT@K SN )(ADHMF @ EDL@KD LTRHBH@M))(KD@QMHMF LTRHB HM RBGNNK).
59
35,065
100,450
61 5N OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M "/% RLNJDR 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X LD@MR SG@S SGD
ODQRNM G@R SN LDDS ANSG BQHSDQH@: ANSG +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M @MC RLNJDR 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD RGNTKC HMBKTCD
DUDQXNMD HM SGD RSTCX. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR
4,715
100,450
.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 241
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63 5N OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M FHUDM SG@S ODQRNM RLNJDR 21-30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, LD@MR
SG@S SGD ODQRNM LTRS ETKEHKK ANSG BQHSDQH@ @MC SGD R@LOKD RO@BD HR QDCTBDC SN SGNRD VGN RLNJD 21-30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X. 5GD
OQNA@AHKHSX HR
4715
15,273
.
65
$CAOL? 3.14
5GD ODQBDMS NE KHBDMRDC 6.4. CQHUDQR (EQNL @ QDBDMS XD@Q) SG@S @QD EDL@KD HR 48.60. 0E SGD EDL@KDR, 5.03% @QD @FD 19 @MC
TMCDQ; 81.36% @QD @FD 20k64; 13.61% @QD @FD 65 NQ NUDQ. 0E SGD KHBDMRDC 6.4. L@KD CQHUDQR, 5.04% @QD @FD 19 @MC TMCDQ;
81.43% @QD @FD 20k64; 13.53% @QD @FD 65 NQ NUDQ.
59
35,065
100,450
61 5N OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M "/% RLNJDR 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X LD@MR SG@S SGD
ODQRNM G@R SN LDDS ANSG BQHSDQH@: ANSG +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M @MC RLNJDR 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD RGNTKC HMBKTCD
DUDQXNMD HM SGD RSTCX. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR
4,715
100,450
.
63 5N OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M FHUDM SG@S ODQRNM RLNJDR 21-30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, LD@MR
SG@S SGD ODQRNM LTRS ETKEHKK ANSG BQHSDQH@ @MC SGD R@LOKD RO@BD HR QDCTBDC SN SGNRD VGN RLNJD 21-30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X. 5GD
OQNA@AHKHSX HR
4715
15,273
.
74
@. :NT B@M'S B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX JMNVHMF SGD OQNA@AHKHSX VHSG SGD HMENQL@SHNM FHUDM; SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR RGNTKC AD
LTKSHOKHDC, MNS @CCDC; @MC OQNA@AHKHSX HR MDUDQ FQD@SDQ SG@M 100%
A. " GNLD QTM AX CDEHMHSHNM HR @ RTBBDRRETK GHS, RN GD G@R SN G@UD @S KD@RS @R L@MX RTBBDRRETK GHSR @R GNLD QTMR.
76 0
78 0.3571
80 0.2142
82 1GXRHBH@M (83.7)
84 83.7 u 79.6 = 4.1
86 )(0BBTO@SHNM < 81.3) = 0.5
242 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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88
@. 5GD 'NQTL 3DRD@QBG RTQUDXDC 1,046 5NQNMSNMH@MR.
A. 58%
B. 42% NE 1,046 = 439 (QNTMCHMF SN SGD MD@QDRS HMSDFDQ)
C. 0.57
D. 0.60.
90
@. )(#DSSHMF NM SVN KHMD SG@S SNTBG D@BG NSGDQ NM SGD S@AKD) =
6
38
A. )(#DSSHMF NM SGQDD MTLADQR HM @ KHMD) =
3
38
B. )(#DSSSHMF NM NMD MTLADQ) =
1
38
C. )(#DSSHMF NM ENTQ MTLADQ SG@S SNTBG D@BG NSGDQ SN ENQL @ RPT@QD) =
4
38
D. )(#DSSHMF NM SVN MTLADQ SG@S SNTBG D@BG NSGDQ NM SGD S@AKD ) =
2
38
E. )(#DSSHMF NM 0-00-1-2-3) =
5
38
F. )(#DSSHMF NM 0-1-2; NQ 0-00-2; NQ 00-2-3) =
3
38
92
@. Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 21, 22, 23\
A.
5
8
B.
2
3
C.
2
8
D.
6
8
E. /N, ADB@TRD )( "/% E) CNDR MNS DPT@K 0.
94
,-2#
5GD BNHM SNRR HR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD B@QC OHBJDC EHQRS.
q Z(,!) (,-) (B,!) (B,-) (+,!) (+,-)\
q )(A) = )(AKTD))(GD@C) =
3
10
1
2
=
3
20
q :DR, A @MC B @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD ADB@TRD SGDX B@MMNS G@OODM @S SGD R@LD SHLD; XNT B@MMNS OHBJ @ B@QC SG@S HR ANSG
AKTD @MC @KRN (QDC NQ FQDDM). )(A "/% B) = 0
q /N, A @MC C @QD MNS LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD ADB@TRD SGDX B@M NBBTQ @S SGD R@LD SHLD. *M E@BS, C HMBKTCDR @KK NE SGD NTSBNLDR
NE A; HE SGD B@QC BGNRDM HR AKTD HS HR @KRN (QDC NQ AKTD). )(A "/% C) = )(A) =
3
20
96
@. , = Z(!!!), (!!-), (!-!), (!--), (-!!), (-!-), (--!), (---)\
A.
4
8
B. :DR, A@B@TRD HE A G@R NBBTQDC, HS HR HLONRRHAKD SN NAS@HM SVN S@HKR. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, )(A "/% B) = 0.
98
@. *E 2 @MC 3 @QD HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM )(2 "/% 3) = )(2))(3), RN )(2 03 3) = )(2) + )(3) - )(2))(3).
A. 0.5
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 243
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100 HHH; H; HU; HH
102
@. )(+) = 0.44
A. )(+[E) = 0.56
B. )(+[() = 0.31
C. /N, VGDSGDQ SGD LNMDX HR QDSTQMDC HR MNS HMCDODMCDMS NE VGHBG BK@RR SGD LNMDX V@R OK@BDC HM. 5GDQD @QD RDUDQ@K V@XR
SN ITRSHEX SGHR L@SGDL@SHB@KKX, ATS NMD HR SG@S SGD LNMDX OK@BDC HM DBNMNLHBR BK@RRDR HR MNS QDSTQMDC @S SGD R@LD NUDQ@KK
Q@SD; )(+[E) w )(+).
D. /N, SGHR RSTCX CDEHMHSDKX CNDR MNS RTOONQS SG@S MNSHNM; ?D <79J, HS RTFFDRSR SGD NOONRHSD. 5GD LNMDX OK@BDC HM SGD
DBNMNLHBR BK@RRQNNLR V@R QDSTQMDC @S @ GHFGDQ Q@SD SG@M SGD LNMDX OK@BD HM @KK BK@RRDR BNKKDBSHUDKX; )(+[E) > )(+).
104
@. )(SXOD 0 03 3G-) = )(SXOD 0) + )(3G-) - )(SXOD 0 "/% 3G-)
0.52 = 0.43 + 0.15 - )(SXOD 0 "/% 3G-); RNKUD SN EHMC )(SXOD 0 "/% 3G-) = 0.06
6% NE ODNOKD G@UD SXOD 0, 3G- AKNNC
A. )(/05(SXOD 0 "/% 3G-)) = 1 - )(SXOD 0 "/% 3G-) = 1 - 0.06 = 0.94
94% NE ODNOKD CN MNS G@UD SXOD 0, 3G- AKNNC
106
@. -DS C = AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD BNNJHD BNMS@HMR BGNBNK@SD. -DS ' = SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD BNNJHD BNMS@HMR MTSR.
A. )(C 03 ') = )(C) + )(') - )(C "/% ') = 0.36 + 0.12 - 0.08 = 0.40
B. )(/&*5)&3 BGNBNK@SD /03 MTSR) = 1 - )(C 03 ') = 1 - 0.40 = 0.60
108 0
110
10
67
112
10
34
114 C
116
@.
/68: 6C9 0:M 1R14 15R24 25R64 DK:G 64 1,1A)0
VGHSD, L@KD 210 3,360 13,610 4,870 22,050
VGHSD, EDL@KD 80 580 3,380 890 4,930
AK@BJ, L@KD 10 460 1,060 140 1,670
AK@BJ, EDL@KD 0 40 270 20 330
@KK NSGDQR 100
505"-4 310 4,650 18,780 6,020 29,760
167A: 3.27
A.
244 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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/68: 6C9 0:M 1R14 15R24 25R64 DK:G 64 1,1A)0
VGHSD, L@KD 210 3,360 13,610 4,870 22,050
VGHSD, EDL@KD 80 580 3,380 890 4,930
AK@BJ, L@KD 10 460 1,060 140 1,670
AK@BJ, EDL@KD 0 40 270 20 330
@KK NSGDQR 10 210 460 100 780
505"-4 310 4,650 18,780 6,020 29,760
167A: 3.28
B.
22,050
29,760
C.
330
29,760
D.
2,000
29,760
E.
23,720
29,760
F.
5,010
6,020
118 A
120
@.
26
106
A.
33
106
B.
21
106
C.
26
106
33
106
21
106
38
106
D.
21
33
122 @
125
@. )(C) = 0.4567
A. MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM
B. MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM
C. /N, ADB@TRD NUDQ G@KE (0.51) NE LDM G@UD @S KD@RS NMD E@KRD ONRHSHUD SDWS
127
@. )(# 03 $) = )(#) + )($) u )(# "/% $); 0.45 = 0.18 + 0.37 - )(# "/% $); RNKUD SN EHMC )(# "/% $) = 0.10
A. )(/05 (# "/% $)) = 1 - )(# "/% $) = 1 - 0.10 = 0.90
B. )(/05 (# 03 $)) = 1 - )(# 03 $) = 1 - 0.45 = 0.55
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 245
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128
@.
#><JG: 3.15
A. )() =
5
8
5
8
=
25
64
B. )(@S KD@RS NMD FQDDM) = )() + )(2) + )(2) =
25
64
+
15
64
+
15
64
=
55
64
C. )([) =
5
8
D. :DR, SGDX @QD HMCDODMCDMS ADB@TRD SGD EHQRS B@QC HR OK@BDC A@BJ HM SGD A@F ADENQD SGD RDBNMC B@QC HR CQ@VM; SGD
BNLONRHSHNM NE B@QCR HM SGD A@F QDL@HMR SGD R@LD EQNL CQ@V NMD SN CQ@V SVN.
130
@.
<20 20R64 >64 1DI6AH
#:B6A: 0.0244 0.3954 0.0661 0.486
*6A: 0.0259 0.4186 0.0695 0.514
1DI6AH 0.0503 0.8140 0.1356 1
167A: 3.29
A. )(F) = 0.486
B. )(>64[F) = 0.1361
C. )(>64 @MC F) = )(F) )(>64[F) = (0.486)(0.1361) = 0.0661
D. )(>64[F) HR SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE EDL@KD CQHUDQR VGN @QD 65 NQ NKCDQ @MC )(>64 @MC F) HR SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE CQHUDQR VGN
@QD EDL@KD @MC 65 NQ NKCDQ.
E. )(>64) = )(>64 @MC F) + )(>64 @MC &) = 0.1356
F. /N, ADHMF EDL@KD @MC 65 NQ NKCDQ @QD MNS LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD ADB@TRD SGDX B@M NBBTQ @S SGD R@LD SHLD 1(>64 @MC F) =
0.0661.
132 @.
246 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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6G, 1GJ8@ DG 36C 46A@ -J7A>8 1G6CHEDGI6I>DC ,I=:G 1DI6AH
AADC: 0.7318
+DI AADC: 0.1332
1DI6AH 0.8650 0.0390 0.0530 0.0430 1
167A: 3.30
A. *E VD @RRTLD SG@S @KK V@KJDQR @QD @KNMD @MC SG@S MNMD EQNL SGD NSGDQ SVN FQNTOR SQ@UDK @KNMD (VGHBG HR @ AHF
@RRTLOSHNM) VD G@UD: )("KNMD) = 0.7318 + 0.0390 = 0.7708.
B. .@JD SGD R@LD @RRTLOSHNMR @R HM (A) VD G@UD: (0.7708)(1,000) = 771
C. (0.1332)(1,000) = 133
134 5GD BNLOKDSDC BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD HR @R ENKKNVR:
%DBDH:MJ6A/B>H:MJ6A &3 !GJ< 2H:G* %:I:GDH:MJ6A DCI68I ,I=:G 1DI6AH
'DL@KD 0 70 136 49 255
.@KD 2,146 463 60 135 2,804
5NS@KR 2,146 533 196 184 3,059
167A: 3.31 * EJ?HQ@AO DKIKOATQ=H/>EOATQ=H (5 @NQC QOANO
@.
255
3059
A.
196
3059
B.
718
3059
C. 0
D.
463
3059
E.
136
196
F.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 247
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#><JG: 3.16
248 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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4 U "'1!0#2# 0A,"-+
4A0'A*#1
$CAOL? 4.1 8KQ ?=J QOA LNK>=>EHEPU =J@ @EO?NAPA N=J@KI R=NE=>HAO PK ?=H?QH=PA PDA HEGAHEDKK@ KB HECDPAJEJC OPNEGEJC PDA
CNKQJ@ BERA PEIAO @QNEJC = D=HB-DKQN PDQJ@ANOPKNI.
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
#X SGD DMC NE SGHR BG@OSDQ, SGD RSTCDMS RGNTKC AD @AKD SN:
c 3DBNFMHYD @MC TMCDQRS@MC CHRBQDSD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNMR, HM FDMDQ@K.
c $@KBTK@SD @MC HMSDQOQDS DWODBSDC U@KTDR.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD 1NHRRNM OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD FDNLDSQHB OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD GXODQFDNLDSQHB OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
c $K@RRHEX CHRBQDSD VNQC OQNAKDLR AX SGDHQ CHRSQHATSHNMR.
" RSTCDMS S@JDR @ SDM-PTDRSHNM, SQTD-E@KRD PTHY. #DB@TRD SGD RSTCDMS G@C RTBG @ ATRX RBGDCTKD, GD NQ RGD BNTKC MNS RSTCX @MC
FTDRRDR Q@MCNLKX @S D@BG @MRVDQ. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD RSTCDMS O@RRHMF SGD SDRS VHSG @S KD@RS @ 70%
4L@KK BNLO@MHDR LHFGS AD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE KNMF-CHRS@MBD OGNMD B@KKR SGDHQ DLOKNXDDR L@JD CTQHMF SGD OD@J
SHLD NE SGD C@X. 4TOONRD SGD @UDQ@FD HR 20 B@KKR. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD DLOKNXDDR L@JD LNQD SG@M 20 KNMF-CHRS@MBD
OGNMD B@KKR CTQHMF SGD OD@J SHLD
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 249
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5GDRD SVN DW@LOKDR HKKTRSQ@SD SVN CHEEDQDMS SXODR NE OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDLR HMUNKUHMF CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR. 3DB@KK
SG@S CHRBQDSD C@S@ @QD C@S@ SG@S XNT B@M BNTMS. " G6C9DB K6G>67A: CDRBQHADR SGD NTSBNLDR NE @ RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS HM
VNQCR. 5GD U@KTDR NE @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD B@M U@QX VHSG D@BG QDODSHSHNM NE @M DWODQHLDMS.
0;H>IG 4;LC;<F? ,IN;NCIH
6OODQ B@RD KDSSDQR RTBG @R 1 NQ 2 CDMNSD @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. -NVDQ B@RD KDSSDQR KHJD N NQ O CDMNSD SGD U@KTD NE @ Q@MCNL
U@QH@AKD. *E X >H 6 G6C9DB K6G>67A:, I=:C X >H LG>II:C >C LDG9H, 6C9 & >H <>K:C 6H 6 CJB7:G.
'NQ DW@LOKD, KDS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR XNT FDS VGDM XNT SNRR SGQDD E@HQ BNHMR. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD ENQ SGD SNRR NE SGQDD
E@HQ BNHMR HR ---; -!!; !-!; !!-; !--; -!-; --!; !!!. 5GDM, N = 0, 1, 2, 3. 1 HR HM VNQCR @MC N HR @ MTLADQ. /NSHBD
SG@S ENQ SGHR DW@LOKD, SGD N U@KTDR @QD BNTMS@AKD NTSBNLDR. #DB@TRD XNT B@M BNTMS SGD ONRRHAKD U@KTDR SG@S 1 B@M S@JD NM
@MC SGD NTSBNLDR @QD Q@MCNL (SGD N U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, 3), 1 HR @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD.
5NRR @ BNHM SDM SHLDR @MC QDBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR. "ESDQ @KK LDLADQR NE SGD BK@RR G@UD BNLOKDSDC SGD DWODQHLDMS
(SNRRDC @ BNHM SDM SHLDR @MC BNTMSDC SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR), EHKK HM 2;<F? 4.1. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR HM SDM SNRRDR
NE SGD BNHM.
: $L?KO?H=S I@ : 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S I@ :
2;<F? 4.1
=. 8GHBG U@KTD(R) NE N NBBTQQDC LNRS EQDPTDMSKX
>. *E XNT SNRRDC SGD BNHM 1,000 SHLDR, VG@S U@KTDR BNTKC N S@JD NM 8GHBG U@KTD(R) NE N CN XNT SGHMJ VNTKC NBBTQ
LNRS EQDPTDMSKX
?. 8G@S CNDR SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM RTL SN
4.1 U .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH (."$) @IL ; "CM=L?N?
0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?
" CHRBQDSD EGD767>A>IN 9>HIG>7JI>DC ;JC8I>DC G@R SVN BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR:
250 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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1. &@BG OQNA@AHKHSX HR ADSVDDM YDQN @MC NMD, HMBKTRHUD.
2. 5GD RTL NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HR NMD.
$T=ILHA 4.1
"BGHKC ORXBGNKNFHRS HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ MDVANQM A@AX'R BQXHMF V@JDR HSR LNSGDQ @ESDQ LHCMHFGS.
'NQ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 50 LNSGDQR, SGD ENKKNVHMF HMENQL@SHNM V@R NAS@HMDC. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR ODQ
VDDJ @ MDVANQM A@AX'R BQXHMF V@JDR HSR LNSGDQ @ESDQ LHCMHFGS. 'NQ SGHR DW@LOKD, N = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
)(N) = OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 1 S@JDR NM @ U@KTD N.
: P(:)
0
P(/ = 0) =
2
50
1
P(/ = 1) =
11
50
2
P(/ = 2) =
23
50
3
P(/ = 3) =
9
50
4
P(/ = 4) =
4
50
5
P(/ = 5) =
1
50
2;<F? 4.2
1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 5GHR HR @ CHRBQDSD 1%' ADB@TRD:
=. &@BG )(N) HR ADSVDDM YDQN @MC NMD, HMBKTRHUD.
>. 5GD RTL NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HR NMD, SG@S HR,
2
50
+
11
50
+
23
50
+
9
50
+
4
50
+
1
50
= 1
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 251
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4.1 " GNROHS@K QDRD@QBGDQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR SGD @UDQ@FD ONRS-NO O@SHDMS VHKK QHMF SGD MTQRD CTQHMF
@ 12-GNTQ RGHES. 'NQ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 50 O@SHDMSR, SGD ENKKNVHMF HMENQL@SHNM V@R NAS@HMDC. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE
SHLDR @ O@SHDMS QHMFR SGD MTQRD CTQHMF @ 12-GNTQ RGHES. 'NQ SGHR DWDQBHRD, N = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. )(N) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 1
S@JDR NM U@KTD N. 8GX HR SGHR @ CHRBQDSD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (SVN QD@RNMR)
" P(:)
0
P(/ = 0) =
4
50
1
P(/ = 1) =
8
50
2
P(/ = 2) =
16
50
3
P(/ = 3) =
14
50
4
P(/ = 4) =
6
50
5
P(/ = 5) =
2
50
2;<F? 4.3
$T=ILHA 4.2
4TOONRD /@MBX G@R BK@RRDR I=G:: 96NH @ VDDJ. 4GD @SSDMCR BK@RRDR SGQDD C@XR @ VDDJ 80%NE SGD SHLD, ILD 96NH
15%NE SGD SHLD, DC: 96N 4%NE SGD SHLD, @MC CD 96NH 1%NE SGD SHLD. 4TOONRD NMD VDDJ HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
@. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR /@MBX ????????????????????.
1IFONCIH 4.2
=. +AP X = PDA JQI>AN KB @=UO -=J?U =PPAJ@O ?H=OO LAN SAAG.
A. 1 S@JDR NM VG@S U@KTDR
1IFONCIH 4.2
>. 0, 1, 2, =J@ 3
B. 4TOONRD NMD VDDJ HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. $NMRSQTBS @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM S@AKD (B@KKDC @ 1%' S@AKD) KHJD SGD
NMD HM #R;GJF? 4.1. 5GD S@AKD RGNTKC G@UD SVN BNKTLMR K@ADKDC N @MC )(N). 8G@S CNDR SGD )(N) BNKTLM RTLSN
1IFONCIH 4.2
252 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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?.
: P(:)
0 0.01
1 0.04
2 0.15
3 0.80
2;<F? 4.4
4.2 +DQDLH@G G@R A@RJDSA@KK OQ@BSHBD SVN C@XR @ VDDJ. /HMDSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, GD @SSDMCR ANSG OQ@BSHBDR. &HFGS
ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, GD @SSDMCR NMD OQ@BSHBD. 5VN ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, GD CNDR MNS @SSDMC DHSGDQ OQ@BSHBD. 8G@S HR 1 @MC
VG@S U@KTDR CNDR HS S@JD NM
4.2 U +?;H IL #RJ?=N?> 4;FO? ;H> 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
5GD :ME:8I:9 K6AJ: HR NESDM QDEDQQDC SN @R SGD "ADC<-I:GB" 6K:G6<: DG B:6C. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S NUDQ SGD KNMF SDQL NE CNHMF
@M DWODQHLDMS NUDQ @MC NUDQ, XNT VNTKC :ME:8I SGHR @UDQ@FD.
:NT SNRR @ BNHM @MC QDBNQC SGD QDRTKS. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD QDRTKS HR GD@CR *E XNT EKHO @ BNHM SVN SHLDR, CNDR
OQNA@AHKHSX SDKK XNT SG@S SGDRD EKHOR VHKK QDRTKS HM NMD GD@CR @MC NMD S@HK :NT LHFGS SNRR @ E@HQ BNHM SDM SHLDR @MC QDBNQC
MHMD GD@CR. "R XNT KD@QMDC HM 1?=NCIH 3., OQNA@AHKHSX CNDR MNS CDRBQHAD SGD RGNQS-SDQL QDRTKSR NE @M DWODQHLDMS. *S FHUDR
HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS VG@S B@M AD DWODBSDC HM SGD KNMF SDQL. 5N CDLNMRSQ@SD SGHR, ,@QK 1D@QRNM NMBD SNRRDC @ E@HQ BNHM 24,000
SHLDR! )D QDBNQCDC SGD QDRTKSR NE D@BG SNRR, NAS@HMHMF GD@CR 12,012 SHLDR. &C =>H :ME:G>B:CI, -:6GHDC >AAJHIG6I:9 I=: )6L
D; )6G<: +JB7:GH.
1=: )6L D; )6G<: +JB7:GH RS@SDR SG@S, @R SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX DWODQHLDMS HMBQD@RDR, SGD CHEEDQDMBD
ADSVDDM SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE @M DUDMS @MC SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX @OOQN@BGDR YDQN (I=: I=:DG:I>86A EGD767>A>IN 6C9
I=: G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N <:I 8ADH:G 6C9 8ADH:G ID<:I=:G). 8GDM DU@KT@SHMF SGD KNMF-SDQL QDRTKSR NE RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMSR,
VD NESDM V@MS SN JMNV SGD o@UDQ@FDp NTSBNLD. 5GHR oKNMF-SDQL @UDQ@FDp HR JMNVM @R SGD B:6C NQ :ME:8I:9 K6AJ: NE SGD
DWODQHLDMS @MC HR CDMNSDC AX SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQ Z. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, @ESDQ BNMCTBSHMF L@MX SQH@KR NE @M DWODQHLDMS, XNT VNTKC
DWODBS SGHR @UDQ@FD U@KTD.
,-2#
5N EHMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD NQ KNMF SDQL@UDQ@FD, Z, RHLOKX LTKSHOKX D@BG U@KTD NE SGD Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD AX HSR OQNA@AHKHSX
@MC @CC SGD OQNCTBSR.
$T=ILHA 4.3
" LDM'R RNBBDQ SD@L OK@XR RNBBDQ YDQN, NMD, NQ SVN C@XR @ VDDJ. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDX OK@X YDQN C@XR HR 0.2,
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDX OK@X NMD C@X HR 0.5, @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDX OK@X SVN C@XR HR 0.3. 'HMC SGD KNMF-SDQL
@UDQ@FD NQ DWODBSDC U@KTD, Z, NE SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR ODQ VDDJ SGD LDM'R RNBBDQ SD@L OK@XR RNBBDQ.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 253
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5N CN SGD OQNAKDL, EHQRS KDS SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR SGD LDM'R RNBBDQ SD@L OK@XR RNBBDQ
ODQ VDDJ. 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2. $NMRSQTBS @ 1%' S@AKD @CCHMF @ BNKTLM N*)(N). *M SGHR BNKTLM, XNT VHKK
LTKSHOKX D@BG N U@KTD AX HSR OQNA@AHKHSX.
: P(:) :*P(:)
0 0.2 (0)(0.2) = 0
1 0.5 (1)(0.5) = 0.5
2 0.3 (2)(0.3) = 0.6
2;<F? 4.5 #RJ?=N?> 4;FO?
2;<F? 3DEO P=>HA EO ?=HHA@ =J
ATLA?PA@ R=HQA P=>HA. 3DA P=>HA
DAHLO UKQ ?=H?QH=PA PDA
ATLA?PA@ R=HQA KN HKJC-PANI
=RAN=CA.
"CC SGD K@RS BNKTLM N*)(N) SN EHMC SGD KNMF SDQL @UDQ@FD NQ DWODBSDC U@KTD: (0)(0.2) + (1)(0.5) + (2)(0.3) =
0 + 0.5 + 0.6 = 1.1.
5GD DWODBSDC U@KTD HR 1.1. 5GD LDM'R RNBBDQ SD@L VNTKC, NM SGD @UDQ@FD, DWODBS SN OK@X RNBBDQ 1.1 C@XR ODQ
VDDJ. 5GD MTLADQ 1.1 HR SGD KNMF-SDQL@UDQ@FD NQ DWODBSDC U@KTD HE SGD LDM'R RNBBDQ SD@LOK@XR RNBBDQ VDDJ @ESDQ
VDDJ @ESDQ VDDJ. 8D R@X Z = 1.1.
$T=ILHA 4.4
'HMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ MDVANQM A@AX'R BQXHMF V@JDR HSR LNSGDQ @ESDQ LHCMHFGS. 5GD
DWODBSDC U@KTD HR SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE SHLDR ODQ VDDJ @ MDVANQM A@AX'R BQXHMF V@JDR HSR LNSGDQ @ESDQ
LHCMHFGS. $@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD U@QH@AKD @R VDKK.
: P(:) :*P(:)
(: X >)
2
P(:)
0
P(/ = 0) =
2
50
(0)
2
50
= 0
(0 _ 2.1)
2
0.04 = 0.1764
1
P(/ = 1) =
11
50
(1)
11
50
=
11
50
(1 _ 2.1)
2
0.22 = 0.2662
2
P(/ = 2) =
23
50
(2)
23
50
=
46
50
(2 _ 2.1)
2
0.46 = 0.0046
3
P(/ = 3) =
27
50
(3)
9
50
=
27
50
(3 _ 2.1)
2
0.18 = 0.1458
4
P(/ = 4) =
4
50
(4)
4
50
=
16
50
(4 _ 2.1)
2
0.08 = 0.2888
2;<F? 4.6 8KQ ATLA?P = JAS>KNJ PK S=GA EO IKPDAN =BPAN IE@JECDP 2.1 PEIAO
LAN SAAG, KJ PDA =RAN=CA.
254 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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: P(:) :*P(:)
(: X >)
2
P(:)
5
P(/ = 5) =
1
50
(5)
1
50
=
5
50
(5 _ 2.1)
2
0.02 = 0.1682
2;<F? 4.6 8KQ ATLA?P = JAS>KNJ PK S=GA EO IKPDAN =BPAN IE@JECDP 2.1 PEIAO
LAN SAAG, KJ PDA =RAN=CA.
"CC SGD U@KTDR HM SGD SGHQC BNKTLM NE SGD S@AKD SN EHMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD NE 1:
Z = &WODBSDC 7@KTD =
105
50
= 2.1
6RD Z SN BNLOKDSD SGD S@AKD. 5GD ENTQSG BNKTLM NE SGHR S@AKD VHKK OQNUHCD SGD U@KTDR XNT MDDC SN B@KBTK@SD SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 'NQ D@BG U@KTD N, LTKSHOKX SGD RPT@QD NE HSR CDUH@SHNM AX HSR OQNA@AHKHSX. (&@BG CDUH@SHNM G@R
SGD ENQL@S N k Z).
"CC SGD U@KTDR HM SGD ENTQSG BNKTLM NE SGD S@AKD:
0.1764 + 0.2662 + 0.0046 + 0.1458 + 0.2888 + 0.1682 = 1.05
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1 HR SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGHR RTL: \ = 1.0454 v 1.0247
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 255
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4.4 " GNROHS@K QDRD@QBGDQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR SGD @UDQ@FD ONRS-NO O@SHDMS VHKK QHMF SGD MTQRD CTQHMF
@ 12-GNTQ RGHES. 'NQ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 50 O@SHDMSR, SGD ENKKNVHMF HMENQL@SHNM V@R NAS@HMDC. 8G@S HR SGD DWODBSDC
U@KTD
: P(:)
0
P(/ = 0) =
4
50
1
P(/ = 1) =
4
50
2
P(/ = 2) =
16
50
3
P(/ = 3) =
14
50
4
P(/ = 4) =
6
50
5
P(/ = 5) =
2
50
2;<F? 4.7
$T=ILHA 4.5
4TOONRD XNT OK@X @ F@LD NE BG@MBD HM VGHBG EHUD MTLADQR @QD BGNRDM EQNL 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. " BNLOTSDQ
Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSR EHUD MTLADQR EQNL YDQN SN MHMD VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS. :NT O@X $2 SN OK@X @MC BNTKC OQNEHS $100,000
HE XNT L@SBG @KK EHUD MTLADQR HM NQCDQ (XNT FDS XNTQ $2 A@BJ OKTR $100,000). 0UDQ SGD KNMF SDQL, VG@S HR XNTQ
:ME:8I:9 OQNEHS NE OK@XHMF SGD F@LD
5N CN SGHR OQNAKDL, RDS TO @M DWODBSDC U@KTD S@AKD ENQ SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX XNT B@M OQNEHS.
-DS 1 = SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX XNT OQNEHS. 5GD U@KTDR NE N @QD MNS 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 4HMBD XNT @QD
HMSDQDRSDC HM XNTQ OQNEHS (NQ KNRR), SGD U@KTDR NE N @QD 100,000 CNKK@QR @MC u2 CNKK@QR.
5N VHM, XNT LTRS FDS @KK EHUD MTLADQR BNQQDBS, HM NQCDQ. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE BGNNRHMF NMD BNQQDBS MTLADQ HR
1
10
ADB@TRD SGDQD @QD SDM MTLADQR. :NT L@X BGNNRD @ MTLADQ LNQD SG@M NMBD. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE BGNNRHMF @KK
EHUD MTLADQR BNQQDBSKX @MC HM NQCDQ HR
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
= (1)(10
5
) = 0.00001.
5GDQDENQD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE VHMMHMF HR 0.00001 @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE KNRHMF HR
1 0.00001 = 0.99999.
256 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5GD DWODBSDC U@KTD S@AKD HR @R ENKKNVR:
: P(:) :*P(:)
+KOO _2 0.99999 (_2)(0.99999) = _1.99998
/NKBEP 100,000 0.00001 (100000)(0.00001) = 1
2;<F? 4.8 \@@ PDA H=OP ?KHQIJ. _1.99998 + 1 = _0.99998
4HMBD k0.99998 HR @ANTS k1, XNT VNTKC, NM @UDQ@FD, DWODBS SN KNRD @OOQNWHL@SDKX $1 ENQ D@BG F@LD XNT OK@X.
)NVDUDQ, D@BG SHLD XNT OK@X, XNT DHSGDQ KNRD $2 NQ OQNEHS $100,000. 5GD $1 HR SGD @UDQ@FD NQ DWODBSDC -044 ODQ
F@LD @ESDQ OK@XHMF SGHR F@LD NUDQ @MC NUDQ.
4.5 :NT @QD OK@XHMF @ F@LD NE BG@MBD HM VGHBG ENTQ B@QCR @QD CQ@VM EQNL @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ. :NT FTDRR SGD RTHS NE D@BG
B@QC ADENQD HS HR CQ@VM. 5GD B@QCR @QD QDOK@BDC HM SGD CDBJ NM D@BG CQ@V. :NT O@X $1 SN OK@X. *E XNT FTDRR SGD QHFGS RTHS
DUDQX SHLD, XNT FDS XNTQ LNMDX A@BJ @MC $256. 8G@S HR XNTQ DWODBSDC OQNEHS NE OK@XHMF SGD F@LD NUDQ SGD KNMF SDQL
$T=ILHA 4.6
4TOONRD XNT OK@X @ F@LD VHSG @ AH@RDC BNHM. :NT OK@X D@BG F@LD AX SNRRHMF SGD BNHM NMBD. )(GD@CR) =
2
3
@MC
)(S@HKR) =
1
3
. *E XNT SNRR @ GD@C, XNT O@X $6. *E XNT SNRR @ S@HK, XNT VHM $10. *E XNT OK@X SGHR F@LD L@MX SHLDR,
VHKK XNT BNLD NTS @GD@C
@. %DEHMD @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
1IFONCIH 4.6
=. X = =IKQJP KB LNKBEP
A. $NLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF DWODBSDC U@KTD S@AKD.
: :::: ::::
6(- 10
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+.2$ <<<< <<<<
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3
2;<F? 4.9
1IFONCIH 4.6
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: P(:) :P(:)
6(- 10
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B. 8G@S HR SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD, Z %N XNT BNLD NTS @GD@C
1IFONCIH 4.6
?. @@ PDA H=OP ?KHQIJ KB PDA P=>HA. 3DA ATLA?PA@ R=HQA 4 =
2
3
. 8KQ HKOA, KJ =RAN=CA, =>KQP 67 ?AJPO
A=?D PEIA UKQ LH=U PDA C=IA OK UKQ @K JKP ?KIA KQP =DA=@.
4.6 4TOONRD XNT OK@X @ F@LD VHSG @ ROHMMDQ. :NT OK@X D@BG F@LD AX ROHMMHMF SGD ROHMMDQ NMBD. )(QDC) =
2
5
, )(AKTD)
=
2
5
, @MC )(FQDDM) =
1
5
. *E XNT K@MC NM QDC, XNT O@X $10. *E XNT K@MC NM AKTD, XNT CNM'S O@X NQ VHM @MXSGHMF. *E XNT
K@MC NM FQDDM, XNT VHM $10. $NLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF DWODBSDC U@KTD S@AKD.
: P(:)
1A@
20
5
!HQA
2
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2;<F? 4.11
-HJD C@S@, OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR G@UD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR. 5N B@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM (\) NE @ OQNA@AHKHSX
CHRSQHATSHNM, EHMC D@BG CDUH@SHNM EQNL HSR DWODBSDC U@KTD, RPT@QD HS, LTKSHOKX HS AX HSR OQNA@AHKHSX, @CC SGD OQNCTBSR, @MC S@JD
SGD RPT@QD QNNS. 5N TMCDQRS@MC GNV SN CN SGD B@KBTK@SHNM, KNNJ @S SGD S@AKD ENQ SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR ODQ VDDJ @ LDM'R RNBBDQ
SD@LOK@XR RNBBDQ. 5N EHMC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @CC SGD DMSQHDR HM SGD BNKTLM K@ADKDC (N k Z)
2
)(N) @MC S@JD SGD RPT@QD QNNS.
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: P(:) :*P(:)
(: X >)
2
P(:)
0 0.2 (0)(0.2) = 0
(0 _ 1.1)
2
(0.2) = 0.242
1 0.5 (1)(0.5) = 0.5
(1 _ 1.1)
2
(0.5) = 0.005
2 0.3 (2)(0.3) = 0.6
(2 _ 1.1)
2
(0.3) = 0.243
2;<F? 4.12
"CC SGD K@RS BNKTLM HM SGD S@AKD. 0.242 + 0.005 + 0.243 = 0.490. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE 0.49, NQ \
= 0.49 = 0.7
(DMDQ@KKX ENQ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR, VD TRD @ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ @ BNLOTSDQ SN B@KBTK@SD Z @MC \ SN QDCTBD QNTMCNEE DQQNQ.
'NQ RNLD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR, SGDQD @QD RGNQS-BTS ENQLTK@R SG@S ENQ B@KBTK@SHMF Z @MC \.
$T=ILHA 4.7
5NRR @ E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD SVHBD. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE E@BDR SG@S RGNV @M DUDM MTLADQ. $NMRSQTBS @ S@AKD KHJD
2;<F? 4.11 @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M Z @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ NE 1.
1IFONCIH 4.7
5NRRHMF NMD E@HQ RHW-RHCDC CHD SVHBD G@R SGD R@LD R@LOKD RO@BD @R SNRRHMF SVN E@HQ RHW-RHCDC CHBD. 5GD R@LOKD
RO@BD G@R 36 NTSBNLDR:
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
2;<F? 4.13
6RD SGD R@LOKD RO@BD SN BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD:
: P(:) :P(:) (: X >)
2
P(:)
0
9
36
0
(0 _ 1)
2
9
36
=
9
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P(:)
1
18
36
18
36
(1 _ 1)
2
18
36
= 0
2
9
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18
36
(1 _ 1)
2
9
36
=
9
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2;<F? 4.14 "=H?QH=PEJC 4 =J@ 6.
"CC SGD U@KTDR HM SGD SGHQC BNKTLM SN EHMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD: Z =
36
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= 1. 6RD SGHR U@KTD SN BNLOKDSD SGD
ENTQSG BNKTLM.
"CC SGD U@KTDR HM SGD ENTQSG BNKTLM @MC S@JD SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD RTL: j =
18
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v 0.7071.
$T=ILHA 4.8
0M .@X 11, 2013 @S 9:30 1., SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNCDQ@SD RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX (NMD LNCDQ@SD D@QSGPT@JD) VNTKC
NBBTQ HM SGD MDWS 48 GNTQR HM *Q@M V@R @ANTS 21.42%. 4TOONRD XNT L@JD @ ADS SG@S @ LNCDQ@SD D@QSGPT@JD VHKK
NBBTQ HM *Q@M CTQHMF SGHR ODQHNC. *E XNT VHM SGD ADS, XNT VHM $50. *E XNT KNRD SGD ADS, XNT O@X $20. -DS 1 = SGD
@LNTMS NE OQNEHS EQNL @ ADS.
)(VHM) = )(NMD LNCDQ@SD D@QSGPT@JD VHKK NBBTQ) = 21.42%
)(KNRR) = )(NMD LNCDQ@SD D@QSGPT@JD VHKK DEJ NBBTQ) = 100% k 21.42%
*E XNT ADS L@MX SHLDR, VHKK XNT BNLD NTS @GD@C &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD TRHMF MTLADQR.
8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1 $NMRSQTBS @ S@AKD RHLHK@Q SN 2;<F? 4.12 @MC 2;<F? 4.12 SN GDKO XNT @MRVDQ
SGDRD PTDRSHNMR.
1IFONCIH 4.8
: P(:) :(P:)
(: X >)
2
P(:)
SEJ 50 0.2142 10.71
:50 _ (_5.006);
2
(0.2142) = 648.0964
HKOO _20 0.7858 _15.716
:_20 _ (_5.006);
2
(0.7858) = 176.6636
2;<F? 4.15
.D@M = &WODBSDC 7@KTD = 10.71 + (k15.716) = k5.006.
*E XNT L@JD SGHR ADS L@MX SHLDR TMCDQ SGD R@LD BNMCHSHNMR, XNTQ KNMF SDQL NTSBNLD VHKK AD @M @UDQ@FD BEII
NE $5.01 ODQ ADS.
Standard Deviation = 648.0964 + 176.6636 28.7186
260 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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4.8 0M .@X 11, 2013 @S 9:30 1., SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNCDQ@SD RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX (NMD LNCDQ@SD D@QSGPT@JD) VNTKC
NBBTQ HM SGD MDWS 48 GNTQR HM +@O@M V@R @ANTS 1.08%. "R HM #R;GJF? 4.8, XNT ADS SG@S @ LNCDQ@SD D@QSGPT@JD VHKK
NBBTQ HM +@O@M CTQHMF SGHR ODQHNC. *E XNT VHM SGD ADS, XNT VHM $100. *E XNT KNRD SGD ADS, XNT O@X $10. -DS 1 = SGD
@LNTMS NE OQNEHS EQNL @ ADS. 'HMC SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
4NLD NE SGD LNQD BNLLNM CHRBQDSD OQNA@AHKHSX ETMBSHNMR @QD AHMNLH@K, FDNLDSQHB, GXODQFDNLDSQHB, @MC 1NHRRNM. .NRS
DKDLDMS@QX BNTQRDR CN MNS BNUDQ SGD FDNLDSQHB, GXODQFDNLDSQHB, @MC 1NHRRNM. :NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK KDS XNT JMNV HE GD NQ RGD
VHRGDR SN BNUDQ SGDRD CHRSQHATSHNMR.
" OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR @ O@SSDQM. :NT SQX SN EHS @ OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDL HMSN @ E6II:GC NQ CHRSQHATSHNM HM
NQCDQ SN ODQENQL SGD MDBDRR@QX B@KBTK@SHNMR. 5GDRD CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD SNNKR SN L@JD RNKUHMF OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDLR D@RHDQ. &@BG
CHRSQHATSHNM G@R HSR NVM RODBH@K BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR. -D@QMHMF SGD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR DM@AKDR XNT SN CHRSHMFTHRG @LNMF SGD CHEEDQDMS
CHRSQHATSHNMR.
4.3 U CHIGC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD @QD ENTQ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS.
1. 5GDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ NE SQH@KR. 5GHMJ NE SQH@KR @R QDODSHSHNMR NE @M DWODQHLDMS. 5GD KDSSDQ D CDMNSDR SGD MTLADQ NE
SQH@KR.
2. 5GDQD @QD NMKX SVN ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR, B@KKDC "RTBBDRR" @MC, "E@HKTQD," ENQ D@BG SQH@K. 5GD KDSSDQ F CDMNSDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
NE @ RTBBDRR NM NMD SQH@K, @MC G CDMNSDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD NM NMD SQH@K. F + G = 1.
3. 5GD D SQH@KR @QD HMCDODMCDMS @MC @QD QDOD@SDC TRHMF HCDMSHB@K BNMCHSHNMR. #DB@TRD SGD D SQH@KR @QD HMCDODMCDMS, SGD
NTSBNLD NE NMD SQH@K CNDR MNS GDKO HM OQDCHBSHMF SGD NTSBNLD NE @MNSGDQ SQH@K. "MNSGDQ V@X NE R@XHMF SGHR HR SG@S ENQ D@BG
HMCHUHCT@K SQH@K, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX, F, NE @ RTBBDRR @MC OQNA@AHKHSX, G, NE @ E@HKTQD QDL@HM SGD R@LD. 'NQ DW@LOKD, Q@MCNLKX
FTDRRHMF @S @ SQTD-E@KRD RS@SHRSHBR PTDRSHNM G@R NMKX SVN NTSBNLDR. *E @ RTBBDRR HR FTDRRHMF BNQQDBSKX, SGDM @ E@HKTQD HR
FTDRRHMF HMBNQQDBSKX. 4TOONRD +ND @KV@XR FTDRRDR BNQQDBSKX NM @MX RS@SHRSHBR SQTD-E@KRD PTDRSHNM VHSG OQNA@AHKHSX F =
0.6. 5GDM, G = 0.4. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S ENQ DUDQX SQTD-E@KRD RS@SHRSHBR PTDRSHNM +ND @MRVDQR, GHR OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR (F =
0.6) @MC GHR OQNA@AHKHSX NE E@HKTQD (G = 0.4) QDL@HM SGD R@LD.
5GD NTSBNLDR NE @ AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS EHS @ 7>CDB>6A EGD767>A>IN 9>HIG>7JI>DC. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 = SGD MTLADQ
NE RTBBDRRDR NAS@HMDC HM SGD D HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR.
5GD LD@M, Z, @MC U@QH@MBD, \
2
, ENQ SGD AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM HR Z = DF @MC \
2
= DFG. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM,
\, HR SGDM \ = npq .
"MX DWODQHLDMS SG@S G@R BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR SVN @MC SGQDD @MC VGDQD D = 1 HR B@KKDC @ B:GCDJAA> 1G>6A (M@LDC @ESDQ
+@BNA #DQMNTKKH VGN, HM SGD K@SD 1600R, RSTCHDC SGDL DWSDMRHUDKX). " AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS S@JDR OK@BD VGDM SGD MTLADQ NE
RTBBDRRDR HR BNTMSDC HM NMD NQ LNQD #DQMNTKKH 5QH@KR.
$T=ILHA 4.9
"S "#$ $NKKDFD, SGD VHSGCQ@V@K Q@SD EQNL @M DKDLDMS@QX OGXRHBR BNTQRD HR 30%ENQ @MX FHUDM SDQL. 5GHR HLOKHDR
SG@S, ENQ @MX FHUDM SDQL, 70% NE SGD RSTCDMSR RS@X HM SGD BK@RR ENQ SGD DMSHQD SDQL. " "RTBBDRR" BNTKC AD CDEHMDC @R
@M HMCHUHCT@K VGN VHSGCQDV. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN VHSGCQ@V EQNL SGD Q@MCNLKX
RDKDBSDC DKDLDMS@QX OGXRHBR BK@RR.
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4.9 5GD RS@SD GD@KSG AN@QC HR BNMBDQMDC @ANTS SGD @LNTMS NE EQTHS @U@HK@AKD HM RBGNNK KTMBGDR. 'NQSX-DHFGS ODQBDMS NE
RBGNNKR HM SGD RS@SD NEEDQ EQTHS HM SGDHQ KTMBGDR DUDQX C@X. 5GHR HLOKHDR SG@S 52% CN MNS. 8G@S VNTKC @ "RTBBDRR" AD HM
SGHR B@RD
$T=ILHA 4.10
4TOONRD XNT OK@X @ F@LD SG@S XNT B@M NMKX DHSGDQ VHM NQ KNRD. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT VHM @MX F@LD HR 55%,
@MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT KNRD HR 45%. &@BG F@LD XNT OK@X HR HMCDODMCDMS. *E XNT OK@X SGD F@LD 20 SHLDR, VQHSD
SGD ETMBSHNM SG@S CDRBQHADR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT VHM 15 NE SGD 20 SHLDR. )DQD, HE XNT CDEHMD 1 @R SGD MTLADQ NE
VHMR, SGDM 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 20. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR HR F = 0.55. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @
E@HKTQD HR G = 0.45. 5GD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HR D = 20. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM B@M AD RS@SDC L@SGDL@SHB@KKX @R )(N =
15).
4.10 " SQ@HMDQ HR SD@BGHMF @ CNKOGHM SN CN SQHBJR. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD CNKOGHM RTBBDRRETKKX ODQENQLR SGD SQHBJ HR
35%, @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD CNKOGHM CNDR MNS RTBBDRRETKKX ODQENQL SGD SQHBJ HR 65%. 0TS NE 20 @SSDLOSR, XNT V@MS
SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD CNKOGHM RTBBDDCR 12 SHLDR. 4S@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM L@SGDL@SHB@KKX.
$T=ILHA 4.11
" E@HQ BNHM HR EKHOODC 15 SHLDR. &@BG EKHO HR HMCDODMCDMS. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF LNQD SG@M SDM GD@CR
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR HM 15 EKHOR NE SGD E@HQ BNHM. 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 15. 4HMBD SGD BNHM HR
E@HQ, F = 0.5 @MC G = 0.5. 5GD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HR D = 15. 4S@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM L@SGDL@SHB@KKX.
1IFONCIH 4.11
P(/ > 10)
262 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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LNQD SG@M SGQDD SHLDR. 4S@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM L@SGDL@SHB@KKX.
$T=ILHA 4.12
"OOQNWHL@SDKX 70% NE RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR CN SGDHQ GNLDVNQJ HM SHLD ENQ HS SN AD BNKKDBSDC @MC FQ@CDC. &@BG
RSTCDMS CNDR GNLDVNQJ HMCDODMCDMSKX. *M @ RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR NE 50 RSTCDMSR, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS 40
VHKK CN SGDHQ GNLDVNQJ NM SHLD 4STCDMSR @QD RDKDBSDC Q@MCNLKX.
@. 5GHR HR @ AHMNLH@K OQNAKDL ADB@TRD SGDQD HR NMKX @ RTBBDRR NQ @ ??????????, SGDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ NE SQH@KR,
@MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR HR 0.70 ENQ D@BG SQH@K.
1IFONCIH 4.12
=. B=EHQNA
A. *E VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN CN SGDHQ GNLDVNQJ NM SHLD, SGDM GNV CN VD CDEHMD 1
1IFONCIH 4.12
>. X = PDA JQI>AN KB OP=PEOPE?O OPQ@AJPO SDK @K PDAEN DKIASKNG KJ PEIA
B. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR N S@JD NM
1IFONCIH 4.12
?. 0, 1, 2, d, 50
C. 8G@S HR @ "E@HKTQD," HM VNQCR
1IFONCIH 4.12
C. '@HKTQD HR CDEHMDC @R @ RSTCDMS VGN CNDR MNS BNLOKDSD GHR NQ GDQ GNLDVNQJ NM SHLD.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR HR F = 0.70. 5GD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HR D = 50.
D. *E F + G = 1, SGDM VG@S HR G
1IFONCIH 4.12
A. ) = 0.30
E. 5GD VNQCR "@S KD@RS" SQ@MRK@SD @R VG@S JHMC NE HMDPT@KHSX ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM )(N ???? 40).
1IFONCIH 4.12
B. CNA=PAN PD=J KN AMQ=H PK (h)
3DA LNK>=>EHEPU MQAOPEKJ EO P(/ h 40).
4.12 4HWSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE ODNOKD O@RR SGD RS@SD CQHUDQnR DW@L NM SGD EHQRS SQX. " FQNTO NE 50 HMCHUHCT@KR VGN G@UD
S@JDM SGD CQHUDQnR DW@L HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. (HUD SVN QD@RNMR VGX SGHR HR @ AHMNLH@K OQNAKDL.
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,IN;NCIH @IL NB? CHIGC;F: B = CHIGC;F .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH
1 ] B(D, F)
3D@C SGHR @R "1 HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG @ AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM." 5GD O@Q@LDSDQR @QD D @MC F; D = MTLADQ NE SQH@KR, F
= OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR NM D@BG SQH@K.
$T=ILHA 4.13
*S G@R ADDM RS@SDC SG@S @ANTS 41% NE @CTKS VNQJDQR G@UD @ GHFG RBGNNK CHOKNL@ ATS CN MNS OTQRTD @MX ETQSGDQ
DCTB@SHNM. *E 20 @CTKS VNQJDQR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS 12 NE SGDL G@UD @ GHFG
RBGNNK CHOKNL@ ATS CN MNS OTQRTD @MX ETQSGDQ DCTB@SHNM. )NV L@MX @CTKS VNQJDQR CN XNT DWODBS SN G@UD @ GHFG
RBGNNK CHOKNL@ ATS CN MNS OTQRTD @MX ETQSGDQ DCTB@SHNM
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE VNQJDQR VGN G@UD @ GHFG RBGNNK CHOKNL@ ATS CN MNS OTQRTD @MX ETQSGDQ DCTB@SHNM.
1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, ..., 20 VGDQD D = 20, F = 0.41, @MC G = 1 k 0.41 = 0.59. 1 ] B(20, 0.41)
'HMC )(N x 12). )(N x 12) = 0.9738. (B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ)
(N HMSN 2
MC
%*453. 5GD RXMS@W ENQ SGD HMRSQTBSHNMR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
1D 86A8JA6I: (& = K6AJ:): 7>CDBE9;(n, !, CJB7:G) HE "MTLADQ" HR KDES NTS, SGD QDRTKS HR SGD AHMNLH@K
OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD.
1D 86A8JA6I: P(& U K6AJ:): 7>CDB89;(n, !, CJB7:G) HE "MTLADQ" HR KDES NTS, SGD QDRTKS HR SGD BTLTK@SHUD
AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD.
#DG I=>H EGD7A:B: A;I:G NDJ 6G: >C 2
C9
!&01/, 6GGDL 9DLC ID 7>CDB89;. -G:HH "+1"/. "CI:G
20,0.41,12). 1=: G:HJAI >H P(& U 12) = 0.9738.
,-2#
*E XNT V@MS SN EHMC )(N = 12), TRD SGD OCE (AHMNLOCE). *E XNT V@MS SN EHMC )(N > 12), TRD
AHMNLBCE(20,0.41,12).
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS 12 VNQJDQR G@UD @ GHFG RBGNNK CHOKNL@ ATS CN MNS OTQRTD @MX ETQSGDQ DCTB@SHNM
HR 0.9738.
5GD FQ@OG NE 1 ] B(20, 0.41) HR @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 4.2
264 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5GD O-@WHR BNMS@HMR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE N, VGDQD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE VNQJDQR VGN G@UD NMKX @ GHFG RBGNNK
CHOKNL@.
5GD MTLADQ NE @CTKS VNQJDQR SG@S XNT DWODBS SN G@UD @ GHFG RBGNNK CHOKNL@ ATS MNS OTQRTD @MX ETQSGDQ
DCTB@SHNM HR SGD LD@M, Z = DF = (20)(0.41) = 8.2.
5GD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD U@QH@MBD HR j
2
= DFG. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ = npq .
\ = (20)(0.41)(0.59) = 2.20.
4.13 "ANTS 32% NE RSTCDMSR O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ BNLLTMHSX UNKTMSDDQ OQNFQ@L NTSRHCD NE RBGNNK. *E 30 RSTCDMSR @QD
RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS 14 NE SGDL O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ BNLLTMHSX UNKTMSDDQ OQNFQ@L NTSRHCD
NE RBGNNK. 6RD SGD 5*-83+ NQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD @MRVDQ.
$T=ILHA 4.14
*M SGD 2013 #;HHO`I AHJ7H7C7 @QS RTOOKHDR B@S@KNF, SGDQD @QD 560 O@FDR. &HFGS NE SGD O@FDR ED@STQD RHFM@STQD @QSHRSR.
4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD 100 O@FDR. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR SG@S ED@STQD RHFM@STQD @QSHRSR.
=. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR N S@JD NM
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM 'HMC SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR:
E. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SVN O@FDR ED@STQD RHFM@STQD @QSHRSR
EE. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS RHW O@FDR ED@STQD RHFM@STQD @QSHRSR
EEE. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M SGQDD O@FDR ED@STQD RHFM@STQD @QSHRSR.
?. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@R, B@KBTK@SD SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
1IFONCIH 4.14
=. N = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
>. 1 ] B
100,
8
560
E. )(N = 2) = AHMNLOCE
100,
8
560
, 2
= 0.2466
EE. )(N x 6) = AHMNLBCE
100,
8
560
, 6
= 0.9994
EEE. )(N > 3) = 1 k )(N x 3) = 1 k AHMNLBCE
100,
8
560
, 3
= 1 k 0.9443 = 0.0557
?. E. .D@M = DF = (100)
8
560
=
800
560
v 1.4286
EE. 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM = npq = (100)
8
560
552
560
v 1.1867
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 265
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4.14 "BBNQCHMF SN @ (@KKTO ONKK, 60% NE "LDQHB@M @CTKSR OQDEDQ R@UHMF NUDQ RODMCHMF. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE
"LDQHB@M @CTKSR NTS NE @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 50 VGN OQDEDQ R@UHMF SN RODMCHMF.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1
>. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR:
E. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 25 @CTKSR HM SGD R@LOKD OQDEDQ R@UHMF NUDQ RODMCHMF
EE. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS 20 @CTKSR OQDEDQ R@UHMF
EEE. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M 30 @CTKSR OQDEDQ R@UHMF
?. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@R, B@KBTK@SD SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
$T=ILHA 4.15
5GD KHEDSHLD QHRJ NE CDUDKNOHMF O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ HR @ANTS NMD HM 78 (1.28%). 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD 200
ODNOKD. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN VHKK CDUDKNO O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1
>. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@R, B@KBTK@SD SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
?. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS DHFGS ODNOKD CDUDKNO O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ
@. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S EHUD NQ RHW ODNOKD VHKK CDUDKNO O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
1IFONCIH 4.15
=. 1 B(200, 0.0128)
>. E. .D@M = DF = 200(0.0128) = 2.56
EE. 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM = npq = (200)(0.0128)(0.9853) 1.5897
?. 6RHMF SGD 5*-83, 83+, 84 B@KBTK@SNQ VHSG HMRSQTBSHNMR @R OQNUHCDC HM #R;GJF? 4.13:
)(N x 8) = AHMNLBCE(200, 0.0128, 8) = 0.9988
@. )(N = 5) = AHMNLOCE(200, 0.0128, 5) = 0.0707
)(N = 6) = AHMNLOCE(200, 0.0128, 6) = 0.0298
4N )(N = 5) > )(N = 6); HS HR LNQD KHJDKX SG@S EHUD ODNOKD VHKK CDUDKNO B@MBDQ SG@M RHW.
4.15 %TQHMF SGD 2013 QDFTK@Q /#" RD@RNM, %D"MCQD +NQC@M NE SGD -NR "MFDKDR $KHOODQR G@C SGD GHFGDRS EHDKC FN@K
BNLOKDSHNM Q@SD HM SGD KD@FTD. %D"MCQD RBNQDC VHSG 61.3% NE GHR RGNSR. 4TOONRD XNT BGNNRD @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 80
RGNSR L@CD AX %D"MCQD CTQHMF SGD 2013 RD@RNM. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE RGNSR SG@S RBNQDC ONHMSR.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1
>. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@R, B@KBTK@SD SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
?. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S %D"MCQD RBNQDC VHSG 60 NE SGDRD RGNSR.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S %D"MCQD RBNQDC VHSG LNQD SG@M 50 NE SGDRD RGNSR.
$T=ILHA 4.16
5GD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKD HKKTRSQ@SDR @ OQNAKDL SG@S HR CDI AHMNLH@K. *S UHNK@SDR SGD BNMCHSHNM NE HMCDODMCDMBD. "#$
$NKKDFD G@R @ RSTCDMS @CUHRNQX BNLLHSSDD L@CD TO NE SDM RS@EE LDLADQR @MC RHW RSTCDMSR. 5GD BNLLHSSDD VHRGDR
SN BGNNRD @ BG@HQODQRNM @MC @ QDBNQCDQ. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BG@HQODQRNM @MC QDBNQCDQ @QD ANSG RSTCDMSR
5GD M@LDR NE @KK BNLLHSSDD LDLADQR @QD OTS HMSN @ ANW, @MC SVN M@LDR @QD CQ@VM L>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI. 5GD
EHQRS M@LD CQ@VM CDSDQLHMDR SGD BG@HQODQRNM @MC SGD RDBNMC M@LD SGD QDBNQCDQ. 5GDQD @QD SVN SQH@KR. )NVDUDQ,
SGD SQH@KR @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS ADB@TRD SGD NTSBNLD NE SGD EHQRS SQH@K @EEDBSR SGD NTSBNLD NE SGD RDBNMC SQH@K. 5GD
OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RSTCDMS NM SGD EHQRS CQ@V HR
6
16
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RSTCDMS NM SGD RDBNMC CQ@V HR
5
15
, VGDM SGD
266 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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EHQRS CQ@V RDKDBSR @ RSTCDMS. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR
6
15
, VGDM SGD EHQRS CQ@V RDKDBSR @ RS@EE LDLADQ. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE
CQ@VHMF @ RSTCDMS'R M@LD BG@MFDR ENQ D@BG NE SGD SQH@KR @MC, SGDQDENQD, UHNK@SDR SGD BNMCHSHNM NE HMCDODMCDMBD.
4.16 " K@BQNRRD SD@L HR RDKDBSHMF @ B@OS@HM. 5GD M@LDR NE @KK SGD RDMHNQR @QD OTS HMSN @ G@S, @MC SGD EHQRS SGQDD SG@S @QD
CQ@VM VHKK AD SGD B@OS@HMR. 5GD M@LDR @QD MNS QDOK@BDC NMBD SGDX @QD CQ@VM (NMD ODQRNM B@MMNS AD SVN B@OS@HMR). :NT
V@MS SN RDD HE SGD B@OS@HMR @KK OK@X SGD R@LD ONRHSHNM. 4S@SD VGDSGDQ SGHR HR AHMNLH@K NQ MNS @MC RS@SD VGX.
4.4 U %?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GDQD @QD SGQDD L@HM BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ FDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS.
1. 5GDQD @QD NMD NQ LNQD #DQMNTKKH SQH@KR VHSG @KK E@HKTQDR DWBDOS SGD K@RS NMD, VGHBG HR @ RTBBDRR. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, XNT JDDO
QDOD@SHMF VG@S XNT @QD CNHMF TMSHK SGD EHQRS RTBBDRR. 5GDM XNT RSNO. 'NQ DW@LOKD, XNT SGQNV @ C@QS @S @ ATKKRDXD TMSHK
XNT GHS SGD ATKKRDXD. 5GD EHQRS SHLD XNT GHS SGD ATKKRDXD HR @ "RTBBDRR" RN XNT RSNO SGQNVHMF SGD C@QS. *S LHFGS S@JD RHW
SQHDR TMSHK XNT GHS SGD ATKKRDXD. :NT B@M SGHMJ NE SGD SQH@KR @R E@HKTQD, E@HKTQD, E@HKTQD, E@HKTQD, E@HKTQD, RTBBDRR, 4501.
2. *M SGDNQX, SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR BNTKC FN NM ENQDUDQ. 5GDQD LTRS AD @S KD@RS NMD SQH@K.
3. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX, F, NE @ RTBBDRR @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX, G, NE @ E@HKTQD HR SGD R@LD ENQ D@BG SQH@K. F + G = 1 @MC G = 1 u F.
'NQ DW@LOKD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE QNKKHMF @ SGQDD VGDM XNT SGQNV NMD E@HQ CHD HR
1
6
. 5GHR HR SQTD MN L@SSDQ GNV L@MX
SHLDR XNT QNKK SGD CHD. 4TOONRD XNT V@MS SN JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF SGD EHQRS SGQDD NM SGD EHESG QNKK. 0M QNKKR NMD
SGQNTFG ENTQ, XNT CN MNS FDS @ E@BD VHSG @ SGQDD. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ D@BG NE QNKKR HR G =
5
6
, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF @ SGQDD NM SGD EHESG QNKK HR
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
1
6
= 0.0804
1 = SGD MTLADQ NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR TMSHK SGD EHQRS RTBBDRR.
$T=ILHA 4.17
:NT OK@X @ F@LD NE BG@MBD SG@S XNT B@M DHSGDQ VHM NQ KNRD (SGDQD @QD MN NSGDQ ONRRHAHKHSHDR) JCI>A XNT KNRD. :NTQ
OQNA@AHKHSX NE KNRHMF HR F = 0.57. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS S@JDR EHUD F@LDR TMSHK XNT KNRD -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ
NE F@LDR XNT OK@X TMSHK XNT KNRD (HMBKTCDR SGD KNRHMF F@LD). 5GDM 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 1, 2, 3, ... (BNTKC FN NM
HMCDEHMHSDKX). 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM HR )(N = 5).
4.17 :NT SGQNV C@QSR @S @ AN@QC TMSHK XNT GHS SGD BDMSDQ @QD@. :NTQ OQNA@AHKHSX NE GHSSHMF SGD BDMSDQ @QD@ HR ) = 0.17.
:NT V@MS SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS S@JDR DHFGS SGQNVR TMSHK XNT GHS SGD BDMSDQ. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
$T=ILHA 4.18
" R@EDSX DMFHMDDQ EDDKR SG@S 35% NE @KK HMCTRSQH@K @BBHCDMSR HM GDQ OK@MS @QD B@TRDC AX E@HKTQD NE DLOKNXDDR SN
ENKKNV HMRSQTBSHNMR. 4GD CDBHCDR SN KNNJ @S SGD @BBHCDMS QDONQSR (RDKDBSDC Q@MCNLKX @MC QDOK@BDC HM SGD OHKD @ESDQ
QD@CHMF) JCI>A RGD EHMCR NMD SG@S RGNVR @M @BBHCDMS B@TRDC AX E@HKTQD NE DLOKNXDDR SN ENKKNV HMRSQTBSHNMR. 0M
@UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX QDONQSR VNTKC SGD R@EDSX DMFHMDDQ :ME:8I SN KNNJ @S TMSHK RGD EHMCR @ QDONQS RGNVHMF @M
@BBHCDMS B@TRDC AX DLOKNXDD E@HKTQD SN ENKKNV HMRSQTBSHNMR 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@EDSX DMFHMDDQ VHKK
G@UD SN DW@LHMD @S KD@RS SGQDD QDONQSR TMSHK RGD EHMCR @ QDONQS RGNVHMF @M @BBHCDMS B@TRDC AX DLOKNXDD E@HKTQD SN
ENKKNV HMRSQTBSHNMR
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 267
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-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE @BBHCDMSR SGD R@EDSX DMFHMDDQ LTRS DW@LHMD JCI>A RGD EHMCR @ QDONQS RGNVHMF @M
@BBHCDMS B@TRDC AX DLOKNXDD E@HKTQD SN ENKKNV HMRSQTBSHNMR. 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 1, 2, 3, .... 5GD EHQRS PTDRSHNM
@RJR XNT SN EHMC SGD :ME:8I:9 K6AJ: NQ SGD LD@M. 5GD RDBNMC PTDRSHNM @RJR XNT SN EHMC @R )(N y 3). (""S KD@RS"
SQ@MRK@SDR SN @ "FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN" RXLANK).
4.18 "M HMRSQTBSNQ EDDKR SG@S 15% NE RSTCDMSR FDS ADKNV @ $ NM SGDHQ EHM@K DW@L. 4GD CDBHCDR SN KNNJ @S EHM@K DW@LR
(RDKDBSDC Q@MCNLKX @MC QDOK@BDC HM SGD OHKD @ESDQ QD@CHMF) TMSHK RGD EHMCR NMD SG@S RGNVR @ FQ@CD ADKNV @ $. 8D V@MS SN
JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK G@UD SN DW@LHMD @S KD@RS SDM DW@LR TMSHK RGD EHMCR NMD VHSG @ FQ@CD ADKNV
@ $. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM RS@SDC L@SGDL@SHB@KKX
$T=ILHA 4.19
4TOONRD SG@S XNT @QD KNNJHMF ENQ @ RSTCDMS @S XNTQ BNKKDFD VGN KHUDR VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE XNT. :NT JMNV SG@S 55%
NE SGD 25,000 RSTCDMSR CN KHUD VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE XNT. :NT Q@MCNLKX BNMS@BS RSTCDMSR EQNL SGD BNKKDFD JCI>A NMD
R@XR GD NQ RGD KHUDR VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE XNT. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT MDDC SN BNMS@BS ENTQ ODNOKD
5GHR HR @ FDNLDSQHB OQNAKDL ADB@TRD XNT L@X G@UD @ MTLADQ NE E@HKTQDR ADENQD XNT G@UD SGD NMD RTBBDRR
XNT CDRHQD. "KRN, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR RS@XR SGD R@LD D@BG SHLD XNT @RJ @ RSTCDMS HE GD NQ RGD KHUDR VHSGHM
EHUD LHKDR NE XNT. 5GDQD HR MN CDEHMHSD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR (MTLADQ NE SHLDR XNT @RJ @ RSTCDMS).
@. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ???????????? XNT LTRS @RJ ???????????? NMD R@XR XDR.
1IFONCIH 4.19
=. +AP X = PDA JQI>AN KB MNO>?HNM UKQ IQOP =OG OHNCF KJA O=UO UAO.
A. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
1IFONCIH 4.19
>. 1, 2, 3, d, (PKP=H JQI>AN KB OPQ@AJPO)
B. 8G@S @QD F @MC G
1IFONCIH 4.19
?. ( = 0.55; ) = 0.45
C. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM HR )(???????).
1IFONCIH 4.19
@. P(/ = 4)
4.19 :NT MDDC SN EHMC @ RSNQD SG@S B@QQHDR @ RODBH@K OQHMSDQ HMJ. :NT JMNV SG@S NE SGD RSNQDR SG@S B@QQX OQHMSDQ HMJ, 10%
NE SGDL B@QQX SGD RODBH@K HMJ. :NT Q@MCNLKX B@KK D@BG RSNQD TMSHK NMD G@R SGD HMJ XNT MDDC. 8G@S @QD F @MC G
,IN;NCIH @IL NB? %?IG?NLC=: % = %?IG?NLC= .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH
1 ] (F)
268 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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3D@C SGHR @R "1 HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG @ <:DB:IG>8 9>HIG>7JI>DC." 5GD O@Q@LDSDQ HR F; F = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @
RTBBDRR ENQ D@BG SQH@K.
$T=ILHA 4.20
"RRTLD SG@S SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ CDEDBSHUD BNLOTSDQ BNLONMDMS HR 0.02. $NLONMDMSR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 'HMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD EHQRS CDEDBS HR B@TRDC AX SGD RDUDMSG BNLONMDMS SDRSDC. )NV L@MX BNLONMDMSR CN XNT
DWODBS SN SDRS TMSHK NMD HR ENTMC SN AD CDEDBSHUD
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE BNLOTSDQ BNLONMDMSR SDRSDC TMSHK SGD EHQRS CDEDBS HR ENTMC.
1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 1, 2, 3, ... VGDQD F = 0.02. 1 ] ((0.02)
'HMC )(N = 7). )(N = 7) = 0.0177.
5N EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N = 7,
c &MSDQ 2
MC
, %*453
c 4BQNKK CNVM @MC RDKDBS FDNLDSOCE(
c 1QDRR &/5&3
c &MSDQ 0.2, 7); OQDRR &/5&3 SN RDD SGD QDRTKS: )(N = 7) = 0.0177
5N EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N x 7, ENKKNV SGD R@LD HMRSQTBSHNMR &9$&15 RDKDBS &:FDNLDSBCE(@R SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RDUDMSG BNLONMDMS HR SGD EHQRS CDEDBS HR 0.0177.
5GD FQ@OG NE 1 ] ((0.02) HR:
$CAOL? 4.3
5GD O-@WHR BNMS@HMR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE N, VGDQD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE BNLOTSDQ BNLONMDMSR SDRSDC.
5GD MTLADQ NE BNLONMDMSR SG@S XNT VNTKC DWODBS SN SDRS TMSHK XNT EHMC SGD EHQRS CDEDBSHUD NMD HR SGD LD@M,
= 50 .
5GD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD LD@M HR Z =
1
p
=
1
0.02
= 50
5GD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD U@QH@MBD HR \
2
=
1
p
1
p
1
1
0.02
1
0.02
1
= 2,450
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ =
1
p
1
p
1
1
0.02
1
0.02
1
= 49.5
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 269
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4.20 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ CDEDBSHUD RSDDK QNC HR 0.01. 4SDDK QNCR @QD RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S
SGD EHQRS CDEDBS NBBTQR NM SGD MHMSG RSDDK QNC. 6RD SGD 5*-83+ NQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD @MRVDQ.
$T=ILHA 4.21
5GD KHEDSHLD QHRJ NE CDUDKNOHMF O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ HR @ANTS NMD HM 78 (1.28%). -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD
XNT @RJ TMSHK NMD R@XR GD NQ RGD G@R O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ. 5GDM 1 HR @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG @ FDNLDSQHB
CHRSQHATSHNM: 1 ]
1
78
NQ 1 ] (0.0147).
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SG@S XNT @RJ SDM ODNOKD ADENQD NMD R@XR GD NQ RGD G@R O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ 20 ODNOKD
?. 'HMC SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
1IFONCIH 4.21
=. )(N = 10) = FDNLDSOCE(0.0128, 10) = 0.0114
>. )(N = 20) = FDNLDSOCE(0.0128, 20) = 0.01
?. E. .D@M = Z =
1
p
=
1
0.0128
= 78
EE. 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM = \ =
1 p
p
2
=
1 0.0128
0.0128
2
v 77.6234
4.21 5GD KHSDQ@BX Q@SD ENQ @ M@SHNM LD@RTQDR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD @FD 15 @MC NUDQ VGN B@M QD@C @MC VQHSD. 5GD
KHSDQ@BX Q@SD ENQ VNLDM HM "EFG@MHRS@M HR 12%. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE "EFG@MH VNLDM XNT @RJ TMSHK NMD R@XR SG@S RGD
HR KHSDQ@SD.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT @RJ EHUD VNLDM ADENQD NMD R@XR RGD HR KHSDQ@SD
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ SDM VNLDM
@. 'HMC SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
4.5 U &SJ?LA?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GDQD @QD EHUD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS.
1. :NT S@JD R@LOKDR EQNL ILD FQNTOR.
2. :NT @QD BNMBDQMDC VHSG @ FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS, B@KKDC SGD EHQRS FQNTO.
3. :NT R@LOKD L>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI EQNL SGD BNLAHMDC FQNTOR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, XNT V@MS SN BGNNRD @ RNESA@KK SD@L EQNL
@ BNLAHMDC FQNTO NE 11 LDM @MC 13 VNLDM. 5GD SD@L BNMRHRSR NE SDM OK@XDQR.
4. &@BG OHBJ HR CDI HMCDODMCDMS, RHMBD R@LOKHMF HR VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS. *M SGD RNESA@KK DW@LOKD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE
OHBJHMF @ VNL@M EHQRS HR
13
24
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE OHBJHMF @ L@M RDBNMC HR
11
23
HE @ VNL@M V@R OHBJDC EHQRS. *S HR
10
23
HE
@ L@M V@R OHBJDC EHQRS. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD RDBNMC OHBJ CDODMCR NM VG@S G@OODMDC HM SGD EHQRS OHBJ.
5. :NT @QD CDI CD@KHMF VHSG #DQMNTKKH 5QH@KR.
270 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5GD NTSBNLDR NE @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS EHS @ =NE:G<:DB:IG>8 EGD767>A>IN CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1
= SGD MTLADQ NE HSDLR EQNL SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS.
$T=ILHA 4.22
" B@MCX CHRG BNMS@HMR 100 IDKKX AD@MR @MC 80 FTLCQNOR. 'HESX B@MCHDR @QD OHBJDC @S Q@MCNL. 8G@S HR SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 35 NE SGD 50 @QD FTLCQNOR 5GD SVN FQNTOR @QD IDKKX AD@MR @MC FTLCQNOR. 4HMBD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
PTDRSHNM @RJR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE OHBJHMF FTLCQNOR, SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO) HR FTLCQNOR. 5GD RHYD NE
SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO) HR 80. 5GD RHYD NE SGD RDBNMC FQNTO HR 100. 5GD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD HR 50 (IDKKX
AD@MR NQ FTLCQNOR). -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE FTLCQNOR HM SGD R@LOKD NE 50. 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR N = 0, 1, 2, ...,
50. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS VQHSSDM L@SGDL@SHB@KKX
1IFONCIH 4.22
P(/ = 35)
4.22 " A@F BNMS@HMR KDSSDQ SHKDR. 'NQSX-ENTQ NE SGD SHKDR @QD UNVDKR, @MC 56 @QD BNMRNM@MSR. 4DUDM SHKDR @QD OHBJDC @S
Q@MCNL. :NT V@MS SN JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ENTQ NE SGD RDUDM SHKDR @QD UNVDKR. 8G@S HR SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS, SGD RHYD
NE SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS, @MC SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD
$T=ILHA 4.23
4TOONRD @ RGHOLDMS NE 100 %7% OK@XDQR HR JMNVM SN G@UD SDM CDEDBSHUD OK@XDQR. "M HMRODBSNQ Q@MCNLKX BGNNRDR
12 ENQ HMRODBSHNM. )D HR HMSDQDRSDC HM CDSDQLHMHMF SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S, @LNMF SGD 12 OK@XDQR, @S LNRS SVN @QD
CDEDBSHUD. 5GD SVN FQNTOR @QD SGD 90 MNM-CDEDBSHUD %7% OK@XDQR @MC SGD 10 CDEDBSHUD %7% OK@XDQR. 5GD FQNTO
NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO) HR SGD CDEDBSHUD FQNTO ADB@TRD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM @RJR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @S LNRS
SVN CDEDBSHUD %7% OK@XDQR. 5GD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD HR 12 %7% OK@XDQR. (5GDX L@X AD MNM-CDEDBSHUD NQ CDEDBSHUD.)
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE CDEDBSHUD %7% OK@XDQR HM SGD R@LOKD NE 12. 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, ..., 10. 1 L@X
MNS S@JD NM SGD U@KTDR 11 NQ 12. 5GD R@LOKD RHYD HR 12, ATS SGDQD @QD NMKX 10 CDEDBSHUD %7% OK@XDQR. 8QHSD SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS L@SGDL@SHB@KKX.
1IFONCIH 4.23
P(/ g 2)
4.23 " FQNRR NE DFFR BNMS@HMR 144 DFFR. " O@QSHBTK@Q FQNRR HR JMNVM SN G@UD 12 BQ@BJDC DFFR. "M HMRODBSNQ Q@MCNLKX
BGNNRDR 15 ENQ HMRODBSHNM. 4GD V@MSR SN JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S, @LNMF SGD 15, @S LNRS SGQDD @QD BQ@BJDC. 8G@S HR 1,
@MC VG@S U@KTDR CNDR HS S@JD NM
$T=ILHA 4.24
:NT @QD OQDRHCDMS NE @M NM-B@LOTR RODBH@K DUDMSR NQF@MHY@SHNM. :NT MDDC @ BNLLHSSDD NE RDUDM RSTCDMSR SN OK@M @
RODBH@K AHQSGC@X O@QSX ENQ SGD OQDRHCDMS NE SGD BNKKDFD. :NTQ NQF@MHY@SHNM BNMRHRSR NE 18 VNLDM @MC 15 LDM. :NT
@QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE LDM NM XNTQ BNLLHSSDD. *E SGD LDLADQR NE SGD BNLLHSSDD @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC,
VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNTQ BNLLHSSDD G@R LNQD SG@M ENTQ LDM
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 271
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5GHR HR @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB OQNAKDL ADB@TRD XNT @QD BGNNRHMF XNTQ BNLLHSSDD EQNL SVN FQNTOR (LDM @MC
VNLDM).
@. "QD XNT BGNNRHMF VHSG NQ VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS
1IFONCIH 4.24
=. SEPDKQP
A. 8G@S HR SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS
1IFONCIH 4.24
>. PDA IAJ
B. )NV L@MX @QD HM SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS
1IFONCIH 4.24
?. 15 IAJ
C. )NV L@MX @QD HM SGD NSGDQ FQNTO
1IFONCIH 4.24
@. 18 SKIAJ
D. -DS 1 = ????????? NM SGD BNLLHSSDD. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
1IFONCIH 4.24
A. +AP X = NB? HOG<?L I@ G?H KJ PDA ?KIIEPPAA. / = 0, 1, 2, d, 7.
E. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM HR )(???????).
1IFONCIH 4.24
B. P(/ > 4)
4.24 " O@KDSSD G@R 200 LHKJ B@QSNMR. 0E SGD 200 B@QSNMR, HS HR JMNVM SG@S SDM NE SGDL G@UD KD@JDC @MC B@MMNS AD RNKC.
" RSNBJ BKDQJ Q@MCNLKX BGNNRDR 18 ENQ HMRODBSHNM. )D V@MSR SN JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @LNMF SGD 18, MN LNQD SG@M
SVN @QD KD@JHMF. (HUD EHUD QD@RNMR VGX SGHR HR @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB OQNAKDL.
,IN;NCIH @IL NB? &SJ?LA?IG?NLC=: & = &SJ?LA?IG?NLC= .LI<;<CFCNS
"CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH
1 ] !(H, 8, D)
3D@C SGHR @R "1 HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB CHRSQHATSHNM." 5GD O@Q@LDSDQR @QD H, 8, @MC D; H = SGD RHYD
NE SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO), 8 = SGD RHYD NE SGD RDBNMC FQNTO, D = SGD RHYD NE SGD BGNRDM R@LOKD.
$T=ILHA 4.25
" RBGNNK RHSD BNLLHSSDD HR SN AD BGNRDM Q@MCNLKX EQNL RHW LDM @MC EHUD VNLDM. *E SGD BNLLHSSDD BNMRHRSR NE
ENTQ LDLADQR BGNRDM Q@MCNLKX, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SVN NE SGDL @QD LDM )NV L@MX LDM CN XNT DWODBS
SN AD NM SGD BNLLHSSDD
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE LDM NM SGD BNLLHSSDD NE ENTQ. 5GD LDM @QD SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO).
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1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, VGDQD H = 6, 8 = 5, @MC D = 4. 1 Q !(6, 5, 4)
'HMC )(N k 2). )(N = 2) = 0.4545 (B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ)
,-2#
$TQQDMSKX, SGD 5*-83+ @MC 5*-84 CN MNS G@UD GXODQFDNLDSQHB OQNA@AHKHSX ETMBSHNMR. 5GDQD @QD @ MTLADQ
NE BNLOTSDQ O@BJ@FDR, HMBKTCHMF .HBQNRNES &WBDK, SG@S CN.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD SVN LDM NM SGD BNLLHSSDD HR @ANTS 0.45.
5GD FQ@OG NE 1 ] !(6, 5, 4) HR:
$CAOL? 4.4
5GD O-@WHR BNMS@HMR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE 1, VGDQD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE LDM NM SGD BNLLHSSDD.
:NT VNTKC DWODBS C = 2.18 (@ANTS SVN) LDM NM SGD BNLLHSSDD.
5GD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD LD@M HR =
nr
r + b
=
(4)(6)
6 + 5
= 2.18
4.25 "M HMSQ@LTQ@K A@RJDSA@KK SD@L HR SN AD BGNRDM Q@MCNLKX EQNL 15 ANXR @MC 12 FHQKR. 5GD SD@L G@R SDM RKNSR. :NT
V@MS SN JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DHFGS NE SGD OK@XDQR VHKK AD ANXR. 8G@S HR SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS @MC SGD R@LOKD
4.6 U .ICMMIH "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GDQD @QD SVN L@HM BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ 1NHRRNM DWODQHLDMS.
1. 5GD -D>HHDC EGD767>A>IN 9>HIG>7JI>DC FHUDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ MTLADQ NE DUDMSR NBBTQQHMF HM @ ;>M:9 >CI:GK6A NE
SHLD NQ RO@BD HE SGDRD DUDMSR G@OODM VHSG @ JMNVM @UDQ@FD Q@SD @MC HMCDODMCDMSKX NE SGD SHLD RHMBD SGD K@RS DUDMS. 'NQ
DW@LOKD, @ ANNJ DCHSNQ LHFGS AD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE VNQCR RODKKDC HMBNQQDBSKX HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q ANNJ. *S LHFGS AD
SG@S, NM SGD @UDQ@FD, SGDQD @QD EHUD VNQCR RODKKDC HMBNQQDBSKX HM 100 O@FDR. 5GD HMSDQU@K HR SGD 100 O@FDR.
2. 5GD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM L@X AD TRDC SN @OOQNWHL@SD SGD AHMNLH@K HE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR HR "RL@KK" (RTBG @R
0.01) @MC SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HR "K@QFD" (RTBG @R 1,000). :NT VHKK UDQHEX SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO HM SGD GNLDVNQJ DWDQBHRDR. D
HR SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR, @MC F HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ "RTBBDRR."
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5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE NBBTQQDMBDR HM SGD HMSDQU@K NE HMSDQDRS.
$T=ILHA 4.26
5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE KN@UDR NE AQD@C OTS NM @ RGDKE HM @ A@JDQX HM @ G@KE-GNTQ ODQHNC HR 12. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD
MTLADQ NE KN@UDR NE AQD@C OTS NM SGD RGDKE HM EHUD LHMTSDR. 5GD SHLD HMSDQU@K NE HMSDQDRS HR EHUD LHMTSDR. 8G@S HR
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD MTLADQ NE KN@UDR, RDKDBSDC Q@MCNLKX, OTS NM SGD RGDKE HM EHUD LHMTSDR HR SGQDD
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE KN@UDR NE AQD@C OTS NM SGD RGDKE HM EHUD LHMTSDR. *E SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE KN@UDR OTS
NM SGD RGDKE HM 30 LHMTSDR (G@KE-GNTQ) HR 12, I=:C I=: 6K:G6<: CJB7:G D; AD6K:H EJI DC I=: H=:A; >C ;>K: B>CJI:H
>H
5
30
1
8
(6) = 0.75 B@KKR HM 15 LHMTSDR, NM @UDQ@FD. 4N, Z = 0.75 ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL.
1 ] )(0.75)
'HMC )(N > 1). )(N > 1) = 0.1734 (B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ)
c 1QDRR 1 k @MC SGDM OQDRR 2
MC
%*453.
c "QQNV CNVM SN ONHRRNMBCE. 1QDRR &/5&3.
c &MSDQ (.75,1).
c 5GD QDRTKS HR )(N > 1) = 0.1734.
,-2#
5GD 5* B@KBTK@SNQR TRD Y (K@LAC@) ENQ SGD LD@M.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 275
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5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S -D@G QDBDHUDR LNQD SG@M NMD SDKDOGNMD B@KK HM SGD MDWS 15 LHMTSDR HR @ANTS 0.1734:
)(N > 1) = 1 u ONHRRNMBCE(0.75, 1).
5GD FQ@OG NE 1 ] )(0.75) HR:
$CAOL? 4.5
5GD O-@WHR BNMS@HMR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE N VGDQD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE B@KKR HM 15 LHMTSDR.
4.29 " BTRSNLDQ RDQUHBD BDMSDQ QDBDHUDR @ANTS SDM DL@HKR DUDQX G@KE-GNTQ. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD
BTRSNLDQ RDQUHBD BDMSDQ QDBDHUDR LNQD SG@M ENTQ DL@HKR HM SGD MDWS RHW LHMTSDR 6RD SGD 5*-83+ NQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQ SN
EHMC SGD @MRVDQ.
$T=ILHA 4.30
"BBNQCHMF SN #@XCHM, @M DL@HK L@M@FDLDMS BNLO@MX, @M DL@HK TRDQ FDSR, NM @UDQ@FD, 147 DL@HKR ODQ C@X. -DS 1
= SGD MTLADQ NE DL@HKR @M DL@HK TRDQ QDBDHUDR ODQ C@X. 5GD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR N = 0,
1, 2 r. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 G@R @ 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM: 1 ] )(147). 5GD LD@M HR 147 DL@HKR.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M DL@HK TRDQ QDBDHUDR DW@BSKX 160 DL@HKR ODQ C@X
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M DL@HK TRDQ QDBDHUDR @S LNRS 160 DL@HKR ODQ C@X
?. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
1IFONCIH 4.30
=. )(N = 160) = ONHRRNMOCE(147, 160) v 0.0180
>. )(N x 160) = ONHRRNMBCE(147, 160) v 0.8666
?. 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM = = = 147 12.1244
4.30 "BBNQCHMF SN @ QDBDMS ONKK AX SGD 1DV *MSDQMDS 1QNIDBS, FHQKR ADSVDDM SGD @FDR NE 14 @MC 17 RDMC @M @UDQ@FD NE
187 SDWS LDRR@FDR D@BG C@X. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE SDWSR SG@S @ FHQK @FDC 14 SN 17 RDMCR ODQ C@X. 5GD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL
U@QH@AKD 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR N = 0, 1, 2 r. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 G@R @ 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM: 1 ] )(187). 5GD LD@M
HR 187 SDWS LDRR@FDR.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ SDDM FHQK RDMCR DW@BSKX 175 SDWSR ODQ C@X
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ SDDM FHQK RDMCR @S LNRS 150 SDWSR ODQ C@X
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?. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
$T=ILHA 4.31
5DWS LDRR@FD TRDQR QDBDHUD NQ RDMC @M @UDQ@FD NE 41.5 SDWS LDRR@FDR ODQ C@X.
=. )NV L@MX SDWS LDRR@FDR CNDR @ SDWS LDRR@FD TRDQ QDBDHUD NQ RDMC ODQ GNTQ
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ SDWS LDRR@FD TRDQ QDBDHUDR NQ RDMCR SVN LDRR@FDR ODQ GNTQ
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ SDWS LDRR@FD TRDQ QDBDHUDR NQ RDMCR LNQD SG@M SVN LDRR@FDR ODQ GNTQ
1IFONCIH 4.31
=. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE SDWSR SG@S @ TRDQ RDMCR NQ QDBDHUDR HM NMD GNTQ. 5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE SDWSR QDBDHUDC
ODQ GNTQ HR
41.5
24
v 1.7292.
>. 1 ] )(1.7292), RN )(N = 2) = ONHRRNMOCE(1.7292, 2) v 0.2653
?. )(N > 2) = 1 k )(N x 2) = 1 k ONHRRNMBCE(1.7292, 2) v 1 k 0.7495 = 0.2505
4.31 "SK@MS@nR )@QSREHDKC-+@BJRNM *MSDQM@SHNM@K "HQONQS HR SGD ATRHDRS @HQONQS HM SGD VNQKC. 0M @UDQ@FD SGDQD @QD 2,500
@QQHU@KR @MC CDO@QSTQDR D@BG C@X.
=. )NV L@MX @HQOK@MDR @QQHUD @MC CDO@QS SGD @HQONQS ODQ GNTQ
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD DW@BSKX 100 @QQHU@KR @MC CDO@QSTQDR HM NMD GNTQ
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD @S LNRS 100 @QQHU@KR @MC CDO@QSTQDR HM NMD GNTQ
$T=ILHA 4.32
0M .@X 13, 2013, RS@QSHMF @S 4:30 1., SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE KNV RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX ENQ SGD MDWS 48 GNTQR HM "K@RJ@
V@R QDONQSDC @R @ANTS 1.02%. 6RD SGHR HMENQL@SHNM ENQ SGD MDWS 200 C@XR SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD VHKK AD
KNV RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX HM SDM NE SGD MDWS 200 C@XR. 6RD ANSG SGD AHMNLH@K @MC 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNMR SN B@KBTK@SD SGD
OQNA@AHKHSHDR. "QD SGDX BKNRD
1IFONCIH 4.32
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR VHSG KNV RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX.
6RHMF SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM:
c )(N = 10) = AHMNLOCE(200, .0102, 10) v 0.000039
6RHMF SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM:
c $@KBTK@SD Z = DF = 200(0.0102) v 2.04
c )(N = 10) = ONHRRNMOCE(2.04, 10) v 0.000045
8D DWODBS SGD @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN AD FNNC ADB@TRD D HR K@QFD (FQD@SDQ SG@M 20) @MC F HR RL@KK (KDRR SG@M 0.05).
5GD QDRTKSR @QD BKNRDlANSG OQNA@AHKHSHDR QDONQSDC @QD @KLNRS 0.
4.32 0M .@X 13, 2013, RS@QSHMF @S 4:30 1., SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE LNCDQ@SD RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX ENQ SGD MDWS 48 GNTQR HM SGD
,TQHK *RK@MCR NEE SGD BN@RS NE +@O@M V@R QDONQSDC @S @ANTS 1.43%. 6RD SGHR HMENQL@SHNM ENQ SGD MDWS 100 C@XR SN EHMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD VHKK AD KNV RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX HM EHUD NE SGD MDWS 100 C@XR. 6RD ANSG SGD AHMNLH@K @MC 1NHRRNM
CHRSQHATSHNMR SN B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR. "QD SGDX BKNRD
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 277
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4.1 "CM=L?N? "CMNLC<ONCIH (.F;SCHA !;L> #RJ?LCG?HN)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNLO@QD DLOHQHB@K C@S@ @MC @ SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN CDSDQLHMD HE @M DUDQXC@X DWODQHLDMS EHSR
@ CHRBQDSD CHRSQHATSHNM.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDLNMRSQ@SD @M TMCDQRS@MCHMF NE KNMF-SDQL OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
1OJJFC?M
c 0MD ETKK CDBJ NE OK@XHMF B@QCR
.LI=?>OL?
5GD DWODQHLDMS@K OQNBDCTQD HR SN OHBJ NMD B@QC EQNL @ CDBJ NE RGTEEKDC B@QCR.
1. 5GD SGDNQDBSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE OHBJHMF @ CH@LNMC EQNL @ CDBJ HR ?????????.
2. 4GTEEKD @ CDBJ NE B@QCR.
3. 1HBJ NMD B@QC EQNL HS.
4. 3DBNQC VGDSGDQ HS V@R @ CH@LNMC NQ MNS @ CH@LNMC.
5. 1TS SGD B@QC A@BJ @MC QDRGTEEKD.
6. %N SGHR @ SNS@K NE SDM SHLDR.
7. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE CH@LNMCR OHBJDC.
8. -DS 1 = MTLADQ NE CH@LNMCR. 5GDNQDSHB@KKX, 1 ] B(?????,?????)
-LA;HCT? NB? ";N;
1. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE CH@LNMCR OHBJDC ENQ XNTQ BK@RR HM 2;<F? 4.16. 5GDM B@KBTK@SD SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX.
: $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
1 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
3 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
4 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
5 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
6 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
7 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
8 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 4.16
278 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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: $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
9 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
10 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 4.16
2. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ????????
>. I = ????????
3. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD DLOHQHB@K C@S@.
$CAOL? 4.6
2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
=. #THKC SGD SGDNQDSHB@K 1%' BG@QS A@RDC NM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HM SGD JLI=?>OL? M?=NCIH.
: P(:)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 279
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: P(:)
7
8
9
10
2;<F? 4.17
>. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. Z = ????????????
>. \ = ????????????
?. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 4.7
3MCHA NB? ";N;
,-2#
+F = QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX
6RD SGD S@AKD EQNL SGD 2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH RDBSHNM SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF @MRVDQR. 3NTMC XNTQ
@MRVDQR SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
c )(N = 3) = ???????????????????????
c )(1 < N < 4) = ???????????????????????
c )(N y 8) = ???????????????????????
6RD SGD C@S@ EQNL SGD -LA;HCT? NB? ";N; RDBSHNM SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF @MRVDQR. 3NTMC XNTQ @MRVDQR SN
ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
c +F(N = 3) = ???????????????????????
c +F(1 < N < 4) = ???????????????????????
c +F(N y 8) = ???????????????????????
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIHM
280 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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'NQ PTDRSHNMR 1 @MC 2, SGHMJ @ANTS SGD RG@ODR NE SGD SVN FQ@OGR, SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR, @MC SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR, SGD
LD@MR, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
1. ,MNVHMF SG@S C@S@ U@QX, CDRBQHAD SGQDD RHLHK@QHSHDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR @MC CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K @MC
DLOHQHB@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 6RD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
2. %DRBQHAD SGD SGQDD LNRS RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR NQ CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K @MC DLOHQHB@K
CHRSQHATSHNMR.
3. 6RHMF XNTQ @MRVDQR EQNL SGD PTDRSHNMR 1 @MC 2, CNDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD C@S@ EHS SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM *M
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
4. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD DWODQHLDMS G@C ADDM QDOD@SDC 500 SHLDR. 8NTKC XNT DWODBS 2;<F? 4.16 NQ 2;<F? 4.17 SN
BG@MFD, @MC GNV VNTKC HS BG@MFD 8GX 8GX VNTKCMnS SGD NSGDQ S@AKD BG@MFD
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 281
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4.2 "CM=L?N? "CMNLC<ONCIH (*O=ES "C=? #RJ?LCG?HN)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNLO@QD DLOHQHB@K C@S@ @MC @ SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN CDSDQLHMD HE @ 5DS F@LAKHMF F@LD EHSR @
CHRBQDSD CHRSQHATSHNM.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDLNMRSQ@SD @M TMCDQRS@MCHMF NE KNMF-SDQL OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
1OJJFC?M
c NMD o-TBJX %HBDp F@LD NQ SGQDD QDFTK@Q CHBD
.LI=?>OL?
3NTMC @MRVDQR SN QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX @MC OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDLR SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
1. 5GD DWODQHLDMS@K OQNBDCTQD HR SN ADS NM NMD NAIDBS. 5GDM, QNKK SGQDD -TBJX %HBD @MC BNTMS SGD MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR.
5GD MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR VHKK CDBHCD XNTQ OQNEHS.
2. 8G@S HR SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE NMD CHD L@SBGHMF SGD NAIDBS
3. $GNNRD NMD NAIDBS SN OK@BD @ ADS NM. 3NKK SGD SGQDD -TBJX %HBD. $NTMS SGD MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR.
4. -DS 1 = MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR. 5GDNQDSHB@KKX, 1 ] B(??????,??????)
5. -DS 2 = OQNEHS ODQ F@LD.
-LA;HCT? NB? ";N;
*M 2;<F? 4.18, EHKK HM SGD O U@KTD SG@S BNQQDRONMCR SN D@BG N U@KTD. /DWS, QDBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR OHBJDC ENQ
XNTQ BK@RR. 5GDM, B@KBTK@SD SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX.
1. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD.
R S $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0
1
2
3
2;<F? 4.18
2. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ???????
>. I
N
= ????????
?. y
= ???????
@. I
O
= ???????
3. &WOK@HM VG@S x
QDOQDRDMSR.
4. &WOK@HM VG@S y
QDOQDRDMSR.
5. #@RDC TONM SGD DWODQHLDMS:
=. 8G@S V@R SGD @UDQ@FD OQNEHS ODQ F@LD
282 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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>. %HC SGHR QDOQDRDMS @M @UDQ@FD VHM NQ KNRR ODQ F@LD
?. )NV CN XNT JMNV "MRVDQ HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
6. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD DLOHQHB@K C@S@.
$CAOL? 4.8
2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
#THKC SGD SGDNQDSHB@K 1%' BG@QS ENQ N @MC O A@RDC NM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM EQNL SGD "JLI=?>OL? M?=NCIH".
1.
: ; P(:) = P(;)
0
1
2
3
2;<F? 4.19
2. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. Z
N
= ???????
>. \
N
= ???????
?. Z
N
= ???????
3. &WOK@HM VG@S Z
N
QDOQDRDMSR.
4. &WOK@HM VG@S Z
O
QDOQDRDMSR.
5. #@RDC TONM SGDNQX:
=. 8G@S V@R SGD DWODBSDC OQNEHS ODQ F@LD
>. %HC SGD DWODBSDC OQNEHS QDOQDRDMS @M @UDQ@FD VHM NQ KNRR ODQ F@LD
?. )NV CN XNT JMNV "MRVDQ HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
6. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 283
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$CAOL? 4.9
3M? NB? ";N;
,-2#
+F = QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX
6RD SGD C@S@ EQNLSGD 2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH RDBSHNM SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF @MRVDQR. 3NTMC XNTQ @MRVDQR
SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
1. )(N = 3) = ?????????????????
2. )(0 < N < 3) = ?????????????????
3. )(N y 2) = ?????????????????
6RD SGD C@S@ EQNL SGD -LA;HCT? NB? ";N; RDBSHNM SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF @MRVDQR. 3NTMC XNTQ @MRVDQR SN
ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
1. +F(W = 3) = ?????????????????
2. +F(0 < N < 3) = ?????????????????
3. +F(N y 2) = ?????????????????
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIH
'NQ PTDRSHNMR 1 @MC 2, BNMRHCDQ SGD FQ@OGR, SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR, SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR, SGD LD@MR, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR.
1. ,MNVHMF SG@S C@S@ U@QX, CDRBQHAD SGQDD RHLHK@QHSHDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR @MC CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K @MC
DLOHQHB@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 6RD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
2. %DRBQHAD SGD SGQDD LNRS RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR NQ CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K @MC DLOHQHB@K
CHRSQHATSHNMR.
3. 5GHMJHMF @ANTS XNTQ @MRVDQR SN PTDRSHNMR 1 @MC 2, CNDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD C@S@ EHS SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM *M
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
4. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD DWODQHLDMS G@C ADDM QDOD@SDC 500 SHLDR. 8NTKC XNT DWODBS 2;<F? 4.18 NQ 2;<F? 4.19 SN
BG@MFD, @MC GNV VNTKC HS BG@MFD 8GX 8GX VNTKCMnS SGD NSGDQ S@AKD BG@MFD
284 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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?LHIOFFC 2LC;FM
CHIGC;F #RJ?LCG?HN
CHIGC;F .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH
#RJ?=N?> 4;FO?
%?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
%?IG?NLC= #RJ?LCG?HN
&SJ?LA?IG?NLC= #RJ?LCG?HN
&SJ?LA?IG?NLC= .LI<;<CFCNS
+?;H I@ ; .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH
+?;H
)#7 2#0+1
@M DWODQHLDMS VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR:
1. 5GDQD @QD NMKX SVN ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR B@KKDC oRTBBDRRp @MC oE@HKTQDp ENQ D@BG SQH@K.
2. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX F NE @ RTBBDRR HR SGD R@LD ENQ @MX SQH@K (RN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX G = 1 u F NE @ E@HKTQD HR SGD R@LD ENQ
@MX SQH@K).
@ RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS SG@S R@SHREHDR SGD ENKKNVHMF SGQDD BNMCHSHNMR:
1. 5GDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ NE SQH@KR, D.
2. 5GDQD @QD NMKX SVN ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR, B@KKDC "RTBBDRR" @MC, "E@HKTQD," ENQ D@BG SQH@K. 5GD KDSSDQ F CDMNSDR SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR NM NMD SQH@K, @MC G CDMNSDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD NM NMD SQH@K.
3. 5GD D SQH@KR @QD HMCDODMCDMS @MC @QD QDOD@SDC TRHMF HCDMSHB@K BNMCHSHNMR.
@ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD (37) SG@S @QHRDR EQNL#DQMNTKKH SQH@KR; SGDQD @QD @ EHWDC
MTLADQ, D, NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR. o*MCDODMCDMSp LD@MR SG@S SGD QDRTKS NE @MX SQH@K (ENQ DW@LOKD, SQH@K NMD) CNDR MNS
@EEDBS SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD ENKKNVHMF SQH@KR, @MC @KK SQH@KR @QD BNMCTBSDC TMCDQ SGD R@LD BNMCHSHNMR. 6MCDQ SGDRD
BHQBTLRS@MBDR SGD AHMNLH@K 37 1 HR CDEHMDC @R SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR HM D SQH@KR. 5GD MNS@SHNM HR: 1 ] B(D, F). 5GD
LD@M HR Z = DF @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ = npq . 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE DW@BSKX N RTBBDRRDR HM D SQH@KR HR
)(1 = N) =
n
x
F
W
G
M u W
.
DWODBSDC @QHSGLDSHB @UDQ@FD VGDM @M DWODQHLDMS HR QDOD@SDC L@MX SHLDR; @KRN B@KKDC SGD LD@M.
/NS@SHNMR: Z. 'NQ @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) VHSG OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM )(N),SGD CDEHMHSHNM B@M @KRN
AD VQHSSDM HM SGD ENQL Z = N)(N).
@ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S @QHRDR EQNL SGD #DQMNTKKH SQH@KR; SGD SQH@KR @QD QDOD@SDC
TMSHK SGD EHQRS RTBBDRR. 5GD FDNLDSQHB U@QH@AKD 1 HR CDEHMDC @R SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR TMSHK SGD EHQRS RTBBDRR. /NS@SHNM: 1
] (F). 5GD LD@M HR Z =
1
p
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ =
1
p
1
p
1
) HR
x
=
Sum of all values in the sample
Number of values in the sample
@MC SGD LD@M ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM (CDMNSDC AX Z) HR Z =
Sum of all values in the sample
Number of values in the sample
.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 285
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.ICMMIH .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH
.LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH (."$)
0;H>IG 4;LC;<F? (04)
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH I@ ; .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH
2B? *;Q I@ *;LA? ,OG<?LM
@ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S BNTMSR SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ BDQS@HM DUDMS
VHKK NBBTQ HM @ RODBHEHB HMSDQU@K; BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE SGD U@QH@AKD:
c 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD DUDMS NBBTQR HM @ FHUDM HMSDQU@K HR SGD R@LD ENQ @KK HMSDQU@KR.
c 5GD DUDMSR NBBTQ VHSG @ JMNVM LD@M @MC HMCDODMCDMSKX NE SGD SHLD RHMBD SGD K@RS DUDMS.
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR CDEHMDC AX SGD LD@M Z NE SGD DUDMS HM SGD HMSDQU@K. /NS@SHNM: 1 ] )(Z). 5GD LD@M HR Z = DF.
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR = . 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE G@UHMF DW@BSKX N RTBBDRRDR HM H SQH@KR HR )(1 = W ) = (e
x
x!
. 5GD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM HR NESDM TRDC SN @OOQNWHL@SD SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM, VGDM D HR oK@QFDp @MC F HR oRL@KKp
(@ FDMDQ@K QTKD HR SG@S D RGNTKC AD FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 20 @MC F RGNTKC AD KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 0.05).
@ L@SGDL@SHB@K CDRBQHOSHNM NE @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (+/), FHUDM
DHSGDQ HM SGD ENQL NE @M DPT@SHNM (ENQLTK@) NQ HM SGD ENQL NE @ S@AKD KHRSHMF @KK SGD ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR NE @M
DWODQHLDMS @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX @RRNBH@SDC VHSG D@BG NTSBNLD.
@ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE HMSDQDRS HM @ ONOTK@SHNM ADHMF RSTCHDC; BNLLNM MNS@SHNM ENQ U@QH@AKDR @QD
TOODQ B@RD -@SHM KDSSDQR 1, 2, 3,...; BNLLNM MNS@SHNM ENQ @ RODBHEHB U@KTD EQNL SGD CNL@HM (RDS NE @KK ONRRHAKD U@KTDR
NE @ U@QH@AKD) @QD KNVDQ B@RD -@SHM KDSSDQR N, O, @MC P. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE 1 HR SGD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM HM @ E@LHKX, SGDM N
QDOQDRDMSR @ RODBHEHB HMSDFDQ 0, 1, 2, 3,.... 7@QH@AKDR HM RS@SHRSHBR CHEEDQ EQNL U@QH@AKDR HM HMSDQLDCH@SD @KFDAQ@ HM SGD
SVN ENKKNVHMF V@XR.
c 5GD CNL@HM NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) HR MNS MDBDRR@QHKX @ MTLDQHB@K RDS; SGD CNL@HM L@X AD DWOQDRRDC HM
VNQCR; ENQ DW@LOKD, HE 1 = G@HQ BNKNQ SGDM SGD CNL@HM HR ZAK@BJ, AKNMC, FQ@X, FQDDM, NQ@MFD\.
c 8D B@M SDKK VG@S RODBHEHB U@KTD N NE Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 S@JDR NMKX @ESDQ ODQENQLHMF SGD DWODQHLDMS.
@ MTLADQ SG@S LD@RTQDR GNV E@Q SGD NTSBNLDR NE @ RS@SHRSHB@K
DWODQHLDMS @QD EQNL SGD LD@M NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM
"R SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX DWODQHLDMS HMBQD@RDR, SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD
SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE @M DUDMS @MC SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX OQNA@AHKHSX @OOQN@BGDR YDQN.
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
4.1 .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH (."$) @IL ; "CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?
5GD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (1%') ENQ @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD @QD @R ENKKNVR:
1. &@BG OQNA@AHKHSX HR ADSVDDM YDQN @MC NMD, HMBKTRHUD (?D9BKI?L; LD@MR SN HMBKTCD YDQN @MC NMD).
2. 5GD RTL NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HR NMD.
4.2 +?;H IL #RJ?=N?> 4;FO? ;H> 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
5GD DWODBSDC U@KTD, NQ LD@M, NE @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD OQDCHBSR SGD KNMF-SDQL QDRTKSR NE @ RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS SG@S G@R
ADDM QDOD@SDC L@MX SHLDR. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM HR TRDC SN LD@RTQD SGD U@QH@AHKHSX NE ONRRHAKD
NTSBNLDR.
4.3 CHIGC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
" RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS B@M AD BK@RRHEHDC @R @ AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS HE SGD ENKKNVHMF BNMCHSHNMR @QD LDS:
1. 5GDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ NE SQH@KR, D.
2. 5GDQD @QD NMKX SVN ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR, B@KKDC "RTBBDRR" @MC, "E@HKTQD" ENQ D@BG SQH@K. 5GD KDSSDQ F CDMNSDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
NE @ RTBBDRR NM NMD SQH@K @MC G CDMNSDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD NM NMD SQH@K.
3. 5GD D SQH@KR @QD HMCDODMCDMS @MC @QD QDOD@SDC TRHMF HCDMSHB@K BNMCHSHNMR.
5GD NTSBNLDR NE @ AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS EHS @ AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE
RTBBDRRDR NAS@HMDC HM SGD D HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR. 5GD LD@M NE 1 B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC TRHMF SGD ENQLTK@ Z = DF, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR FHUDM AX SGD ENQLTK@ j = npq .
4.4 %?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD @QD SGQDD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ FDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS:
1. 5GDQD @QD NMD NQ LNQD #DQMNTKKH SQH@KR VHSG @KK E@HKTQDR DWBDOS SGD K@RS NMD, VGHBG HR @ RTBBDRR.
286 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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2. *M SGDNQX, SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR BNTKC FN NM ENQDUDQ. 5GDQD LTRS AD @S KD@RS NMD SQH@K.
3. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX, F, NE @ RTBBDRR @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX, G, NE @ E@HKTQD @QD SGD R@LD ENQ D@BG SQH@K.
*M @ FDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS, CDEHMD SGD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 @R SGD MTLADQ NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR TMSHK SGD EHQRS
RTBBDRR. 8D R@X SG@S 9 G@R @ FDNLDSQHB CHRSQHATSHNM @MC VQHSD 1 ] (F) VGDQD F HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR HM @ RHMFKD SQH@K.
5GD LD@M NE SGD FDNLDSQHB CHRSQHATSHNM 1 ] (F) HR Z =
1 p
p
2
=
1
p
1
p
1
.
4.5 &SJ?LA?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
" =NE:G<:DB:IG>8 :ME:G>B:CI HR @ RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNODQSHDR:
1. :NT S@JD R@LOKDR EQNL SVN FQNTOR.
2. :NT @QD BNMBDQMDC VHSG @ FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS, B@KKDC SGD EHQRS FQNTO.
3. :NT R@LOKD VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS EQNL SGD BNLAHMDC FQNTOR.
4. &@BG OHBJ HR MNS HMCDODMCDMS, RHMBD R@LOKHMF HR VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS.
5. :NT @QD MNS CD@KHMF VHSG #DQMNTKKH 5QH@KR.
5GD NTSBNLDR NE @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS EHS @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 =
SGD MTLADQ NE HSDLR EQNL SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1 HR CDMNSDC 1 ] !(H, 8, D), VGDQD H = SGD RHYD NE SGD
FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO), 8 = SGD RHYD NE SGD RDBNMC FQNTO, @MC D = SGD RHYD NE SGD BGNRDM R@LOKD. *S ENKKNVR SG@S
D x H + 8. 5GD LD@M NE 1 HR Z =
nr
r + b
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ =
rbn(r + b + n)
(r + b)
2
(r + b 1)
.
4.6 .ICMMIH "CMNLC<ONCIH
" -D>HHDC EGD767>A>IN 9>HIG>7JI>DC NE @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD FHUDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ MTLADQ NE DUDMSR NBBTQQHMF HM
@ EHWDC HMSDQU@K NE SHLD NQ RO@BD, HE SGDRD DUDMSR G@OODM @S @ JMNVM @UDQ@FD Q@SD @MC HMCDODMCDMSKX NE SGD SHLD RHMBD SGD K@RS
DUDMS. 5GD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM L@X AD TRDC SN @OOQNWHL@SD SGD AHMNLH@K, HE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR HR "RL@KK" (KDRR SG@M
NQ DPT@K SN 0.05) @MC SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HR "K@QFD" (FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 20).
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
4.2 +?;H IL #RJ?=N?> 4;FO? ;H> 1N;H>;L>
"?PC;NCIH
.D@M NQ &WODBSDC 7@KTD: =
x X
x(0.2142)P(x)
4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM: =
x X
(x )
2
(0.2142)P(x)
4.3 CHIGC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
1 ] B(D, F) LD@MR SG@S SGD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 G@R @
AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG D SQH@KR @MC OQNA@AHKHSX
NE RTBBDRR F.
1 = SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR HM D HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR
D = SGD MTLADQ NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR
1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR N = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., D
F = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR ENQ @MX SQH@K
G = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD ENQ @MX SQH@K
F + G = 1
G = 1 k F
5GD LD@M NE 1 HR Z = DF. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1 HR \ =
npq .
4.4 %?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
1 ] ((F) LD@MR SG@S SGD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 G@R
@ FDNLDSQHB OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG OQNA@AHKHSX NE
RTBBDRR HM @ RHMFKD SQH@K F.
1 = SGD MTLADQ NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR TMSHK SGD EHQRS RTBBDRR.
1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR N = 1, 2, 3, ...
F = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR ENQ @MX SQH@K
G = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD ENQ @MX SQH@K F + G = 1
G = 1 k F
5GD LD@M HR Z =
1
p
.
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ =
1 p
p
2
=
1
p
1
p
1
.
4.5 &SJ?LA?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
1 ] !(H, 8, D) LD@MR SG@S SGD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 G@R
@ GXODQFDNLDSQHB OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG H = SGD RHYD NE
SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO), 8 = SGD RHYD NE SGD RDBNMC
FQNTO, @MC D = SGD RHYD NE SGD BGNRDM R@LOKD.
1 = SGD MTLADQ NE HSDLR EQNLSGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS SG@S @QD HM
SGD BGNRDM R@LOKD, @MC 1 L@X S@JD NM SGD U@KTDR N = 0, 1, ...,
TO SN SGD RHYD NE SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS. (5GD LHMHLTL U@KTD
ENQ 1 L@X AD K@QFDQ SG@M YDQN HM RNLD HMRS@MBDR.)
D x H + 8
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 287
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5GD LD@M NE 1 HR FHUDM AX SGD ENQLTK@ Z =
nr
r + b
@MC SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR =
rbn(r + b n)
(r + b)
2
(r + b 1)
.
4.6 .ICMMIH "CMNLC<ONCIH
1 ] )(Z) LD@MR SG@S 1 G@R @ 1NHRRNM OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM
VGDQD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE NBBTQQDMBDR HM SGD HMSDQU@K NE
HMSDQDRS.
1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR N = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
5GD LD@M Z HR SXOHB@KKX FHUDM.
5GD U@QH@MBD HR \
2
= Z, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR
= .
8GDM )(Z) HR TRDC SN @OOQNWHL@SD @ AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM,
Z = DF VGDQD D QDOQDRDMSR SGD MTLADQ NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR
@MC F QDOQDRDMSR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR HM @ RHMFKD SQH@K.
.0A!2'!#
4.1 .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH (."$) @IL ; "CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: " BNLO@MX V@MSR SN DU@KT@SD HSR @SSQHSHNM Q@SD, HM NSGDQ
VNQCR, GNV KNMF MDV GHQDR RS@X VHSG SGD BNLO@MX. 0UDQ SGD XD@QR, SGDX G@UD DRS@AKHRGDC SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSX
CHRSQHATSHNM.
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR @ MDV GHQD VHKK RS@X VHSG SGD BNLO@MX.
-DS )(N) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ MDV GHQD VHKK RS@X VHSG SGD BNLO@MX N XD@QR.
1. $NLOKDSD 2;<F? 4.20 TRHMF SGD C@S@ OQNUHCDC.
: P(:)
0 0.12
1 0.18
2 0.30
3 0.15
4
5 0.10
6 0.05
2;<F? 4.20
2. )(N = 4) = ???????
3. )(N y 5) = ???????
4. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV KNMF VNTKC XNT DWODBS @ MDV GHQD SN RS@X VHSG SGD BNLO@MX
5. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNKTLM o)(N)p RTL SN
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: " A@JDQ HR CDBHCHMF GNV L@MX A@SBGDR NE LTEEHMR SN L@JD
SN RDKK HM GHR A@JDQX. )D V@MSR SN L@JD DMNTFG SN RDKK DUDQX NMD @MC MN KDRR. 5GQNTFG NARDQU@SHNM, SGD A@JDQ G@R DRS@AKHRGDC
@ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
288 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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: P(:)
1 0.15
2 0.35
3 0.40
4 0.10
2;<F? 4.21
6. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
7. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SGD A@JDQ VHKK RDKK LNQD SG@M NMD A@SBG )(N > 1) = ???????
8. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SGD A@JDQ VHKK RDKK DW@BSKX NMD A@SBG )(N = 1) = ???????
9. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX A@SBGDR RGNTKC SGD A@JDQ L@JD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I: &KKDM G@R LTRHB OQ@BSHBD SGQDD C@XR @ VDDJ. 4GD OQ@BSHBDR
ENQ @KK NE SGD SGQDD C@XR 85%NE SGD SHLD, SVN C@XR 8%NE SGD SHLD, NMD C@X 4%NE SGD SHLD, @MC MN C@XR 3%NE SGD SHLD. 0MD
VDDJ HR RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL.
10. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
11. $NMRSQTBS @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM S@AKD ENQ SGD C@S@.
12. 8D JMNV SG@S ENQ @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM SN AD CHRBQDSD, HS LTRS G@UD SVN BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR. 0MD HR SG@S SGD RTL
NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HR NMD. 8G@S HR SGD NSGDQ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: +@UHDQ UNKTMSDDQR HM BNLLTMHSX DUDMSR D@BG LNMSG. )D
CNDR MNS CN LNQD SG@M EHUD DUDMSR HM @ LNMSG. )D @SSDMCR DW@BSKX EHUD DUDMSR 35% NE SGD SHLD, ENTQ DUDMSR 25% NE SGD SHLD,
SGQDD DUDMSR 20% NE SGD SHLD, SVN DUDMSR 10% NE SGD SHLD, NMD DUDMS 5% NE SGD SHLD, @MC MN DUDMSR 5% NE SGD SHLD.
13. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
14. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR N S@JD NM
15. $NMRSQTBS @ 1%' S@AKD.
16. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S +@UHDQ UNKTMSDDQR ENQ KDRR SG@M SGQDD DUDMSR D@BG LNMSG. )(N < 3) = ???????
17. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S +@UHDQ UNKTMSDDQR ENQ @S KD@RS NMD DUDMS D@BG LNMSG. )(N > 0) = ???????
4.2 +?;H IL #RJ?=N?> 4;FO? ;H> 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
18. $NLOKDSD SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD S@AKD.
: P(:) :*P(:)
0 0.2
1 0.2
2 0.4
3 0.2
2;<F? 4.22
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 289
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19. 'HMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD EQNL SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD S@AKD.
: P(:) :*P(:)
2 0.1 2(0.1) = 0.2
4 0.3 4(0.3) = 1.2
6 0.4 6(0.4) = 2.4
8 0.2 8(0.2) = 1.6
2;<F? 4.23
20. 'HMC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
: P(:) :*P(:)
(: X >)
2
P(:)
2 0.1 2(0.1) = 0.2
(2_5.4)
2
(0.1) = 1.156
4 0.3 4(0.3) = 1.2
(4_5.4)
2
(0.3) = 0.588
6 0.4 6(0.4) = 2.4
(6_5.4)
2
(0.4) = 0.144
8 0.2 8(0.2) = 1.6
(8_5.4)
2
(0.2) = 1.352
2;<F? 4.24
21. *CDMSHEX SGD LHRS@JD HM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM S@AKD.
: P(:) :*P(:)
1 0.15 0.15
2 0.25 0.50
3 0.30 0.90
4 0.20 0.80
5 0.15 0.75
2;<F? 4.25
22. *CDMSHEX SGD LHRS@JD HM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM S@AKD.
290 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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: P(:) :*P(:)
1 0.15 0.15
2 0.25 0.40
3 0.25 0.65
4 0.20 0.85
5 0.15 1
2;<F? 4.26
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: " OGXRHBR OQNEDRRNQ V@MSR SN JMNV VG@S ODQBDMS NE OGXRHBR
L@INQR VHKK RODMC SGD MDWS RDUDQ@K XD@QR CNHMF ONRS-FQ@CT@SD QDRD@QBG. )D G@R SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
: P(:) :*P(:)
1 0.35
2 0.20
3 0.15
4
5 0.10
6 0.05
2;<F? 4.27
23. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
24. %DEHMD )(N), NQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE N.
25. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OGXRHBR L@INQ VHKK CN ONRS-FQ@CT@SDC QDRD@QBG ENQ ENTQ XD@QR. )(N = 4) = ???????
26. '*MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OGXRHBR L@INQ VHKK CN ONRS-FQ@CT@SD QDRD@QBG ENQ @S LNRS SGQDD XD@QR. )(N x 3) = ???????
27. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX XD@QR VNTKC XNT DWODBS @ OGXRHBR L@INQ SN RODMC CNHMF ONRS-FQ@CT@SD QDRD@QBG
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: " A@KKDS HMRSQTBSNQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM JMNVHMF VG@S ODQBDMS
NE D@BG XD@Q'R BK@RR VHKK BNMSHMTD NM SN SGD MDWS, RN SG@S RGD B@M OK@M VG@S BK@RRDR SN NEEDQ. 0UDQ SGD XD@QR, RGD G@R DRS@AKHRGDC
SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
c -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR @ RSTCDMS VHKK RSTCX A@KKDS VHSG SGD SD@BGDQ.
c -DS )(N) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS VHKK RSTCX A@KKDS N XD@QR.
28. $NLOKDSD 2;<F? 4.28 TRHMF SGD C@S@ OQNUHCDC.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 291
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: P(:) :*P(:)
1 0.10
2 0.05
3 0.10
4
5 0.30
6 0.20
7 0.10
2;<F? 4.28
29. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
30. )(N = 4) = ???????
31. )(N < 4) = ???????
32. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX XD@QR VNTKC XNT DWODBS @ BGHKC SN RSTCX A@KKDS VHSG SGHR SD@BGDQ
33. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNKTLM ")(N)" RTL SN @MC VGX
34. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNKTLM "N*)(N)" RTL SN @MC VGX
35. :NT @QD OK@XHMF @ F@LD AX CQ@VHMF @ B@QC EQNL @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ @MC QDOK@BHMF HS. *E SGD B@QC HR @ E@BD B@QC, XNT VHM $30.
*E HS HR MNS @ E@BD B@QC, XNT O@X $2. 5GDQD @QD 12 E@BD B@QCR HM @ CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. 8G@S HR SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD NE OK@XHMF SGD
F@LD
36. :NT @QD OK@XHMF @ F@LD AX CQ@VHMF @ B@QC EQNL @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ @MC QDOK@BHMF HS. *E SGD B@QC HR @ E@BD B@QC, XNT VHM $30.
*E HS HR MNS @ E@BD B@QC, XNT O@X $2. 5GDQD @QD 12 E@BD B@QCR HM @ CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. 4GNTKC XNT OK@X SGD F@LD
4.3 CHIGC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ D?D; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD )HFGDQ &CTB@SHNM 3DRD@QBG *MRSHSTSD @S 6$-"
BNKKDBSDC C@S@ EQNL203,967 HMBNLHMF EHQRS-SHLD, ETKK-SHLD EQDRGLDM EQNL270 ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFDR @MC TMHUDQRHSHDR HM SGD 6.4.
71.3% NE SGNRD RSTCDMSR QDOKHDC SG@S, XDR, SGDX ADKHDUD SG@S R@LD-RDW BNTOKDR RGNTKC G@UD SGD QHFGS SN KDF@K L@QHS@K RS@STR.
4TOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX OHBJ DHFGS EHQRS-SHLD, ETKK-SHLD EQDRGLDM EQNL SGD RTQUDX. :NT @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ SG@S
ADKHDUDR SG@S R@LD RDW-BNTOKDR RGNTKC G@UD SGD QHFGS SN KDF@K L@QHS@K RS@STR.
37. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
38. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
39. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 S@JD NM
40. $NMRSQTBS SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (1%').
: P(:)
2;<F? 4.29
292 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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: P(:)
2;<F? 4.29
41. 0M @UDQ@FD (Z), GNV L@MX VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN @MRVDQ XDR
42. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM (\)
43. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS EHUD NE SGD EQDRGLDM QDOKX oXDRp
44. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS SVN NE SGD EQDRGLDM QDOKX oXDRp
4.4 %?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD )HFGDQ &CTB@SHNM 3DRD@QBG *MRSHSTSD @S 6$-"
BNKKDBSDC C@S@ EQNL203,967 HMBNLHMF EHQRS-SHLD, ETKK-SHLD EQDRGLDM EQNL270 ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFDR @MC TMHUDQRHSHDR HM SGD 6.4.
71.3% NE SGNRD RSTCDMSR QDOKHDC SG@S, XDR, SGDX ADKHDUD SG@S R@LD-RDW BNTOKDR RGNTKC G@UD SGD QHFGS SN KDF@K L@QHS@K RS@STR.
4TOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS EQDRGL@M EQNL SGD RSTCX TMSHK XNT EHMC NMD VGN QDOKHDR oXDR.p :NT @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD
MTLADQ NE EQDRGLDM XNT LTRS @RJ.
45. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
46. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
47. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 S@JD NM
48. $NMRSQTBS SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (1%'). 4SNO @S N = 6.
: P(:)
1
2
3
4
5
2;<F? 4.30
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 293
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: P(:)
6
2;<F? 4.30
49. 0M @UDQ@FD (Z), GNV L@MX EQDRGLDM VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN G@UD SN @RJ TMSHK XNT ENTMC NMD VGN QDOKHDR "XDR"
50. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT VHKK MDDC SN @RJ EDVDQ SG@M SGQDD EQDRGLDM
4.5 &SJ?LA?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD SG@S @ FQNTO NE RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR HR CHUHCDC HMSN
SVN FQNTOR: ATRHMDRR L@INQR @MC MNM-ATRHMDRR L@INQR. 5GDQD @QD 16 ATRHMDRR L@INQR HM SGD FQNTO @MC RDUDM MNM-ATRHMDRR
L@INQR HM SGD FQNTO. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE MHMD RSTCDMSR HR S@JDM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE ATRHMDRR L@INQR HM SGD
R@LOKD.
51. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
52. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
53. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
54. $NMRSQTBS SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (1%') ENQ 1.
55. 0M @UDQ@FD (Z), GNV L@MX VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN AD ATRHMDRR L@INQR
4.6 .ICMMIH "CMNLC<ONCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: 0M @UDQ@FD, @ BKNSGHMF RSNQD FDSR 120 BTRSNLDQR ODQ C@X.
56. "RRTLD SGD DUDMS NBBTQR HMCDODMCDMSKX HM @MX FHUDM C@X. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
57. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
58. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF 150 BTRSNLDQR HM NMD C@X
59. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF 35 BTRSNLDQR HM SGD EHQRS ENTQ GNTQR "RRTLD SGD RSNQD HR NODM 12 GNTQR D@BG C@X.
60. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSNQD VHKK G@UD LNQD SG@M 12 BTRSNLDQR HM SGD EHQRS GNTQ
61. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSNQD VHKK G@UD EDVDQ SG@M 12 BTRSNLDQR HM SGD EHQRS SVN GNTQR
62. 8GHBG SXOD NE CHRSQHATSHNM B@M SGD 1NHRRNM LNCDK AD TRDC SN @OOQNWHL@SD 8GDM VNTKC XNT CN SGHR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: 0M @UDQ@FD, DHFGS SDDMR HM SGD 6.4. CHD EQNL LNSNQ UDGHBKD
HMITQHDR ODQ C@X. "R @ QDRTKS, RS@SDR @BQNRR SGD BNTMSQX @QD CDA@SHMF Q@HRHMF SGD CQHUHMF @FD.
63. "RRTLD SGD DUDMS NBBTQR HMCDODMCDMSKX HM @MX FHUDM C@X. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
64. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
65. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
66. 'NQ SGD FHUDM U@KTDR NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1, EHKK HM SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
67. *R HS KHJDKX SG@S SGDQD VHKK AD MN SDDMR JHKKDC EQNLLNSNQ UDGHBKD HMITQHDR NM @MX FHUDM C@X HM SGD 6.4 +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ
MTLDQHB@KKX.
68. *R HS KHJDKX SG@S SGDQD VHKK AD LNQD SG@M 20 SDDMR JHKKDC EQNL LNSNQ UDGHBKD HMITQHDR NM @MX FHUDM C@X HM SGD 6.4. +TRSHEX
XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
&-+#5-0)
4.1 .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH (."$) @IL ; "CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?
69. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD 1%' ENQ SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR HS S@JDR SN D@QM @ #@BGDKNQ NE 4BHDMBD (#.4.) CDFQDD HR FHUDM HM 2;<F?
4.31.
294 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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: P(:)
3 0.05
4 0.40
5 0.30
6 0.15
7 0.10
2;<F? 4.31
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. 8G@S CNDR HS LD@M SG@S SGD U@KTDR YDQN, NMD, @MC SVN @QD MNS HMBKTCDC ENQ N HM SGD 1%'
4.2 +?;H IL #RJ?=N?> 4;FO? ;H> 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
70. " SGD@SDQ FQNTO GNKCR @ ETMC-Q@HRDQ. *S RDKKR 100 Q@EEKD SHBJDSR ENQ $5 @OHDBD. 4TOONRD XNT OTQBG@RD ENTQ SHBJDSR. 5GD OQHYD
HR SVN O@RRDR SN @ #QN@CV@X RGNV, VNQSG @ SNS@K NE $150.
=. 8G@S @QD XNT HMSDQDRSDC HM GDQD
>. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
?. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 1%'.
A. *E SGHR ETMC-Q@HRDQ HR QDOD@SDC NESDM @MC XNT @KV@XR OTQBG@RD ENTQ SHBJDSR, VG@S VNTKC AD XNTQ DWODBSDC @UDQ@FD
VHMMHMFR ODQ Q@EEKD
71. " F@LD HMUNKUDR RDKDBSHMF @ B@QC EQNL @ QDFTK@Q 52-B@QC CDBJ @MC SNRRHMF @ BNHM. 5GD BNHM HR @ E@HQ BNHM @MC HR DPT@KKX
KHJDKX SN K@MC NM GD@CR NQ S@HKR.
c *E SGD B@QC HR @ E@BD B@QC, @MC SGD BNHM K@MCR NM )D@CR, XNT VHM $6
c *E SGD B@QC HR @ E@BD B@QC, @MC SGD BNHM K@MCR NM 5@HKR, XNT VHM $2
c *E SGD B@QC HR MNS @ E@BD B@QC, XNT KNRD $2, MN L@SSDQ VG@S SGD BNHM RGNVR.
=. 'HMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD ENQ SGHR F@LD (DWODBSDC MDS F@HM NQ KNRR).
>. &WOK@HM VG@S XNTQ B@KBTK@SHNMR HMCHB@SD @ANTS XNTQ KNMF-SDQL @UDQ@FD OQNEHSR @MC KNRRDR NM SGHR F@LD.
?. 4GNTKC XNT OK@X SGHR F@LD SN VHM LNMDX
72. :NT ATX @ KNSSDQX SHBJDS SN @ KNSSDQX SG@S BNRSR $10 ODQ SHBJDS. 5GDQD @QD NMKX 100 SHBJDSR @U@HK@AKD AD RNKC HM SGHR KNSSDQX.
*M SGHR KNSSDQX SGDQD HR NMD $500 OQHYD SVN $100 OQHYDR, @MC ENTQ $25 OQHYDR. 'HMC XNTQ DWODBSDC F@HM NQ KNRR.
73. $NLOKDSD SGD 1%' @MC @MRVDQ SGD PTDRSHNMR.
: P(:) :P(:)
0 0.3
1 0.2
2
3 0.4
2;<F? 4.32
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 295
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=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N = 2.
>. 'HMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD.
74. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT @QD NEEDQDC SGD ENKKNVHMF oCD@K.p :NT QNKK @ CHD. *E XNT QNKK @ RHW, XNT VHM $10. *E XNT QNKK @ ENTQ NQ
EHUD, XNT VHM $5. *E XNT QNKK @ NMD, SVN, NQ SGQDD, XNT O@X $6.
=. 8G@S @QD XNT TKSHL@SDKX HMSDQDRSDC HM GDQD (SGD U@KTD NE SGD QNKK NQ SGD LNMDX XNT VHM)
>. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKD 1.
?. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 1%'.
A. 0UDQ SGD KNMF QTM NE OK@XHMF SGHR F@LD, VG@S @QD XNTQ DWODBSDC @UDQ@FD VHMMHMFR ODQ F@LD
B. #@RDC NM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, RGNTKC XNT S@JD SGD CD@K &WOK@HM XNTQ CDBHRHNM HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
75. " UDMSTQD B@OHS@KHRS, VHKKHMF SN HMUDRS $1,000,000, G@R SGQDD HMUDRSLDMSR SN BGNNRD EQNL. 5GD EHQRS HMUDRSLDMS, @ RNESV@QD
BNLO@MX, G@R @ 10%BG@MBD NE QDSTQMHMF $5,000,000 OQNEHS, @ 30%BG@MBD NE QDSTQMHMF $1,000,000 OQNEHS, @MC @ 60%BG@MBD
NE KNRHMF SGD LHKKHNM CNKK@QR. 5GD RDBNMC BNLO@MX, @ G@QCV@QD BNLO@MX, G@R @ 20% BG@MBD NE QDSTQMHMF $3,000,000 OQNEHS,
@ 40% BG@MBD NE QDSTQMHMF $1,000,000 OQNEHS, @MC @ 40% BG@MBD NE KNRHMF SGD LHKKHNM CNKK@QR. 5GD SGHQC BNLO@MX, @ AHNSDBG
EHQL, G@R @ 10% BG@MBD NE QDSTQMHMF $6,000,000 OQNEHS, @ 70% NE MN OQNEHS NQ KNRR, @MC @ 20% BG@MBD NE KNRHMF SGD LHKKHNM
CNKK@QR.
=. $NMRSQTBS @ 1%' ENQ D@BG HMUDRSLDMS.
>. 'HMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD ENQ D@BG HMUDRSLDMS.
?. 8GHBG HR SGD R@EDRS HMUDRSLDMS 8GX CN XNT SGHMJ RN
@. 8GHBG HR SGD QHRJHDRS HMUDRSLDMS 8GX CN XNT SGHMJ RN
A. 8GHBG HMUDRSLDMS G@R SGD GHFGDRS DWODBSDC QDSTQM, NM @UDQ@FD
76. 4TOONRD SG@S 20,000 L@QQHDC @CTKSR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC @R SN SGD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM SGDX G@UD.
5GD QDRTKSR @QD BNLOHKDC @MC @QD TRDC @R SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM L@QQHDC ODNOKD G@UD.
: P(:) :P(:)
0 0.10
1 0.20
2 0.30
3
4 0.10
5 0.05
6 (KN IKNA) 0.05
2;<F? 4.33
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ L@QQHDC @CTKS G@R SGQDD BGHKCQDM.
>. *M VNQCR, VG@S CNDR SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD HM SGHR DW@LOKD QDOQDRDMS
?. 'HMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD.
@. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S @ L@QQHDC @CTKS VHKK G@UD SVN SN SGQDD BGHKCQDM NQ ENTQ SN RHW BGHKCQDM )NV CN XNT JMNV
77. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD 1%' ENQ SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR HS S@JDR SN D@QM @ #@BGDKNQ NE 4BHDMBD (#.4.) CDFQDD HR FHUDM @R HM 2;<F?
4.34.
296 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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: P(:)
3 0.05
4 0.40
5 0.30
6 0.15
7 0.10
2;<F? 4.34
0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX XD@QR CN XNT DWODBS HS SN S@JD ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K SN D@QM @ #.4.
78. 1DNOKD UHRHSHMF UHCDN QDMS@K RSNQDR NESDM QDMS LNQD SG@M NMD %7% @S @ SHLD. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ %7% QDMS@KR
ODQ BTRSNLDQ @S 7HCDN 5N (N HR FHUDM HM SGD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD. 5GDQD HR @ EHUD-UHCDN KHLHS ODQ BTRSNLDQ @S SGHR RSNQD, RN MNANCX
DUDQ QDMSR LNQD SG@M EHUD %7%R.
: P(:)
0 0.03
1 0.50
2 0.24
3
4 0.70
5 0.04
2;<F? 4.35
=. %DRBQHAD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM VNQCR.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ QDMSR SGQDD %7%R.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ QDMSR @S KD@RS ENTQ %7%R.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ QDMSR @S LNRS SVN %7%R.
"MNSGDQ RGNO, &MSDQS@HMLDMS )D@CPT@QSDQR, QDMSR %7%R @MC UHCDNF@LDR. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ %7%
QDMS@KR ODQ BTRSNLDQ @S SGHR RGNO HR FHUDM @R ENKKNVR. 5GDX @KRN G@UD @ EHUD-%7% KHLHS ODQ BTRSNLDQ.
: P(:)
0 0.35
2;<F? 4.36
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 297
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: P(:)
1 0.25
2 0.20
3 0.10
4 0.05
5 0.05
2;<F? 4.36
A. "S VGHBG RSNQD HR SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE %7%R QDMSDC ODQ BTRSNLDQ GHFGDQ
B. *E 7HCDN SN (N DRSHL@SDR SG@S SGDX VHKK G@UD 300 BTRSNLDQR MDWS VDDJ, GNV L@MX %7%R CN SGDX DWODBS SN QDMS
MDWS VDDJ "MRVDQ HM RDMSDMBD ENQL.
C. *E 7HCDN SN (N DWODBSR 300 BTRSNLDQR MDWS VDDJ, @MC &MSDQS@HMLDMS )2 OQNIDBSR SG@S SGDX VHKK G@UD 420
BTRSNLDQR, ENQ VGHBG RSNQD HR SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE %7% QDMS@KR ENQ MDWS VDDJ GHFGDQ &WOK@HM.
D. 8GHBG NE SGD SVN UHCDN RSNQDR DWODQHDMBDR LNQD U@QH@SHNM HM SGD MTLADQ NE %7% QDMS@KR ODQ BTRSNLDQ )NV CN
XNT JMNV SG@S
79. " oEQHDMCp NEEDQR XNT SGD ENKKNVHMF oCD@K.p 'NQ @ $10 EDD, XNT L@X OHBJ @M DMUDKNOD EQNL @ ANW BNMS@HMHMF 100
RDDLHMFKX HCDMSHB@K DMUDKNODR. )NVDUDQ, D@BG DMUDKNOD BNMS@HMR @ BNTONM ENQ @ EQDD FHES.
c 5DM NE SGD BNTONMR @QD ENQ @ EQDD FHES VNQSG $6.
c &HFGSX NE SGD BNTONMR @QD ENQ @ EQDD FHES VNQSG $8.
c 4HW NE SGD BNTONMR @QD ENQ @ EQDD FHES VNQSG $12.
c 'NTQ NE SGD BNTONMR @QD ENQ @ EQDD FHES VNQSG $40.
#@RDC TONM SGD EHM@MBH@K F@HM NQ KNRR NUDQ SGD KNMF QTM, RGNTKC XNT OK@X SGD F@LD
=. :DR, * DWODBS SN BNLD NTS @GD@C HM LNMDX.
>. /N, * DWODBS SN BNLD NTS ADGHMC HM LNMDX.
?. *S CNDRMnS L@SSDQ. * DWODBS SN AQD@J DUDM.
80. 'KNQHC@ 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX G@R 14 RS@SHRSHBR BK@RRDR RBGDCTKDC ENQ HSR 4TLLDQ 2013 SDQL. 0MD BK@RR G@R RO@BD @U@HK@AKD ENQ
30 RSTCDMSR, DHFGS BK@RRDR G@UD RO@BD ENQ 60 RSTCDMSR, NMD BK@RR G@R RO@BD ENQ 70 RSTCDMSR, @MC ENTQ BK@RRDR G@UD RO@BD ENQ
100 RSTCDMSR.
=. 8G@S HR SGD @UDQ@FD BK@RR RHYD @RRTLHMF D@BG BK@RR HR EHKKDC SN B@O@BHSX
>. 4O@BD HR @U@HK@AKD ENQ 980 RSTCDMSR. 4TOONRD SG@S D@BG BK@RR HR EHKKDC SN B@O@BHSX @MC RDKDBS @ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMS @S
Q@MCNL. -DS SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 DPT@K SGD RHYD NE SGD RSTCDMSnR BK@RR. %DEHMD SGD 1%' ENQ 1.
?. 'HMC SGD LD@M NE 1.
@. 'HMC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
81. *M @ KNSSDQX, SGDQD @QD 250 OQHYDR NE $5, 50 OQHYDR NE $25, @MC SDM OQHYDR NE $100. "RRTLHMF SG@S 10,000 SHBJDSR @QD SN AD
HRRTDC @MC RNKC, VG@S HR @ E@HQ OQHBD SN BG@QFD SN AQD@J DUDM
4.3 CHIGC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
82. "BBNQCHMF SN @ QDBDMS @QSHBKD SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE A@AHDR ANQM VHSG RHFMHEHB@MS GD@QHMF KNRR (CD@EMDRR) HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX
SVN ODQ 1,000 A@AHDR HM @ GD@KSGX A@AX MTQRDQX. 5GD MTLADQ BKHLAR SN @M @UDQ@FD NE 30 ODQ 1,000 A@AHDR HM @M HMSDMRHUD B@QD
MTQRDQX.
4TOONRD SG@S 1,000 A@AHDR EQNLGD@KSGX A@AX MTQRDQHDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DW@BSKX SVN A@AHDR
VDQD ANQM CD@E.
83. 3DBDMSKX, @ MTQRD BNLLDMSDC SG@S VGDM @ O@SHDMS B@KKR SGD LDCHB@K @CUHBD KHMD BK@HLHMF SN G@UD SGD EKT, SGD BG@MBD SG@S
GD NQ RGD SQTKX G@R SGD EKT (@MC MNS ITRS @ M@RSX BNKC) HR NMKX @ANTS 4%. 0E SGD MDWS 25 O@SHDMSR B@KKHMF HM BK@HLHMF SN G@UD
SGD EKT, VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM GNV L@MX @BST@KKX G@UD SGD EKT.
%DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD @MC KHRS HSR ONRRHAKD U@KTDR.
84. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
85. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS ENTQ NE SGD 25 O@SHDMSR @BST@KKX G@UD SGD EKT.
298 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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86. 0M @UDQ@FD, ENQ DUDQX 25 O@SHDMSR B@KKHMF HM, GNV L@MX CN XNT DWODBS SN G@UD SGD EKT
87. 1DNOKD UHRHSHMF UHCDN QDMS@K RSNQDR NESDM QDMS LNQD SG@M NMD %7% @S @ SHLD. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ %7% QDMS@KR
ODQ BTRSNLDQ @S 7HCDN 5N (N HR FHUDM 2;<F? 4.37. 5GDQD HR EHUD-UHCDN KHLHS ODQ BTRSNLDQ @S SGHR RSNQD, RN MNANCX DUDQ QDMSR
LNQD SG@M EHUD %7%R.
: P(:)
0 0.03
1 0.50
2 0.24
3 ?
4 0.07
5 0.04
2;<F? 4.37
=. %DRBQHAD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM VNQCR.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ QDMSR SGQDD %7%R.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ QDMSR @S KD@RS ENTQ %7%R.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ QDMSR @S LNRS SVN %7%R.
88. " RBGNNK MDVRO@ODQ QDONQSDQ CDBHCDR SN Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 12 RSTCDMSR SN RDD HE SGDX VHKK @SSDMC 5DS (7HDSM@LDRD /DV
:D@Q) EDRSHUHSHDR SGHR XD@Q. #@RDC NM O@RS XD@QR, RGD JMNVR SG@S 18% NE RSTCDMSR @SSDMC 5DS EDRSHUHSHDR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM
SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN VHKK @SSDMC SGD EDRSHUHSHDR.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 Q 66666(66666,66666)
@. )NV L@MX NE SGD 12 RSTCDMSR CN VD DWODBS SN @SSDMC SGD EDRSHUHSHDR
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS ENTQ RSTCDMSR VHKK @SSDMC.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M SVN RSTCDMSR VHKK @SSDMC.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD 4@M +NRD 4G@QJR VHKK VHM @MX FHUDM
F@LD HR 0.3694 A@RDC NM @ 13-XD@Q VHM GHRSNQX NE 382 VHMR NTS NE 1,034 F@LDR OK@XDC (@R NE @ BDQS@HM C@SD). "M TOBNLHMF
LNMSGKX RBGDCTKD BNMS@HMR 12 F@LDR.
89. 5GD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE VHMR ENQ SG@S TOBNLHMF LNMSG HR:
=. 1.67
>. 12
?.
382
1043
@. 4.43
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE F@LDR VNM HM SG@S TOBNLHMF LNMSG.
90. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD 4@M +NRD 4G@QJR VHM RHW F@LDR HM SG@S TOBNLHMF LNMSG
=. 0.1476
>. 0.2336
?. 0.7664
@. 0.8903
91. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD 4@M +NRD 4G@QJR VHM @S KD@RS EHUD F@LDR HM SG@S TOBNLHMF LNMSG
=. 0.3694
>. 0.5266
?. 0.4734
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@. 0.2305
92. " RSTCDMS S@JDR @ SDM-PTDRSHNM SQTD-E@KRD PTHY, ATS CHC MNS RSTCX @MC Q@MCNLKX FTDRRDR D@BG @MRVDQ. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
SG@S SGD RSTCDMS O@RRDR SGD PTHY VHSG @ FQ@CD NE @S KD@RS 70% NE SGD PTDRSHNMR BNQQDBS.
93. "RSTCDMS S@JDR @ 32-PTDRSHNM LTKSHOKD BGNHBD DW@L, ATS CHC MNS RSTCX @MC Q@MCNLKX FTDRRDR D@BG @MRVDQ. &@BG PTDRSHNM
G@R SGQDD ONRRHAKD BGNHBDR ENQ SGD @MRVDQ. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS FTDRRDR BDG: I=6C 75% NE SGD PTDRSHNMR
BNQQDBSKX.
94. 4HW CHEEDQDMS BNKNQDC CHBD @QD QNKKDC. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD MTLADQ NE CHBD SG@S RGNV @ NMD.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX CHBD VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN RGNV @ NMD
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @KK RHW CHBD RGNV @ NMD.
B. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S SGQDD NQ SG@S ENTQ CHBD VHKK RGNV @ NMD 6RD MTLADQR SN ITRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
95. .NQD SG@M 96 ODQBDMS NE SGD UDQX K@QFDRS BNKKDFDR @MC TMHUDQRHSHDR (LNQD SG@M 15,000 SNS@K DMQNKKLDMSR) G@UD RNLD NMKHMD
NEEDQHMFR. 4TOONRD XNT Q@MCNLKX OHBJ 13 RTBG HMRSHSTSHNMR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ SG@S NEEDQ CHRS@MBD KD@QMHMF
BNTQRDR.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX RBGNNKR VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN NEEDQ RTBG BNTQRDR
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS SDM NEEDQ RTBG BNTQRDR.
B. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S 12 NQ SG@S 13 VHKK NEEDQ RTBG BNTQRDR 6RD MTLADQR SN ITRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX @MC
@MRVDQ HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
96. 4TOONRD SG@S @ANTS 85% NE FQ@CT@SHMF RSTCDMSR @SSDMC SGDHQ FQ@CT@SHNM. " FQNTO NE 22 FQ@CT@SHMF RSTCDMSR HR Q@MCNLKX
BGNRDM.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX @QD DWODBSDC SN @SSDMC SGDHQ FQ@CT@SHNM
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 17 NQ 18 @SSDMC.
B. #@RDC NM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, VNTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE @KK 22 @SSDMCDC FQ@CT@SHNM +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
97. "S 5GD 'DMBHMF $DMSDQ, 60% NE SGD EDMBDQR TRD SGD ENHK @R SGDHQ L@HM VD@ONM. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 25 EDMBDQR @S 5GD
'DMBHMF $DMSDQ. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE EDMBDQR VGN CN CDI TRD SGD ENHK @R SGDHQ L@HM VD@ONM.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX @QD DWODBSDC SN CDI SN TRD SGD ENHK @R SGDHQ L@HM VD@ONM
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RHW CN CDI TRD SGD ENHK @R SGDHQ L@HM VD@ONM.
B. #@RDC NM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, VNTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE @KK 25 CHC CDI TRD ENHK @R SGDHQ L@HM VD@ONM +TRSHEX XNTQ
@MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
98. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 8% NE RSTCDMSR @S @ KNB@K GHFG RBGNNK O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK. "
FQNTO NE 60 RDMHNQR HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD MTLADQ VGN O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE
GHFG RBGNNK.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX RDMHNQR @QD DWODBSDC SN G@UD O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK
A. #@RDC NM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, VNTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE MNMD NE SGD RDMHNQR O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK
ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
B. #@RDC TONM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, HR HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S ENTQ NQ SG@S EHUD NE SGD RDMHNQR O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK
RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
99. 5GD BG@MBD NE @M *34 @TCHS ENQ @ S@W QDSTQM VHSG NUDQ $25,000 HM HMBNLD HR @ANTS 2% ODQ XD@Q. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD
DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE @TCHSR @ ODQRNM VHSG SG@S HMBNLD G@R HM @ 20-XD@Q ODQHNC. "RRTLD D@BG XD@Q HR HMCDODMCDMS.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX @TCHSR @QD DWODBSDC HM @ 20-XD@Q ODQHNC
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR MNS @TCHSDC @S @KK.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR @TCHSDC LNQD SG@M SVHBD.
300 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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100. *S G@R ADDM DRSHL@SDC SG@S NMKX @ANTS 30% NE $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR. 4TOONRD XNT
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 11 $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ VGN G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS DHFGS G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR
A. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S MNMD NQ SG@S @KK NE SGD QDRHCDMSR RTQUDXDC VHKK G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR 8GX
B. )NV L@MX QDRHCDMSR CN XNT DWODBS VHKK G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR
101. 5GDQD @QD SVN RHLHK@Q F@LDR OK@XDC ENQ $GHMDRD /DV :D@Q @MC 7HDSM@LDRD /DV :D@Q. *M SGD $GHMDRD UDQRHNM, E@HQ CHBD
VHSG MTLADQR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, @MC 6 @QD TRDC, @KNMF VHSG @ AN@QC VHSG SGNRD MTLADQR. *M SGD 7HDSM@LDRD UDQRHNM, E@HQ CHBD VHSG
OHBSTQDR NE @ FNTQC, EHRG, QNNRSDQ, BQ@A, BQ@XEHRG, @MC CDDQ @QD TRDC. 5GD AN@QC G@R SGNRD RHW NAIDBSR NM HS, @KRN. 8D VHKK OK@X
VHSG ADSR ADHMF $1. 5GD OK@XDQ OK@BDR @ ADS NM @ MTLADQ NQ NAIDBS. 5GD oGNTRDp QNKKR SGQDD CHBD. *E MNMD NE SGD CHBD RGNV SGD
MTLADQ NQ NAIDBS SG@S V@R ADS, SGD GNTRD JDDOR SGD $1 ADS. *E NMD NE SGD CHBD RGNVR SGD MTLADQ NQ NAIDBS ADS (@MC SGD NSGDQ
SVN CN MNS RGNV HS), SGD OK@XDQ FDSR A@BJ GHR NQ GDQ $1 ADS, OKTR $1 OQNEHS. *E SVN NE SGD CHBD RGNV SGD MTLADQ NQ NAIDBS ADS
(@MC SGD SGHQC CHD CNDR MNS RGNV HS), SGD OK@XDQ FDSR A@BJ GHR NQ GDQ $1 ADS, OKTR $2 OQNEHS. *E @KK SGQDD CHBD RGNV SGD MTLADQ
NQ NAIDBS ADS, SGD OK@XDQ FDSR A@BJ GHR NQ GDQ $1 ADS, OKTR $3 OQNEHS. -DS 1 = MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR @MC 2 = OQNEHS ODQ F@LD.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 2 L@X S@JD NM. 5GDM, BNMRSQTBS NMD 1%' S@AKD SG@S HMBKTCDR ANSG 1 @MC 2 @MC SGDHQ
OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
A. $@KBTK@SD SGD @UDQ@FD DWODBSDC L@SBGDR NUDQ SGD KNMF QTM NE OK@XHMF SGHR F@LD ENQ SGD OK@XDQ.
B. $@KBTK@SD SGD @UDQ@FD DWODBSDC D@QMHMFR NUDQ SGD KNMF QTM NE OK@XHMF SGHR F@LD ENQ SGD OK@XDQ.
C. %DSDQLHMD VGN G@R SGD @CU@MS@FD, SGD OK@XDQ NQ SGD GNTRD.
102. "BBNQCHMF SN 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, NMKX 9% NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM NE 6F@MC@ G@C @BBDRR SN DKDBSQHBHSX @R NE 2009. 4TOONRD VD
Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD 150 ODNOKD HM 6F@MC@. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN G@UD @BBDRR SN DKDBSQHBHSX.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1
>. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@R, B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
?. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 15 ODNOKD HM SGD R@LOKD G@UD @BBDRR SN DKDBSQHBHSX.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS SDM ODNOKD HM SGD R@LOKD G@UD @BBDRR SN DKDBSQHBHSX.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M 25 ODNOKD HM SGD R@LOKD G@UD @BBDRR SN DKDBSQHBHSX.
103. 5GD KHSDQ@BX Q@SD ENQ @ M@SHNM LD@RTQDR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD @FD 15 @MC NUDQ SG@S B@M QD@C @MC VQHSD. 5GD KHSDQ@BX
Q@SD HM "EFG@MHRS@M HR 28.1%. 4TOONRD XNT BGNNRD 15 ODNOKD HM "EFG@MHRS@M @S Q@MCNL. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN
@QD KHSDQ@SD.
=. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
>. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@R, B@KBTK@SD SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M EHUD ODNOKD HM SGD R@LOKD @QD KHSDQ@SD. *R HS HR LNQD KHJDKX SG@S SGQDD ODNOKD NQ
ENTQ ODNOKD @QD KHSDQ@SD.
4.4 %?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
104. " BNMRTLDQ KNNJHMF SN ATX @ TRDC QDC .H@S@ B@Q VHKK B@KK CD@KDQRGHOR TMSHK RGD EHMCR @ CD@KDQRGHO SG@S B@QQHDR SGD B@Q.
4GD DRSHL@SDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @MX HMCDODMCDMS CD@KDQRGHO VHKK G@UD SGD B@Q VHKK AD 28%. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ
NE CD@KDQRGHOR RGD LTRS B@KK.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX CD@KDQRGHOR VNTKC VD DWODBS GDQ SN G@UD SN B@KK TMSHK RGD EHMCR NMD SG@S G@R SGD B@Q
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD LTRS B@KK @S LNRS ENTQ CD@KDQRGHOR.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD LTRS B@KK SGQDD NQ ENTQ CD@KDQRGHOR.
105. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M @CTKS HM "LDQHB@ VHKK V@SBG SGD 4TODQ #NVK HR 40%. &@BG ODQRNM HR BNMRHCDQDC
HMCDODMCDMS. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE @CTKSR HM "LDQHB@ VD LTRS RTQUDX TMSHK VD EHMC NMD VGN VHKK V@SBG SGD
4TODQ #NVK.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX @CTKSR HM "LDQHB@ CN XNT DWODBS SN RTQUDX TMSHK XNT EHMC NMD VGN VHKK V@SBG SGD 4TODQ #NVK
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ RDUDM ODNOKD.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ SGQDD NQ ENTQ ODNOKD.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 301
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106. *S G@R ADDM DRSHL@SDC SG@S NMKX @ANTS 30% NE $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR. 4TOONRD VD
@QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR VD LTRS RTQUDX TMSHK VD EHMC @ QDRHCDMS VGN CNDR CDI G@UD @CDPT@SD
D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S VD LTRS RTQUDX ITRS NMD NQ SVN QDRHCDMSR TMSHK VD EHMC @ $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMS VGN CNDR
MNS G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S VD LTRS RTQUDX @S KD@RS SGQDD $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR TMSHK VD EHMC @ $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMS
VGN CNDR MNS G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR
B. )NV L@MX $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR CN XNT DWODBS SN MDDC SN RTQUDX TMSHK XNT EHMC @ $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMS VGN 9D:H CDI
G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR
C. )NV L@MX $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR CN XNT DWODBS SN MDDC SN RTQUDX TMSHK XNT EHMC @ $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMS VGN 9D:H
G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR
107. *M NMD NE HSR 4OQHMF B@S@KNFR, -.-. #D@M_ @CUDQSHRDC ENNSVD@Q NM 29 NE HSR 192 B@S@KNF O@FDR. 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX
RTQUDX 20 O@FDR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR SG@S @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q. &@BG O@FD L@X AD OHBJDC LNQD SG@M
NMBD.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX O@FDR CN XNT DWODBS SN @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q NM SGDL
A. *R HS OQNA@AKD SG@S @KK SVDMSX VHKK @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q NM SGDL 8GX NQ VGX MNS
B. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S EDVDQ SG@M SDM VHKK @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q NM SGDL
C. 3DLHMCDQ: " O@FD L@X AD OHBJDC LNQD SG@M NMBD. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR SG@S VD LTRS
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX TMSHK VD EHMC NMD SG@S G@R ENNSVD@Q @CUDQSHRDC NM HS. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 @MC FHUD HSR
CHRSQHATSHNM.
D. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT NMKX MDDC SN RTQUDX @S LNRS SGQDD O@FDR HM NQCDQ SN EHMC NMD SG@S @CUDQSHRDR
ENNSVD@Q NM HS
E. )NV L@MX O@FDR CN XNT DWODBS SN MDDC SN RTQUDX HM NQCDQ SN EHMC NMD SG@S @CUDQSHRDR ENNSVD@Q
108. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT @QD ODQENQLHMF SGD OQNA@AHKHSX DWODQHLDMS NE QNKKHMF NMD E@HQ RHW-RHCDC CHD. -DS F AD SGD DUDMS NE
QNKKHMF @ ENTQ NQ @ EHUD. :NT @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM GNV L@MX SHLDR XNT MDDC SN QNKK SGD CHD HM NQCDQ SN NAS@HM SGD EHQRS ENTQ NQ EHUD
@R SGD NTSBNLD.
c F = OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR (DUDMS F NBBTQR)
c G = OQNA@AHKHSX NE E@HKTQD (DUDMS F CNDR MNS NBBTQ)
=. 8QHSD SGD CDRBQHOSHNM NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. 8G@S @QD SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 B@M S@JD NM
?. 'HMC SGD U@KTDR NE F @MC G.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD EHQRS NBBTQQDMBD NE DUDMS F (QNKKHMF @ ENTQ NQ EHUD) HR NM SGD RDBNMC SQH@K.
109. &KKDM G@R LTRHB OQ@BSHBD SGQDD C@X R @ VDDJ. 4GD OQ@BSHBDR ENQ @KK NE SGD SGQDD C@X R 85% NE SGD SHLD, SVN C@X R 8% NE
SGD SHLD, NMD C@X 4% NE SGD SHLD, @MC MN C@X R 3% NE SGD SHLD. 0MD VDDJ HR RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD
NM
110. 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ QDBNQCR SGD OQDU@KDMBD NE )*7 HM BNTMSQHDR @QNTMC SGD VNQKC. "BBNQCHMF SN SGDHQ C@S@, o1QDU@KDMBD NE
)*7 QDEDQR SN SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE ODNOKD @FDR 15 SN 49 VGN @QD HMEDBSDC VHSG )*7.p
<1=
*M 4NTSG "EQHB@, SGD OQDU@KDMBD NE )*7
HR 17.3%. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD XNT SDRS TMSHK XNT EHMC @ ODQRNM HMEDBSDC VHSG )*7.
=. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS SDRS 30 ODNOKD SN EHMC NMD VHSG )*7
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ SDM ODNOKD
@. 'HMC SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
111. "BBNQCHMF SN @ QDBDMS 1DV 3DRD@QBG ONKK, 75% NE LHKKDMH@KR (ODNOKD ANQM ADSVDDM 1981 @MC 1995) G@UD @ OQNEHKD NM
@ RNBH@K MDSVNQJHMF RHSD. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE LHKKDMH@KR XNT @RJ TMSHK XNT EHMC @ ODQRNM VHSGNTS @ OQNEHKD NM @ RNBH@K
MDSVNQJHMF RHSD.
=. %DRBQHAD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
>. 'HMC SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ SDM ODNOKD SN EHMC NMD ODQRNM VHSGNTS @ RNBH@K MDSVNQJHMF RHSD
1. p1QDU@KDMBD NE )*7, SNS@K (% NE ONOTK@SHNMR @FDR 15-49),p 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://C@S@.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF/HMCHB@SNQ/
4).%:/."*%4.;4NQCDQ=VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD?2011+VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD+VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD-K@RS&RNQS=CDRB (@BBDRRDC .@X
15, 2013).
302 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ 20 ODNOKD SN EHMC NMD ODQRNM VHSGNTS @ RNBH@K MDSVNQJHMF RHSD
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ 7J CEIJ EHUD ODNOKD
4.5 &SJ?LA?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
112. " FQNTO NE .@QSH@K "QSR RSTCDMSR HR OK@MMHMF NM O@QSHBHO@SHMF HM @M TOBNLHMF CDLNMRSQ@SHNM. 4HW @QD RSTCDMSR NE
5@D ,VNM %N; RDUDM @QD RSTCDMSR NE 4GNSNJ@M ,@Q@SD. 4TOONRD SG@S DHFGS RSTCDMSR @QD Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC SN AD HM SGD EHQRS
CDLNMRSQ@SHNM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE 4GNSNJ@M ,@Q@SD RSTCDMSR HM SG@S EHQRS CDLNMRSQ@SHNM.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX 4GNSNJ@M ,@Q@SD RSTCDMSR CN VD DWODBS SN AD HM SG@S EHQRS CDLNMRSQ@SHNM
113. *M NMD NE HSR 4OQHMF B@S@KNFR, -.-. #D@M_ @CUDQSHRDC ENNSVD@Q NM 29 NE HSR 192 B@S@KNF O@FDR. 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX
RTQUDX 20 O@FDR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR SG@S @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q. &@BG O@FD L@X AD OHBJDC @S LNRS NMBD.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX O@FDR CN XNT DWODBS SN @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q NM SGDL
A. $@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
114. 4TOONRD SG@S @ SDBGMNKNFX S@RJ ENQBD HR ADHMF ENQLDC SN RSTCX SDBGMNKNFX @V@QDMDRR @LNMF HMRSQTBSNQR. "RRTLD SG@S
SDM ODNOKD VHKK AD Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM SN AD NM SGD BNLLHSSDD EQNL @ FQNTO NE 28 UNKTMSDDQR, 20 VGN @QD SDBGMHB@KKX OQNEHBHDMS
@MC DHFGS VGN @QD MNS. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NM SGD BNLLHSSDD VGN @QD CDI SDBGMHB@KKX OQNEHBHDMS.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX HMRSQTBSNQR CN XNT DWODBS NM SGD BNLLHSSDD VGN @QD CDI SDBGMHB@KKX OQNEHBHDMS
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS EHUD NM SGD BNLLHSSDD @QD MNS SDBGMHB@KKX OQNEHBHDMS.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS SGQDD NM SGD BNLLHSSDD @QD MNS SDBGMHB@KKX OQNEHBHDMS.
115. 4TOONRD SG@S MHMD .@RR@BGTRDSSR @SGKDSDR @QD RBGDCTKDC SN @OOD@Q @S @ BG@QHSX ADMDEHS. 5GD MHMD @QD Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM
EQNL DHFGS UNKTMSDDQR EQNL SGD #NRSNM $DKSHBR @MC ENTQ UNKTMSDDQR EQNL SGD /DV &MFK@MC 1@SQHNSR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD
MTLADQ NE 1@SQHNSR OHBJDC.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. "QD XNT BGNNRHMF SGD MHMD @SGKDSDR VHSG NQ VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @KK NE SGD UNKTMSDDQR VHKK AD EQNL SGD $DKSHBR.
B. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S LNQD NE SGD UNKTMSDDQR VHKK AD EQNL SGD 1@SQHNSR NQ EQNL SGD $DKSHBR )NV CN XNT JMNV
116. " AQHCFD G@MC HR CDEHMDC @R 13 B@QCR RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL@MC VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS EQNL@ CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. *M @ RS@MC@QC
CDBJ NE B@QCR, SGDQD @QD 13 B@QCR EQNL D@BG RTHS: GD@QSR, RO@CDR, BKTAR, @MC CH@LNMCR. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE ADHMF CD@KS
@ G@MC SG@S CNDR MNS BNMS@HM @ GD@QS
=. 8G@S HR SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS
>. )NV L@MX @QD HM SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS
?. )NV L@MX @QD HM SGD NSGDQ FQNTO
@. -DS 1 = ?????????. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
A. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM HR )(???????).
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX HM PTDRSHNM.
C. 'HMC SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
4.6 .ICMMIH "CMNLC<ONCIH
117. 5GD RVHSBGAN@QC HM @ .HMMD@ONKHR K@V NEEHBD FDSR @M @UDQ@FD NE 5.5 HMBNLHMF OGNMD B@KKR CTQHMF SGD MNNM GNTQ NM
.NMC@XR. &WODQHDMBD RGNVR SG@S SGD DWHRSHMF RS@EE B@M G@MCKD TO SN RHW B@KKR HM @M GNTQ. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE B@KKR QDBDHUDC
CTQHMF @S MNNM.
=. 'HMC SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD NEEHBD QDBDHUDR @S LNRS RHW B@KKR @S MNNM NM .NMC@X
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD K@V NEEHBD QDBDHUDR RHW B@KKR @S MNNM. 8G@S CNDR SGHR LD@M SN SGD K@V NEEHBD RS@EE VGN
FDS, NM @UDQ@FD, 5.5 HMBNLHMF OGNMD B@KKR @S MNNM
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD NEEHBD QDBDHUDR LNQD SG@M DHFGS B@KKR @S MNNM
118. 5GD L@SDQMHSX V@QC @S %Q. +NRD '@ADKK@ .DLNQH@K )NROHS@K HM .@MHK@ HM SGD 1GHKHOOHMDR HR NMD NE SGD ATRHDRS HM SGD
VNQKC VHSG @M @UDQ@FD NE 60 AHQSGR ODQ C@X. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE AHQSGR HM @M GNTQ.
=. 'HMC SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 303
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>. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD L@SDQMHSX V@QC VHKK CDKHUDQ SGQDD A@AHDR HM NMD GNTQ
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD L@SDQMHSX V@QC VHKK CDKHUDQ @S LNRS SGQDD A@AHDR HM NMD GNTQ
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD L@SDQMHSX V@QC VHKK CDKHUDQ LNQD SG@M EHUD A@AHDR HM NMD GNTQ
119. " L@MTE@BSTQDQ NE $GQHRSL@R SQDD KHFGS ATKAR JMNVR SG@S 3%NE HSR ATKAR @QD CDEDBSHUD. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSQHMF
NE 100 KHFGSR BNMS@HMR @S LNRS ENTQ CDEDBSHUD ATKAR TRHMF ANSG SGD AHMNLH@K @MC 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNMR.
120. 5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM @ +@O@MDRD VNL@M G@R HM GDQ KHEDSHLD HR 1.37. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD +@O@MDRD VNL@M HR
Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R MN BGHKCQDM.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R EDVDQ BGHKCQDM SG@M SGD +@O@MDRD @UDQ@FD.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R LNQD BGHKCQDM SG@M SGD +@O@MDRD @UDQ@FD.
121. 5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM @ 4O@MHRG VNL@M G@R HM GDQ KHEDSHLD HR 1.47. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD 4O@MHRG VNL@M HR
Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R MN BGHKCQDM.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R EDVDQ BGHKCQDM SG@M SGD 4O@MHRG @UDQ@FD.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R LNQD BGHKCQDM SG@M SGD 4O@MHRG @UDQ@FD .
122. 'DQSHKD, EDL@KD B@SR OQNCTBD @M @UDQ@FD NE SGQDD KHSSDQR ODQ XD@Q. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD EDQSHKD, EDL@KD B@S HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM.
*M NMD XD@Q, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX RGD OQNCTBDR:
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ???????
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R MN KHSSDQR HM NMD XD@Q.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R @S KD@RS SVN KHSSDQR HM NMD XD@Q.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R DW@BSKX SGQDD KHSSDQR HM NMD XD@Q.
123. 5GD BG@MBD NE G@UHMF @M DWSQ@ ENQSTMD HM @ ENQSTMD BNNJHD HR @ANTS 3%. (HUDM @ A@F NE 144 ENQSTMD BNNJHDR, VD @QD
HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE BNNJHDR VHSG @M DWSQ@ ENQSTMD. 5VN CHRSQHATSHNMR L@X AD TRDC SN RNKUD SGHR OQNAKDL, ATS NMKX TRD
NMD CHRSQHATSHNM SN RNKUD SGD OQNAKDL.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX BNNJHDR CN VD DWODBS SN G@UD @M DWSQ@ ENQSTMD
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S MNMD NE SGD BNNJHDR G@UD @M DWSQ@ ENQSTMD.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M SGQDD G@UD @M DWSQ@ ENQSTMD.
C. "R D HMBQD@RDR, VG@S G@OODMR HMUNKUHMF SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR TRHMF SGD SVN CHRSQHATSHNMR &WOK@HM HM BNLOKDSD
RDMSDMBDR.
124. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD 4NTSG $@QNKHM@ %DO@QSLDMS NE .DMS@K )D@KSG VDA RHSD, ENQ DUDQX 200 6.4. VNLDM, SGD @UDQ@FD
MTLADQ VGN RTEEDQ EQNL @MNQDWH@ HR NMD. 0TS NE @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM FQNTO NE 600 6.4. VNLDM CDSDQLHMD SGD ENKKNVHMF.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX @QD DWODBSDC SN RTEEDQ EQNL @MNQDWH@
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S MN NMD RTEEDQR EQNL @MNQDWH@.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M ENTQ RTEEDQ EQNL @MNQDWH@.
125. 5GD BG@MBD NE @M *34 @TCHS ENQ @ S@W QDSTQM VHSG NUDQ $25,000 HM HMBNLD HR @ANTS 2%ODQ XD@Q. 4TOONRD SG@S 100 ODNOKD
VHSG S@W QDSTQMR NUDQ $25,000 @QD Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD @TCHSDC HM NMD XD@Q. 6RD @
1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM SN @MVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX @QD DWODBSDC SN AD @TCHSDC
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S MN NMD V@R @TCHSDC.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS SGQDD VDQD @TCHSDC.
304 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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126. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 8% NE RSTCDMSR @S @ KNB@K GHFG RBGNNK O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK. "
FQNTO NE 60 RDMHNQR HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD MTLADQ SG@S O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE
GHFG RBGNNK.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX RDMHNQR @QD DWODBSDC SN G@UD O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK
A. #@RDC NM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, VNTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE MNMD NE SGD RDMHNQR O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK
ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
B. #@RDC NM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, HR HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S ENTQ NQ SG@S EHUD NE SGD RDMHNQR O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR
@KK ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
127. 0M @UDQ@FD, 1HDQQD, @M @L@SDTQ BGDE, CQNOR SGQDD OHDBDR NE DFF RGDKK HMSN DUDQX SVN B@JD A@SSDQR GD L@JDR. 4TOONRD
SG@S XNT ATX NMD NE GHR B@JDR.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX OHDBDR NE DFF RGDKK CN XNT DWODBS SN AD HM SGD B@JD
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD VHKK MNS AD @MX OHDBDR NE DFF RGDKK HM SGD B@JD
B. -DSnR R@X SG@S XNT ATX NMD NE 1HDQQDnR B@JDR D@BG VDDJ ENQ RHW VDDJR. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD VHKK MNS
AD @MX DFF RGDKK HM @MX NE SGD B@JDR
C. #@RDC TONM SGD @UDQ@FD FHUDM ENQ 1HDQQD, HR HS ONRRHAKD ENQ SGDQD SN AD RDUDM OHDBDR NE RGDKK HM SGD B@JD 8GX
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE SHLDR ODQ VDDJ SG@S .QR. 1KTLnR
B@SR V@JD GDQ TO @S MHFGS ADB@TRD SGDX V@MS SN OK@X HR SDM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR GDQ B@SR V@JD GDQ TO
D@BG VDDJ.
128. *M VNQCR, SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 = ?????????????????
=. SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR .QR. 1KTLnR B@SR V@JD GDQ TO D@BG VDDJ.
>. SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR .QR. 1KTLnR B@SR V@JD GDQ TO D@BG GNTQ.
?. SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR .QR. 1KTLnR B@SR V@JD GDQ TO D@BG MHFGS.
@. SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR .QR. 1KTLnR B@SR V@JD GDQ TO.
129. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GDQ B@SR VHKK V@JD GDQ TO MN LNQD SG@M EHUD SHLDR MDWS VDDJ.
=. 0.5000
>. 0.9329
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4D@QBG'NQL-DF@BX (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o8NQKC &@QSGPT@JDR: -HUD &@QSGPT@JD /DVR @MC )HFGKHFGSR,p 8NQKC &@QSGPT@JDR, 2012. GSSO://VVV.VNQKC-
D@QSGPT@JDR.BNL/HMCDW.OGONOSHNM=DSGP?OQDCHBSHNM (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
4.3 CHIGC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
o"BBDRR SN DKDBSQHBHSX (% NE ONOTK@SHNM),p 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://C@S@.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF/HMCHB@SNQ/
&(.&-$."$$4.;4NQCDQ=VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD?2009%20VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD%20VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD-EHQRS&RNQS=@RB (@BBDRRDC
.@X 15, 2015).
o%HRS@MBD &CTB@SHNM.p 8HJHODCH@. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DM.VHJHODCH@.NQF/VHJH/%HRS@MBD?DCTB@SHNM (@BBDRRDC .@X 15,
2013).
o/#" 4S@SHRSHBR k 2013,p &41/ /#", 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DROM.FN.BNL/MA@/RS@SHRSHBR/?/RD@RNMSXOD/2 (@BBDRRDC
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/DVONQS, 'Q@MJ. o"LDQHB@MR 4SHKK &MINX 4@UHMF 3@SGDQ SG@M 4ODMCHMF: 'DV CDLNFQ@OGHB CHEEDQDMBDR RDDM HM SGDRD UHDVR
NSGDQ SG@M AX HMBNLD,p ("--61_ &BNMNLX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.F@KKTO.BNL/ONKK/162368/@LDQHB@MR-
DMINX-R@UHMF-Q@SGDQ-RODMCHMF.@ROW (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
1QXNQ, +NGM )., -HMC@ %D"MFDKN, -@TQ@ 1@KTBJH #K@JD, 4XKUH@ )TQS@CN, 4DQFD 5Q@M. ->; AC;H?97D FH;I>C7D: '7J?ED7B
'EHCI F7BB 2011. -NR "MFDKDR: $NNODQ@SHUD *MRSHSTSHNM@K 3DRD@QBG 1QNFQ@L @S SGD )HFGDQ &CTB@SHNM 3DRD@QBG *MRSHSTSD
@S 6$-", 2011. "KRN @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://GDQH.TBK@.DCT/1%'R/OTAR/5'4//NQLR/.NMNFQ@OGR/
5GD"LDQHB@M'QDRGL@M2011.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o5GD 8NQKC '@BS#NNJ,p $DMSQ@K *MSDKKHFDMBD "FDMBX. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSOR://VVV.BH@.FNU/KHAQ@QX/OTAKHB@SHNMR/SGD-
VNQKC-E@BSANNJ/FDNR/@E.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 305
D
R
A
F
T
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N
o
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a
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o8G@S @QD SGD JDX RS@SHRSHBR @ANTS O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQp "LDQHB@M $@MBDQ 4NBHDSX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.B@MBDQ.NQF/B@MBDQ/O@MBQD@SHBB@MBDQ/CDS@HKDCFTHCD/O@MBQD@SHB-B@MBDQ-JDX-RS@SHRSHBR (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
4.4 %?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
o.HKKDMMH@KR: " 1NQSQ@HS NE (DMDQ@SHNM /DWS,p 1DV3DRD@QBG$DMSDQ. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ODVRNBH@KSQDMCR.NQF/
EHKDR/2010/10/LHKKDMMH@KR-BNMEHCDMS-BNMMDBSDC-NODM-SN-BG@MFD.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o.HKKDMMH@KR: $NMEHCDMS. $NMMDBSDC. 0ODM SN $G@MFD.p &WDBTSHUD 4TLL@QX AX 1DV3DRD@QBG 4NBH@K & %DLNFQ@OGHB
5QDMCR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ODVRNBH@KSQDMCR.NQF/2010/02/24/LHKKDMMH@KR-BNMEHCDMS-BNMMDBSDC-NODM-SN-
BG@MFD/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o1QDU@KDMBD NE )*7, SNS@K (% NE ONOTK@SHNMR @FDR 15-49),p 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://C@S@.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF/HMCHB@SNQ/
4).%:/."*%4.;4NQCDQ=VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD?2011+VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD+VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD-K@RS&RNQS=CDRB (@BBDRRDC .@X
15, 2013).
1QXNQ, +NGM )., -HMC@ %D"MFDKN, -@TQ@ 1@KTBJH #K@JD, 4XKUH@ )TQS@CN, 4DQFD 5Q@M. ->; AC;H?97D FH;I>C7D: '7J?ED7B
'EHCI F7BB 2011. -NR "MFDKDR: $NNODQ@SHUD *MRSHSTSHNM@K 3DRD@QBG 1QNFQ@L @S SGD )HFGDQ &CTB@SHNM 3DRD@QBG *MRSHSTSD
@S 6$-", 2011. "KRN @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://GDQH.TBK@.DCT/1%'R/OTAR/5'4//NQLR/.NMNFQ@OGR/
5GD"LDQHB@M'QDRGL@M2011.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o4TLL@QX NE SGD /@SHNM@K 3HRJ @MC 7TKMDQ@AHKHSX "RRDRRLDMS 2007/8: " OQNEHKD NE "EFG@MHRS@M,p 5GD &TQNOD@M 6MHNM @MC
*$0/-*MRSHSTSD. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DB.DTQNO@.DT/DTQNOD@HC/VGDQD/@RH@/CNBTLDMSR/@EFG?AQNBGTQD?RTLL@QX?DM.OCE
(@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o5GD 8NQKC '@BS#NNJ,p $DMSQ@K *MSDKKHFDMBD "FDMBX. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSOR://VVV.BH@.FNU/KHAQ@QX/OTAKHB@SHNMR/SGD-
VNQKC-E@BSANNJ/FDNR/@E.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o6/*$&' QDONQSR NM 'DL@KD -HSDQ@BX $DMSDQR HM "EFG@MHRS@M DRS@AKHRGDC SN SD@BG VNLDM @MC FHQKR A@RHB QDR@CHMF <RHB=
@MC VQHSHMF RJHKKR,p 6/*$&' 5DKDUHRHNM. 7HCDN @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.TMHBDETR@.NQF/@RRDSR/UHCDN/@EFG@M-EDL@KD-
KHSDQ@BX-BDMSDQR.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
4.6 .ICMMIH "CMNLC<ONCIH
o"5- '@BS 4GDDS,p %DO@QSLDMS NE "UH@SHNM @S SGD )@QSREHDKC-+@BJRNM "SK@MS@ *MSDQM@SHNM@K "HQONQS, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD
@S GSSO://VVV.@SK@MS@-@HQONQS.BNL/"HQONQS/"5-/"5-?'@BS4GDDS.@ROW (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
$DMSDQ ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. o5DDM %QHUDQR: '@BS 4GDDS,p *MITQX 1QDUDMSHNM & $NMSQNK: .NSNQ 7DGHBKD 4@EDSX,
0BSNADQ 2, 2012. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/.NSNQUDGHBKDR@EDSX/5DDM?%QHUDQR/SDDMCQHUDQR?E@BSRGDDS.GSLK
(@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o$GHKCQDM @MC $GHKCQD@QHMF,p .HMHRSQX NE )D@KSG, -@ANTQ, @MC 8DKE@QD. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.LGKV.FN.IO/DMFKHRG/
ONKHBX/BGHKCQDM/BGHKCQDM-BGHKCQD@QHMF/HMCDW.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o&@SHMF %HRNQCDQ 4S@SHRSHBR,p 4NTSG $@QNKHM@ %DO@QSLDMS NE .DMS@K )D@KSG, 2006. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.RS@SD.RB.TR/
CLG/@MNQDWH@/RS@SHRSHBR.GSL (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o(HUHMF #HQSG HM .@MHK@: 5GD L@SDQMHSX V@QC @S SGD %Q +NRD '@ADKK@ .DLNQH@K )NROHS@K HM .@MHK@, SGD ATRHDRS HM SGD
1GHKHOOHMDR, VGDQD SGDQD HR @M @UDQ@FD NE 60 AHQSGR @ C@X,p SGDFT@QCH@M, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.SGDFT@QCH@M.BNL/VNQKC/F@KKDQX/2011/ITM/08/OGHKHOOHMDR-GD@KSG#/OHBSTQD=375471900&HMCDW=2 (@BBDRRDC .@X
15, 2013).
o)NV "LDQHB@MR 6RD 5DWS .DRR@FHMF,p 1DV *MSDQMDS, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://ODVHMSDQMDS.NQF/3DONQSR/2011/$DKK-
1GNMD-5DWSHMF-2011/.@HM-3DONQS.@ROW (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
-DMG@QS, "L@MC@. o5DDMR, 4L@QSOGNMDR &5DRSHMF: 5DWSHMF UNKTLHR TO VGHKD SGD EQDPTDMBX NE UNHBD B@KKHMF HR CNVM. "ANTS
NMD HM ENTQ SDDMR R@X SGDX NVM RL@QSOGNMDR,p 1DV *MSDQMDS, 2012. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ODVHMSDQMDS.NQF/]/LDCH@/
'HKDR/3DONQSR/2012/1*1?5DDMR?4L@QSOGNMDR?@MC?5DWSHMF.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o0MD ANQM DUDQX LHMTSD: SGD L@SDQMHSX TMHS VGDQD LNSGDQR @QD 5)3&& SN @ ADC,p .@HK0MKHMD. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.C@HKXL@HK.BN.TJ/MDVR/@QSHBKD-2001422/#TRHDRS-L@SDQMHSX-V@QC-OK@MDS-@UDQ@FDR-60-A@AHDR-C@X-LNSGDQR-
ADC.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
7@MCDQJ@L, -@TQ@. o4SNO $GDBJHMF :NTQ &L@HK, /NV.p $//.NMDX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://L@M@FDLDMS.ENQSTMD.BMM.BNL/2012/10/08/RSNO-BGDBJHMF-XNTQ-DL@HK-MNV/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o8NQKC &@QSGPT@JDR: -HUD &@QSGPT@JD /DVR @MC )HFGKHFGSR,p 8NQKC &@QSGPT@JDR, 2012. GSSO://VVV.VNQKC-
D@QSGPT@JDR.BNL/HMCDW.OGONOSHNM=DSGP?OQDCHBSHNM (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1
306 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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: P(:)
0 0.12
1 0.18
2 0.30
3 0.15
4 0.10
5 0.10
6 0.05
167A: 4.38
3 0.10 + 0.05 = 0.15
5 1
7 0.35 + 0.40 + 0.10 = 0.85
9 1(0.15) + 2(0.35) + 3(0.40) + 4(0.10) = 0.15 + 0.70 + 1.20 + 0.40 = 2.45
11
: P(:)
0 0.03
1 0.04
2 0.08
3 0.85
167A: 4.39
13 -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE DUDMSR +@UHDQ UNKTMSDDQR ENQ D@BG LNMSG.
15
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 307
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: P(:)
0 0.05
1 0.05
2 0.10
3 0.20
4 0.25
5 0.35
167A: 4.40
17 1 k 0.05 = 0.95
19 0.2 + 1.2 + 2.4 + 1.6 = 5.4
21 5GD U@KTDR NE )(N) CN MNS RTL SN NMD.
23 -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR @ OGXRHBR L@INQ VHKK RODMC CNHMF ONRS-FQ@CT@SD QDRD@QBG.
25 1 k 0.35 k 0.20 k 0.15 k 0.10 k 0.05 = 0.15
27 1(0.35) + 2(0.20) + 3(0.15) + 4(0.15) + 5(0.10) + 6(0.05) = 0.35 + 0.40 + 0.45 + 0.60 + 0.50 + 0.30 = 2.6 XD@QR
29 1 HR SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR @ RSTCDMS RSTCHDR A@KKDS VHSG SGD SD@BGDQ.
31 0.10 + 0.05 + 0.10 = 0.25
33 5GD RTL NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR RTL SN NMD ADB@TRD HS HR @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
35 2
40
52
+ 30
12
52
12
52
1
2
6
52
12
52
1
2
6
52
40
52
(1) =
40
52
167A: 4.41
q Expected value = (6)
6
52
+ (2)
6
52
+ ( 2)
40
52
=
32
52
q &WODBSDC U@KTD = k$0.62, QNTMCDC SN SGD MD@QDRS BDMS
q *E XNT OK@X SGHR F@LD QDOD@SDCKX, NUDQ @ KNMF MTLADQ NE F@LDR, XNT VNTKC DWODBS SN KNRS 62 BDMSR ODQ F@LD, NM @UDQ@FD.
q :NT RGNTKC MNS OK@X SGHR F@LD SN VHM LNMDX ADB@TRD SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD HMCHB@SDR @M DWODBSDC @UDQ@FD KNRR.
73
@. 0.1
A. 1.6
75
@.
0D;IL6G: DBE6CN
: P(:)
5,000,000 0.10
1,000,000 0.30
167A: 4.42
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 309
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0D;IL6G: DBE6CN
: P(:)
k1,000,000 0.60
167A: 4.42
%6G9L6G: DBE6CN
: P(:)
3,000,000 0.20
1,000,000 0.40
k1,000,00 0.40
167A: 4.43
B>DI:8= #>GB
: P(:)
6,00,000 0.10
0 0.70
k1,000,000 0.20
167A: 4.44
A. $200,000; $600,000; $400,000
B. SGHQC HMUDRSLDMS ADB@TRD HS G@R SGD KNVDRS OQNA@AHKHSX NE KNRR
C. EHQRS HMUDRSLDMS ADB@TRD HS G@R SGD GHFGDRS OQNA@AHKHSX NE KNRR
D. RDBNMC HMUDRSLDMS
77 4.85 XD@QR
79 A
81 -DS 1 = SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX SN AD VNM NM @ SHBJDS. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD RGNVR SGD 1%' ENQ 1.
: P(:)
0 0.969
167A: 4.45
310 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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: P(:)
5
250
10,000
= 0.025
25
50
10,000
= 0.005
100
10
10,000
= 0.001
167A: 4.45
$@KBTK@SD SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD NE 1. 0(0.969) + 5(0.025) + 25(0.005) + 100(0.001) = 0.35 " E@HQ OQHBD ENQ @ SHBJDS HR $0.35.
"MX OQHBD NUDQ $0.35 VHKK DM@AKD SGD KNSSDQX SN Q@HRD LNMDX.
83 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE O@SHDMSR B@KKHMF HM BK@HLHMF SN G@UD SGD EKT, VGN @BST@KKX G@UD SGD EKT. 1 = 0, 1, 2, ...25
85 0.0165
87
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE %7%R @ 7HCDN SN (N BTRSNLDQ QDMSR
A. 0.12
B. 0.11
C. 0.77
89 C. 4.43
91 B
93
q 1 = MTLADQ NE PTDRSHNMR @MRVDQDC BNQQDBSKX
q 1 ] B
32,
1
3
q 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM .03& 5)"/ 75% NE 32 PTDRSHNMR BNQQDBS. 75% NE 32 HR 24. 8D V@MS SN EHMC )(N > 24). 5GD
DUDMS "LNQD SG@M 24" HR SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE "KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 24."
q 6RHMF XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ'R CHRSQHATSHNM LDMT: 1 k AHMNLBCE
32,
1
3
, 24
3,
1
6
4. *M CNKK@QR: u1, 1, 2, 3
5.
1
2
6. .TKSHOKX D@BG 2 U@KTD AX SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF 1 OQNA@AHKHSX EQNL SGD 1%' S@AKD. 5GD @MRVDQ HR u0.0787. :NT KNRD @ANTS
DHFGS BDMSR, NM @UDQ@FD, ODQ F@LD.
7. 5GD GNTRD G@R SGD @CU@MS@FD.
103
@. 1 ] B(15, 0.281)
#><JG: 4.10
A. H. .D@M = Z = DF = 15(0.281) = 4.215
HH. 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM = \ = npq = 15(0.281)(0.719) = 1.7409
B. )(N > 5) = 1 k )(N x 5) = 1 k AHMNLBCE(15, 0.281, 5) = 1 k 0.7754 = 0.2246
)(N = 3) = AHMNLOCE(15, 0.281, 3) = 0.1927
)(N = 4) = AHMNLOCE(15, 0.281, 4) = 0.2259
*S HR LNQD KHJDKX SG@S ENTQ ODNOKD @QD KHSDQ@SD SG@S SGQDD ODNOKD @QD.
105
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE @CTKSR HM "LDQHB@ SG@S @QD RTQUDXDC TMSHK NMD R@XR GD/RGD VHKK V@SBG SGD RTODQ #NVK.
A. 1 ] (0.40)
B. 2.5
C. 0.0187
D. 0.2304
107 @. A. B.
C. 3.02
D. /N
E. 0.9997 F.
312 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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G. 0.3881
H. 6.6207 O@FDR
109 0, 1, 2, @MC 3
111
@. 1 ] (0.25)
A. H. .D@M = Z =
1
p
=
1
0.25
= 4
HH. 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM = j =
1 p
p
2
=
1 0.25
0.25
2
v 3.4641
B. )(N = 10) = FDNLDSOCE(0.25, 10) = 0.0188
C. )(N = 20) = FDNLDSOCE(0.25, 20) = 0.0011
D. )(N x 5) = FDNLDSBCE(0.25, 5) = 0.7627
113
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR SG@S @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q
A. 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 20
B. 1 ] !(29, 163, 20); H = 29, 8 = 163, D = 20
C. 3.03
D. 1.5197 E.
115
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE 1@SQHNSR OHBJDC
A. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 1 ] !(4, 8, 9)
C. 8HSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS D. E.
117
@. 1 ] )(5.5); Z = 5.5; = 5.5 v 2.3452
A. )(N x 6) = ONHRRNMBCE(5.5, 6) v 0.6860
B. 5GDQD HR @ 15.7% OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD K@V RS@EE VHKK QDBDHUD LNQD B@KKR SG@M SGDX B@M G@MCKD.
C. )(N > 8) = 1 k )(N x 8) = 1 k ONHRRNMBCE(5.5, 8) v 1 k 0.8944 = 0.1056
119 -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE CDEDBSHUD ATKAR HM @ RSQHMF. 6RHMF SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM:
q Z = DF = 100(0.03) = 3
q 1 ] )(3)
q )(N x 4) = ONHRRNMBCE(3, 4) v 0.8153
6RHMF SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM:
q 1 ] B(100, 0.03)
q )(N x 4) = AHMNLBCE(100, 0.03, 4) v 0.8179
5GD 1NHRRNM @OOQNWHL@SHNM HR UDQX FNNClSGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HR NMKX 0.0026.
121
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM ENQ @ 4O@MHRG VNL@M
A. 0, 1, 2, 3,...
B. 1 ] )(1.47)
C. 0.2299
D. 0.5679
E. 0.4321
123
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ENQSTMD BNNJHDR SG@S G@UD @M DWSQ@ ENQSTMD
A. 0, 1, 2, 3,... 144
B. 1 ] B(144, 0.03) NQ )(4.32)
C. 4.32
D. 0.0124 NQ 0.0133
E. 0.6300 NQ 0.6264
F. "R D FDSR K@QFDQ, SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR FDS BKNRDQ SNFDSGDQ.
125
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 313
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@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD @TCHSDC HM NMD XD@Q
A. 0, 1, 2, ..., 100
B. 1 ] )(2)
C. 2
D. 0.1353
E. 0.3233
127
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE RGDKK OHDBDR HM NMD B@JD
A. 0, 1, 2, 3,...
B. 1 ] )(1.5)
C. 1.5
D. 0.2231
E. 0.0001
F. :DR
129 C
314 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5 U !-,2',3-31 0A,"-+
4A0'A*#1
$CAOL? 5.1 3DA DAECDPO KB PDAOA N=@EOD LH=JPO =NA ?KJPEJQKQO N=J@KI R=NE=>HAO.
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
#X SGD DMC NE SGHR BG@OSDQ, SGD RSTCDMS RGNTKC AD @AKD SN:
c 3DBNFMHYD @MC TMCDQRS@MC BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNMR HM FDMDQ@K.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD TMHENQL OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD DWONMDMSH@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
$NMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR G@UD L@MX @OOKHB@SHNMR. #@RDA@KK A@SSHMF @UDQ@FDR, *2 RBNQDR, SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ KNMF
CHRS@MBD SDKDOGNMD B@KK K@RSR, SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX @ ODQRNM B@QQHDR, SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ BNLOTSDQ BGHO K@RSR, @MC 4"5 RBNQDR
@QD ITRS @ EDV. 5GD EHDKC NE QDKH@AHKHSX CDODMCR NM @ U@QHDSX NE BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 315
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,-2#
5GD U@KTDR NE CHRBQDSD @MC BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR B@M AD @LAHFTNTR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE 1 HR DPT@K SN SGD MTLADQ
NE LHKDR (SN SGD MD@QDRS LHKD) XNT CQHUD SN VNQJ, SGDM 1 HR @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. :NT BNTMS SGD LHKDR. *E 1 HR
SGD CHRS@MBD XNT CQHUD SN VNQJ, SGDM XNT LD@RTQD U@KTDR NE 1 @MC 1 HR @ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 'NQ @ RDBNMC
DW@LOKD, HE 1 HR DPT@K SN SGD MTLADQ NE ANNJR HM @ A@BJO@BJ, SGDM 1 HR @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. *E 1 HR SGD VDHFGS NE
@ ANNJ, SGDM 1 HR @ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ADB@TRD VDHFGSR @QD LD@RTQDC. )NV SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR CDEHMDC HR
UDQX HLONQS@MS.
.LIJ?LNC?M I@ !IHNCHOIOM .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIHM
5GD FQ@OG NE @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM HR @ BTQUD. 1QNA@AHKHSX HR QDOQDRDMSDC AX @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD.
5GD BTQUD HR B@KKDC SGD EGD767>A>IN 9:CH>IN ;JC8I>DC (@AAQDUH@SDC @R E9;). 8D TRD SGD RXLANK <(N) SN QDOQDRDMS SGD
BTQUD. <(N) HR SGD ETMBSHNM SG@S BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD FQ@OG; VD TRD SGD CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM <(N) SN CQ@V SGD FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
CHRSQHATSHNM.
AG:6 JC9:G I=: 8JGK: HR FHUDM AX @ CHEEDQDMS ETMBSHNM B@KKDC SGD 8JBJA6I>K: 9>HIG>7JI>DC ;JC8I>DC (@AAQDUH@SDC @R
89;). 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR TRDC SN DU@KT@SD OQNA@AHKHSX @R @QD@.
c 5GD NTSBNLDR @QD LD@RTQDC, MNS BNTMSDC.
c 5GD DMSHQD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD @MC @ANUD SGD W-@WHR HR DPT@K SN NMD.
c 1QNA@AHKHSX HR ENTMC ENQ HMSDQU@KR NE N U@KTDR Q@SGDQ SG@M ENQ HMCHUHCT@K N U@KTDR.
c )(9 < N < :) HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HR HM SGD HMSDQU@K ADSVDDM SGD U@KTDR 9 @MC :. )(9 < N < :) HR
SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD, @ANUD SGD N-@WHR, SN SGD QHFGS NE 9 @MC SGD KDES NE :.
c )(N = 9) = 0 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N S@JDR NM @MX RHMFKD HMCHUHCT@K U@KTD HR YDQN. 5GD @QD@ ADKNV SGD BTQUD, @ANUD SGD
N-@WHR, @MC ADSVDDM N = 9 @MC N = 9 G@R MN VHCSG, @MC SGDQDENQD MN @QD@ (@QD@ = 0). 4HMBD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX HR DPT@K SN SGD
@QD@, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX HR @KRN YDQN.
c )(9 < N < :) HR SGD R@LD @R )(9 g N g :) ADB@TRD OQNA@AHKHSX HR DPT@K SN @QD@.
8D VHKK EHMC SGD @QD@ SG@S QDOQDRDMSR OQNA@AHKHSX AX TRHMF FDNLDSQX, ENQLTK@R, SDBGMNKNFX, NQ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKDR. *M
FDMDQ@K, B@KBTKTR HR MDDCDC SN EHMC SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD ENQ L@MX OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNMR. 8GDM VD TRD ENQLTK@R
SN EHMC SGD @QD@ HM SGHR SDWSANNJ, SGD ENQLTK@R VDQD ENTMC AX TRHMF SGD SDBGMHPTDR NE HMSDFQ@K B@KBTKTR. )NVDUDQ, ADB@TRD
LNRS RSTCDMSR S@JHMF SGHR BNTQRD G@UD MNS RSTCHDC B@KBTKTR, VD VHKK MNS AD TRHMF B@KBTKTR HM SGHR SDWSANNJ.
5GDQD @QD L@MX BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR. 8GDM TRHMF @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM SN LNCDK
OQNA@AHKHSX, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM TRDC HR RDKDBSDC SN LNCDK @MC EHS SGD O@QSHBTK@Q RHST@SHNM HM SGD ADRS V@X.
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ @MC SGD MDWS, VD VHKK RSTCX SGD TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM, SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM, @MC SGD MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD ENKKNVHMF FQ@OGR HKKTRSQ@SD SGDRD CHRSQHATSHNMR.
$CAOL? 5.2 3DA CN=LD ODKSO = 4JEBKNI #EOPNE>QPEKJ SEPD PDA =NA= >APSAAJ / = 3 =J@ / = 6 OD=@A@ PK NALNAOAJP PDA
LNK>=>EHEPU PD=P PDA R=HQA KB PDA N=J@KI R=NE=>HA X EO EJ PDA EJPANR=H >APSAAJ PDNAA =J@ OET.
316 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 5.3 3DA CN=LD ODKSO =J $TLKJAJPE=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ SEPD PDA =NA= >APSAAJ / = 2 =J@ / = 4 OD=@A@ PK NALNAOAJP
PDA LNK>=>EHEPU PD=P PDA R=HQA KB PDA N=J@KI R=NE=>HA X EO EJ PDA EJPANR=H >APSAAJ PSK =J@ BKQN.
$CAOL? 5.4 3DA CN=LD ODKSO PDA 2P=J@=N@ -KNI=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ SEPD PDA =NA= >APSAAJ / = 1 =J@ / = 2 OD=@A@ PK
NALNAOAJP PDA LNK>=>EHEPU PD=P PDA R=HQA KB PDA N=J@KI R=NE=>HA X EO EJ PDA EJPANR=H >APSAAJ KJA =J@ PSK.
5.1 U !IHNCHOIOM .LI<;<CFCNS $OH=NCIHM
8D ADFHM AX CDEHMHMF @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM. 8D TRD SGD ETMBSHNM MNS@SHNM <(N). *MSDQLDCH@SD @KFDAQ@ L@X
G@UD ADDM XNTQ EHQRS ENQL@K HMSQNCTBSHNM SN ETMBSHNMR. *M SGD RSTCX NE OQNA@AHKHSX, SGD ETMBSHNMR VD RSTCX @QD RODBH@K. 8D
CDEHMD SGD ETMBSHNM <(N) RN SG@S SGD @QD@ ADSVDDM HS @MC SGD W-@WHR HR DPT@K SN @ OQNA@AHKHSX. 4HMBD SGD L@WHLTL OQNA@AHKHSX HR
NMD, SGD L@WHLTL @QD@ HR @KRN NMD. #DG 8DCI>CJDJH EGD767>A>IN 9>HIG>7JI>DCH, -/,BAB&)&15 = A/"A.
$T=ILHA 5.1
$NMRHCDQ SGD ETMBSHNM <(N) =
1
20
ENQ 0 x N x 20. N = @ QD@K MTLADQ. 5GD FQ@OG NE <(N) =
1
20
HR @ GNQHYNMS@K KHMD.
)NVDUDQ, RHMBD 0 x N x 20, <(N) HR QDRSQHBSDC SN SGD ONQSHNM ADSVDDM N = 0 @MC N = 20, HMBKTRHUD.
$CAOL? 5.5
<(N) =
1
20
;DG 0 x N x 20.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 317
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5GD FQ@OG NE <(N) =
1
20
HR @ GNQHYNMS@K KHMD RDFLDMS VGDM 0 x N x 20.
5GD @QD@ ADSVDDM <(N) =
1
20
VGDQD 0 x N x 20 @MC SGD N-@WHR HR SGD @QD@ NE @ QDBS@MFKD VHSG A@RD = 20 @MC
GDHFGS =
1
20
.
AREA = 20
1
20
= 1
0JEEDH: L: L6CI ID ;>C9 I=: 6G:6 7:IL::C f(&) =
1
20
6C9 I=: &-6M>H L=:G: 0 < & < 2.
$CAOL? 5.6
AREA = (2 0)
1
20
= 0.1
AREA = (2 0)
1
20
= 0.1
(2 0) = 2 = base of a rectangle
0#+',"#0
@QD@ NE @ QDBS@MFKD = (A@RD)(GDHFGS).
5GD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCR SN @ OQNA@AHKHSX. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N HR ADSVDDM YDQN @MC SVN HR 0.1, VGHBG B@M AD
VQHSSDM L@SGDL@SHB@KKX @R )(0 < N < 2) = )(N < 2) = 0.1.
0JEEDH: L: L6CI ID ;>C9 I=: 6G:6 7:IL::C f(&) =
1
20
6C9 I=: &-6M>H L=:G: 4 < & < 15.
$CAOL? 5.7
AREA = (15 4)
1
20
= 0.55
AREA = (15 4)
1
20
= 0.55
318 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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(15 4) = 11 = the base of a rectangle
5GD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX )(4 < N < 15) = 0.55.
4TOONRD VD V@MS SN EHMC )(N = 15). 0M @M W-X FQ@OG, N = 15 HR @ UDQSHB@K KHMD. " UDQSHB@K KHMD G@R MN VHCSG
(NQ YDQN VHCSG). 5GDQDENQD, )(N = 15) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (0)
1
20
= 0
$CAOL? 5.8
)(1 x N) (B@M AD VQHSSDM @R )(1 < N) ENQ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNMR) HR B@KKDC SGD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM
ETMBSHNM NQ $%'. /NSHBD SGD "KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN" RXLANK. 8D B@M TRD SGD $%' SN B@KBTK@SD )(1 > N). 5GD $%'
FHUDR "@QD@ SN SGD KDES" @MC )(1 > N) FHUDR "@QD@ SN SGD QHFGS." 8D B@KBTK@SD )(1 > N) ENQ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNMR
@R ENKKNVR: )(1 > N) = 1 k ) (1 < N).
$CAOL? 5.9
-@ADK SGD FQ@OG VHSG <(N) @MC N. 4B@KD SGD W @MC X @WDR VHSG SGD L@WHLTL N @MC O U@KTDR. <(N) =
1
20
, 0 x N x
20.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N HR ADSVDDM SVN U@KTDR, KNNJ @S SGD ENKKNVHMF FQ@OG. 4G@CD SGD QDFHNM
ADSVDDM N = 2.3 @MC N = 12.7. 5GDM B@KBTK@SD SGD RG@CDC @QD@ NE @ QDBS@MFKD.
$CAOL? 5.10
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 319
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P(2.3 < x < 12.7) = (base)(height) = (12.7 2.3)
1
20
= 0.52
5.1 $NMRHCDQ SGD ETMBSHNM <(N) =
1
8
ENQ 0 x N x 8. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG NE <(N) @MC EHMC )(2.5 < N < 7.5).
5.2 U 2B? 3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
$T=ILHA 5.2
5GD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 5.1 @QD 55 RLHKHMF SHLDR, HM RDBNMCR, NE @M DHFGS-VDDJ-NKC A@AX.
10.4 19.6 18.8 13.9 17.8 16.8 21.6 17.9 12.5 11.1 4.9
12.8 14.8 22.8 20.0 15.9 16.3 13.4 17.1 14.5 19.0 22.8
1.3 0.7 8.9 11.9 10.9 7.3 5.9 3.7 17.9 19.2 9.8
5.8 6.9 2.6 5.8 21.7 11.8 3.4 2.1 4.5 6.3 10.7
8.9 9.4 9.4 7.6 10.0 3.3 6.7 7.8 11.6 13.8 18.6
2;<F? 5.1
5GD R@LOKD LD@M = 11.49 @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 6.23.
8D VHKK @RRTLD SG@S SGD RLHKHMF SHLDR, HM RDBNMCR, ENKKNV @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM ADSVDDM YDQN @MC 23
RDBNMCR, HMBKTRHUD. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S @MX RLHKHMF SHLD EQNL YDQN SN @MC HMBKTCHMF 23 RDBNMCR HR :FJ6AAN A>@:AN.
5GD GHRSNFQ@L SG@S BNTKC AD BNMRSQTBSDC EQNL SGD R@LOKD HR @M DLOHQHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S BKNRDKX L@SBGDR SGD
SGDNQDSHB@K TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
-DS 1 = KDMFSG, HM RDBNMCR, NE @M DHFGS-VDDJ-NKC A@AX'R RLHKD.
5GD MNS@SHNM ENQ SGD TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM HR
1 ] .(7, 8) VGDQD 7 = SGD KNVDRS U@KTD NE N @MC 8 = SGD GHFGDRS U@KTD NE N.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM HR <(N) =
1
b a
ENQ 7 x N x 8.
'NQ SGHR DW@LOKD, 1 ] .(0, 23) @MC <(N) =
1
23 0
ENQ 0 x 1 x 23.
'NQLTK@R ENQ SGD SGDNQDSHB@K LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @QD
=
a + b
2
@MC =
(b a)
2
12
'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL, SGD SGDNQDSHB@K LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @QD
Z =
0 + 23
2
= 11.50 RDBNMCR @MC \ =
(23 0)
2
12
= 6.64 RDBNMCR.
/NSHBD SG@S SGD SGDNQDSHB@K LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @QD BKNRD SN SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
HM SGHR DW@LOKD.
320 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5.2 5GD C@S@ SG@S ENKKNV@QD SGD MTLADQ NE O@RRDMFDQR NM 35 CHEEDQDMS BG@QSDQ EHRGHMF AN@SR. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M = 7.9 @MC
SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 4.33. 5GD C@S@ ENKKNV @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM VGDQD @KK U@KTDR ADSVDDM @MC HMBKTCHMF
YDQN @MC 14 @QD DPT@KKX KHJDKX. 4S@SD SGD U@KTDR NE 7 @MC 8. 8QHSD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HM OQNODQ MNS@SHNM, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD
SGDNQDSHB@K LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
1 12 4 10 4 14 11
7 11 4 13 2 4 6
3 10 0 12 6 9 10
5 13 4 10 14 12 11
6 10 11 0 11 13 2
2;<F? 5.2
$T=ILHA 5.3
@. 3DEDQ SN #R;GJF? 5.2. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM DHFGS-VDDJ-NKC A@AX RLHKDR ADSVDDM
SVN @MC 18 RDBNMCR
1IFONCIH 5.3
@. 'HMC )(2 < N < 18).
)(2 < N < 18) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (18 k 2)
1
23
16
23
.
$CAOL? 5.11
A. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ @M DHFGS-VDDJ-NKC A@AX'R RLHKHMF SHLD.
1IFONCIH 5.3
A. /HMDSX ODQBDMS NE SGD RLHKHMF SHLDR E@KK ADKNV SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD, A, RN )(N < A) = 0.90
P(x < k) = 0.90
base
height
= 0.90
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 321
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(k 0)
1
23
= 0.90
k = (23)(0.90) = 20.7
$CAOL? 5.12
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLDHFGS-VDDJ-NKC A@AX RLHKDR LNQD SG@M 12 RDBNMCR (+,4&+$SG@S SGD A@AX
RLHKDR *,/" 1%A+ "&$%1 0",+!0.
1IFONCIH 5.3
B. 5GHR OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM HR @ 8DC9>I>DC6A. :NT @QD @RJDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M DHFGS-VDDJ-NKC A@AX
RLHKDR LNQD SG@M 12 RDBNMCR VGDM XNT 6AG:69N @CDL SGD A@AX G@R RLHKDC ENQ LNQD SG@M DHFGS RDBNMCR.
'HMC )(N > 12[N > 8) 5GDQD @QD SVN V@XR SN CN SGD OQNAKDL. #DG I=: ;>GHI L6N, TRD SGD E@BS SG@S SGHR HR @
8DC9>I>DC6A @MC BG@MFDR SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. 5GD FQ@OG HKKTRSQ@SDR SGD MDV R@LOKD RO@BD. :NT @KQD@CX JMNV SGD
A@AX RLHKDC LNQD SG@M DHFGS RDBNMCR.
4G>I: 6 C:L <(N): <(N) =
1
23 8
=
1
15
ENQ 8 < N < 23
)(N > 12[N > 8) = (23 u 12)
1
15
11
15
$CAOL? 5.13
#DG I=: H:8DC9 L6N, TRD SGD BNMCHSHNM@K ENQLTK@ EQNL .LI<;<CFCNS 2IJC=M VHSG SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM 1
] . (0, 23):
)(A[B) =
P(A AND B)
P(B)
'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL, A HR (N > 12) @MC B HR (N > 8).
4N, )(N > 12[N > 8) =
(x > 12 AND x > 8)
P(x > 8)
=
P(x > 12)
P(x > 8)
=
11
23
15
23
= 0.733
322 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 5.14
5.3 " CHRSQHATSHNM HR FHUDM @R 1 ] . (0, 20). 8G@S HR )(2 < N < 18) 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
$T=ILHA 5.4
5GD @LNTMS NE SHLD, HM LHMTSDR, SG@S @ ODQRNM LTRS V@HS ENQ @ ATR HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM YDQN @MC 15
LHMTSDR, HMBKTRHUD.
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM V@HSR EDVDQ SG@M 12.5 LHMTSDR
1IFONCIH 5.4
@. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE LHMTSDR @ ODQRNM LTRS V@HS ENQ @ ATR. 7 = 0 @MC 8 = 15. 1 ] .(0, 15). 8QHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM. < (N) =
1
15 0
=
1
15
ENQ 0 x N x 15.
'HMC ) (N < 12.5). %Q@V @ FQ@OG.
P(x < k) = (base)(height) = (12.5 - 0)
1
15
= 0.8333
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX @ ODQRNM V@HSR KDRR SG@M 12.5 LHMTSDR HR 0.8333.
$CAOL? 5.15
A. 0M SGD @UDQ@FD, GNV KNMF LTRS @ ODQRNM V@HS 'HMC SGD LD@M, Z, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \.
1IFONCIH 5.4
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 323
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>. 4 =
a + b
2
=
15 + 0
2
= 7.5. .J PDA =RAN=CA, = LANOKJ IQOP S=EP 7.5 IEJQPAO.
6 =
(b - a)
2
12
=
(15 - 0)
2
12
= 4.3. 3DA 2P=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJ EO 4.3 IEJQPAO.
B. /HMDSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, SGD SHLD @ ODQRNM LTRS V@HS E@KKR ADKNV VG@S U@KTD
,-2#
5GHR @RJR ENQ SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
1IFONCIH 5.4
B. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. %Q@V @ FQ@OG. -DS A = SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
P(x < k) = (base)(height) = (k 0)(
1
15
)
0.90 = (k)
1
15
k = (0.90)(15) = 13.5
A HR RNLDSHLDR B@KKDC @ BQHSHB@K U@KTD.
5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR 13.5 LHMTSDR. /HMDSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, @ ODQRNM LTRS V@HS @S LNRS 13.5 LHMTSDR.
$CAOL? 5.16
324 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5.4 5GD SNS@K CTQ@SHNM NE A@RDA@KK F@LDR HM SGD L@INQ KD@FTD HM SGD 2011 RD@RNM HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM 447
GNTQR @MC 521 GNTQR HMBKTRHUD.
=. 'HMC 7 @MC 8 @MC CDRBQHAD VG@S SGDX QDOQDRDMS.
>. 8QHSD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
?. 'HMC SGD LD@M @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD CTQ@SHNM NE F@LDR ENQ @ SD@L ENQ SGD 2011 RD@RNM HR ADSVDDM 480 @MC 500 GNTQR
A. 8G@S HR SGD 65
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD CTQ@SHNM NE F@LDR ENQ @ SD@L ENQ SGD 2011 RD@RNM
$T=ILHA 5.5
4TOONRD SGD SHLD HS S@JDR @ MHMD-XD@Q NKC SN D@S @ CNMTS HR ADSVDDM 0.5 @MC 4 LHMTSDR, HMBKTRHUD. -DS 1 = SGD SHLD,
HM LHMTSDR, HS S@JDR @ MHMD-XD@Q NKC BGHKC SN D@S @ CNMTS. 5GDM 1 ] . (0.5, 4).
@. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC MHMD-XD@Q NKC BGHKC D@SR @ CNMTS HM @S KD@RS SVN LHMTSDR HR ???????.
1IFONCIH 5.5
=. 0.5714
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ CHEEDQDMS MHMD-XD@Q NKC BGHKC D@SR @ CNMTS HM LNQD SG@M SVN LHMTSDR FHUDM SG@S SGD
BGHKC G@R @KQD@CX ADDM D@SHMF SGD CNMTS ENQ LNQD SG@M 1.5 LHMTSDR.
5GD RDBNMC PTDRSHNM G@R @ 8DC9>I>DC6A EGD767>A>IN. :NT @QD @RJDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ MHMD-XD@Q NKC
BGHKC D@SR @ CNMTS HM LNQD SG@M SVN LHMTSDR FHUDM SG@S SGD BGHKC G@R @KQD@CX ADDM D@SHMF SGD CNMTS ENQ LNQD SG@M
1.5 LHMTSDR. 4NKUD SGD OQNAKDL SVN CHEEDQDMS V@XR (RDD #R;GJF? 5.2). :NT LTRS QDCTBD SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. #>GHI
L6N: 4HMBD XNT JMNV SGD BGHKC G@R @KQD@CX ADDM D@SHMF SGD CNMTS ENQ LNQD SG@M 1.5 LHMTSDR, XNT @QD MN KNMFDQ
RS@QSHMF @S 7 = 0.5 LHMTSDR. :NTQ RS@QSHMF ONHMS HR 1.5 LHMTSDR.
4G>I: 6 C:L f(&):
<(N) =
1
4 1.5
=
2
5
ENQ 1.5 x N x 4.
'HMC )(N > 2[N > 1.5). %Q@V @ FQ@OG.
$CAOL? 5.17
)(N > 2[N > 1.5) = (A@RD)(MDV GDHFGS) = (4 u 2)
2
5
=
1IFONCIH 5.5
>.
4
5
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ MHMD-XD@Q NKC BGHKC D@SR @ CNMTS HM LNQD SG@M SVN LHMTSDR FHUDM SG@S SGD BGHKC G@R
@KQD@CX ADDM D@SHMF SGD CNMTS ENQ LNQD SG@M 1.5 LHMTSDR HR
4
5
.
0:8DC9 L6N: %Q@V SGD NQHFHM@K FQ@OG ENQ 1 ] . (0.5, 4). 6RD SGD BNMCHSHNM@K ENQLTK@
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 325
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)(N > 2[N > 1.5) =
P(x > 2 AND x > 1.5)
P(x > 1.5)
=
P(x > 2)
P(x > 1.5)
=
2
3.5
2.5
3.5
= 0.8 =
4
5
5.5 4TOONRD SGD SHLD HS S@JDR @ RSTCDMS SN EHMHRG @ PTHY HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM RHW @MC 15 LHMTSDR, HMBKTRHUD.
-DS 1 = SGD SHLD, HM LHMTSDR, HS S@JDR @ RSTCDMS SN EHMHRG @ PTHY. 5GDM 1 ] . (6, 15).
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMS MDDCR @S KD@RS DHFGS LHMTSDR SN BNLOKDSD SGD PTHY. 5GDM EHMC SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ CHEEDQDMS RSTCDMS MDDCR @S KD@RS DHFGS LHMTSDR SN EHMHRG SGD PTHY FHUDM SG@S RGD G@R @KQD@CX S@JDM RDUDM
LHMTSDR.
$T=ILHA 5.6
"BD )D@SHMF @MC "HQ $NMCHSHNMHMF 4DQUHBD EHMCR SG@S SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD @ QDO@HQL@M MDDCR SN EHW @ ETQM@BD HR
TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM 1.5 @MC ENTQ GNTQR. -DS N = SGD SHLD MDDCDC SN EHW @ ETQM@BD. 5GDM N ] . (1.5, 4).
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ETQM@BD QDO@HQ QDPTHQDR LNQD SG@M SVN GNTQR.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ETQM@BD QDO@HQ QDPTHQDR KDRR SG@M SGQDD GNTQR.
?. 'HMC SGD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE ETQM@BD QDO@HQ SHLDR.
@. 5GD KNMFDRS 25%NE ETQM@BD QDO@HQ SHLDR S@JD @S KD@RS GNV KNMF (*M NSGDQ VNQCR: EHMC SGD LHMHLTL SHLD ENQ
SGD KNMFDRS 25% NE QDO@HQ SHLDR.) 8G@S ODQBDMSHKD CNDR SGHR QDOQDRDMS
A. 'HMC SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
1IFONCIH 5.6
@. 5N EHMC <(N): < (N) =
1
4 1.5
=
1
2.5
RN <(N) = 0.4
)(N > 2) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (4 k 2)(0.4) = 0.8
$CAOL? 5.18 4JEBKNI #EOPNE>QPEKJ >APSAAJ 1.5 =J@ BKQN SEPD OD=@A@ =NA= >APSAAJ PSK =J@ BKQN NALNAOAJPEJC
PDA LNK>=>EHEPU PD=P PDA NAL=EN PEIA / EO CNA=PAN PD=J PSK
1IFONCIH 5.6
A. )(N < 3) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (3 k 1.5)(0.4) = 0.6
326 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5GD FQ@OG NE SGD QDBS@MFKD RGNVHMF SGD DMSHQD CHRSQHATSHNM VNTKC QDL@HM SGD R@LD. )NVDUDQ SGD FQ@OG RGNTKC
AD RG@CDC ADSVDDM N = 1.5 @MC N = 3. /NSD SG@S SGD RG@CDC @QD@ RS@QSR @S N = 1.5 Q@SGDQ SG@M @S N = 0; RHMBD 1 ] .
(1.5, 4), N B@M MNS AD KDRR SG@M 1.5.
$CAOL? 5.19 4JEBKNI #EOPNE>QPEKJ >APSAAJ 1.5 =J@ BKQN SEPD OD=@A@ =NA= >APSAAJ 1.5 =J@ PDNAA
NALNAOAJPEJC PDA LNK>=>EHEPU PD=P PDA NAL=EN PEIA / EO HAOO PD=J PDNAA
1IFONCIH 5.6
B.
$CAOL? 5.20 4JEBKNI #EOPNE>QPEKJ >APSAAJ 1.5 =J@ 4 SEPD =J =NA= KB 0.30 OD=@A@ PK PDA HABP, NALNAOAJPEJC
PDA ODKNPAOP 30% KB NAL=EN PEIAO.
) (N < A) = 0.30
)(N < A) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (A k 1.5)(0.4)
0.3 = (k R 1.5) (0.4); 4NKUD SN EHMC A:
0.75 = A k 1.5, NAS@HMDC AX CHUHCHMF ANSG RHCDR AX 0.4
k = 2.25 , NAS@HMDC AX @CCHMF 1.5 SN ANSG RHCDR
5GD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE QDO@HQ SHLDR HR 2.25 GNTQR. 30% NE QDO@HQ SHLDR @QD 2.5 GNTQR NQ KDRR.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 327
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1IFONCIH 5.6
C.
$CAOL? 5.21 4JEBKNI #EOPNE>QPEKJ >APSAAJ 1.5 =J@ 4 SEPD =J =NA= KB 0.25 OD=@A@ PK PDA NECDP NALNAOAJPEJC
PDA HKJCAOP 25% KB NAL=EN PEIAO.
)(N > A) = 0.25
)(N > A) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (4 k A)(0.4)
0.25 = (4 R k)(0.4); 4NKUD ENQ A:
0.625 = 4 u A,
NAS@HMDC AX CHUHCHMF ANSG RHCDR AX 0.4
u3.375 = uA,
NAS@HMDC AX RTASQ@BSHMF ENTQ EQNL ANSG RHCDR k = 3.375
5GD KNMFDRS 25% NE ETQM@BD QDO@HQR S@JD @S KD@RS 3.375 GNTQR (3.375 GNTQR NQ KNMFDQ).
+DI:: 4HMBD 25% NE QDO@HQ SHLDR @QD 3.375 GNTQR NQ KNMFDQ, SG@S LD@MR SG@S 75% NE QDO@HQ SHLDR @QD 3.375 GNTQR
NQ KDRR. 3.375 GNTQR HR SGD 75
I=
E:G8:CI>A: NE ETQM@BD QDO@HQ SHLDR.
1IFONCIH 5.6
A. =
a + b
2
=J@ =
(b a)
2
12
=
1.5 + 4
2
= 2.75 DKQNO =J@ =
(4 1.5)
2
12
= 0.7217 DKQNO
5.6 5GD @LNTMS NE SHLD @ RDQUHBD SDBGMHBH@M MDDCR SN BG@MFD SGD NHK HM @ B@Q HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM 11 @MC
21 LHMTSDR. -DS 1 = SGD SHLD MDDCDC SN BG@MFD SGD NHK NM @ B@Q.
=. 8QHSD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM VNQCR. 1 = ??????????????????.
>. 8QHSD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
?. (Q@OG SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
@. 'HMC ) (N > 19).
A. 'HMC SGD 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
5.3 U 2B? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD :MEDC:CI>6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC HR NESDM BNMBDQMDC VHSG SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD TMSHK RNLD RODBHEHB DUDMS NBBTQR. 'NQ DW@LOKD,
SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD (ADFHMMHMF MNV) TMSHK @M D@QSGPT@JD NBBTQR G@R @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 0SGDQ DW@LOKDR HMBKTCD SGD
KDMFSG, HM LHMTSDR, NE KNMF CHRS@MBD ATRHMDRR SDKDOGNMD B@KKR, @MC SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD, HM LNMSGR, @ B@Q A@SSDQX K@RSR. *S B@M
328 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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AD RGNVM, SNN, SG@S SGD U@KTD NE SGD BG@MFD SG@S XNT G@UD HM XNTQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD @OOQNWHL@SDKX ENKKNVR @M DWONMDMSH@K
CHRSQHATSHNM.
7@KTDR ENQ @M DWONMDMSH@K Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD NBBTQ HM SGD ENKKNVHMF V@X. 5GDQD @QD EDVDQ K@QFD U@KTDR @MC LNQD
RL@KK U@KTDR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX BTRSNLDQR RODMC HM NMD SQHO SN SGD RTODQL@QJDS ENKKNVR @M DWONMDMSH@K
CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GDQD @QD LNQD ODNOKD VGN RODMC RL@KK @LNTMSR NE LNMDX @MC EDVDQ ODNOKD VGN RODMC K@QFD @LNTMSR NE
LNMDX.
5GD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR VHCDKX TRDC HM SGD EHDKC NE QDKH@AHKHSX. 3DKH@AHKHSX CD@KR VHSG SGD@LNTMS NE SHLD @ OQNCTBS
K@RSR.
$T=ILHA 5.7
-DS 1 = @LNTMS NE SHLD (HM LHMTSDR) @ ONRS@K BKDQJ RODMCR VHSG GHR NQ GDQ BTRSNLDQ. 5GD SHLD HR JMNVM SN G@UD @M
DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG SGD @UDQ@FD @LNTMS NE SHLD DPT@K SN ENTQ LHMTSDR.
1 HR @ 8DCI>CJDJH G6C9DB K6G>67A: RHMBD SHLD HR LD@RTQDC. *S HR FHUDM SG@S Z = 4 LHMTSDR. 5N CN @MX
B@KBTK@SHNMR, XNT LTRS JMNV C, SGD CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ.
m =
1
. 5GDQDENQD, m =
1
4
= 0.25.
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \, HR SGD R@LD @R SGD LD@M. Z = \
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM MNS@SHNM HR 1 ] ENF(C). 5GDQDENQD, 1 ] ENF(0.25).
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM HR <(N) = C;
-CN
. 5GD MTLADQ ; = 2.71828182846... *S HR @ MTLADQ SG@S HR TRDC
NESDM HM L@SGDL@SHBR. 4BHDMSHEHB B@KBTK@SNQR G@UD SGD JDX ";
N
." *E XNT DMSDQ NMD ENQ N, SGD B@KBTK@SNQ VHKK CHROK@X
SGD U@KTD ;.
5GD BTQUD HR:
<(N) = 0.25;
k0.25N
VGDQD N HR @S KD@RS YDQN @MC C = 0.25.
'NQ DW@LOKD, <(5) = 0.25;
u(0.25)(5)
= 0.072. 5GD ONRS@K BKDQJ RODMCR EHUD LHMTSDR VHSG SGD BTRSNLDQR.
5GD FQ@OG HR @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 5.22
/NSHBD SGD FQ@OG HR @ CDBKHMHMF BTQUD. 8GDM N = 0,
<(N) = 0.25;
(u0.25)(0)
= (0.25)(1) = 0.25 = C. 5GD L@WHLTL U@KTD NM SGD O-@WHR HR C.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 329
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5.7 5GD @LNTMS NE SHLD RONTRDR RGNO ENQ @MMHUDQR@QX B@QCR B@M AD LNCDKDC AX @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG SGD
@UDQ@FD @LNTMS NE SHLD DPT@K SN DHFGS LHMTSDR. 8QHSD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM, RS@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM, @MC FQ@OG
SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
330 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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$T=ILHA 5.8
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 331
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@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BKDQJ RODMCR ENTQ SN EHUD LHMTSDR VHSG @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BTRSNLDQ.
1IFONCIH 5.8
@. 'HMC )(4 < N < 5).
5GD 8JBJA6I>K: 9>HIG>7JI>DC ;JC8I>DC (!#) FHUDR SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES.
)(N < N) = 1 k ;
^CN
)(N < 5) = 1 k ;(k0.25)(5) = 0.7135 @MC )(N < 4) = 1 k ;
(k0.25)(4)
= 0.6321
$CAOL? 5.23
,-2#
:NT B@M CN SGDRD B@KBTK@SHNMR D@RHKX NM @ B@KBTK@SNQ.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ONRS@K BKDQJ RODMCR ENTQ SN EHUD LHMTSDR VHSG @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BTRSNLDQ HR )(4 < N < 5)
= )(N < 5) k )(N < 4) = 0.7135 u 0.6321 = 0.0814.
0M SGD GNLD RBQDDM, DMSDQ (1 k D>(k0.25*5))k(1kD>(k0.25*4)) NQ DMSDQ D>(k0.25*4) k D>(k0.25*5).
A. )@KE NE @KK BTRSNLDQR @QD EHMHRGDC VHSGHM GNV KNMF ('HMC SGD 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD)
1IFONCIH 5.8
A. 'HMC SGD 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
$CAOL? 5.24
332 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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)(N < A) = 0.50, A = 2.8 LHMTSDR (B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ)
)@KE NE @KK BTRSNLDQR @QD EHMHRGDC VHSGHM 2.8 LHMTSDR.
:NT B@M @KRN CN SGD B@KBTK@SHNM @R ENKKNVR:
)(N < A) = 0.50 @MC )(N < A) = 1 k;
k0.25A
5GDQDENQD, 0.50 = 1 u ;
u0.25A
@MC ;
u0.25A
= 1 u 0.50 = 0.5
5@JD M@STQ@K KNFR: BD(;
k0.25A
) = BD(0.50). 4N, k0.25A = BD(0.50)
4NKUD ENQ A: k =
ln(0.50)
-0.25
= 2.8 LHMTSDR. 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ RHLOKHEHDR SGD B@KBTK@SHNM ENQ ODQBDMSHKD A. 4DD SGD
ENKKNVHMF SVN MNSDR.
,-2#
" ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD ODQBDMSHKD A HR k =
ln(1 AreaToTheLe f t)
m
VGDQD BD HR SGD M@STQ@K KNF.
0M SGD GNLD RBQDDM, DMSDQ KM(1 k 0.50)/k0.25. 1QDRR SGD (-) ENQ SGD MDF@SHUD.
B. 8GHBG HR K@QFDQ, SGD LD@M NQ SGD LDCH@M
1IFONCIH 5.8
?. %NKI L=NP >, PDA IA@E=J KN 50
PD
LAN?AJPEHA EO 2.8 IEJQPAO. 3DA PDAKNAPE?=H IA=J EO BKQN IEJQPAO. 3DA
IA=J EO H=NCAN.
5.8 5GD MTLADQ NE C@XR @GD@C SQ@UDKDQR OTQBG@RD SGDHQ @HQKHMD SHBJDSR B@M AD LNCDKDC AX @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM
VHSG SGD @UDQ@FD @LNTMS NE SHLD DPT@K SN 15 C@XR. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ SQ@UDKDQ VHKK OTQBG@RD @ SHBJDS EDVDQ SG@M
SDM C@XR HM @CU@MBD. )NV L@MX C@XR CN G@KE NE @KK SQ@UDKDQR V@HS
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 333
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)@UD D@BG BK@RR LDLADQ BNTMS SGD BG@MFD GD NQ RGD G@R HM GHR NQ GDQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD. :NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK QDBNQC SGD
@LNTMSR HM CNKK@QR @MC BDMSR. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD C@S@ S@JDM AX SGD BK@RR. 6RD EHUD HMSDQU@KR. %Q@V @ RLNNSG
BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD A@QR. 5GD FQ@OG RGNTKC KNNJ @OOQNWHL@SDKX DWONMDMSH@K. 5GDM B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M.
-DS 1 = SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX @ RSTCDMS HM XNTQ BK@RR G@R HM GHR NQ GDQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD.
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1 HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX DWONMDMSH@K VHSG LD@M, Z = ??????? @MC C = ???????. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM, \ = ????????.
%Q@V SGD @OOQNOQH@SD DWONMDMSH@K FQ@OG. :NT RGNTKC K@ADK SGD Wk @MC Xk@WDR, SGD CDB@X Q@SD, @MC SGD LD@M. 4G@CD
SGD @QD@ SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD RSTCDMS G@R KDRR SG@M $.40 HM GHR NQ GDQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD. (4G@CD )(N <
0.40)).
$T=ILHA 5.9
0M SGD @UDQ@FD, @ BDQS@HM BNLOTSDQ O@QS K@RSR SDM XD@QR. 5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD SGD BNLOTSDQ O@QS K@RSR HR DWONMDMSH@KKX
CHRSQHATSDC.
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNLOTSDQ O@QS K@RSR LNQD SG@M 7 XD@QR
1IFONCIH 5.9
=. +AP / = PDA =IKQJP KB PEIA (EJ UA=NO) = ?KILQPAN L=NP H=OPO.
4 = 10 OK m =
1
=
1
10
= 0.1
%EJ@ P(/ > 7). #N=S PDA CN=LD.
P(/ > 7) = 1 _ P(/ < 7).
2EJ?A P(X < /) = 1 _
7%/
PDAJ P(X > /) = 1 _(1 _
7%/
) =
-%/
P(/ > 7) =
(_0.1)(7)
= 0.4966. 3DA LNK>=>EHEPU PD=P = ?KILQPAN L=NP H=OPO IKNA PD=J OARAJ UA=NO EO
0.4966.
0M SGD GNLD RBQDDM, DMSDQ D>(-.1*7).
$CAOL? 5.25
A. 0M SGD @UDQ@FD, GNV KNMF VNTKC EHUD BNLOTSDQ O@QSR K@RS HE SGDX @QD TRDC NMD @ESDQ @MNSGDQ
1IFONCIH 5.9
334 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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>. .J PDA =RAN=CA, KJA ?KILQPAN L=NP H=OPO PAJ UA=NO. 3DANABKNA, BERA ?KILQPAN L=NPO, EB PDAU =NA QOA@
KJA NECDP =BPAN PDA KPDAN SKQH@ H=OP, KJ PDA =RAN=CA, (5)(10) = 50 UA=NO.
B. &HFGSX ODQBDMS NE BNLOTSDQ O@QSR K@RS @S LNRS GNV KNMF
1IFONCIH 5.9
B. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG. -DS A = SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
$CAOL? 5.26
4NKUD ENQ A: k =
ln(1 0.80)
0.1
= 16.1 XD@QR
&HFGSX ODQBDMS NE SGD BNLOTSDQ O@QSR K@RS @S LNRS 16.1 XD@QR.
0M SGD GNLD RBQDDM, DMSDQ
ln(1 0.80)
0.1
C. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNLOTSDQ O@QS K@RSR ADSVDDM MHMD @MC 11 XD@QR
1IFONCIH 5.9
C. 'HMC )(9 < N < 11). %Q@V SGD FQ@OG.
$CAOL? 5.27
)(9 < N < 11) = )(N < 11) k )(N < 9) = (1 k ;
(k0.1)(11)
) k (1 k ;
(k0.1)(9)
) = 0.6671 k 0.5934 = 0.0737. 5GD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNLOTSDQ O@QS K@RSR ADSVDDM MHMD @MC 11 XD@QR HR 0.0737.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 335
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0M SGD GNLD RBQDDM, DMSDQ ;>(k0.1*9) k ;>(k0.1*11).
5.9 0M @UDQ@FD, @ O@HQ NE QTMMHMF RGNDR B@M K@RS 18 LNMSGR HE TRDC DUDQX C@X. 5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD QTMMHMF RGNDR K@RS HR
DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ O@HQ NE QTMMHMF RGNDR K@RS LNQD SG@M 15 LNMSGR 0M @UDQ@FD,
GNV KNMF VNTKC RHW O@HQR NE QTMMHMF RGNDR K@RS HE SGDX @QD TRDC NMD @ESDQ SGD NSGDQ &HFGSX ODQBDMS NE QTMMHMF RGNDR
K@RS @S LNRS GNV KNMF HE TRDC DUDQX C@X
$T=ILHA 5.10
4TOONRD SG@S SGD KDMFSG NE @ OGNMD B@KK, HM LHMTSDR, HR @M DWONMDMSH@K Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ =
1
12
. *E @MNSGDQ ODQRNM @QQHUDR @S @ OTAKHB SDKDOGNMD ITRS ADENQD XNT, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT VHKK G@UD SN V@HS
LNQD SG@M EHUD LHMTSDR. -DS 1 = SGD KDMFSG NE @ OGNMD B@KK, HM LHMTSDR.
8G@S HR C, Z, @MC \ 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS V@HS LNQD SG@M EHUD LHMTSDR HR ??????? .
1IFONCIH 5.10
c C =
1
12
c Z = 12
c \ = 12
)(N > 5) = 0.6592
336 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5.10 4TOONRD SG@S SGD CHRS@MBD, HM LHKDR, SG@S ODNOKD @QD VHKKHMF SN BNLLTSD SN VNQJ HR @M DWONMDMSH@K Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD
VHSG @ CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ
1
20
. -DS 1 = SGD CHRS@MBD ODNOKD @QD VHKKHMF SN BNLLTSD HM LHKDR. 8G@S HR C, Z, @MC \ 8G@S
HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR VHKKHMF SN BNLLTSD LNQD SG@M 25 LHKDR
$T=ILHA 5.11
5GD SHLD RODMS V@HSHMF ADSVDDM DUDMSR HR NESDM LNCDKDC TRHMF SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 'NQ DW@LOKD, RTOONRD
SG@S @M @UDQ@FD NE 30 BTRSNLDQR ODQ GNTQ @QQHUD @S @ RSNQD @MC SGD SHLD ADSVDDM @QQHU@KR HR DWONMDMSH@KKX
CHRSQHATSDC.
=. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX LHMTSDR DK@ORD ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD @QQHU@KR
>. 8GDM SGD RSNQD EHQRS NODMR, GNV KNMF NM @UDQ@FD CNDR HS S@JD ENQ SGQDD BTRSNLDQR SN @QQHUD
?. "ESDQ @ BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDR, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS S@JDR KDRR SG@M NMD LHMTSD ENQ SGD MDWS BTRSNLDQ SN
@QQHUD.
@. "ESDQ @ BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDR, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS S@JDR LNQD SG@M EHUD LHMTSDR ENQ SGD MDWS BTRSNLDQ SN
@QQHUD.
A. 4DUDMSX ODQBDMS NE SGD BTRSNLDQR @QQHUD VHSGHM GNV L@MX LHMTSDR NE SGD OQDUHNTR BTRSNLDQ
B. *R @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM QD@RNM@AKD ENQ SGHR RHST@SHNM
1IFONCIH 5.11
=. 4HMBD VD DWODBS 30 BTRSNLDQR SN @QQHUD ODQ GNTQ (60 LHMTSDR), VD DWODBS NM @UDQ@FD NMD BTRSNLDQ SN @QQHUD
DUDQX SVN LHMTSDR NM @UDQ@FD.
>. 4HMBD NMD BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDR DUDQX SVN LHMTSDR NM @UDQ@FD, HS VHKK S@JD RHW LHMTSDR NM @UDQ@FD ENQ SGQDD
BTRSNLDQR SN @QQHUD.
?. -DS 1 = SGD SHLD ADSVDDM @QQHU@KR, HM LHMTSDR. #X O@QS @, Z = 2, RN C =
1
2
= 0.5.
5GDQDENQD, 1 ENF(0.5).
5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR )(1 < N) = 1 k ;(k0.5N).
1=:G:;DG: )(1 < 1) = 1 k D
(k0.5)(1)
v 0.3935.
1 - ;>(k0.5) v 0.3935
$CAOL? 5.28
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 337
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@. )(1 > 5) = 1 k )(1 < 5) = 1 k (1 k ;
(k5)(0.5)
) = D
k2.5
v 0.0821.
$CAOL? 5.29
1 k (1 k D>( k 5*0.5)) NQ D>( k 5*0.5)
A. 8D V@MS SN RNKUD 0.70 = )(1 < N) ENQ N.
4TARSHSTSHMF HM SGD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM FHUDR 0.70 = 1 k ;
k0.5N
, RN SG@S ;
k0.5W
= 0.30. $NMUDQSHMF
SGHR SN KNF@QHSGLHB ENQL FHUDR k0.5N = BD(0.30), NQ x =
ln(0.30)
0.5
2.41 LHMTSDR.
5GTR, RDUDMSX ODQBDMS NE BTRSNLDQR @QQHUD VHSGHM 2.41 LHMTSDR NE SGD OQDUHNTR BTRSNLDQ.
:NT @QD EHMCHMF SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD A RN XNT B@M TRD SGD ENQLTK@ A =
ln(1 Area_To_The_Le f t _Of _k)
( m)
A =
ln(1 0.70)
( 0.5)
2.41 LHMTSDR
$CAOL? 5.30
B. 5GHR LNCDK @RRTLDR SG@S @ RHMFKD BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDR @S @ SHLD, VGHBG L@X MNS AD QD@RNM@AKD RHMBD ODNOKD
LHFGS RGNO HM FQNTOR, KD@CHMF SN RDUDQ@K BTRSNLDQR @QQHUHMF @S SGD R@LD SHLD. *S @KRN @RRTLDR SG@S SGD EKNV
NE BTRSNLDQR CNDR MNS BG@MFD SGQNTFGNTS SGD C@X, VGHBG HR MNS U@KHC HE RNLD SHLDR NE SGD C@X @QD ATRHDQ SG@M
NSGDQR.
338 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5.11 4TOONRD SG@S NM @ BDQS@HM RSQDSBG NE GHFGV@X, B@QR O@RR @S @M @UDQ@FD Q@SD NE EHUD B@QR ODQ LHMTSD. "RRTLD SG@S
SGD CTQ@SHNM NE SHLD ADSVDDM RTBBDRRHUD B@QR ENKKNVR SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX RDBNMCR DK@ORD ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD B@QR
>. "ESDQ @ B@Q O@RRDR AX, GNV KNMF NM @UDQ@FD VHKK HS S@JD ENQ @MNSGDQ RDUDM B@QR SN O@RR AX
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ESDQ @ B@Q O@RRDR AX, SGD MDWS B@Q VHKK O@RR VHSGHM SGD MDWS 20 RDBNMCR.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ESDQ @ B@Q O@RRDR AX, SGD MDWS B@Q VHKK MNS O@RR ENQ @S KD@RS @MNSGDQ 15 RDBNMCR.
+?GILSF?MMH?MM I@ NB? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
*M #R;GJF? 5.7 QDB@KK SG@S SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD ADSVDDM BTRSNLDQR HR DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE SVN LHMTSDR
(1 ] ENF (0.5)). 4TOONRD SG@S EHUD LHMTSDR G@UD DK@ORDC RHMBD SGD K@RS BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDC. 4HMBD @M TMTRT@KKX KNMF @LNTMS NE
SHLD G@R MNV DK@ORDC, HS VNTKC RDDL SN AD LNQD KHJDKX ENQ @ BTRSNLDQ SN @QQHUD VHSGHM SGD MDWS LHMTSD. 8HSG SGD DWONMDMSH@K
CHRSQHATSHNM, SGHR HR MNS SGD B@RDkSGD @CCHSHNM@K SHLD RODMS V@HSHMF ENQ SGD MDWS BTRSNLDQ CNDR MNS CDODMC NM GNV LTBG SHLD
G@R @KQD@CX DK@ORDC RHMBD SGD K@RS BTRSNLDQ. 5GHR HR QDEDQQDC SN @R SGD B:BDGNA:HH EGDE:GIN. 4ODBHEHB@KKX, SGD B:BDGNA:HH
EGDE:GIN R@XR SG@S
) (1 > H + J [ 1 > H) = ) (1 > J) ENQ @KK H y 0 @MC J y 0
'NQ DW@LOKD, HE EHUD LHMTSDR G@R DK@ORDC RHMBD SGD K@RS BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDC, SGDM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M NMD LHMTSD
VHKK DK@ORD ADENQD SGD MDWS BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDR HR BNLOTSDC AX TRHMF H = 5 @MC J = 1 HM SGD ENQDFNHMF DPT@SHNM.
)(1 > 5 + 1 [ 1 > 5) = )(1 > 1) = e
( 0.5)(1)
v 0.6065.
->?I ?I J>; I7C; OQNA@AHKHSX @R SG@S NE V@HSHMF LNQD SG@M NMD LHMTSD ENQ @ BTRSNLDQ SN @QQHUD @ESDQ SGD OQDUHNTR @QQHU@K.
5GD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR NESDM TRDC SN LNCDK SGD KNMFDUHSX NE @M DKDBSQHB@K NQ LDBG@MHB@K CDUHBD. *M #R;GJF?
5.9, SGD KHEDSHLD NE @ BDQS@HM BNLOTSDQ O@QS G@R SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE SDM XD@QR (1 ] ENF(0.1)). 5GD
B:BDGNA:HH EGDE:GIN R@XR SG@S JMNVKDCFD NE VG@S G@R NBBTQQDC HM SGD O@RS G@R MN DEEDBS NM ETSTQD OQNA@AHKHSHDR. *M SGHR
B@RD HS LD@MR SG@S @M NKC O@QS HR MNS @MX LNQD KHJDKX SN AQD@J CNVM @S @MX O@QSHBTK@Q SHLD SG@M @ AQ@MC MDV O@QS. *M NSGDQ
VNQCR, SGD O@QS RS@XR @R FNNC @R MDV TMSHK HS RTCCDMKX AQD@JR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD O@QS G@R @KQD@CX K@RSDC SDM XD@QR, SGDM SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS K@RSR @MNSGDQ RDUDM XD@QR HR )(1 > 17[1 > 10) = )(1 > 7) = 0.4966.
$T=ILHA 5.12
3DEDQ SN #R;GJF? 5.7 VGDQD SGD SHLD @ ONRS@K BKDQJ RODMCR VHSG GHR NQ GDQ BTRSNLDQ G@R @M DWONMDMSH@K
CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE ENTQ LHMTSDR. 4TOONRD @ BTRSNLDQ G@R RODMS ENTQ LHMTSDR VHSG @ ONRS@K BKDQJ. 8G@S HR
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD NQ RGD VHKK RODMC @S KD@RS @M @CCHSHNM@K SGQDD LHMTSDR VHSG SGD ONRS@K BKDQJ
5GD CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ NE 1 HR C =
1
4
= 0.25, RN 1 ENF(0.25).
5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR )(1 < N) = 1 k ;
k0.25N
.
8D V@MS SN EHMC )(1 > 7[1 > 4). 5GD B:BDGNA:HH EGDE:GIN R@XR SG@S )(1 > 7[1 > 4) = ) (1 > 3), RN VD ITRS
MDDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ RODMCR LNQD SG@M SGQDD LHMTSDR VHSG @ ONRS@K BKDQJ.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 339
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5GHR HR )(1 > 3) = 1 k ) (1 < 3) = 1 k (1 k ;
k0.253
) = ;
k0.75
v 0.4724.
$CAOL? 5.31
1k(1kD>(k0.25*2)) = D>(k0.25*2).
5.12 4TOONRD SG@S SGD KNMFDUHSX NE @ KHFGS ATKA HR DWONMDMSH@K VHSG @ LD@M KHEDSHLD NE DHFGS XD@QR. *E @ ATKA G@R @KQD@CX
K@RSDC 12 XD@QR, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS VHKK K@RS @ SNS@K NE NUDQ 19 XD@QR.
0?F;NCIHMBCJ <?NQ??H NB? .ICMMIH ;H> NB? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GDQD HR @M HMSDQDRSHMF QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM @MC SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD
SHLD SG@S DK@ORDR ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD DUDMSR ENKKNVR SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE Z TMHSR NE SHLD. "KRN
@RRTLD SG@S SGDRD SHLDR @QD HMCDODMCDMS, LD@MHMF SG@S SGD SHLD ADSVDDM DUDMSR HR MNS @EEDBSDC AX SGD SHLDR ADSVDDM OQDUHNTR
DUDMSR. *E SGDRD @RRTLOSHNMR GNKC, SGDM SGD MTLADQ NE DUDMSR ODQ TMHS SHLD ENKKNVR @ 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M Y =
1/i. 3DB@KK EQNL SGD BG@OSDQ NM "CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?M SG@S HE 1 G@R SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M Y, SGDM
P(X = k) =
k
e
k!
. $NMUDQRDKX, HE SGD MTLADQ NE DUDMSR ODQ TMHS SHLD ENKKNVR @ 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM, SGDM SGD @LNTMS NE
SHLD ADSVDDM DUDMSR ENKKNVR SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. (A! = A*(A-1*)(Ak2)*(A-3)r3*2*1)
4TOONRD 1 G@R SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M Y. $NLOTSD )(1 = A) AX DMSDQHMF 2
MC
, 7"34(%*453), $:
ONHRRNMOCE(Y, A). 5N BNLOTSD )(1 x A), DMSDQ 2
MC
, 7"34 (%*453), %:ONHRRNMBCE(Y, A).
$T=ILHA 5.13
"S @ ONKHBD RS@SHNM HM @ K@QFD BHSX, B@KKR BNLD HM @S @M @UDQ@FD Q@SD NE ENTQ B@KKR ODQ LHMTSD. "RRTLD SG@S SGD SHLD
SG@S DK@ORDR EQNL NMD B@KK SN SGD MDWS G@R SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5@JD MNSD SG@S VD @QD BNMBDQMDC NMKX VHSG
SGD Q@SD @S VGHBG B@KKR BNLD HM, @MC VD @QD HFMNQHMF SGD SHLD RODMS NM SGD OGNMD. 8D LTRS @KRN @RRTLD SG@S SGD
SHLDR RODMS ADSVDDM B@KKR @QD HMCDODMCDMS. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S @ O@QSHBTK@QKX KNMF CDK@X ADSVDDM SVN B@KKR CNDR MNS
340 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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LD@M SG@S SGDQD VHKK AD @ RGNQSDQ V@HSHMF ODQHNC ENQ SGD MDWS B@KK. 8D L@X SGDM CDCTBD SG@S SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE
B@KKR QDBDHUDC CTQHMF @ SHLD ODQHNC G@R SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD @UDQ@FD SHLD ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD B@KKR.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ESDQ @ B@KK HR QDBDHUDC, SGD MDWS B@KK NBBTQR HM KDRR SG@M SDM RDBNMCR.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DW@BSKX EHUD B@KKR NBBTQ VHSGHM @ LHMTSD.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S KDRR SG@M EHUD B@KKR NBBTQ VHSGHM @ LHMTSD.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M 40 B@KKR NBBTQ HM @M DHFGS-LHMTSD ODQHNC.
1IFONCIH 5.13
=. 0M @UDQ@FD SGDQD @QD ENTQ B@KKR NBBTQ ODQ LHMTSD, RN 15 RDBNMCR, NQ
15
60
= 0.25 LHMTSDR NBBTQ ADSVDDM
RTBBDRRHUD B@KKR NM @UDQ@FD.
>. -DS - = SHLD DK@ORDC ADSVDDM B@KKR. 'QNL O@QS @, Z = 0.25, RN C =
1
0.25
= 4. 5GTR, - ENF(4).
5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR )(- < J) = 1 k ;
k4J
.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD MDWS B@KK NBBTQR HM KDRR SG@M SDM RDBNMCR HR P
T <
1
6
= 1 e
4
1
6
0.4866.
$CAOL? 5.32
?. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE B@KKR ODQ LHMTSD. "R OQDUHNTRKX RS@SDC, SGD MTLADQ NE B@KKR ODQ LHMTSD G@R @ 1NHRRNM
CHRSQHATSHNM, VHSG @ LD@M NE ENTQ B@KKR ODQ LHMTSD.
5GDQDENQD, 1 )E?IIED(4), @MC RN )(1 = 5) =
4
5
e
4
5!
v 0.1563. (5! = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1))
ONHRRNMOCE(4, 5)
@. ,DDO HM LHMC SG@S 1 LTRS AD @ VGNKD MTLADQ, RN )(1 < 5) = )(1 x 4).
5N BNLOTSD SGHR, VD BNTKC S@JD )(1 = 0) + )(1 = 1) + )(1 = 2) + )(1 = 3) + )(1 = 4).
6RHMF SDBGMNKNFX, VD RDD SG@S )(1 x 4) = 0.6288.
ONHRRRNMBCE(4, 4)
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 341
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A. -DS 2 = SGD MTLADQ NE B@KKR SG@S NBBTQ CTQHMF @M DHFGS LHMTSD ODQHNC.
4HMBD SGDQD HR @M @UDQ@FD NE ENTQ B@KKR ODQ LHMTSD, SGDQD HR @M @UDQ@FD NE (8)(4) = 32 B@KKR CTQHMF D@BG DHFGS
LHMTSD ODQHNC.
)DMBD, 2 )E?IIED(32). 5GDQDENQD, )(2 > 40) = 1 k ) (2 x 40) = 1 k 0.9294 = 0.0707.
1 k ONHRRNMBCE(32, 40).
5.13 *M @ RL@KK BHSX, SGD MTLADQ NE @TSNLNAHKD @BBHCDMSR NBBTQ VHSG @ 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM @S @M @UDQ@FD NE SGQDD ODQ
VDDJ.
=. $@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD @S LNRS 2 @BBHCDMSR NBBTQ HM @MX FHUDM VDDJ.
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD HR @S KD@RS SVN VDDJR ADSVDDM @MX 2 @BBHCDMSR
342 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5.1 !IHNCHOIOM "CMNLC<ONCIH
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNLO@QD @MC BNMSQ@RS DLOHQHB@K C@S@ EQNL @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ VHSG SGD TMHENQL
CHRSQHATSHNM.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
6RD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN FDMDQ@SD 50 U@KTDR ADSVDDM YDQN @MC NMD (HMBKTRHUD). -HRS SGDL HM 2;<F? 5.3.
3NTMC SGD MTLADQR SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR NQ RDS SGD B@KBTK@SNQ .0%& SN ENTQ OK@BDR.
1. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD.
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 5.3
2. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ???????
>. I = ???????
?. EHQRS PT@QSHKD = ???????
@. SGHQC PT@QSHKD = ???????
A. LDCH@M = ???????
-LA;HCT? NB? ";N;
1. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD DLOHQHB@K C@S@. .@JD DHFGS A@QR.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 343
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$CAOL? 5.33
2. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD DLOHQHB@K C@S@. .@JD EHUD A@QR.
$CAOL? 5.34
"?M=LC<? NB? ";N;
1. *M SVN SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, CDRBQHAD SGD RG@OD NE D@BG FQ@OG. (,DDO HS RHLOKD. %NDR SGD FQ@OG FN RSQ@HFGS
@BQNRR, CNDR HS G@UD @ 7 RG@OD, CNDR HS G@UD @ GTLO HM SGD LHCCKD NQ @S DHSGDQ DMC, @MC RN NM. 0MD V@X SN GDKO XNT
CDSDQLHMD @ RG@OD HR SN CQ@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD QNTFGKX SGQNTFG SGD SNO NE SGD A@QR.)
2. %DRBQHAD GNV BG@MFHMF SGD MTLADQ NE A@QR LHFGS BG@MFD SGD RG@OD.
2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
1. *M VNQCR, 1 = ?????????????????????????????????????.
2. 5GD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1 HR 1 ] .(0,1).
3. *M SGDNQX, A@RDC TONM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM 1 ] .(0,1), BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF.
=. Z = ??????
>. \ = ??????
?. EHQRS PT@QSHKD = ??????
@. SGHQC PT@QSHKD = ??????
A. LDCH@M = ??????????
4. "QD SGD DLOHQHB@K U@KTDR (SGD C@S@) HM SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;" BKNRD SN SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF SGDNQDSHB@K
U@KTDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
.FIN NB? ";N;
1. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE SGD C@S@. #D RTQD SN TRD @ QTKDQ SN RB@KD @BBTQ@SDKX @MC CQ@V RSQ@HFGS DCFDR.
2. %N XNT MNSHBD @MX ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR *E RN, VGHBG U@KTDR @QD SGDX &HSGDQ V@X, ITRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
(3DB@KK SG@S @MX %"5" SG@S @QD KDRR SG@M *
1
k 1.5("*+) NQ LNQD SG@M *
3
+ 1.5("*+) @QD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR. "*+
LD@MR HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD.)
!IGJ;L? NB? ";N;
344 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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1. 'NQ D@BG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF O@QSR, TRD @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD SN BNLLDMS NM GNV SGD U@KTD NAS@HMDC EQNL SGD
C@S@ BNLO@QDR SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K U@KTD XNT DWODBSDC EQNL SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HM SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "2B?IL?NC=;F
"CMNLC<ONCIH."
=. LHMHLTL U@KTD: ???????
>. EHQRS PT@QSHKD: ???????
?. LDCH@M: ???????
@. SGHQC PT@QSHKD: ???????
A. L@WHLTL U@KTD: ???????
B. VHCSG NE "*+: ???????
C. NUDQ@KK RG@OD: ???????
2. #@RDC NM XNTQ BNLLDMSR HM SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;", GNV CNDR SGD ANW OKNS EHS NQ MNS EHS VG@S XNT
VNTKC DWODBS NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HM SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH"
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIH
1. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD MTLADQ NE U@KTDR FDMDQ@SDC V@R 500, MNS 50. )NV VNTKC SG@S @EEDBS VG@S XNT VNTKC DWODBS SGD
DLOHQHB@K C@S@ SN AD @MC SGD RG@OD NE HSR FQ@OG SN KNNJ KHJD
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 345
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!IH>CNCIH;F .LI<;<CFCNS
>?=;S J;L;G?N?L
#RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
G?GILSF?MM JLIJ?LNS
.ICMMIH >CMNLC<ONCIH
3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
)#7 2#0+1
SGD KHJDKHGNNC SG@S @M DUDMS VHKK NBBTQ FHUDM SG@S @MNSGDQ DUDMS G@R @KQD@CX NBBTQQDC.
5GD CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ CDRBQHADR SGD Q@SD @S VGHBG OQNA@AHKHSHDR CDB@X SN YDQN ENQ HMBQD@RHMF U@KTDR NE
N. *S HR SGD U@KTD C HM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM <(N) = C;
(-CN)
NE @M DWONMDMSH@K Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. *S HR @KRN
DPT@K SN C =
1
k!
.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S G@R DPT@KKX KHJDKX NTSBNLDR NUDQ SGD CNL@HM, 7 < N < 8;
HS HR NESDM QDEDQQDC @R SGD G:8I6C<JA6G 9>HIG>7JI>DC ADB@TRD SGD FQ@OG NE SGD OCE G@R SGD ENQL NE @ QDBS@MFKD.
/NS@SHNM: 1 ] .(7,8). 5GD LD@M HR Z =
a + b
2
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR =
(b a)
2
12
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX
ETMBSHNM HR <(N) =
1
b a
ENQ 7 < N < 8 NQ 7 x N x 8. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM HR )(1 x N) =
x a
b a
.
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
5.1 !IHNCHOIOM .LI<;<CFCNS $OH=NCIHM
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM (OCE) HR TRDC SN CDRBQHAD OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR. 5GD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD
CDMRHSX BTQUD ADSVDDM SVN ONHMSR BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD U@QH@AKD E@KKR ADSVDDM SGNRD SVN U@KTDR. *M NSGDQ
VNQCR, SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD CDMRHSX BTQUD ADSVDDM ONHMSR 7 @MC 8 HR DPT@K SN )(7 < N < 8). 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM
(BCE) FHUDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX @R @M @QD@. *E 1 HR @ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM (OCE), <(N), HR
TRDC SN CQ@V SGD FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD SNS@K @QD@ TMCDQ SGD FQ@OG NE <(N) HR NMD. 5GD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD FQ@OG
NE <(N) @MC ADSVDDM U@KTDR 7 @MC 8 FHUDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX )(7 < N < 8).
$CAOL? 5.35
5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (BCE) NE 1 HR CDEHMDC AX ) (1 x N). *S HR @ ETMBSHNM NE N SG@S FHUDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
SG@S SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN N.
346 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5.2 2B? 3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
*E 1 G@R @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM VGDQD 7 < N < 8 NQ 7 x N x 8, SGDM 1 S@JDR NM U@KTDR ADSVDDM 7 @MC 8 (L@X HMBKTCD 7 @MC
8). "KK U@KTDR N @QD DPT@KKX KHJDKX. 8D VQHSD 1 .(7, 8). 5GD LD@M NE 1 HR =
a + b
2
. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1 HR
=
(b a)
2
12
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM NE 1 HR f (x) =
1
b a
ENQ 7 x N x 8. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM
NE 1 HR )(1 x N) =
x a
b a
. 1 HR BNMSHMTNTR.
$CAOL? 5.36
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX )(9 < 1 < :) L@X AD ENTMC AX BNLOTSHMF SGD @QD@ TMCDQ <(N), ADSVDDM 9 @MC :. 4HMBD SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF
@QD@ HR @ QDBS@MFKD, SGD @QD@ L@X AD ENTMC RHLOKX AX LTKSHOKXHMF SGD VHCSG @MC SGD GDHFGS.
5.3 2B? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
*E 1 G@R @M :MEDC:CI>6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC VHSG LD@M Z, SGDM SGD 9:86N E6G6B:I:G HR C =
1
e
x /
. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD
CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM NE 1 HR )(1 x N) = 1 k ;
kCN
.
5GD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM G@R SGD B:BDGNA:HH EGDE:GIN, VGHBG R@XR SG@S ETSTQD OQNA@AHKHSHDR CN MNS CDODMC NM @MX
O@RS HMENQL@SHNM. .@SGDL@SHB@KKX, HS R@XR SG@S )(1 > N + A[1 > N) = )(1 > A).
*E - QDOQDRDMSR SGD V@HSHMF SHLD ADSVDDM DUDMSR, @MC HE - ENF(Y), SGDM SGD MTLADQ NE DUDMSR 1 ODQ TMHS SHLD ENKKNVR
SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M Y. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM NE 1 HR (X = k) =
k
e
k
k!
. 5GHR L@X AD BNLOTSDC
TRHMF @ 5*-83, 83+, 84, 84+ B@KBTK@SNQ VHSG SGD BNLL@MC ONHRRNMOCE(Y, A). 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM )(1 x A)
L@X AD BNLOTSDC TRHMF SGD 5*-83, 83+,84, 84+ B@KBTK@SNQ VHSG SGD BNLL@MC ONHRRNMBCE(Y, A).
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
5.1 !IHNCHOIOM .LI<;<CFCNS $OH=NCIHM
1QNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM (OCE) <(N):
c <(N) y 0
c 5GD SNS@K @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD <(N) HR NMD.
$TLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (BCE): )(1 x N)
5.2 2B? 3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
1 = @ QD@K MTLADQ ADSVDDM 7 @MC 8 (HM RNLD HMRS@MBDR, 1 B@M
S@JD NM SGD U@KTDR 7 @MC 8). 7 = RL@KKDRS 1; 8 = K@QFDRS 1
1 ] . (@, A)
5GD LD@M HR =
a + b
2
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR =
(b a)
2
12
-GD767>A>IN 9:CH>IN ;JC8I>DC: f (x) =
1
b a
ENQ
a X b
AG:6 ID I=: ):;I D; &: )(1 < N) = (N k 7)
1
b a
1
b a
1
b a
x >
3
2
.
5.2 2B? 3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D GK;IJ?EDI. 5GD C@S@ SG@S ENKKNV @QD SGD RPT@QD ENNS@FD (HM 1,000 EDDS
RPT@QDC) NE 28 GNLDR.
1.5 2.4 3.6 2.6 1.6 2.4 2.0
2;<F? 5.4
350 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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3.5 2.5 1.8 2.4 2.5 3.5 4.0
2.6 1.6 2.2 1.8 3.8 2.5 1.5
2.8 1.8 4.5 1.9 1.9 3.1 1.6
2;<F? 5.4
5GD R@LOKD LD@M = 2.50 @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 0.8302.
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM B@M AD VQHSSDM @R 1 ] .(1.5, 4.5).
16. 8G@S SXOD NE CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGHR
17. *M SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM, NTSBNLDR @QD DPT@KKX KHJDKX. 8G@S CNDR SGHR LD@M
18. 8G@S HR SGD GDHFGS NE <(N) ENQ SGD BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM
19. 8G@S @QD SGD BNMRSQ@HMSR ENQ SGD U@KTDR NE N
20. (Q@OG )(2 < N < 3).
21. 8G@S HR )(2 < N < 3)
22. 8G@S HR )(W < 3.5[ N < 4)
23. 8G@S HR )(N = 1.5)
24. 8G@S HR SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE RPT@QD ENNS@FD ENQ GNLDR
25. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC GNLD G@R LNQD SG@M 3,000 RPT@QD EDDS FHUDM SG@S XNT @KQD@CX JMNV SGD
GNTRD G@R LNQD SG@M 2,000 RPT@QD EDDS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I. " CHRSQHATSHNM HR FHUDM @R 1 ] .(0, 12).
26. 8G@S HR 7 8G@S CNDR HS QDOQDRDMS
27. 8G@S HR 8 8G@S CNDR HS QDOQDRDMS
28. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM
29. 8G@S HR SGD SGDNQDSHB@K LD@M
30. 8G@S HR SGD SGDNQDSHB@K RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
31. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ )(N > 9).
32. 'HMC )(N > 9).
33. 'HMC SGD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;B;L;D ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD @FD NE B@QR HM SGD RS@EE O@QJHMF KNS NE @ RTATQA@M
BNKKDFD HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC EQNL RHW LNMSGR (0.5 XD@QR) SN 9.5 XD@QR.
34. 8G@S HR ADHMF LD@RTQDC GDQD
35. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
36. "QD SGD C@S@ CHRBQDSD NQ BNMSHMTNTR
37. 5GD HMSDQU@K NE U@KTDR ENQ N HR ??????.
38. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1 HR ??????.
39. 8QHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM.
40. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 351
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$CAOL? 5.45
>. *CDMSHEX SGD ENKKNVHMF U@KTDR:
E. -NVDRS U@KTD ENQ x
: ???????
EE. )HFGDRS U@KTD ENQ x
: ???????
EEE. )DHFGS NE SGD QDBS@MFKD: ???????
ER. -@ADK ENQ N-@WHR (VNQCR): ???????
R. -@ADK ENQ O-@WHR (VNQCR): ???????
41. 'HMC SGD @UDQ@FD @FD NE SGD B@QR HM SGD KNS.
42. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM B@Q HM SGD KNS V@R KDRR SG@M ENTQ XD@QR NKC.
=. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC RG@CD SGD @QD@ NE HMSDQDRS.
$CAOL? 5.46
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. )(N < 4) = ???????
43. $NMRHCDQHMF NMKX SGD B@QR KDRR SG@M 7.5 XD@QR NKC, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM B@Q HM SGD KNS V@R KDRR SG@M
ENTQ XD@QR NKC.
=. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, RG@CD SGD @QD@ NE HMSDQDRS.
352 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 5.47
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. )(N < 4[N < 7.5) = ???????
44. 8G@S G@R BG@MFDC HM SGD OQDUHNTR SVN OQNAKDLR SG@S L@CD SGD RNKTSHNMR CHEEDQDMS
45. 'HMC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD NE @FDR NE B@QR HM SGD KNS. 5GHR LD@MR XNT VHKK G@UD SN EHMC SGD U@KTD RTBG SG@S
3
4
, NQ 75%, NE SGD
B@QR @QD @S LNRS (KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN) SG@S @FD.
=. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC RG@CD SGD @QD@ NE HMSDQDRS.
$CAOL? 5.48
>. 'HMC SGD U@KTD A RTBG SG@S )(N < A) = 0.75.
?. 5GD SGHQC PT@QSHKD HR ???????
5.3 2B? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D ;N;H9?I;I. " BTRSNLDQ RDQUHBD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD LTRS RODMC CHEEDQDMS
@LNTMSR NE SHLD VHSG D@BG BTRSNLDQ SN QDRNKUD U@QHNTR BNMBDQMR. 5GD @LNTMS NE SHLD RODMS VHSG D@BG BTRSNLDQ B@M AD
LNCDKDC AX SGD ENKKNVHMF CHRSQHATSHNM: 1 ] ENF(0.2)
46. 8G@S SXOD NE CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGHR
47. "QD NTSBNLDR DPT@KKX KHJDKX HM SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
48. 8G@S HR C 8G@S CNDR HS QDOQDRDMS
49. 8G@S HR SGD LD@M
50. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
51. 4S@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM.
52. (Q@OG SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
53. 'HMC )(2 < N < 10).
54. 'HMC )(N > 6).
55. 'HMC SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 353
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I. " CHRSQHATSHNM HR FHUDM @R 1 ] ENF(0.75).
56. 8G@S HR C
57. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM
58. 8G@S HR SGD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM
59. %Q@V SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
60. 'HMC )(N < 4).
61. 'HMC SGD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
62. 'HMC SGD LDCH@M.
63. 8GHBG HR K@QFDQ, SGD LD@M NQ SGD LDCH@M
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 16 ;N;H9?I;I. $@QANM-14 HR @ Q@CHN@BSHUD DKDLDMS VHSG @ G@KE-KHED
NE @ANTS 5,730 XD@QR. $@QANM-14 HR R@HC SN CDB@X DWONMDMSH@KKX. 5GD CDB@X Q@SD HR 0.000121. 8D RS@QS VHSG NMD FQ@L NE
B@QANM-14. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD SHLD (XD@QR) HS S@JDR SN CDB@X B@QANM-14.
64. 8G@S HR ADHMF LD@RTQDC GDQD
65. "QD SGD C@S@ CHRBQDSD NQ BNMSHMTNTR
66. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
67. 8G@S HR SGD CDB@X Q@SD (C)
68. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1 HR ??????.
69. 'HMC SGD @LNTMS (ODQBDMS NE NMD FQ@L) NE B@QANM-14 K@RSHMF KDRR SG@M 5,730 XD@QR. 5GHR LD@MR, EHMC )(N < 5,730).
=. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC RG@CD SGD @QD@ NE HMSDQDRS.
$CAOL? 5.49
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. )(N < 5,730) = ??????????
70. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE B@QANM-14 K@RSHMF KNMFDQ SG@M 10,000 XD@QR.
=. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC RG@CD SGD @QD@ NE HMSDQDRS.
354 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 5.50
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. )(N > 10,000) = ????????
71. 5GHQSX ODQBDMS (30%) NE B@QANM-14 VHKK CDB@X VHSGHM GNV L@MX XD@QR
=. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC RG@CD SGD @QD@ NE HMSDQDRS.
$CAOL? 5.51
>. 'HMC SGD U@KTD A RTBG SG@S )(N < A) = 0.30.
&-+#5-0)
5.1 !IHNCHOIOM .LI<;<CFCNS $OH=NCIHM
FEH ;79> FHE878?B?JO 7D: F;H9;DJ?B; FHE8B;C, :H7M J>; F?9JKH;.
72. $NMRHCDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF DWODQHLDMS. :NT @QD NMD NE 100 ODNOKD DMKHRSDC SN S@JD O@QS HM @ RSTCX SN CDSDQLHMD SGD ODQBDMS
NE MTQRDR HM "LDQHB@ VHSG @M 3./. (QDFHRSDQDC MTQRD) CDFQDD. :NT @RJ MTQRDR HE SGDX G@UD @M 3./. CDFQDD. 5GD MTQRDR
@MRVDQ oXDRp NQ oMN.p :NT SGDM B@KBTK@SD SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE MTQRDR VHSG @M 3./. CDFQDD. :NT FHUD SG@S ODQBDMS@FD SN XNTQ
RTODQUHRNQ.
=. 8G@S O@QS NE SGD DWODQHLDMS VHKK XHDKC CHRBQDSD C@S@
>. 8G@S O@QS NE SGD DWODQHLDMS VHKK XHDKC BNMSHMTNTR C@S@
73. 8GDM @FD HR QNTMCDC SN SGD MD@QDRS XD@Q, CN SGD C@S@ RS@X BNMSHMTNTR, NQ CN SGDX ADBNLD CHRBQDSD 8GX
5.2 2B? 3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
FEH ;79> FHE878?B?JO 7D: F;H9;DJ?B; FHE8B;C, :H7M J>; F?9JKH;.
74. #HQSGR @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM SGD 52 VDDJR NE SGD XD@Q. 5GDX B@M AD R@HC SN ENKKNV @ TMHENQL
CHRSQHATSHNM EQNL NMD SN 53 (ROQD@C NE 52 VDDJR).
=. 1 ] ?????????
>. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
?. <(N) = ?????????
@. Z = ?????????
A. j = ?????????
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR ANQM @S SGD DW@BS LNLDMS VDDJ 19 RS@QSR. 5G@S HR, EHMC )(N = 19) = ?????????
C. )(2 < N < 31) = ?????????
D. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR ANQM @ESDQ VDDJ 40.
E. )(12 < N[N < 28) = ?????????
F. 'HMC SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
G. 'HMC SGD LHMHLTL ENQ SGD TOODQ PT@QSDQ.
75. " Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ OHBJR @ MTLADQ EQNL NMD SN MHMD HM @ TMHENQL L@MMDQ.
=. 1 ] ?????????
>. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
?. <(N) = ?????????
@. Z = ?????????
A. \ = ?????????
B. )(3.5 < N < 7.25) = ?????????
C. )(N > 5.67)
D. )(N > 5[N > 3) = ?????????
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 355
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E. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
76. "BBNQCHMF SN @ RSTCX AX %Q. +NGM .B%NTF@KK NE GHR KHUD-HM VDHFGS KNRR OQNFQ@L @S 4S. )DKDM@ )NROHS@K, SGD ODNOKD VGN
ENKKNV GHR OQNFQ@L KNRD ADSVDDM RHW @MC 15 ONTMCR @ LNMSG TMSHK SGDX @OOQN@BG SQHL ANCX VDHFGS. -DSnR RTOONRD SG@S SGD
VDHFGS KNRR HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD VDHFGS KNRR NE @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMCHUHCT@K ENKKNVHMF SGD
OQNFQ@L ENQ NMD LNMSG.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ?????????
>. 1 ] ?????????
?. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
@. <(N) = ?????????
A. Z = ?????????
B. \ = ?????????
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD HMCHUHCT@K KNRS LNQD SG@M SDM ONTMCR HM @ LNMSG.
D. 4TOONRD HS HR JMNVM SG@S SGD HMCHUHCT@K KNRS LNQD SG@M SDM ONTMCR HM @ LNMSG. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD KNRS KDRR
SG@M 12 ONTMCR HM SGD LNMSG.
E. )(7 < N < 13[N > 9) = ??????????. 4S@SD SGHR HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM, RHLHK@QKX SN O@QSR F @MC G, CQ@V SGD OHBSTQD,
@MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
77. " RTAV@X SQ@HM NM SGD 3DC -HMD @QQHUDR DUDQX DHFGS LHMTSDR CTQHMF QTRG GNTQ. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD @
BNLLTSDQ LTRS V@HS ENQ @ SQ@HM SN @QQHUD. 5GD SHLD ENKKNVR @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ???????
>. 1 ] ???????
?. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
@. <(N) = ???????
A. Z = ???????
B. \ = ???????
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BNLLTSDQ V@HSR KDRR SG@M NMD LHMTSD.
D. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BNLLTSDQ V@HSR ADSVDDM SGQDD @MC ENTQ LHMTSDR.
E. 4HWSX ODQBDMS NE BNLLTSDQR V@HS LNQD SG@M GNV KNMF ENQ SGD SQ@HM 4S@SD SGHR HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM, RHLHK@QKX
SN O@QSR F @MC G, CQ@V SGD OHBSTQD, @MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
78. 5GD @FD NE @ EHQRS FQ@CDQ NM 4DOSDLADQ 1 @S (@QCDM &KDLDMS@QX 4BGNNK HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC EQNL 5.8 SN 6.8 XD@QR.
8D Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS NMD EHQRS FQ@CDQ EQNL SGD BK@RR.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ?????????
>. 1 ] ?????????
?. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
@. <(N) = ?????????
A. Z = ?????????
B. \ = ?????????
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD HR NUDQ 6.5 XD@QR NKC.
D. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD HR ADSVDDM ENTQ @MC RHW XD@QR NKC.
E. 'HMC SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD @FD NE EHQRS FQ@CDQR NM 4DOSDLADQ 1 @S (@QCDM &KDLDMS@QX 4BGNNK.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD 4JX 5Q@HM EQNL SGD SDQLHM@K SN SGD QDMS@KkB@Q @MC
KNMFkSDQL O@QJHMF BDMSDQ HR RTOONRDC SN @QQHUD DUDQX DHFGS LHMTSDR. 5GD V@HSHMF SHLDR ENQ SGD SQ@HM @QD JMNVM SN ENKKNV @
TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
79. 8G@S HR SGD @UDQ@FD V@HSHMF SHLD (HM LHMTSDR)
=. YDQN
>. SVN
?. SGQDD
@. ENTQ
80. 'HMC SGD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD V@HSHMF SHLDR (HM LHMTSDR).
=. SVN
>. 2.4
?. 2.75
@. SGQDD
81. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE V@HSHMF LNQD SG@M RDUDM LHMTSDR FHUDM @ ODQRNM G@R V@HSDC LNQD SG@M ENTQ LHMTSDR HR
=. 0.125
>. 0.25
?. 0.5
@. 0.75
356 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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82. 5GD SHLD (HM LHMTSDR) TMSHK SGD MDWS ATR CDO@QSR @ L@INQ ATR CDONS ENKKNVR @ CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG <(N) =
1
20
VGDQD N FNDR
EQNL 25 SN 45 LHMTSDR.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ????????
>. 1 ] ????????
?. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
@. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR ?????????????? (M@LD NE CHRSQHATSHNM). *S HR ????????????? (CHRBQDSD NQ BNMSHMTNTR).
A. Z = ????????
B. \ = ????????
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD HR @S LNRS 30 LHMTSDR. 4JDSBG @MC K@ADK @ FQ@OG NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM. 4G@CD SGD
@QD@ NE HMSDQDRS. 8QHSD SGD @MRVDQ HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
D. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD HR ADSVDDM 30 @MC 40 LHMTSDR. 4JDSBG @MC K@ADK @ FQ@OG NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
4G@CD SGD @QD@ NE HMSDQDRS. 8QHSD SGD @MRVDQ HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
E. )(25 < N < 55) = ?????????. 4S@SD SGHR HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS, RHLHK@QKX SN O@QSR F @MC G, CQ@V SGD OHBSTQD, @MC
EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
F. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S 90% NE SGD SHLD, SGD SHLD HR KDRR SG@M ????? LHMTSDR.
G. 'HMC SGD 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. *M @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD, RS@SD VG@S SGHR LD@MR. (4DD O@QS I.)
H. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD HR LNQD SG@M 40 LHMTSDR FHUDM (NQ JMNVHMF SG@S) HS HR @S KD@RS 30 LHMTSDR.
83. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD U@KTD NE @ RSNBJ U@QHDR D@BG C@X EQNL $16 SN $25 VHSG @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD U@KTD NE SGD RSNBJ HR LNQD SG@M $19.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD U@KTD NE SGD RSNBJ HR ADSVDDM $19 @MC $22.
?. 'HMC SGD TOODQ PT@QSHKD - 25% NE @KK C@XR SGD RSNBJ HR @ANUD VG@S U@KTD %Q@V SGD FQ@OG.
@. (HUDM SG@S SGD RSNBJ HR FQD@SDQ SG@M $18, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSNBJ HR LNQD SG@M $21.
84. "EHQDVNQJR RGNVHR CDRHFMDC RN SG@S SGD SHLD ADSVDDM EHQDVNQJR HR ADSVDDM NMD @MC EHUD RDBNMCR, @MC ENKKNVR @ TMHENQL
CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD @UDQ@FD SHLD ADSVDDM EHQDVNQJR.
>. 'HMC OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD ADSVDDM EHQDVNQJR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M ENTQ RDBNMCR.
85. 5GD MTLADQ NE LHKDR CQHUDM AX @ SQTBJ CQHUDQ E@KKR ADSVDDM 300 @MC 700, @MC ENKKNVR @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SQTBJ CQHUDQ FNDR LNQD SG@M 650 LHKDR HM @ C@X.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SQTBJ CQHUDQR FNDR ADSVDDM 400 @MC 650 LHKDR HM @ C@X.
?. "S KD@RS GNV L@MX LHKDR CNDR SGD SQTBJ CQHUDQ SQ@UDK NM SGD ETQSGDRS 10% NE C@XR
5.3 2B? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
86. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD KDMFSG NE KNMF CHRS@MBD OGNMD B@KKR, LD@RTQDC HM LHMTSDR, HR JMNVM SN G@UD @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM
VHSG SGD @UDQ@FD KDMFSG NE @ B@KK DPT@K SN DHFGS LHMTSDR.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ????????????????.
>. *R 1 BNMSHMTNTR NQ CHRBQDSD
?. 1 ] ????????
@. Z = ????????
A. \ = ????????
B. %Q@V @ FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. -@ADK SGD @WDR.
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OGNMD B@KK K@RSR KDRR SG@M MHMD LHMTSDR.
D. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OGNMD B@KK K@RSR LNQD SG@M MHMD LHMTSDR.
E. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OGNMD B@KK K@RSR ADSVDDM RDUDM @MC MHMD LHMTSDR.
F. *E 25 OGNMD B@KKR @QD L@CD NMD @ESDQ @MNSGDQ, NM @UDQ@FD, VG@S VNTKC XNT DWODBS SGD SNS@K SN AD 8GX
87. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD TRDETK KHED NE @ O@QSHBTK@Q B@Q A@SSDQX, LD@RTQDC HM LNMSGR, CDB@XR VHSG O@Q@LDSDQ 0.025. 8D @QD
HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD KHED NE SGD A@SSDQX.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ?????????????????????????????????.
>. *R 1 BNMSHMTNTR NQ CHRBQDSD
?. 1 ] ????????
@. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV KNMF VNTKC XNT DWODBS NMD B@Q A@SSDQX SN K@RS
A. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV KNMF VNTKC XNT DWODBS MHMD B@Q A@SSDQHDR SN K@RS, HE SGDX @QD TRDC NMD @ESDQ @MNSGDQ
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ B@Q A@SSDQX K@RSR LNQD SG@M 36 LNMSGR.
C. 4DUDMSX ODQBDMS NE SGD A@SSDQHDR K@RS @S KD@RS GNV KNMF
88. 5GD ODQBDMS NE ODQRNMR (@FDR EHUD @MC NKCDQ) HM D@BG RS@SD VGN ROD@J @ K@MFT@FD @S GNLD NSGDQ SG@M &MFKHRG HR
@OOQNWHL@SDKX DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 9.848. 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX OHBJ @ RS@SD.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ?????????????????????????????????.
>. *R 1 BNMSHMTNTR NQ CHRBQDSD
?. 1 ] ????????
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 357
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@. Z = ????????
A. \ = ????????
B. %Q@V @ FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. -@ADK SGD @WDR.
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQBDMS HR KDRR SG@M 12.
D. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQBDMS HR ADSVDDM DHFGS @MC 14.
E. 5GD ODQBDMS NE @KK HMCHUHCT@KR KHUHMF HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR VGN ROD@J @ K@MFT@FD @S GNLD NSGDQ SG@M &MFKHRG HR 13.8.
E. 8GX HR SGHR MTLADQ CHEEDQDMS EQNL 9.848%
EE. 8G@S VNTKC L@JD SGHR MTLADQ GHFGDQ SG@M 9.848%
89. 5GD SHLD (HM XD@QR) 6;I:G QD@BGHMF @FD 60 SG@S HS S@JDR @M HMCHUHCT@K SN QDSHQD HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC
VHSG @ LD@M NE @ANTS EHUD XD@QR. 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX OHBJ NMD QDSHQDC HMCHUHCT@K. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD SHLD @ESDQ @FD
60 SN QDSHQDLDMS.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ?????????????????????????????????.
>. *R 1 BNMSHMTNTR NQ CHRBQDSD
?. 1 ] = ????????
@. Z = ????????
A. \ = ????????
B. %Q@V @ FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. -@ADK SGD @WDR.
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNM QDSHQDC @ESDQ @FD 70.
D. %N LNQD ODNOKD QDSHQD ADENQD @FD 65 NQ @ESDQ @FD 65
E. *M @ QNNL NE 1,000 ODNOKD NUDQ @FD 80, GNV L@MX CN XNT DWODBS VHKK /05 G@UD QDSHQDC XDS
90. 5GD BNRS NE @KK L@HMSDM@MBD ENQ @ B@Q CTQHMF HSR EHQRS XD@Q HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE
$150.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ?????????????????????????????????.
>. 1 ] = ????????
?. Z = ????????
@. \ = ????????
A. %Q@V @ FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. -@ADK SGD @WDR.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ B@Q QDPTHQDC NUDQ $300 ENQ L@HMSDM@MBD CTQHMF HSR EHQRS XD@Q.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD @UDQ@FD KHEDSHLD NE @ BDQS@HM MDV BDKK OGNMD HR SGQDD
XD@QR. 5GD L@MTE@BSTQDQ VHKK QDOK@BD @MX BDKK OGNMD E@HKHMF VHSGHM SVN XD@QR NE SGD C@SD NE OTQBG@RD. 5GD KHEDSHLD NE SGDRD
BDKK OGNMDR HR JMNVM SN ENKKNV @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
91. 5GD CDB@X Q@SD HR:
=. 0.3333
>. 0.5000
?. 2
@. 3
92. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OGNMD VHKK E@HK VHSGHM SVN XD@QR NE SGD C@SD NE OTQBG@RD
=. 0.8647
>. 0.4866
?. 0.2212
@. 0.9997
93. 8G@S HR SGD LDCH@M KHEDSHLD NE SGDRD OGNMDR (HM XD@QR)
=. 0.1941
>. 1.3863
?. 2.0794
@. 5.5452
94. -DS 1 ] ENF(0.1).
=. CDB@X Q@SD = ????????
>. Z = ????????
?. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM.
@. 0M SGD FQ@OG, RG@CD SGD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCHMF SN )(N < 6) @MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
A. 4JDSBG @ MDV FQ@OG, RG@CD SGD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCHMF SN )(3 < N < 6) @MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
B. 4JDSBG @ MDV FQ@OG, RG@CD SGD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCHMF SN )(N < 7) @MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
C. 4JDSBG @ MDV FQ@OG, RG@CD SGD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD @MC EHMC SGD U@KTD.
D. 'HMC SGD @UDQ@FD U@KTD NE N.
95. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD KNMFDUHSX NE @ KHFGS ATKA HR DWONMDMSH@K VHSG @ LD@M KHEDSHLD NE DHFGS XD@QR.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ KHFGS ATKA K@RSR KDRR SG@M NMD XD@Q.
358 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ KHFGS ATKA K@RSR ADSVDDM RHW @MC SDM XD@QR.
?. 4DUDMSX ODQBDMS NE @KK KHFGS ATKAR K@RS @S KD@RS GNV KNMF
@. " BNLO@MX CDBHCDR SN NEEDQ @ V@QQ@MSX SN FHUD QDETMCR SN KHFGS ATKAR VGNRD KHEDSHLD HR @LNMF SGD KNVDRS SVN
ODQBDMS NE @KK ATKAR. 5N SGD MD@QDRS LNMSG, VG@S RGNTKC AD SGD BTSNEE KHEDSHLD ENQ SGD V@QQ@MSX SN S@JD OK@BD
A. *E @ KHFGS ATKA G@R K@RSDC RDUDM XD@QR, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS E@HKR VHSGHM SGD 8
SG
XD@Q.
96. "S @ 911 B@KK BDMSDQ, B@KKR BNLD HM @S @M @UDQ@FD Q@SD NE NMD B@KK DUDQX SVN LHMTSDR. "RRTLD SG@S SGD SHLD SG@S DK@ORDR
EQNL NMD B@KK SN SGD MDWS G@R SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV LTBG SHLD NBBTQR ADSVDDM EHUD BNMRDBTSHUD B@KKR
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ESDQ @ B@KK HR QDBDHUDC, HS S@JDR LNQD SG@M SGQDD LHMTSDR ENQ SGD MDWS B@KK SN NBBTQ.
?. /HMDSX-ODQBDMS NE @KK B@KKR NBBTQ VHSGHM GNV L@MX LHMTSDR NE SGD OQDUHNTR B@KK
@. 4TOONRD SG@S SVN LHMTSDR G@UD DK@ORDC RHMBD SGD K@RS B@KK. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD MDWS B@KK VHKK NBBTQ VHSGHM
SGD MDWS LHMTSD.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S KDRR SG@M 20 B@KKR NBBTQ VHSGHM @M GNTQ.
97. *M L@INQ KD@FTD A@RDA@KK, @ MN-GHSSDQ HR @ F@LD HM VGHBG @ OHSBGDQ, NQ OHSBGDQR, CNDRM'S FHUD TO @MX GHSR SGQNTFGNTS
SGD F@LD. /N-GHSSDQR NBBTQ @S @ Q@SD NE @ANTS SGQDD ODQ RD@RNM. "RRTLD SG@S SGD CTQ@SHNM NE SHLD ADSVDDM MN-GHSSDQR HR
DWONMDMSH@K.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M DMSHQD RD@RNM DK@ORDR VHSG @ RHMFKD MN-GHSSDQ
>. *E @M DMSHQD RD@RNM DK@ORDR VHSGNTS @MX MN-GHSSDQR, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD MN MN-GHSSDQR HM SGD
ENKKNVHMF RD@RNM
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD LNQD SG@M 3 MN-GHSSDQR HM @ RHMFKD RD@RNM
98. %TQHMF SGD XD@QR 1998k2012, @ SNS@K NE 29 D@QSGPT@JDR NE L@FMHSTCD FQD@SDQ SG@M 6.5 G@UD NBBTQQDC HM 1@OT@ /DV
(THMD@. "RRTLD SG@S SGD SHLD RODMS V@HSHMF ADSVDDM D@QSGPT@JDR HR DWONMDMSH@K.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD MDWS D@QSGPT@JD NBBTQR VHSGHM SGD MDWS SGQDD LNMSGR
>. (HUDM SG@S RHW LNMSGR G@R O@RRDC VHSGNTS @M D@QSGPT@JD HM 1@OT@ /DV (THMD@, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD
MDWS SGQDD LNMSGR VHKK AD EQDD NE D@QSGPT@JDR
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE YDQN D@QSGPT@JDR NBBTQQHMF HM 2014
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS SVN D@QSGPT@JDR VHKK NBBTQ HM 2014
99. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD "LDQHB@M 3DC $QNRR, @ANTS NMD NTS NE MHMD ODNOKD HM SGD 6.4. G@UD 5XOD # AKNNC. 4TOONRD SGD AKNNC
SXODR NE ODNOKD @QQHUHMF @S @ AKNNC CQHUD @QD HMCDODMCDMS. *M SGHR B@RD, SGD MTLADQ NE 5XOD # AKNNC SXODR SG@S @QQHUD QNTFGKX
ENKKNVR SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. *E 100 ODNOKD @QQHUD, GNV L@MX NM @UDQ@FD VNTKC AD DWODBSDC SN G@UD 5XOD # AKNNC
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NUDQ 10 ODNOKD NTS NE SGDRD 100 G@UD SXOD # AKNNC
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M 20 ODNOKD @QQHUD ADENQD @ ODQRNM VHSG SXOD # AKNNC HR ENTMC
100. " VDA RHSD DWODQHDMBDR SQ@EEHB CTQHMF MNQL@K VNQJHMF GNTQR @S @ Q@SD NE 12 UHRHSR ODQ GNTQ. "RRTLD SG@S SGD CTQ@SHNM
ADSVDDM UHRHSR G@R SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD CTQ@SHNM ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD UHRHSR SN SGD VDA RHSD HR LNQD SG@M SDM LHMTSDR.
>. 5GD SNO 25% NE CTQ@SHNMR ADSVDDM UHRHSR @QD @S KD@RS GNV KNMF
?. 4TOONRD SG@S 20 LHMTSDR G@UD O@RRDC RHMBD SGD K@RS UHRHS SN SGD VDA RHSD. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD MDWS UHRHS
VHKK NBBTQ VHSGHM SGD MDWS 5 LHMTSDR
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S KDRR SG@M 7 UHRHSR NBBTQ VHSGHM @ NMD-GNTQ ODQHNC.
101. "S @M TQFDMS B@QD E@BHKHSX, O@SHDMSR @QQHUD @S @M @UDQ@FD Q@SD NE NMD O@SHDMS DUDQX RDUDM LHMTSDR. "RRTLD SG@S SGD
CTQ@SHNM ADSVDDM @QQHU@KR HR DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD UHRHSR SN SGD TQFDMS B@QD E@BHKHSX HR KDRR SG@M 2 LHMTSDR.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD UHRHSR SN SGD TQFDMS B@QD E@BHKHSX HR LNQD SG@M 15 LHMTSDR.
?. *E 10 LHMTSDR G@UD O@RRDC RHMBD SGD K@RS @QQHU@K, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD MDWS ODQRNM VHKK @QQHUD VHSGHM SGD
MDWS EHUD LHMTSDR
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M DHFGS O@SHDMSR @QQHUD CTQHMF @ G@KE-GNTQ ODQHNC.
0#$#0#,!#1
5.2 2B? 3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
.B%NTF@KK, +NGM ". 5GD .B%NTF@KK 1QNFQ@L ENQ .@WHLTL 8DHFGS -NRR. 1KTLD, 1995.
5.3 2B? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T.
%@S@ EQNL 8NQKC &@QSGPT@JDR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.VNQKC-D@QSGPT@JDR.BNL/ (@BBDRRDC +TMD 11, 2013).
o/N-GHSSDQ.p #@RDA@KK-3DEDQDMBD.BNL, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.A@RDA@KK-QDEDQDMBD.BNL/ATKKODM//N-GHSSDQ
(@BBDRRDC +TMD 11, 2013).
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 359
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;GNT, 3HBJ. o&WONMDMSH@K %HRSQHATSHNM KDBSTQD RKHCDR.p "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.OTAKHB.H@RS@SD.DCT/]QHBYV/RS@S330R11/
KDBSTQD/KDB13.OCE (@BBDRRDC +TMD 11, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1 6MHENQL %HRSQHATSHNM
3 /NQL@K %HRSQHATSHNM
5 )(6 < N < 7)
7 NMD
9 YDQN
11 NMD
13 0.625
15 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR DPT@K SN SGD @QD@ EQNL N =
3
2
SN N = 4 @ANUD SGD W-@WHR @MC TO SN <(N) =
1
3
.
17 *S LD@MR SG@S SGD U@KTD NE N HR ITRS @R KHJDKX SN AD @MX MTLADQ ADSVDDM 1.5 @MC 4.5.
19 1.5 x N x 4.5
21 0.3333
23 YDQN
25 0.6
27 8 HR 12, @MC HS QDOQDRDMSR SGD GHFGDRS U@KTD NE N.
29 RHW
31
$CAOL? 5.52
33 4.8
35 1 = 5GD @FD (HM XD@QR) NE B@QR HM SGD RS@EE O@QJHMF KNS
37 0.5 SN 9.5
39 <(N) =
1
9
VGDQD N HR ADSVDDM 0.5 @MC 9.5, HMBKTRHUD.
41 Z = 5
360 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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43
@. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
A.
3.5
7
45
@. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM.
A. A = 7.25
B. 7.25
47 /N, NTSBNLDR @QD MNS DPT@KKX KHJDKX. *M SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM, LNQD ODNOKD QDPTHQD @ KHSSKD AHS NE SHLD, @MC EDVDQ ODNOKD QDPTHQD
@ KNS NE SHLD, RN HS HR LNQD KHJDKX SG@S RNLDNMD VHKK QDPTHQD KDRR SHLD.
49 EHUD
51 <(N) = 0.2D
-0.2N
53 0.5350
55 6.02
57 <(N) = 0.75;
-0.75N
59
$CAOL? 5.53
61 0.4756
63 5GD LD@M HR K@QFDQ. 5GD LD@M HR
1
m
=
1
0.75
1.33 , VGHBG HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 0.9242.
65 BNMSHMTNTR
67 C = 0.000121
69
@. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM
A. )(N < 5,730) = 0.5001
71
@. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM.
A. A = 2947.73
73 "FD HR @ LD@RTQDLDMS, QDF@QCKDRR NE SGD @BBTQ@BX TRDC.
75
@. 1 ] .(1, 9)
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 361
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A. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
B. f (x) =
1
8
VGDQD 1 x 9
C. EHUD
D. 2.3
E.
15
32
F.
333
800
G.
2
3
H. 8.2
77
@. 1 QDOQDRDMSR SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ BNLLTSDQ LTRS V@HS ENQ @ SQ@HM SN @QQHUD NM SGD 3DC -HMD.
A. 1 ] .(0, 8)
B. f (x) =
1
8
VGDQD x N x 8
C. ENTQ
D. 2.31
E.
1
8
F.
1
8
G. 3.2
79 C
81 A
83
@. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM NE 1 HR
1
25 16
=
1
9
.
)(1 > 19) = (25 k 19)
1
9
=
6
9
=
2
3
.
#><JG: 5.54
A. )(19 < 1 < 22) = (22 k 19)
1
9
=
3
9
=
1
3
.
362 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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#><JG: 5.55
B. 5GD @QD@ LTRS AD 0.25, @MC 0.25 = (VHCSG)
1
9
1
7
= 4/7.
{ 6RD SGD ENQLTK@: )(N > 21[N > 18) =
P(x > 21 AND x > 18)
P(x > 18)
=
P(x > 21)
P(x > 18)
=
(25 21)
(25 18)
=
4
7
.
85
@. )(1 > 650) =
700 650
700 300
=
500
400
=
1
8
= 0.125.
A. )(400 < 1 < 650) =
700 650
700 300
=
250
400
= 0.625
B. 0.10 =
width
700 300
, RN VHCSG = 400(0.10) = 40. 4HMBD 700 k 40 = 660, SGD CQHUDQR SQ@UDK @S KD@RS 660 LHKDR NM SGD
ETQSGDRS 10% NE C@XR.
87
@. 1 = SGD TRDETK KHED NE @ O@QSHBTK@Q B@Q A@SSDQX, LD@RTQDC HM LNMSGR.
A. 1 HR BNMSHMTNTR.
B. 1 ] ENF(0.025)
C. 40 LNMSGR
D. 360 LNMSGR
E. 0.4066
F. 14.27
89
@. 1 = SGD SHLD (HM XD@QR) @ESDQ QD@BGHMF @FD 60 SG@S HS S@JDR @M HMCHUHCT@K SN QDSHQD
A. 1 HR BNMSHMTNTR.
B. 1 ] ENF
1
5
C. EHUD
D. EHUD
E. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
F. 0.1353
G. ADENQD
H. 18.3
91 @
93 B
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 363
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95 -DS - = SGD KHED SHLD NE @ KHFGS ATKA. 5GD CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ HR C = 1/8, @MC - &WO(1/8). 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM
ETMBSHNM HR P(T < t) = 1 e
t
8
@. 5GDQDENQD, )(- < 1) = 1 k D
1
8
v 0.1175.
A. 8D V@MS SN EHMC )(6 < J < 10).
5N CN SGHR, )(6 < J < 10) k )(J < 6)
= =
1 e
1
8
* 10
1 e
1
8
* 6
1 e
t
8
= e
t
8
.
4NKUHMF ENQ J, D
t
8
= 0.70, RN
t
8
= BD(0.70), @MC J = k8BD(0.70) v 2.85 XD@QR.
0Q TRD J =
ln(area_to_the_right)
( m)
=
ln(0.70)
1
8
2.85 years .
#><JG: 5.57
C. 8D V@MS SN EHMC 0.02 = )(- < J) = 1 k ;
t
8
.
4NKUHMF ENQ J, ;
t
8
= 0.98, RN
t
8
= BD(0.98), @MC S = k8BD(0.98) v 0.1616 XD@QR, NQ QNTFGKX SVN LNMSGR.
364 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5GD V@QQ@MSX RGNTKC BNUDQ KHFGS ATKAR SG@S K@RS KDRR SG@M 2 LNMSGR.
0Q TRD
ln(area_to_the_right)
( m)
=
ln(1 0.2)
1
8
= 0.1616.
D. 8D LTRS EHMC )(- < 8[- > 7).
/NSHBD SG@S AX SGD QTKD NE BNLOKDLDMS DUDMSR, )(- < 8[- > 7) = 1 k )(- > 8[- > 7).
#X SGD LDLNQXKDRR OQNODQSX ()(1 > H + J[1 > H) = )(1 > J)).
4N )(- > 8[- > 7) = )(- > 1) = 1
1 e
1
8
= e
1
8
0.8825
5GDQDENQD, )(- < 8[- > 7) = 1 k 0.8825 = 0.1175.
97 -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE MN-GHSSDQR SGQNTFGNTS @ RD@RNM. 4HMBD SGD CTQ@SHNM NE SHLD ADSVDDM MN-GHSSDQR HR DWONMDMSH@K, SGD
MTLADQ NE MN-GHSSDQR ODQ RD@RNM HR 1NHRRNM VHSG LD@M Y = 3.
5GDQDENQD, (1 = 0) =
3
0
e
3
0!
= D
k3
v 0.0498
:NT BNTKC KDS - = CTQ@SHNM NE SHLD ADSVDDM MN-GHSSDQR. 4HMBD SGD SHLD HR DWONMDMSH@K @MC SGDQD @QD 3 MN-GHSSDQR ODQ
RD@RNM, SGDM SGD SHLD ADSVDDM MN-GHSSDQR HR
1
3
RD@RNM. 'NQ SGD DWONMDMSH@K, R =
1
3
.
5GDQDENQD, C =
1
= 3 @MC - ENF(3).
@. 5GD CDRHQDC OQNA@AHKHSX HR )(- > 1) = 1 k )(- < 1) = 1 k (1 k D
k3
) = D
k3
v 0.0498.
A. -DS - = CTQ@SHNM NE SHLD ADSVDDM MN-GHSSDQR. 8D EHMC )(- > 2[- > 1), @MC AX SGD B:BDGNA:HH EGDE:GIN SGHR HR RHLOKX
)(- > 1), VGHBG VD ENTMC SN AD 0.0498 HM O@QS @.
B. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE MN-GHSSDQR HR @ RD@RNM. "RRTLD SG@S 1 HR 1NHRRNM VHSG LD@M Y = 3. 5GDM )(1 > 3) = 1 k )(1 x 3)
= 0.3528.
99
@.
100
9
= 11.11
A. )(1 > 10) = 1 k )(1 x 10) = 1 k 1NHRRNMBCE(11.11, 10) v 0.5532.
B. 5GD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VHSG 5XOD # AKNNC DMBNTMSDQDC QNTFGKX ENKKNVR SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM, RN SGD MTLADQ
NE ODNOKD 1 VGN @QQHUD ADSVDDM RTBBDRRHUD 5XOD # @QQHU@KR HR QNTFGKX DWONMDMSH@K VHSG LD@M Z = 9 @MC C =
1
9
. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM NE 1 HR P(X < x) = 1 e
x
9
. 5GTR GTR, )(1 > 20) = 1 - )(1 x 20) =
1
1 e
20
9
0.1084.
,-2#
8D BNTKC @KRN CDCTBD SG@S D@BG ODQRNM @QQHUHMF G@R @ 8/9 BG@MBD NE MNS G@UHMF 5XOD # AKNNC. 4N SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
SG@S MNMD NE SGD EHQRS 20 ODNOKD @QQHUD G@UD 5XOD # AKNNC HR
8
9
20
0.0948 . (5GD FDNLDSQHB CHRSQHATSHNM HR
LNQD @OOQNOQH@SD SG@M SGD DWONMDMSH@K ADB@TRD SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD ADSVDDM 5XOD # ODNOKD HR CHRBQDSD HMRSD@C NE
BNMSHMTNTR.)
101 -DS - = CTQ@SHNM (HM LHMTSDR) ADSVDDM RTBBDRRHUD UHRHSR. 4HMBD O@SHDMSR @QQHUD @S @ Q@SD NE NMD O@SHDMS DUDQX RDUDM
LHMTSDR, Z = 7 @MC SGD CDB@X BNMRS@MS HR C =
1
7
. 5GD BCE HR )(- < J) = 1 e
t
7
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 365
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@. )(- < 2) = 1 - 1 e
2
7
v 0.2485.
A. )(- > 15) = 1 P(T < 15) = 1
1 e
15
7
15
7
0.1173 .
B. )(- > 15[- > 10) = )(- > 5) = 1
1 e
5
7
= e
5
7
0.4895 .
C. -DS 1 = # NE O@SHDMSR @QQHUHMF CTQHMF @ G@KE-GNTQ ODQHNC. 5GDM 1 G@R SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE
30
7
, 1
1NHRRNM
30
7
1
2
2
5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR )(1 < N). *S HR B@KBTK@SDC DHSGDQ AX @ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ @ BNLOTSDQ, NQ HS HR KNNJDC TO
HM @ S@AKD. 5DBGMNKNFX G@R L@CD SGD S@AKDR UHQST@KKX NARNKDSD. 'NQ SG@S QD@RNM, @R VDKK @R SGD E@BS SG@S SGDQD @QD U@QHNTR S@AKD
ENQL@SR, VD @QD MNS HMBKTCHMF S@AKD HMRSQTBSHNMR.
5GD BTQUD HR RXLLDSQHB@K @ANTS @ UDQSHB@K KHMD CQ@VM SGQNTFG SGD LD@M, Z. *M SGDNQX, SGD LD@M HR SGD R@LD @R SGD
LDCH@M, ADB@TRD SGD FQ@OG HR RXLLDSQHB @ANTS Z. "R SGD MNS@SHNM HMCHB@SDR, SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM CDODMCR NMKX NM SGD
LD@M @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 4HMBD SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD LTRS DPT@K NMD, @ BG@MFD HM SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \,
B@TRDR @ BG@MFD HM SGD RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD; SGD BTQUD ADBNLDR E@SSDQ NQ RJHMMHDQ CDODMCHMF NM \. " BG@MFD HM Z B@TRDR SGD
FQ@OG SN RGHES SN SGD KDES NQ QHFGS. 5GHR LD@MR SGDQD @QD @M HMEHMHSD MTLADQ NE MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR. 0MD NE RODBH@K
HMSDQDRS HR B@KKDC SGD HI6C96G9 CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC.
:NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK QDBNQC SGD GDHFGSR NE ANSG LDM @MC VNLDM HM XNTQ BK@RR, RDO@Q@SDKX. %Q@V GHRSNFQ@LR NE XNTQ C@S@.
5GDM CQ@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG D@BG GHRSNFQ@L. *R D@BG BTQUD RNLDVG@S ADKK-RG@ODC %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S HE XNT
G@C QDBNQCDC 200 C@S@ U@KTDR ENQ LDM @MC 200 ENQ VNLDM SG@S SGD BTQUDR VNTKC KNNJ ADKK-RG@ODC $@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M
ENQ D@BG C@S@ RDS. 8QHSD SGD LD@MR NM SGD N-@WHR NE SGD @OOQNOQH@SD FQ@OG ADKNV SGD OD@J. 4G@CD SGD @OOQNWHL@SD @QD@
SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM L@KD HR S@KKDQ SG@M 72 HMBGDR. 4G@CD SGD @OOQNWHL@SD @QD@ SG@S
QDOQDRDMSR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM EDL@KD HR RGNQSDQ SG@M 60 HMBGDR. *E SGD SNS@K @QD@ TMCDQ D@BG BTQUD
HR NMD, CNDR DHSGDQ OQNA@AHKHSX @OOD@Q SN AD LNQD SG@M 0.5
6.1 U 2B? 1N;H>;L> ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD HI6C96G9 CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC HR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE HI6C96G9>O:9 K6AJ:H 86AA:9 (-H8DG:H. A (-H8DG: >H B:6HJG:9
>C JC>IH D; I=: HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD LD@M NE @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR EHUD @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR
SVN, SGD U@KTD 11 HR SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD (NQ SN SGD QHFGS NE) SGD LD@M. 5GD B@KBTK@SHNM HR @R ENKKNVR:
N = Z + (P)(\) = 5 + (3)(2) = 11
5GD P-RBNQD HR SGQDD.
5GD LD@M ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR YDQN, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR NMD. 5GD SQ@MRENQL@SHNM P =
x
OQNCTBDR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM 3 ] '(0, 1). 5GD U@KTD N BNLDR EQNL @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M Z @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \.
$-1=IL?M
*E 1 HR @ MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD @MC 1 ] '(Z, \), SGDM SGD P-RBNQD HR:
368 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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z =
x
1=: (-H8DG: I:AAH NDJ =DL B6CN HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH I=: K6AJ: & >H 67DK: (ID I=: G><=I D;) DG 7:ADL (ID I=: A:;I D;)
I=: B:6C, .. 7@KTDR NE N SG@S @QD K@QFDQ SG@M SGD LD@M G@UD ONRHSHUD P-RBNQDR, @MC U@KTDR NE N SG@S @QD RL@KKDQ SG@M SGD LD@M
G@UD MDF@SHUD P-RBNQDR. *E N DPT@KR SGD LD@M, SGDM N G@R @ P-RBNQD NE YDQN.
$T=ILHA 6.1
4TOONRD 1 ] '(5, 6). 5GHR R@XR SG@S N HR @ MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG LD@M Z = 5 @MC RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM \ = 6. 4TOONRD N = 17. 5GDM:
z =
x
=
17 5
6
= 2
5GHR LD@MR SG@S N = 17 HR ILD HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH (2\) @ANUD NQ SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD LD@M Z = 5. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR \ = 6.
/NSHBD SG@S: 5 + (2)(6) = 17 (5GD O@SSDQM HR Z + P\ = N)
/NV RTOONRD N = 1. 5GDM: P =
x
=
1 5
6
= k0.67 (QNTMCDC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR)
1=>H B:6CH I=6I & = 1 >H 0.67 HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH (R0.670) 7:ADL DG ID I=: A:;I D; I=: B:6C . = 5. +DI>8:
I=6I: 5 + (k0.67)(6) HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX DPT@K SN NMD (5GHR G@R SGD O@SSDQM Z + (k0.67)j = 1)
4TLL@QHYHMF, VGDM P HR ONRHSHUD, N HR @ANUD NQ SN SGD QHFGS NE Z @MC VGDM P HR MDF@SHUD, N HR SN SGD KDES NE NQ
ADKNV Z. 0Q, VGDM P HR ONRHSHUD, N HR FQD@SDQ SG@M Z, @MC VGDM P HR MDF@SHUD N HR KDRR SG@M Z.
6.1 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD NE N, VGDM N = 1 @MC 1 ] '(12,3)
$T=ILHA 6.2
4NLD CNBSNQR ADKHDUD SG@S @ ODQRNM B@M KNRD EHUD ONTMCR, NM SGD @UDQ@FD, HM @ LNMSG AX QDCTBHMF GHR NQ GDQ E@S
HMS@JD @MC AX DWDQBHRHMF BNMRHRSDMSKX. 4TOONRD VDHFGS KNRR G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. -DS 1 = SGD @LNTMS NE VDHFGS
KNRS(HM ONTMCR) AX @ ODQRNM HM @ LNMSG. 6RD @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN ONTMCR. 1 ] '(5, 2). 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR.
@. 4TOONRD @ ODQRNM ADHI SDM ONTMCR HM @ LNMSG. 5GD P-RBNQD VGDM N = 10 ONTMCR HR P = 2.5 (UDQHEX). 5GHR P-RBNQD
SDKKR XNT SG@S N = 10 HR ???????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ???????? (QHFGS NQ KDES) NE SGD LD@M ????? (8G@S HR
SGD LD@M).
1IFONCIH 6.2
=. 3DEO 1-O?KNA PAHHO UKQ PD=P / = 10 EO 2.5 OP=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJO PK PDA LCABN KB PDA IA=J @CP?.
A. 4TOONRD @ ODQRNM <6>C:9 SGQDD ONTMCR (@ MDF@SHUD VDHFGS KNRR). 5GDM P = ??????????. 5GHR P-RBNQD SDKKR XNT
SG@S N = k3 HR ???????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ?????????? (QHFGS NQ KDES) NE SGD LD@M.
1IFONCIH 6.2
>. 1 = X4. 3DEO 1-O?KNA PAHHO UKQ PD=P / = _3 EO @IOL OP=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJO PK PDA F?@N KB PDA IA=J.
4TOONRD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC 2 G@UD SGD ENKKNVHMF MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR: 1 ] '(5, 6) @MC 2 ] '(2, 1).
*E N = 17, SGDM P = 2. (5GHR V@R OQDUHNTRKX RGNVM.) *E O = 4, VG@S HR P
P =
y
=
4 2
1
= 2 VGDQD R = 2 @MC \ = 1.
5GD P-RBNQD ENQ O = 4 HR P = 2. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S ENTQ HR P = 2 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD LD@M.
5GDQDENQD, N = 17 @MC O = 4 @QD ANSG SVN (NE I=:>G DLC) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD QHFGS NE I=:>G QDRODBSHUD LD@MR.
1=: (-H8DG: 6AADLH JH ID 8DBE6G: 96I6 I=6I 6G: H86A:9 9>;;:G:CIAN. 5N TMCDQRS@MC SGD BNMBDOS, RTOONRD 1 ]
'(5, 6) QDOQDRDMSR VDHFGS F@HMR ENQ NMD FQNTO NE ODNOKD VGN @QD SQXHMF SN F@HM VDHFGS HM @ RHW VDDJ ODQHNC @MC 2
] '(2, 1) LD@RTQDR SGD R@LD VDHFGS F@HM ENQ @ RDBNMC FQNTO NE ODNOKD. " MDF@SHUD VDHFGS F@HM VNTKC AD @ VDHFGS
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 369
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KNRR. 4HMBD N = 17 @MC O = 4 @QD D@BG SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD QHFGS NE SGDHQ LD@MR, SGDX QDOQDRDMS SGD R@LD,
RS@MC@QCHYDC VDHFGS F@HM G:A6I>K: ID I=:>G B:6CH.
6.2 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR.
+DQNLD @UDQ@FDR 16 ONHMSR @ F@LD VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE ENTQ ONHMSR. 1 ] '(16,4). 4TOONRD +DQNLD RBNQDR SDM
ONHMSR HM @ F@LD. 5GD PkRBNQD VGDM N = 10 HR k1.5. 5GHR RBNQD SDKKR XNT SG@S N = 10 HR ????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD
??????(QHFGS NQ KDES) NE SGD LD@M??????(8G@S HR SGD LD@M).
2B? #GJCLC=;F 0OF?
*E 1 HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD @MC G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M R @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \, SGDM SGD "BE>G>86A /JA:
R@XR SGD ENKKNVHMF:
c "ANTS 68% NE SGD N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM k1\ @MC +1\ NE SGD LD@M R (VHSGHM NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD LD@M).
c "ANTS 95% NE SGD N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM k2\ @MC +2\ NE SGD LD@M R (VHSGHM SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M).
c "ANTS 99.7% NE SGD N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM k3\ @MC +3\ NE SGD LD@M R (VHSGHM SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M).
/NSHBD SG@S @KLNRS @KK SGD N U@KTDR KHD VHSGHM SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M.
c 5GD P-RBNQDR ENQ +1\ @MC k1\ @QD +1 @MC k1, QDRODBSHUDKX.
c 5GD P-RBNQDR ENQ +2\ @MC k2\ @QD +2 @MC k2, QDRODBSHUDKX.
c 5GD P-RBNQDR ENQ +3\ @MC k3\ @QD +3 @MC k3 QDRODBSHUDKX.
5GD DLOHQHB@K QTKD HR @KRN JMNVM @R SGD 68-95-99.7 QTKD.
$CAOL? 6.3
$T=ILHA 6.3
5GD LD@M GDHFGS NE 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KDR EQNL $GHKD EQNL 2009 SN 2010 V@R 170 BL VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE 6.28 BL. .@KD GDHFGSR @QD JMNVM SN ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. -DS 1 = SGD GDHFGS NE @ 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC
L@KD EQNL $GHKD HM 2009 SN 2010. 5GDM 1 ] '(170, 6.28).
@. 4TOONRD @ 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KD EQNL$GHKD V@R 168 BL S@KK EQNL2009 SN 2010. 5GD P-RBNQD VGDM N = 168 BL
HR P = ???????. 5GHR P-RBNQD SDKKR XNT SG@S N = 168 HR ???????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ???????? (QHFGS NQ KDES)
NE SGD LD@M ????? (8G@S HR SGD LD@M).
1IFONCIH 6.3
=. _0.32, 0.32, HABP, 170
A. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD GDHFGS NE @ 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KD EQNL $GHKD EQNL 2009 SN 2010 G@R @ P-RBNQD NE P = 1.27.
8G@S HR SGD L@KDnR GDHFGS 5GD P-RBNQD (P = 1.27) SDKKR XNT SG@S SGD L@KDnR GDHFGS HR ???????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR
SN SGD ?????????? (QHFGS NQ KDES) NE SGD LD@M.
1IFONCIH 6.3
>. 177.98, 1.27, NECDP
370 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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6.3 6RD SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R;GJF? 6.3 SN @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
=. 4TOONRD @ 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KD EQNL $GHKD V@R 176 BL S@KK EQNL 2009 SN 2010. 5GD P-RBNQD VGDM N = 176 BL
HR P = ???????. 5GHR P-RBNQD SDKKR XNT SG@S N = 176 BL HR ???????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ???????? (QHFGS NQ
KDES) NE SGD LD@M ????? (8G@S HR SGD LD@M).
>. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD GDHFGS NE @ 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KD EQNL $GHKD EQNL 2009 SN 2010 G@R @ P-RBNQD NE P = k2. 8G@S
HR SGD L@KDnR GDHFGS 5GD P-RBNQD (P = k2) SDKKR XNT SG@S SGD L@KDnR GDHFGS HR ???????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD
?????????? (QHFGS NQ KDES) NE SGD LD@M.
$T=ILHA 6.4
'QNL 1984 SN 1985, SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KDR EQNL $GHKD V@R 172.36 BL, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM V@R 6.34 BL. -DS 2 = SGD GDHFGS NE 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KDR EQNL 1984 SN 1985. 5GDM 2 ] '(172.36,
6.34).
5GD LD@M GDHFGS NE 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KDR EQNL $GHKD EQNL 2009 SN 2010 V@R 170 BL VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 6.28 BL. .@KD GDHFGSR @QD JMNVM SN ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. -DS 1 = SGD GDHFGS NE @ 15 SN
18-XD@Q-NKC L@KD EQNL $GHKD HM 2009 SN 2010. 5GDM 1 ] '(170, 6.28).
'HMC SGD P-RBNQDR ENQ N = 160.58 BL @MC O = 162.85 BL. *MSDQOQDS D@BG P-RBNQD. 8G@S B@M XNT R@X @ANTS N =
160.58 BL @MC O = 162.85 BL
1IFONCIH 6.4
3DA 1-O?KNA BKN / = 160.58 EO 1 = _1.5.
3DA 1-O?KNA BKN 0 = 162.85 EO 1 = _1.5.
!KPD / = 160.58 =J@ 0 = 162.85 @ARE=PA PDA O=IA JQI>AN KB OP=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJO BNKI PDAEN NAOLA?PERA
IA=JO =J@ EJ PDA O=IA @ENA?PEKJ.
6.4 *M 2012, 1,664,479 RSTCDMSR SNNJ SGD 4"5 DW@L. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE RBNQDR HM SGD UDQA@K RDBSHNM NE SGD 4"5 G@C @
LD@M R = 496 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ = 114. -DS 1 = @ 4"5 DW@L UDQA@K RDBSHNM RBNQD HM 2012. 5GDM 1 ] '(496,
114).
'HMC SGD P-RBNQDR ENQ N
1
= 325 @MC N
2
= 366.21. *MSDQOQDS D@BG P-RBNQD. 8G@S B@M XNT R@X @ANTS N
1
= 325 @MC N
2
=
366.21
$T=ILHA 6.5
4TOONRD N G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M 50 @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM 6.
c "ANTS 68.27%NE SGD N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM k1\ = (k1)(6) = k6 @MC 1\ = (1)(6) = 6 NE SGD LD@M 50. 5GD U@KTDR
50 k 6 = 44 @MC 50 + 6 = 56 @QD VHSGHM NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD LD@M 50. 5GD P-RBNQDR @QD k1 @MC +1
ENQ 44 @MC 56, QDRODBSHUDKX.
c "ANTS 95.45% NE SGD N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM k2\ = (k2)(6) = k12 @MC 2\ = (2)(6) = 12. 5GD U@KTDR 50 k 12 =
38 @MC 50 + 12 = 62 @QD VHSGHM SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M 50. 5GD P-RBNQDR @QD k2 @MC +2 ENQ 38
@MC 62, QDRODBSHUDKX.
c "ANTS 99.73% NE SGD N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM k3\ = (k3)(6) = k18 @MC 3\ = (3)(6) = 18 NE SGD LD@M 50. 5GD
U@KTDR 50 k 18 = 32 @MC 50 + 18 = 68 @QD VHSGHM SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M 50. 5GD P-RBNQDR @QD
k3 @MC +3 ENQ 32 @MC 68, QDRODBSHUDKX.
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 371
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6.5 4TOONRD 1 G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M 25 @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM EHUD. #DSVDDM VG@S U@KTDR NE N CN
68.27% NE SGD U@KTDR KHD
$T=ILHA 6.6
'QNL 1984 SN 1985, SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KDR EQNL $GHKD V@R 172.36 BL, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM V@R 6.34 BL. -DS 2 = SGD GDHFGS NE 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KDR HM 1984 SN 1985. 5GDM 2 ] '(172.36, 6.34).
=. "ANTS 68.27% NE SGD O U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 5GDRD U@KTDR @QD ????????????????. 5GD P-
RBNQDR @QD ????????????????, QDRODBSHUDKX.
>. "ANTS 95.45% NE SGD O U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 5GDRD U@KTDR @QD ????????????????. 5GD P-
RBNQDR @QD ???????????????? QDRODBSHUDKX.
?. "ANTS 99.73% NE SGD O U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 5GDRD U@KTDR @QD ????????????????. 5GD P-
RBNQDR @QD ????????????????, QDRODBSHUDKX.
1IFONCIH 6.6
=. "ANTS 68.27% NE SGD U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM 166.02 @MC 178.7. 5GD P-RBNQDR @QD k1 @MC 1.
>. "ANTS 95.45% NE SGD U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM 159.68 @MC 185.04. 5GD P-RBNQDR @QD k2 @MC 2.
?. "ANTS 99.73% NE SGD U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM 153.34 @MC 191.38. 5GD P-RBNQDR @QD k3 @MC 3.
6.6 5GD RBNQDR NM @ BNKKDFD DMSQ@MBD DW@L G@UD @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M, R = 52 ONHMSR @MC @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \ = 11 ONHMSR.
=. "ANTS 68.27% NE SGD O U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 5GDRD U@KTDR @QD ????????????????. 5GD P-RBNQDR
@QD ????????????????, QDRODBSHUDKX.
>. "ANTS 95.45% NE SGD O U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 5GDRD U@KTDR @QD ????????????????. 5GD P-RBNQDR
@QD ????????????????, QDRODBSHUDKX.
?. "ANTS 99.73% NE SGD O U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 5GDRD U@KTDR @QD ????????????????. 5GD P-RBNQDR
@QD ????????????????, QDRODBSHUDKX.
6.2 U 3MCHA NB? ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD RG@CDC @QD@ HM SGD ENKKNVHMF FQ@OG HMCHB@SDR SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE N. 5GHR @QD@ HR QDOQDRDMSDC AX SGD OQNA@AHKHSX )(1 <
N). /NQL@K S@AKDR, BNLOTSDQR, @MC B@KBTK@SNQR OQNUHCD NQ B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX )(1 < N).
$CAOL? 6.4
372 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5GD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS HR SGDM )(1 > N) = 1 k )(1 < N). 3DLDLADQ, )(1 < N) = AG:6 ID I=: A:;I NE SGD UDQSHB@K KHMD SGQNTFG
N. )(1 < N) = 1 k )(1 < N) = AG:6 ID I=: G><=I NE SGD UDQSHB@K KHMD SGQNTFG N. )(1 < N) HR SGD R@LD @R )(1 x N) @MC )(1 > N)
HR SGD R@LD @R )(1 y N) ENQ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNMR.
!;F=OF;NCIHM I@ .LI<;<CFCNC?M
1QNA@AHKHSHDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC TRHMF SDBGMNKNFX. 5GDQD @QD HMRSQTBSHNMR FHUDM @R MDBDRR@QX ENQ SGD 5*-83+ @MC 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR.
,-2#
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX, TRD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKDR OQNUHCDC HM SGD AJJ?H>CR (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G19138/
F;N?MN/) HMRSD@C NE @ B@KBTK@SNQ. 5GD S@AKDR HMBKTCD HMRSQTBSHNMR ENQ GNV SN TRD SGDL.
$T=ILHA 6.7
*E SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES HR 0.0228, SGDM SGD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS HR 1 k 0.0228 = 0.9772.
6.7 *E SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE N HR 0.012, SGDM VG@S HR SGD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS
$T=ILHA 6.8
5GD EHM@K DW@L RBNQDR HM @ RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR VDQD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 63 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE EHUD.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMS RBNQDC LNQD SG@M 65 NM SGD DW@L.
1IFONCIH 6.8
@. -DS 1 = @ RBNQD NM SGD EHM@K DW@L. 1 ] '(63, 5), VGDQD Z = 63 @MC \ = 5
%Q@V @ FQ@OG.
5GDM, EHMC )(N > 65).
)(N > 65) = 0.3446
$CAOL? 6.5
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @MX RSTCDMS RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL RBNQDR LNQD SG@M 65 HR 0.3446.
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 373
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(N HMSN 2>6 D)*(.
"ESDQ OQDRRHMF 2>6 D)*(, OQDRR 2:>?B=3<568.
5GD RXMS@W ENQ SGD HMRSQTBSHNMR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
MNQL@KBCE(KNVDQ U@KTD, TOODQ U@KTD, LD@M, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM) 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL:
MNQL@KBCE(65,1&99,63,5) = 0.3446. :NT FDS 1&99 (= 10
99
) AX OQDRRHMF 1, SGD EE JDX (@ 2MC JDX) @MC SGDM
99. 0Q, XNT B@M DMSDQ 10299 HMRSD@C. 5GD MTLADQ 10
99
HR V@X NTS HM SGD QHFGS S@HK NE SGD MNQL@K BTQUD.
8D @QD B@KBTK@SHMF SGD @QD@ ADSVDDM 65 @MC 10
99
. *M RNLD HMRS@MBDR, SGD KNVDQ MTLADQ NE SGD @QD@ LHFGS AD
k1&99 (= k10
99
). 5GD MTLADQ k10
99
HR V@X NTS HM SGD KDES S@HK NE SGD MNQL@K BTQUD.
&'12-0'!A* ,-2#
5GD 5* OQNA@AHKHSX OQNFQ@LB@KBTK@SDR @ P-RBNQD @MC SGDM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX EQNLSGD P-RBNQD. #DENQD SDBGMNKNFX,
SGD P-RBNQD V@R KNNJDC TO HM @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD (ADB@TRD SGD L@SG HMUNKUDC HR SNN
BTLADQRNLD) SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. *M SGHR DW@LOKD, @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K S@AKD VHSG @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE SGD P-
RBNQD V@R TRDC. :NT B@KBTK@SD SGD P-RBNQD @MC KNNJ TO SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR SGD @QD@ SN SGD
QHFGS.
P =
65 63
5
= 0.4
"QD@ SN SGD KDES HR 0.6554.
)(N > 65) = )(P > 0.4) = 1 k 0.6554 = 0.3446
$@KBTK@SD SGD P-RBNQD:
*1QDRR 2>6 D;CDB
*1QDRR 3:;>F$?B=(
*&MSDQ SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE Y ENKKNVDC AX )
*1QDRR E$*E(.
'NQ SGHR &W@LOKD, SGD RSDOR @QD
2>6 D;CDB
3:;>F$?B=(.6554) E$*E(
5GD @MRVDQ HR 0.3999 VGHBG QNTMCR SN 0.4.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMS RBNQDC KDRR SG@M 85.
1IFONCIH 6.8
A. %Q@V @ FQ@OG.
5GDM EHMC )(N < 85), @MC RG@CD SGD FQ@OG.
6RHMF @ BNLOTSDQ NQ B@KBTK@SNQ, EHMC )(N < 85) = 1.
MNQL@KBCE(0,85,63,5) = 1 (QNTMCR SN NMD)
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD RSTCDMS RBNQDR KDRR SG@M 85 HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX NMD (NQ 100%).
B. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD (SG@S HR, EHMC SGD RBNQD A SG@S G@R 90%NE SGD RBNQDR ADKNV A @MC 10%NE SGD RBNQDR @ANUD
A).
1IFONCIH 6.8
B. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 'NQ D@BG OQNAKDL NQ O@QS NE @ OQNAKDL, CQ@V @ MDV FQ@OG. %Q@V SGD N-@WHR. 4G@CD SGD
@QD@ SG@S BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
374 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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):I k = I=: 90
I=
E:G8:CI>A:. 5GD U@QH@AKD A HR KNB@SDC NM SGD N-@WHR. )(N < A) HR SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE A. 5GD
90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD A RDO@Q@SDR SGD DW@L RBNQDR HMSN SGNRD SG@S @QD SGD R@LD NQ KNVDQ SG@M A @MC SGNRD SG@S @QD SGD R@LD
NQ GHFGDQ. /HMDSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SDRS RBNQDR @QD SGD R@LD NQ KNVDQ SG@M A, @MC SDM ODQBDMS @QD SGD R@LD NQ GHFGDQ.
5GD U@QH@AKD A HR NESDM B@KKDC @ 8G>I>86A K6AJ:.
A = 69.4
$CAOL? 6.6
5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR 69.4. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S 90% NE SGD SDRS RBNQDR E@KK @S NQ ADKNV 69.4 @MC 10% E@KK @S NQ
@ANUD. 5N FDS SGHR @MRVDQ NM SGD B@KBTK@SNQ, ENKKNV SGHR RSDO:
;>F$?B= HM 2>6 D)*(. HMU/NQL(@QD@ SN SGD KDES, LD@M, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM)
'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL, HMU/NQL(0.90,63,5) = 69.4
C. 'HMC SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD (SG@S HR, EHMC SGD RBNQD A RTBG SG@S 70% NE RBNQDR @QD ADKNV A @MC 30% NE SGD RBNQDR @QD
@ANUD A).
1IFONCIH 6.8
C. 'HMC SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
%Q@V @ MDV FQ@OG @MC K@ADK HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX. A = 65.6
5GD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR 65.6. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S 70% NE SGD SDRS RBNQDR E@KK @S NQ ADKNV 65.5 @MC 30% E@KK @S NQ
@ANUD.
HMU/NQL(0.70,63,5) = 65.6
6.8 5GD FNKE RBNQDR ENQ @ RBGNNK SD@L VDQD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 68 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGQDD.
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC FNKEDQ RBNQDC KDRR SG@M 65.
$T=ILHA 6.9
" ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ HR TRDC ENQ NEEHBD VNQJ @S GNLD, QDRD@QBG, BNLLTMHB@SHNM, ODQRNM@K EHM@MBDR, DCTB@SHNM,
DMSDQS@HMLDMS, RNBH@K MDSVNQJHMF, @MC @ LXQH@C NE NSGDQ SGHMFR. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE GNTQR @
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 375
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GNTRDGNKC ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ HR TRDC ENQ DMSDQS@HMLDMS HR SVN GNTQR ODQ C@X. "RRTLD SGD SHLDR ENQ DMSDQS@HMLDMS
@QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD SHLDR HR G@KE @M GNTQ.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ GNTRDGNKC ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ HR TRDC ADSVDDM 1.8 @MC 2.75 GNTQR ODQ C@X.
1IFONCIH 6.9
@. -DS 1 = SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD (HM GNTQR) @ GNTRDGNKC ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ HR TRDC ENQ DMSDQS@HMLDMS. 1 ] '(2, 0.5)
VGDQD Z = 2 @MC \ = 0.5.
'HMC )(1.8 < N < 2.75).
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ VGHBG XNT @QD KNNJHMF HR SGD @QD@ 7:IL::C N = 1.8 @MC N = 2.75. )(1.8 < N < 2.75) =
0.5886
$CAOL? 6.7
MNQL@KBCE(1.8,2.75,2,0.5) = 0.5886
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ GNTRDGNKC ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ HR TRDC ADSVDDM 1.8 @MC 2.75 GNTQR ODQ C@X ENQ
DMSDQS@HMLDMS HR 0.5886.
A. 'HMC SGD L@WHLTL MTLADQ NE GNTQR ODQ C@X SG@S SGD ANSSNL PT@QSHKD NE GNTRDGNKCR TRDR @ ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ
ENQ DMSDQS@HMLDMS.
1IFONCIH 6.9
A. 5N EHMC SGD L@WHLTL MTLADQ NE GNTQR ODQ C@X SG@S SGD ANSSNLPT@QSHKD NE GNTRDGNKCR TRDR @ ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ
ENQ DMSDQS@HMLDMS, ;>C9 I=: 25
I=
E:G8:CI>A:, A, VGDQD )(N < A) = 0.25.
$CAOL? 6.8
HMU/NQL(0.25,2,0.5) = 1.66
5GD L@WHLTL MTLADQ NE GNTQR ODQ C@X SG@S SGD ANSSNL PT@QSHKD NE GNTRDGNKCR TRDR @ ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ ENQ
DMSDQS@HMLDMS HR 1.66 GNTQR.
376 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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6.9 5GD FNKE RBNQDR ENQ @ RBGNNK SD@L VDQD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 68 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGQDD.
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ FNKEDQ RBNQDC ADSVDDM 66 @MC 70.
$T=ILHA 6.10
5GDQD @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX NMD AHKKHNM RL@QSOGNMD TRDQR HM SGD VNQKC SNC@X. *M SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR SGD @FDR 13 SN 55+
NE RL@QSOGNMD TRDQR @OOQNWHL@SDKX ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @OOQNWHL@SD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE 36.9 XD@QR @MC 13.9 XD@QR, QDRODBSHUDKX.
@. %DSDQLHMD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNL RL@QSOGNMD TRDQ HM SGD @FD Q@MFD 13 SN 55+ HR ADSVDDM 23 @MC 64.7
XD@QR NKC.
1IFONCIH 6.10
=. JKNI=H?@B(23,64.7,36.9,13.9) = 0.8186
A. %DSDQLHMD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RL@QSOGNMD TRDQ HM SGD @FD Q@MFD 13 SN 55+ HR @S LNRS 50.8
XD@QR NKC.
1IFONCIH 6.10
>. JKNI=H?@B(_10
99
,50.8,36.9,13.9) = 0.8413
B. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM, @MC HMSDQOQDS HS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
1IFONCIH 6.10
?.
EJR-KNI(0.80,369.9,13.9) = 48.6
3DA 80
PD
LAN?AJPEHA EO 48.6 UA=NO.
80% KB PDA OI=NPLDKJA QOANO EJ PDA =CA N=JCA 13 _ 55+ =NA 48.6 UA=NO KH@ KN HAOO.
6.10 6RD SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R;GJF? 6.10 SN @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
=. 'HMC SGD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD, @MC HMSDQOQDS HS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @FD NE @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RL@QSOGNMD TRDQ HM SGD Q@MFD 13 SN 55+ HR KDRR SG@M 27
XD@QR NKC.
$T=ILHA 6.11
5GDQD @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX NMD AHKKHNM RL@QSOGNMD TRDQR HM SGD VNQKC SNC@X. *M SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR SGD @FDR 13 SN 55+
NE RL@QSOGNMD TRDQR @OOQNWHL@SDKX ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @OOQNWHL@SD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE 36.9 XD@QR @MC 13.9 XD@QR QDRODBSHUDKX. 6RHMF SGHR HMENQL@SHNM, @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR (QNTMC @MRVDQR
SN NMD CDBHL@K OK@BD).
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD ("*+).
1IFONCIH 6.11
=.
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 377
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IQR = Q
3
_ Q
1
"=H?QH=PA Q
3
= 75
PD
LAN?AJPEHA =J@ Q
1
= 25
PD
LAN?AJPEHA.
EJR-KNI(0.75,36.9,13.9) = Q
3
= 46.2754
EJR-KNI(0.25,36.9,13.9) = Q
1
= 27.5246
IQR = Q
3
_ Q
1
A. 'NQSX ODQBDMS NE SGD @FDR SG@S Q@MFD EQNL 13 SN 55+ @QD @S KD@RS VG@S @FD
1IFONCIH 6.11
>.
%EJ@ # SDANA P(/ > #) = 0.40 ("P HA=OP" PN=JOH=PAO PK "CNA=PAN PD=J KN AMQ=H PK.")
0.40 = PDA =NA= PK PDA NECDP.
NA= PK PDA HABP = 1 _ 0.40 = 0.60.
3DA =NA PK PDA HABP KB # = 0.60.
EJR-KNI(0.60,36.9,13.9) = 40.4215.
# = 40.42.
%KNPU LAN?AJP KB PDA =CAO PD=P N=JCA BNKI 13 PK 55+ =NA =P HA=OP 40.42 UA=NO.
378 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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6.11 5VN SGNTR@MC RSTCDMSR SNNJ @M DW@L. 5GD RBNQDR NM SGD DW@L G@UD @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @
LD@M Z = 81 ONHMSR @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ = 15 ONHMSR.
=. $@KBTK@SD SGD EHQRS- @MC SGHQC-PT@QSHKD RBNQDR ENQ SGHR DW@L.
>. 5GD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD DW@L RBNQDR @QD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR
$T=ILHA 6.12
" BHSQTR E@QLDQ VGN FQNVR L@MC@QHM NQ@MFDR EHMCR SG@S SGD CH@LDSDQR NE L@MC@QHM NQ@MFDR G@QUDRSDC NM GHR E@QL
ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M CH@LDSDQ NE 5.85 BL @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.24 BL.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC L@MC@QHM NQ@MFD EQNL SGHR E@QL G@R @ CH@LDSDQ K@QFDQ SG@M 6.0
BL. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
1IFONCIH 6.12
@. MNQL@KBCE(6,1099,5.85,0.24) = 0.2660
$CAOL? 6.9
A. 5GD LHCCKD 20% NE L@MC@QHM NQ@MFDR EQNL SGHR E@QL G@UD CH@LDSDQR ADSVDDM ?????? @MC ??????.
1IFONCIH 6.12
>.
1 _ 0.20 = 0.80
3DA P=EHO KB PDA CN=LD KB PDA JKNI=H @EOPNE>QPEKJ A=?D D=RA =J =NA= KB 0.40.
%EJ@ #1, PDA 40
PD
LAN?AJPEHA, =J@ #2, PDA 60
PD
LAN?AJPEHA (0.40 + 0.20 = 0.60).
#1 = EJR-KNI(0.40,5.85,0.24) = 5.79 ?I
#2 = EJR-KNI(0.60,5.85,0.24) = 5.91 ?I
B. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD CH@LDSDQR NE L@MC@QHM NQ@MFDR, @MC HMSDQOQDS HS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
1IFONCIH 6.12
?. 6.15: -EJAPU LAN?AJP KB PDA @E=IAPAN KB PDA I=J@=NEJ KN=JCAO EO =P IKOP 6.15 ?I.
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 379
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6.12 6RHMF SGD HMENQL@SHNM EQNL #R;GJF? 6.12, @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. 5GD LHCCKD 45% NE L@MC@QHM NQ@MFDR EQNL SGHR E@QL @QD ADSVDDM ?????? @MC ??????.
>. 'HMC SGD 16
SG
ODQBDMSHKD @MC HMSDQOQDS HS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
380 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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6.1 ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH (*;J 2CG?M)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNLO@QD @MC BNMSQ@RS DLOHQHB@K C@S@ @MC @ SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN CDSDQLHMD HE 5DQQX 7NFDK'R
K@O SHLDR EHS @ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNM.
"CL?=NCIHM
3NTMC SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR @MC OQNA@AHKHSHDR SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR. $@QQX @KK NSGDQ CDBHL@K @MRVDQR SN SVN
OK@BDR.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
1. 6RD SGD C@S@ EQNL 2?LLC 4IA?FYM *IA IIE (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17132/F;N?MN/##?F?G?HN-244) .
6RD @ RSQ@SHEHDC R@LOKHMF LDSGNC AX K@O (Q@BDR 1 SN 20) @MC @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN OHBJ RHW K@O SHLDR EQNL
D@BG RSQ@STL. 3DBNQC SGD K@O SHLDR ADKNV ENQ K@OR SVN SN RDUDM.
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
2;<F? 6.1
2. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L. .@JD EHUD SN RHW HMSDQU@KR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC ODMBHK. 4B@KD SGD @WDR.
$CAOL? 6.10
3. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 381
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=. x
= ???????
>. I = ???????
4. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD SNOR NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 8QHSD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN
CDRBQHAD SGD FDMDQ@K RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD. (,DDO HS RHLOKD. %NDR SGD FQ@OG FN RSQ@HFGS @BQNRR, CNDR HS G@UD @ U-RG@OD,
CNDR HS G@UD @ GTLO HM SGD LHCCKD NQ @S DHSGDQ DMC, @MC RN NM)
AH;FST? NB? "CMNLC<ONCIH
6RHMF XNTQ R@LOKD LD@M, R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC GHRSNFQ@L SN GDKO, VG@S HR SGD @OOQNWHL@SD SGDNQDSHB@K
CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@
c 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
c )NV CNDR SGD GHRSNFQ@L GDKO XNT @QQHUD @S SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM
"?M=LC<? NB? ";N;
6RD SGD C@S@ XNT BNKKDBSDC SN BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR.
c 5GD "*+ FNDR EQNL ?????????? SN ??????????.
c "*+ = ??????????. ("*+ = *
3
k *
1
)
c 5GD 15
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR ???????.
c 5GD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR ???????.
c 5GD LDCH@M HR ???????.
c 5GD DLOHQHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM K@O SHLD HR LNQD SG@M 130 RDBNMCR HR ???????.
c &WOK@HM SGD LD@MHMF NE SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGHR C@S@.
2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
6RHMF SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM, BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR. :NT RGNTKC TRD @ MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM
A@RDC NM XNTQ R@LOKD C@S@.
c 5GD "*+ FNDR EQNL ?????????? SN ??????????.
c "*+ = ???????.
c 5GD 15
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR ???????.
c 5GD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR ???????.
c 5GD LDCH@M HR ???????.
c 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM K@O SHLD HR LNQD SG@M 130 RDBNMCR HR ???????.
c &WOK@HM SGD LD@MHMF NE SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIHM
%N SGD C@S@ EQNL SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;" FHUD @ BKNRD @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSHATSHNM
HM SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "AH;FST? NB? "CMNLC<ONCIH" *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR @MC BNLO@QHMF SGD QDRTKS HM SGD RDBSHNMR
SHSKDC ""?M=LC<? NB? ";N;" @MC "2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH," DWOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
382 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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6.2 ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH (.CHEC? *?HANB)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNLO@QD DLOHQHB@K C@S@ @MC @ SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN CDSDQLHMD HE C@S@ EQNL SGD DWODQHLDMS
ENKKNV @ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNM.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
.D@RTQD SGD KDMFSG NE XNTQ OHMJX EHMFDQ (HM BDMSHLDSDQR).
1. 3@MCNLKX RTQUDX 30 @CTKSR ENQ SGDHQ OHMJX EHMFDQ KDMFSGR. 3NTMC SGD KDMFSGR SN SGD MD@QDRS 0.5 BL.
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
2;<F? 6.2
2. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L. .@JD EHUD SN RHW HMSDQU@KR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC ODMBHK. 4B@KD SGD @WDR.
$CAOL? 6.11
3. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF.
=. x
= ???????
>. I = ???????
4. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD SNO NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 8QHSD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN
CDRBQHAD SGD FDMDQ@K RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD. (,DDO HS RHLOKD. %NDR SGD FQ@OG FN RSQ@HFGS @BQNRR, CNDR HS G@UD @ U-RG@OD,
CNDR HS G@UD @ GTLO HM SGD LHCCKD NQ @S DHSGDQ DMC, @MC RN NM)
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 383
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AH;FST? NB? "CMNLC<ONCIH
6RHMF XNTQ R@LOKD LD@M, R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC GHRSNFQ@L, VG@S V@R SGD @OOQNWHL@SD SGDNQDSHB@K
CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@ XNT BNKKDBSDC
c 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
c )NV CNDR SGD GHRSNFQ@L GDKO XNT @QQHUD @S SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM
"?M=LC<? NB? ";N;
6RHMF SGD C@S@ XNT BNKKDBSDC BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR. ()HMS: NQCDQ SGD C@S@)
0#+#+#0
("*+ = *
3
k *
1
)
c "*+ = ???????
c 5GD 15
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR ???????.
c 5GD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR ???????.
c .DCH@M HR ???????.
c 8G@S HR SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM OHMJX KDMFSG HR LNQD SG@M 6.5 BL
c &WOK@HM SGD LD@MHMF NE SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGHR C@S@.
2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
6RHMF SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM, BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR. 6RD @ MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM A@RDC NM SGD
R@LOKD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
c "*+ = ???????
c 5GD 15
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR ???????.
c 5GD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR ???????.
c .DCH@M HR ???????.
c 8G@S HR SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM OHMJX KDMFSG HR LNQD SG@M 6.5 BL
c &WOK@HM SGD LD@MHMF NE SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGHR C@S@.
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIHM
%N SGD C@S@ XNT BNKKDBSDC FHUD @ BKNRD @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR @MC
BNLO@QHMF SGD QDRTKSR HM SGD RDBSHNMR SHSKDC ""?M=LC<? NB? ";N;" @MC "2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH," DWOK@HM VGX NQ
VGX MNS.
384 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
1N;H>;L> ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
T-M=IL?
)#7 2#0+1
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) VHSG OCE <(N) =
1
2
e
(x m)
2
2
2
, VGDQD Z HR SGD LD@M NE
SGD CHRSQHATSHNM @MC \ HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM; MNS@SHNM: 1 ] '(Z, \). *E Z = 0 @MC \ = 1, SGD 37 HR B@KKDC SGD
HI6C96G9 CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) 1 ] '(0, 1); VGDM 1 ENKKNVR SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM, HS HR NESDM MNSDC @R 3 ] '(0, 1).
SGD KHMD@Q SQ@MRENQL@SHNM NE SGD ENQL P =
x
=
700 514
117
v 1.59, SGD P-RBNQD ENQ SGD 4"5.
Y
=
30 21
5.3
v 1.70, SGD P-RBNQDR ENQ SGD "$5. 8HSG QDRODBS
SN SGD SDRS SGDX SNNJ, SGD ODQRNM VGN SNNJ SGD "$5 CHC ADSSDQ (G@R SGD GHFGDQ P-RBNQD).
69 B
71 C
73
@. 1 ] '(66, 2.5)
A. 0.5404
B. /N, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M "RH@M L@KD HR NUDQ 72 HMBGDR S@KK HR 0.0082
75
@. 1 ] '(36, 10)
A. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM BNMRTLDR LNQD SG@M 40% NE SGDHQ B@KNQHDR @R E@S HR 0.3446.
B. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 25% NE ODNOKD BNMRTLD KDRR SG@M 33.3% NE SGDHQ B@KNQHDR @R E@S.
77
@. 1 = MTLADQ NE GNTQR SG@S @ $GHMDRD ENTQ-XD@Q-NKC HM @ QTQ@K @QD@ HR TMRTODQUHRDC CTQHMF SGD C@X.
A. 1 ] '(3, 1.5)
B. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BGHKC RODMCR KDRR SG@M NMD GNTQ @ C@X TMRTODQUHRDC HR 0.0918.
C. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BGHKC RODMCR NUDQ SDM GNTQR @ C@X TMRTODQUHRDC HR KDRR SG@M 0.0001.
D. 2.21 GNTQR
79
@. 1 = SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR @ O@QSHBTK@Q SXOD NE BQHLHM@K SQH@K VHKK S@JD
A. 1 ] '(21, 7)
B. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC SQH@K VHKK K@RS LNQD SG@M 24 C@XR HR 0.3336.
C. 22.77
81
@. LD@M = 5.51, I = 7.25
A. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM.
B. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM.
C. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM.
D. 1 ] '(5.51, 7.25)
E. 0.6081
F. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX ENQ KDRR SG@M 6.1 LHMTSDR HR 0.64.
G. 5GD @MRVDQR SN O@QS E @MC O@QS F @QD MNS DW@BSKX SGD R@LD, ADB@TRD SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR NMKX @M @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN
SGD QD@K NMD.
H. 5GD @MRVDQR SN O@QS E @MC O@QS F @QD BKNRD, ADB@TRD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR @M DWBDKKDMS @OOQNWHL@SHNM VGDM SGD R@LOKD
RHYD HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 30.
I. 5GD @OOQNWHL@SHNM VNTKC G@UD ADDM KDRR @BBTQ@SD, ADB@TRD SGD RL@KKDQ R@LOKD RHYD LD@MR SG@S SGD C@S@ CNDR MNS EHS
MNQL@K BTQUD @R VDKK.
83
1. LD@M = 60,136
I = 10,468
2. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
3. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
4. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
5. 1 ] '(60136, 10468)
6. 0.7440
7. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX HR 43/60 = 0.717.
8. 5GD @MRVDQR ENQ O@QS E @MC O@QS F @QD MNS SGD R@LD, ADB@TRD SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR NMKX @M @OOQNWHL@SHNM.
396 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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85
D = 100; F = 0.1; G = 0.9
Z = DF = (100)(0.10) = 10
\ = npq = (100)(0.1)(0.9) = 3
H. P = a1: N
1
= R + P\ = 10 + 1(3) = 13 @MC N2 = R k P\ = 10 k 1(3) = 7. 68.27% NE SGD CDEDBSHUD B@QR VHKK E@KK ADSVDDM
RDUDM @MC 13.
HH. P = a2: N
1
= R + P\ = 10 + 2(3) = 16 @MC N2 = R k P\ = 10 k 2(3) = 4. 95.45 % NE SGD CDEDBSHUD B@QR VHKK E@KK ADSVDDM
ENTQ @MC 16
HHH. P = a3: N
1
= R + P\ = 10 + 3(3) = 19 @MC N2 = R k P\ = 10 k 3(3) = 1. 99.73% NE SGD CDEDBSHUD B@QR VHKK E@KK ADSVDDM
NMD @MC 19.
87
D = 190; F =
1
5
= 0.2; G = 0.8
Z = DF = (190)(0.2) = 38
\ = npq = (190)(0.2)(0.8) = 5.5136
@. 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL: )(34 < N < 54) = MNQL@KBCE(34,54,48,5.5136) = 0.7641
A. 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL: )(54 < N < 64) = MNQL@KBCE(54,64,48,5.5136) = 0.0018
B. 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL: )(N > 64) = MNQL@KBCE(64,10
99
,48,5.5136) = 0.0000012 (@OOQNWHL@SDKX 0)
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 397
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398 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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7 U 2&# !#,20A* *'+'2
2&#-0#+
$CAOL? 7.1 (B UKQ S=JP PK BECQNA KQP PDA @EOPNE>QPEKJ KB PDA ?D=JCA LAKLHA ?=NNU EJ PDAEN LK?GAPO, QOEJC PDA ?AJPN=H
HEIEP PDAKNAI =J@ =OOQIEJC UKQN O=ILHA EO H=NCA AJKQCD, UKQ SEHH BEJ@ PD=P PDA @EOPNE>QPEKJ EO JKNI=H =J@ >AHH-OD=LA@.
(?NA@EP: )KDJ +K@@AN)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
#X SGD DMC NE SGHR BG@OSDQ, SGD RSTCDMS RGNTKC AD @AKD SN:
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL OQNAKDLR.
c $K@RRHEX BNMSHMTNTR VNQC OQNAKDLR AX SGDHQ CHRSQHATSHNMR.
c "OOKX @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL ENQ LD@MR.
c "OOKX @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL ENQ RTLR.
8GX @QD VD RN BNMBDQMDC VHSG LD@MR 5VN QD@RNMR @QD: SGDX FHUD TR @ LHCCKD FQNTMC ENQ BNLO@QHRNM, @MC SGDX @QD D@RX SN
B@KBTK@SD. *M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK RSTCX LD@MR @MC SGD 8:CIG6A A>B>I I=:DG:B.
5GD 8:CIG6A A>B>I I=:DG:B(BKS ENQ RGNQS) HR NMD NE SGD LNRS ONVDQETK @MC TRDETK HCD@R HM @KK NE RS@SHRSHBR. 5GDQD @QD SVN
@KSDQM@SHUD ENQLR NE SGD SGDNQDL, @MC ANSG @KSDQM@SHUDR @QD BNMBDQMDC VHSG CQ@VHMF EHMHSD R@LOKDR RHYD D EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNMR
VHSG @ JMNVM LD@M, Z, @MC @ JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \. 5GD EHQRS @KSDQM@SHUD R@XR SG@S HE VD BNKKDBS R@LOKDR NE RHYD D VHSG
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 399
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@ "K@QFD DMNTFG D," B@KBTK@SD D@BG R@LOKD'R LD@M, @MC BQD@SD @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGNRD LD@MR, SGDM SGD QDRTKSHMF GHRSNFQ@L VHKK
SDMC SN G@UD @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K ADKK RG@OD. 5GD RDBNMC @KSDQM@SHUD R@XR SG@S HE VD @F@HM BNKKDBS R@LOKDR NE RHYD D SG@S
@QD "K@QFD DMNTFG," B@KBTK@SD SGD RTL NE D@BG R@LOKD @MC BQD@SD @ GHRSNFQ@L, SGDM SGD QDRTKSHMF GHRSNFQ@L VHKK @F@HM SDMC SN
G@UD @ MNQL@K ADKK-RG@OD.
&C :>I=:G 86H:, >I 9D:H CDI B6II:G L=6I I=: 9>HIG>7JI>DC D; I=: DG><>C6A EDEJA6I>DC >H, DG L=:I=:G NDJ :K:C C::9
ID @CDL >I. 1=: >BEDGI6CI ;68I >H I=6I I=: 9>HIG>7JI>DC D; H6BEA: B:6CH 6C9 I=: HJBH I:C9 ID ;DAADL I=: CDGB6A
9>HIG>7JI>DC.
5GD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD, D, SG@S HR QDPTHQDC HM NQCDQ SN AD "K@QFD DMNTFG" CDODMCR NM SGD NQHFHM@K ONOTK@SHNM EQNL VGHBG
SGD R@LOKDR @QD CQ@VM (SGD R@LOKD RHYD RGNTKC AD @S KD@RS 30 NQ SGD C@S@ RGNTKC BNLD EQNL @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM). *E SGD
NQHFHM@K ONOTK@SHNM HR E@Q EQNL MNQL@K, SGDM LNQD NARDQU@SHNMR @QD MDDCDC ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@MR NQ RTLR SN AD MNQL@K.
06BEA>C< >H 9DC: L>I= G:EA68:B:CI.
4TOONRD DHFGS NE XNT QNKK NMD E@HQ CHBD SDM SHLDR, RDUDM NE XNT QNKK SVN E@HQ CHBD SDM SHLDR, MHMD NE XNT QNKK EHUD E@HQ CHBD
SDM SHLDR, @MC 11 NE XNT QNKK SDM E@HQ CHBD SDM SHLDR.
&@BG SHLD @ ODQRNM QNKKR LNQD SG@M NMD CHD, GD NQ RGD B@KBTK@SDR SGD R@LOKD B:6C NE SGD E@BDR RGNVHMF. 'NQ DW@LOKD,
NMD ODQRNM LHFGS QNKK EHUD E@HQ CHBD @MC FDS 2, 2, 3, 4, 6 NM NMD QNKK.
5GD LD@M HR
2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6
5
= 3.4. 5GD 3.4 HR NMD LD@M VGDM EHUD E@HQ CHBD @QD QNKKDC. 5GHR R@LD ODQRNM
VNTKC QNKK SGD EHUD CHBD MHMD LNQD SHLDR @MC B@KBTK@SD MHMD LNQD LD@MR ENQ @ SNS@K NE SDM LD@MR.
:NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK O@RR NTS SGD CHBD SN RDUDQ@K ODNOKD. 3NKK XNTQ CHBD SDM SHLDR. 'NQ D@BG QNKK, QDBNQC SGD E@BDR,
@MC EHMC SGD LD@M. 3NTMC SN SGD MD@QDRS 0.5.
:NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ (@MC ONRRHAKX XNT) VHKK OQNCTBD NMD FQ@OG (HS LHFGS AD @ GHRSNFQ@L) ENQ NMD CHD, NMD FQ@OG ENQ SVN
CHBD, NMD FQ@OG ENQ EHUD CHBD, @MC NMD FQ@OG ENQ SDM CHBD. 4HMBD SGD "LD@M" VGDM XNT QNKK NMD CHD HR ITRS SGD E@BD NM SGD
CHD, VG@S CHRSQHATSHNM CN SGDRD B:6CH @OOD@Q SN AD QDOQDRDMSHMF
!G6L I=: <G6E= ;DG I=: B:6CH JH>C< ILD 9>8:. %N SGD R@LOKD LD@MR RGNV @MX JHMC NE O@SSDQM
!G6L I=: <G6E= ;DG I=: B:6CH JH>C< ;>K: 9>8:. %N XNT RDD @MX O@SSDQM DLDQFHMF
#>C6AAN, 9G6L I=: <G6E= ;DG I=: B:6CH JH>C< I:C 9>8:. %N XNT RDD @MX O@SSDQM SN SGD FQ@OG 8G@S B@M XNT
BNMBKTCD @R XNT HMBQD@RD SGD MTLADQ NE CHBD
"R SGD MTLADQ NE CHBD QNKKDC HMBQD@RDR EQNL NMD SN SVN SN EHUD SN SDM, SGD ENKKNVHMF HR G@OODMHMF:
1. 5GD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR QDL@HMR @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD.
2. 5GD ROQD@C NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR (SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR) FDSR RL@KKDQ.
3. 5GD FQ@OG @OOD@QR RSDDODQ @MC SGHMMDQ.
:NT G@UD ITRS CDLNMRSQ@SDC SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL (BKS).
5GD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL SDKKR XNT SG@S @R XNT HMBQD@RD SGD MTLADQ NE CHBD, I=: H6BEA: B:6CH I:C9 IDL6G9 6
CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC (I=: H6BEA>C< 9>HIG>7JI>DC).
7.1 U 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1;GJF? +?;HM
(AP?L;A?M)
4TOONRD 1 HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG @ CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S L@X AD JMNVM NQ TMJMNVM (HS B@M AD @MX CHRSQHATSHNM). 6RHMF @
RTARBQHOS SG@S L@SBGDR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, RTOONRD:
=. Z
1
= SGD LD@M NE 1
>. \
1
= SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1
*E XNT CQ@V Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE RHYD D, SGDM @R D HMBQD@RDR, SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
] '
x
,
x
n
.
5GD 8:CIG6A A>B>I I=:DG:B ENQ R@LOKD LD@MR R@XR SG@S HE XNT JDDO CQ@VHMF K@QFDQ @MC K@QFDQ R@LOKDR (RTBG @R QNKKHMF
NMD, SVN, EHUD, @MC EHM@KKX, SDM CHBD) @MC 86A8JA6I>C< I=:>G B:6CH, SGD R@LOKD LD@MR ENQL SGDHQ NVM CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC
(SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM). 5GD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM G@R SGD R@LD LD@M @R SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @ U@QH@MBD SG@S DPT@KR
SGD NQHFHM@K U@QH@MBD CHUHCDC AX, SGD R@LOKD RHYD. 5GD U@QH@AKD D HR SGD MTLADQ NE U@KTDR SG@S @QD @UDQ@FDC SNFDSGDQ, MNS SGD
MTLADQ NE SHLDR SGD DWODQHLDMS HR CNMD.
400 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5N OTS HS LNQD ENQL@KKX, HE XNT CQ@V Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE RHYD D, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
, VGHBG
BNMRHRSR NE R@LOKD LD@MR, HR B@KKDC SGD H6BEA>C< 9>HIG>7JI>DC D; I=: B:6C. 5GD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD LD@M
@OOQN@BGDR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM @R D, SGD H6BEA: H>O:, HMBQD@RDR.
5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
G@R @ CHEEDQDMS P-RBNQD @RRNBH@SDC VHSG HS EQNL SG@S NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1. 5GD LD@M x
HR
SGD U@KTD NE X
HM NMD R@LOKD.
z =
x
x
n
Z
1
HR SGD @UDQ@FD NE ANSG 1 @MC X
.
x
=
x
n
= RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE X
VGDQD:
c C;7D HR SGD LD@M NE SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM
c IJ7D:7H: :;L?7J?ED HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM
c I7CFB; I?P; = D
$T=ILHA 7.1
"M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 90 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15. 4@LOKDR NE RHYD D = 25 @QD CQ@VM
Q@MCNLKX EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD H6BEA: B:6C HR ADSVDDM 85 @MC 92.
1IFONCIH 7.1
@. -DS 1 = NMD U@KTD EQNLSGD NQHFHM@K TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM @RJR XNT SN EHMC @ OQNA@AHKHSX
ENQ SGD H6BEA: B:6C.
-DS X
] '
90,
15
25
.
'HMC )(85 < x
x
n
U@KTD = 90 + 2
15
25
= 96
5GD U@KTD SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD HR 96.
5GD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M HR
x
n
=
15
25
= 3. 3DB@KK SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M HR @ CDRBQHOSHNM
NE GNV E@Q (NM @UDQ@FD) SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M VHKK AD EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M HM QDOD@SDC RHLOKD Q@MCNL
R@LOKDR NE RHYD D.
7.1 "M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 45 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE DHFGS. 4@LOKDR NE RHYD D = 30 @QD CQ@VM
Q@MCNLKX EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR ADSVDDM 42 @MC 50.
$T=ILHA 7.2
5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD, HM GNTQR, HS S@JDR @M "NUDQ 40" FQNTO NE ODNOKD SN OK@X NMD RNBBDQ L@SBG HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC
VHSG @ B:6C D; ILD =DJGH @MC @ HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC D; 0.5 =DJGH. " H6BEA: D; H>O: n = 50 HR CQ@VM Q@MCNLKX
EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD H6BEA: B:6C HR ADSVDDM 1.8 GNTQR @MC 2.3 GNTQR.
1IFONCIH 7.2
-DS 1 = SGD SHLD, HM GNTQR, HS S@JDR SN OK@X NMD RNBBDQ L@SBG.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM @RJR XNT SN EHMC @ OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ SGD H6BEA: B:6C I>B:, >C =DJGH, HS S@JDR SN OK@X
NMD RNBBDQ L@SBG.
-DS X
2,
0.5
50
1.8,2.3,2,
.5
50
= 0.9977
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M SHLD HR ADSVDDM 1.8 GNTQR @MC 2.3 GNTQR HR ??????.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 403
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7.2 5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD S@JDM NM SGD 4"5 ENQ @ FQNTO NE RSTCDMSR HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 2.5 GNTQR @MC @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.25 GNTQR. " R@LOKD RHYD NE D = 60 HR CQ@VM Q@MCNLKX EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR ADSVDDM SVN GNTQR @MC SGQDD GNTQR.
5N EHMC ODQBDMSHKDR ENQ LD@MR NM SGD B@KBTK@SNQ, ENKKNV SGDRD RSDOR.
2
MC
%*4S3
3:HMU/NQL
A = HMU/NQL
VGDQD:
c A SGD A
SG
ODQBDMSHKD
c C;7D HR SGD LD@M NE SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM
c IJ7D:7H: :;L?7J?ED HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM
c I7CFB; I?P; = D
$T=ILHA 7.3
*M @ QDBDMS RSTCX QDONQSDC 0BS. 29, 2012 NM SGD 'KTQQX #KNF, SGD LD@M @FD NE S@AKDS TRDQR HR 34 XD@QR. 4TOONRD SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 15 XD@QR. 5@JD @ R@LOKD NE RHYD D = 100.
=. 8G@S @QD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M @FDR NE S@AKDS TRDQR
>. 8G@S CNDR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM KNNJ KHJD
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M @FD HR LNQD SG@M 30 XD@QR (SGD QDONQSDC LD@M @FD NE S@AKDS TRDQR
HM SGHR O@QSHBTK@Q RSTCX).
@. 'HMC SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M @FD (SN NMD CDBHL@K OK@BD).
1IFONCIH 7.3
=. 4HMBD SGD R@LOKD LD@M SDMCR SN S@QFDS SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, VD G@UD Z
]
= Z = 34. 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR FHUDM AX \
]
=
n
=
15
100
=
15
10
= 1.5
>. 5GD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL RS@SDR SG@S ENQ K@QFD R@LOKD RHYDR(D), SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM VHKK AD
@OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.
?. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M @FD HR LNQD SG@M 30 HR FHUDM AX )(U > 30) =
>?B=3<568(30,&99,34,1.5) = 0.9962
@. -DS A = SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
A = HMU/NQL
0.95,34,
15
100
= 36.5
404 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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7.3 *M @M @QSHBKD NM 'KTQQX #KNF, @ F@LHMF L@QJDSHMF F@O ENQ LDM ADSVDDM SGD @FDR NE 30 @MC 40 HR HCDMSHEHDC. :NT @QD
QDRD@QBGHMF @ RS@QSTO F@LD S@QFDSDC @S SGD 35-XD@Q-NKC CDLNFQ@OGHB. :NTQ HCD@ HR SN CDUDKNO @ RSQ@SDFX F@LD SG@S B@M
AD OK@XDC AX LDM EQNL SGDHQ K@SD 20R SGQNTFG SGDHQ K@SD 30R. #@RDC NM SGD @QSHBKDnR C@S@, HMCTRSQX QDRD@QBG RGNVR SG@S
SGD @UDQ@FD RSQ@SDFX OK@XDQ HR 28 XD@QR NKC VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 4.8 XD@QR. :NT S@JD @ R@LOKD NE 100 Q@MCNLKX
RDKDBSDC F@LDQR. *E XNTQ S@QFDS L@QJDS HR 29- SN 35-XD@Q-NKCR, RGNTKC XNT BNMSHMTD VHSG XNTQ CDUDKNOLDMS RSQ@SDFX
$T=ILHA 7.4
5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE LHMTSDR ENQ @OO DMF@FDLDMS AX @ S@AKDS TRDQ HR 8.2 LHMTSDR. 4TOONRD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
HR NMD LHMTSD. 5@JD @ R@LOKD NE 60.
=. 8G@S @QD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M MTLADQ NE @OO DMF@FDLDMS AX @ S@AKDS TRDQ
>. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M
?. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M SHLD ENQ @OO DMF@FDLDMS ENQ @ S@AKDS TRDQ. *MSDQOQDS SGHR U@KTD
HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR ADSVDDM DHFGS LHMTSDR @MC 8.5 LHMTSDR.
1IFONCIH 7.4
=.
x
= = 8.2
x
=
n
=
1
60
= 0.13
>. 5GD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M HR 0.13. 5GHR HMCHB@SDR GNV E@Q SGD R@LOKD LD@M VHKK AD EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM
LD@M HM QDOD@SDC R@LOKDR NE RHYD 60.
?. -DS A = SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD
A = ;>F$?B=
0.90,8.2,
1
60
= 8.37. 5GHR U@KTDR HMCHB@SDR SG@S 90 ODQBDMS NE SGD @UDQ@FD @OO DMF@FDLDMS
SHLD ENQ S@AKD TRDQR HR KDRR SG@M 8.37 LHMTSDR.
@. )(8 < x
8,8.5,8.2,
1
60
= 0.9293
7.4 $@MR NE @ BNK@ ADUDQ@FD BK@HL SN BNMS@HM 16 NTMBDR. 5GD @LNTMSR HM @ R@LOKD @QD LD@RTQDC @MC SGD RS@SHRSHBR @QD
D = 34, x
= 16.01 NTMBDR. *E SGD B@MR @QD EHKKDC RN SG@S Z = 16.00 NTMBDR (@R K@ADKDC) @MC \ = 0.143 NTMBDR, EHMC SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ R@LOKD NE 34 B@MR VHKK G@UD @M @UDQ@FD @LNTMS FQD@SDQ SG@M 16.01 NTMBDR. %N SGD QDRTKSR RTFFDRS SG@S
B@MR @QD EHKKDC VHSG @M @LNTMS FQD@SDQ SG@M 16 NTMBDR
7.2 U 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1OGM
4TOONRD 1 HR @ Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD VHSG @ CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S L@X AD @CDLC DG JC@CDLC (HS B@M AD @MX CHRSQHATSHNM) @MC RTOONRD:
=. Z
1
= SGD LD@M NE U
>. \
U
= SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1
*E XNT CQ@V Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE RHYD D, SGDM @R D HMBQD@RDR, SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD e1 BNMRHRSHMF NE RTLR SDMCR SN AD
CDGB6AAN 9>HIG>7JI:9 @MC eU ] '((D)(Z
U
), ( n )(\
U
)).
1=: 8:CIG6A A>B>I I=:DG:B ;DG HJBH R@XR SG@S HE XNT JDDO CQ@VHMF K@QFDQ @MC K@QFDQ R@LOKDR @MC S@JHMF SGDHQ RTLR, SGD
RTLR ENQL SGDHQ NVM MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM (SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM), VGHBG @OOQN@BGDR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM @R SGD R@LOKD
RHYD HMBQD@RDR. 1=: CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC =6H 6 B:6C :FJ6A ID I=: DG><>C6A B:6C BJAI>EA>:9 7N I=: H6BEA: H>O: 6C9 6
HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC :FJ6A ID I=: DG><>C6A HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC BJAI>EA>:9 7N I=: HFJ6G: GDDI D; I=: H6BEA: H>O:.
5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD e1 G@R SGD ENKKNVHMF P-RBNQD @RRNBH@SDC VHSG HS:
=. eN HR NMD RTL.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 405
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>. z =
x (n)(
X
)
( n)(
X
)
E. (D)(Z
1
) = SGD LD@M NE e1
EE. ( n)(
X
) = RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE X
5N EHMC OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ RTLR NM SGD B@KBTK@SNQ, ENKKNV SGDRD RSDOR.
2
MC
D)*(
2:>?B=3<568
>?B=3<568(KNVDQ U@KTD NE SGD @QD@, TOODQ U@KTD NE SGD @QD@, (D)(LD@M), ( n )(RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM))
VGDQD:
c C;7D HR SGD LD@M NE SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM
c IJ7D:7H: :;L?7J?ED HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM
c $am!le $i(e = M
$T=ILHA 7.5
"M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 90 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15. " R@LOKD NE RHYD 80 HR CQ@VM Q@MCNLKX
EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 80 U@KTDR (NQ SGD SNS@K NE SGD 80 U@KTDR) HR LNQD SG@M 7,500.
>. 'HMC SGD RTL SG@S HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR.
1IFONCIH 7.5
-DS 1 = NMD U@KTD EQNL SGD NQHFHM@K TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM @RJR XNT SN EHMC @ OQNA@AHKHSX
ENQ I=: HJB (DG IDI6A D;) 80 K6AJ:H.
e1 = SGD RTL NQ SNS@K NE 80 U@KTDR. 4HMBD Z
1
= 90, \
1
= 15, @MC D = 80, X ] '((80)(90),
( 80 )(15))
c LD@M NE SGD RTLR = (D)(Z
1
) = (80)(90) = 7,200
c RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD RTLR = ( n)(
X
) = ( 80) (15)
c RTL NE 80 U@KTDR = TN = 7,500
@. 'HMC )(eN > 7,500)
)(eN > 7,500) = 0.0127
$CAOL? 7.3
406 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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>?B=3<568(KNVDQ U@KTD, TOODQ U@KTD, LD@M NE RTLR, CD67F NE RTLR)
5GD O@Q@LDSDQ KHRS HR @AAQDUH@SDC(KNVDQ, TOODQ, (D)(Z
1
, ( n) (\
1
))
>?B=3<568 (7500,1&99,(80)(90),
80
(15)) = 0.0127
0#+',"#0
1"99 = 10
99
.
1QDRR SGD EE JDX ENQ &.
A. 'HMC eN VGDQD P = 1.5.
eN = (D)(Z
1
) + (P) ( n) (\
U
) = (80)(90) + (1.5)( 80 )(15) = 7,401.2
7.5 "M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 45 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE DHFGS. " R@LOKD RHYD NE 50 HR CQ@VM
Q@MCNLKX EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 50 U@KTDR HR LNQD SG@M 2,400.
5N EHMC ODQBDMSHKDR ENQ RTLR NM SGD B@KBTK@SNQ, ENKKNV SGDRD RSDOR.
2
MC
%*4S3
3:HMU/NQL
A = HMU/NQL (@QD@ SN SGD KDES NE A, (D)(LD@M), ( n) (RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM))
VGDQD:
c A HR SGD A
SG
E:G8:CI>A:
c C;7D HR SGD LD@M NE SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM
c IJ7D:7H: :;L?7J?ED HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM
c I7CFB; I?P; = D
$T=ILHA 7.6
*M @ QDBDMS RSTCX QDONQSDC 0BS. 29, 2012 NM SGD 'KTQQX #KNF, SGD LD@M @FD NE S@AKDS TRDQR HR 34 XD@QR. 4TOONRD SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 15 XD@QR. 5GD R@LOKD NE RHYD HR 50.
=. 8G@S @QD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR NE S@AKDS TRDQR 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR HR ADSVDDM 1,500 @MC 1,800 XD@QR.
?. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD 50 @FDR.
1IFONCIH 7.6
=. Z
TN
= DZ
N
= 50(34) = 1,700 @MC \
TN
= n \
N
= ( 50 ) (15) = 106.01
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNQL@K ENQ RTLR AX SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL.
>. )(1500 < eN < 1800) = >?B=3<568 (1,500, 1,800, (50)(34), ( 50 ) (15)) = 0.7974
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 407
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?. -DS A = SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
A = ;>F$?B=(0.80,(50)(34), ( 50 ) (15)) = 1,789.3
7.6 *M @ QDBDMS RSTCX QDONQSDC 0BS.29, 2012 NM SGD 'KTQQX #KNF, SGD LD@M @FD NE S@AKDS TRDQR HR 35 XD@QR. 4TOONRD SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR SDM XD@QR. 5GD R@LOKD RHYD HR 39.
=. 8G@S @QD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR NE S@AKDS TRDQR 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR HR ADSVDDM 1,400 @MC 1,500 XD@QR.
?. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD 39 @FDR.
$T=ILHA 7.7
5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE LHMTSDR ENQ @OO DMF@FDLDMS AX @ S@AKDS TRDQ HR 8.2 LHMTSDR. 4TOONRD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
HR NMD LHMTSD. 5@JD @ R@LOKD NE RHYD 70.
=. 8G@S @QD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD RTLR
>. 'HMC SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD. *MSDQOQDS SGHR U@KTD HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD HR @S KD@RS SDM GNTQR.
1IFONCIH 7.7
=. Z
TN
= DZ
N
= 70(8.2) = 574 LHMTSDR @MC \
TN
( n)(
x
) = ( 70 ) (1) = 8.37 LHMTSDR
>. -DS A = SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
A = HMU/NQL (0.95,(70)(8.2), ( 70) (1)) = 587.76 LHMTSDR
/HMDSX EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD @OO DMF@FDLDMS SHLDR @QD @S LNRS 587.76 LHMTSDR.
?. SDM GNTQR = 600 LHMTSDR
)(eN y 600) = >?B=3<568(600,&99,(70)(8.2), ( 70) (1)) = 0.0009
7.7 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE LHMTSDR ENQ @OO DMF@FDLDMS AX @ S@AKD TRD HR 8.2 LHMTSDR. 4TOONRD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR
NMD LHMTSD. 5@JD @ R@LOKD RHYD NE 70.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD HR ADSVDDM RDUDM GNTQR @MC SDM GNTQR 8G@S CNDR SGHR LD@M HM
BNMSDWS NE SGD OQNAKDL
>. 'HMC SGD 84
SG
@MC 16
SG
ODQBDMSHKDR ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD. *MSDQOQDS SGDRD U@KTDR HM BNMSDWS.
7.3 U 3MCHA NB? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
*S HR HLONQS@MS ENQ XNT SN TMCDQRS@MC VGDM SN TRD SGD 8AI. *E XNT @QD ADHMF @RJDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD LD@M, TRD SGD
BKS ENQ SGD LD@M. *E XNT @QD ADHMF @RJDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTL NQ SNS@K, TRD SGD BKS ENQ RTLR. 5GHR @KRN @OOKHDR SN
ODQBDMSHKDR ENQ LD@MR @MC RTLR.
,-2#
*E XNT @QD ADHMF @RJDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @M >C9>K>9J6A U@KTD, CN CDI TRD SGD BKS. 2H: I=: 9>HIG>7JI>DC D; >IH
G6C9DB K6G>67A:.
408 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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#R;GJF?M I@ NB? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
*;Q I@ *;LA? ,OG<?LM
5GD A6L D; A6G<: CJB7:GH R@XR SG@S HE XNT S@JD R@LOKDR NE K@QFDQ @MC K@QFDQ RHYD EQNL @MX ONOTK@SHNM, SGDM SGD LD@M x
NE
SGD R@LOKD SDMCR SN FDS BKNRDQ @MC BKNRDQ SN Z. 'QNL SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL, VD JMNV SG@S @R D FDSR K@QFDQ @MC K@QFDQ, SGD
R@LOKD LD@MR ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD K@QFDQ D FDSR, SGD RL@KKDQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM FDSR. (3DLDLADQ SG@S SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ X
HR
n
.) 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M x
'
3,
1.15
75
VGDQD D = 75.
@. 'HMC )( x
< 2) = 0
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M RSQDRR RBNQD HR KDRR SG@M SVN HR @ANTS YDQN.
$CAOL? 7.4
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 409
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>?B=3<568
1,2,3,
1.15
75
= 0
0#+',"#0
5GD RL@KKDRS RSQDRR RBNQD HR NMD.
A. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M NE 75 RSQDRR RBNQDR. %Q@V @ FQ@OG.
1IFONCIH 7.8
A. -DS A = SGD 90
SG
OQDBDMSHKD.
'HMC A, VGDQD )( x
< A) = 0.90.
A = 3.2
$CAOL? 7.5
5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M NE 75 RBNQDR HR @ANTS 3.2. 5GHR SDKKR TR SG@S 90%NE @KK SGD LD@MR NE 75 RSQDRR
RBNQDR @QD @S LNRS 3.2, @MC SG@S 10% @QD @S KD@RS 3.2.
;>F$?B=
0.90,3,
1.15
75
= 3.2
'NQ OQNAKDLR B @MC C, KDS T1 = SGD RTL NE SGD 75 RSQDRR RBNQDR. 5GDM, T1 ] '<(75)(3), ( 75) (1.15)=
B. 'HMC )(TN < 200). %Q@V SGD FQ@OG.
1IFONCIH 7.8
B. 5GD LD@M NE SGD RTL NE 75 RSQDRR RBNQDR HR (75)(3) = 225
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD RTL NE 75 RSQDRR RBNQDR HR ( 75) (1.15) = 9.96
)(TN < 200) = 0
$CAOL? 7.6
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SNS@K NE 75 RBNQDR HR KDRR SG@M 200 HR @ANTS YDQN.
410 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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>?B=3<568 (75,200,(75)(3), ( 75) (1.15)).
0#+',"#0
5GD RL@KKDRS SNS@K NE 75 RSQDRR RBNQDR HR 75, ADB@TRD SGD RL@KKDRS RHMFKD RBNQD HR NMD.
C. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD SNS@K NE 75 RSQDRR RBNQDR. %Q@V @ FQ@OG.
1IFONCIH 7.8
C. -DS A = SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
'HMC A VGDQD )(TN < A) = 0.90.
A = 237.8
$CAOL? 7.7
5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTLNE 75 RBNQDR HR @ANTS 237.8. 5GHR SDKKR TR SG@S 90%NE @KK SGD RTLR NE 75 RBNQDR
@QD MN LNQD SG@M 237.8 @MC 10% @QD MN KDRR SG@M 237.8.
;>F$?B=(0.90,(75)(3), ( 75) (1.15)) = 237.8
7.8 6RD SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R;GJF? 7.8, ATS TRD @ R@LOKD RHYD NE 55 SN @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
=. 'HMC )( x
< 7).
>. 'HMC )(TN > 170).
?. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M NE 55 RBNQDR.
@. 'HMC SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE 55 RBNQDR.
$T=ILHA 7.9
4TOONRD SG@S @ L@QJDS QDRD@QBG @M@KXRS ENQ @ BDKK OGNMD BNLO@MX BNMCTBSR @ RSTCX NE SGDHQ BTRSNLDQR VGN DWBDDC
SGD SHLD @KKNV@MBD HMBKTCDC NM SGDHQ A@RHB BDKK OGNMD BNMSQ@BS; SGD @M@KXRS EHMCR SG@S ENQ SGNRD ODNOKD VGN DWBDDC
SGD SHLD HMBKTCDC HM SGDHQ A@RHB BNMSQ@BS, SGD :M8:HH I>B: JH:9 ENKKNVR @M :MEDC:CI>6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC VHSG @ LD@M
NE 22 LHMTSDR.
$NMRHCDQ @ Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE 80 BTRSNLDQR VGN DWBDDC SGD SHLD @KKNV@MBD HMBKTCDC HM SGDHQ A@RHB BDKK OGNMD
BNMSQ@BS.
-DS 1 = SGD DWBDRR SHLD TRDC AX NMD */%*7*%6"- BDKK OGNMD BTRSNLDQ VGN DWBDDCR GHR BNMSQ@BSDC SHLD
@KKNV@MBD.
1 ENF
1
22
= SGD LD@M DWBDRR SHLD TRDC AX @ R@LOKD NE D = 80 BTRSNLDQR VGN DWBDDC SGDHQ BNMSQ@BSDC SHLD
@KKNV@MBD.
X
] '
22,
22
80
> 20)
)( x
20,1E99,22,
22
80
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR 0.7919 SG@S SGD LD@M DWBDRR SHLD TRDC HR LNQD SG@M 20 LHMTSDR, ENQ @ R@LOKD NE 80
BTRSNLDQR VGN DWBDDC SGDHQ BNMSQ@BSDC SHLD @KKNV@MBD.
$CAOL? 7.8
0#+',"#0
1"99 = 10
99
6C9 R1"99 = R10
99
. 1QDRR SGD EE JDX ENQ &. 0Q ITRS TRD 10
99
HMRSD@C NE 1&99.
>. 'HMC )(W > 20). 3DLDLADQ SN TRD SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @M >C9>K>9J6A: X~Exp
1
22
.
P(x > 20) = e
1
22
(20)
NQ ;
(k0.04545(20))
= 0.4029
?. 1. )(N > 20) = 0.4029 ATS )( x
< A) = 0.95
412 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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A = 26.0 TRHMF ;>F$?B=
0.95,22,
22
80
= 26.0
$CAOL? 7.9
5GD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD H6BEA: B:6C :M8:HH I>B: JH:9 HR @ANTS 26.0 LHMTSDR ENQ Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE 80
BTRSNLDQR VGN DWBDDC SGDHQ BNMSQ@BST@K @KKNVDC SHLD.
/HMDSX EHUD ODQBDMS NE RTBG R@LOKDR VNTKC G@UD LD@MR TMCDQ 26 LHMTSDR; NMKX EHUD ODQBDMS NE RTBG R@LOKDR
VNTKC G@UD LD@MR @ANUD 26 LHMTSDR.
7.9 6RD SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R;GJF? 7.9, ATS BG@MFD SGD R@LOKD RHYD SN 144.
=. 'HMC )(20 < x
< 30).
>. 'HMC )(TN HR @S KD@RS 3,000).
?. 'HMC SGD 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M DWBDRR SHLD NE 144 BTRSNLDQR.
@. 'HMC SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE 144 DWBDRR SHLDR TRDC AX BTRSNLDQR.
$T=ILHA 7.10
*M SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR, RNLDNMD HR RDWT@KKX @RR@TKSDC DUDQX SVN LHMTSDR, NM @UDQ@FD, @BBNQCHMF SN @ MTLADQ NE
RSTCHDR. 4TOONRD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 0.5 LHMTSDR @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR 100.
=. 'HMC SGD LDCH@M, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M SHLD NE RDWT@K @RR@TKSR HM SGD
6MHSDC 4S@SDR.
>. 'HMC SGD LDCH@M, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE R@LOKD SHLDR NE RDWT@K @RR@TKSR HM SGD
6MHSDC 4S@SDR.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RDWT@K @RR@TKS NBBTQR NM SGD @UDQ@FD ADSVDDM 1.75 @MC 1.85 LHMTSDR.
@. 'HMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
A. 'HMC SGD "*+ ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD SHLDR.
1IFONCIH 7.10
=. 8D G@UD, Z
N
= Z = 2 @MC \
N
=
n
=
0.5
10
= 0.05. 5GDQDENQD:
1. 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = Z
N
= Z = 2
2. 25
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ?DL'EHC(0.25,2,0.25) = 1.97
3. 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ?DL'EHC(0.75,2,0.05) = 2.03
>. 8D G@UD Z
TN
= D(Z
N
) = 100(2) = 200 @MC \
ZN
= n (\
N
) = 10(0.5) = 5. 5GDQDENQD
1. 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = Z
TN
= D(Z
N
) = 100(2) = 200
2. 25
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = HMU/NQL(0.25,200,5) = 196.63
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 413
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3. 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = HMU/NQL(0.75,200,5) = 203.37
?. )(1.75 < x
> 50) = >?B=3<568(50, E99,30.9,1.8) v 0. 'NQ SGHR R@LOKD FQNTO, HS HR @KLNRS HLONRRHAKD ENQ SGD
FQNTOnR @UDQ@FD @FD SN AD LNQD SG@M 50. )NVDUDQ, HS HR RSHKK ONRRHAKD ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K HM SGHR FQNTO SN G@UD
@M @FD FQD@SDQ SG@M 50.
?. )(TN y 1,600) = >?B=3<568(1600,&99,1514.10,63) = 0.0864
@. )(TN x 1,595) = >?B=3<568(-&99,1595,1514.10,63) = 0.9005. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGDQD HR @ 90% BG@MBD SG@S
SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR ENQ SGD R@LOKD FQNTO D = 49 HR @S LNRS 1595.
A. 5GD 95SG ODQBDMSHKD = ;>F$?B=(0.95,30.9,1.1) = 32.7. 5GHR HMCHB@SDR SG@S 95% NE SGD OQNRSHSTSDR HM SGD
R@LOKD NE 65 @QD XNTMFDQ SG@M 32.7 XD@QR, NM @UDQ@FD.
B. 5GD 90SG ODQBDMSHKD = ;>F$?B=(0.90,2008.5,72.56) = 2101.5. 5GHR HMCHB@SDR SG@S 90% NE SGD OQNRSHSTSDR HM
SGD R@LOKD NE 65 G@UD @ RTL NE @FDR KDRR SG@M 2,101.5 XD@QR.
7.11 "BBNQCHMF SN #NDHMF C@S@, SGD 757 @HQKHMDQ B@QQHDR 200 O@RRDMFDQR @MC G@R CNNQR VHSG @ GDHFGS NE 72 HMBGDR.
"RRTLD ENQ @ BDQS@HM ONOTK@SHNM NE LDM VD G@UD @ LD@M NE 69.0 HMBGDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.8 HMBGDR.
414 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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=. 8G@S LD@M CNNQV@X GDHFGS VNTKC @KKNV 95% NE LDM SN DMSDQ SGD @HQBQ@ES VHSGNTS ADMCHMF
>. "RRTLD SG@S G@KE NE SGD 200 O@RRDMFDQR @QD LDM. 8G@S CNNQV@X GDHFGS R@SHREHDR SGD BNMCHSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ 0.95
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGHR GDHFGS HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE 100 LDM
?. 'NQ DMFHMDDQR CDRHFMHMF SGD 757, VGHBG QDRTKS HR LNQD QDKDU@MS: SGD GDHFGS EQNL O@QS @ NQ O@QS A 8GX
,-2#
(%&01,/&A)): +DGB6A AEEGDM>B6I>DC ID I=: B>CDB>6A
)HRSNQHB@KKX, ADHMF @AKD SN BNLOTSD AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR V@R NMD NE SGD LNRS HLONQS@MS @OOKHB@SHNMR NE SGD
BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL. #HMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR VHSG @ RL@KK U@KTD ENQ D(R@X, 20) VDQD CHROK@XDC HM @ S@AKD HM @ ANNJ.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR VHSG K@QFD U@KTDR NE D, XNT G@C SN TRD SGD AHMNLH@K ENQLTK@, VGHBG BNTKC AD UDQX
BNLOKHB@SDC. 6RHMF SGD CDGB6A 6EEGDM>B6I>DC ID I=: 7>CDB>6A CHRSQHATSHNM RHLOKHEHDC SGD OQNBDRR. 5N BNLOTSD SGD
MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM, S@JD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNLR@LOKD EQNL@ ONOTK@SHNM. :NT LTRS LDDS SGD
BNMCHSHNMR ENQ @ 7>CDB>6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC:
c SGDQD @QD @ BDQS@HM MTLADQ D NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR
c SGD NTSBNLDR NE @MX SQH@K @QD RTBBDRR NQ E@HKTQD
c D@BG SQH@K G@R SGD R@LD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR F
3DB@KK SG@S HE 1 HR SGD AHMNLH@K Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, SGDM 1 ] B(D, F). 5GD RG@OD NE SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM MDDCR
SN AD RHLHK@Q SN SGD RG@OD NE SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5N DMRTQD SGHR, SGD PT@MSHSHDR DF @MC DG LTRS ANSG AD FQD@SDQ SG@M
EHUD (DF > 5 @MC DG > 5; SGD @OOQNWHL@SHNM HR ADSSDQ HE SGDX @QD ANSG FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 10). 5GDM SGD AHMNLH@K B@M
AD @OOQNWHL@SDC AX SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M Z = DF @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ = npq . 3DLDLADQ SG@S G = 1
k F. *M NQCDQ SN FDS SGD ADRS @OOQNWHL@SHNM, @CC 0.5 SN N NQ RTASQ@BS 0.5 EQNL N (TRD N + 0.5 NQ N k 0.5). 5GD MTLADQ 0.5
HR B@KKDC SGD 8DCI>CJ>IN 8DGG:8I>DC ;68IDG @MC HR TRDC HM SGD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKD.
$T=ILHA 7.12
4TOONRD HM @ KNB@K ,HMCDQF@QSDM SGQNTFG 12
SG
FQ@CD (, - 12) RBGNNK CHRSQHBS, 53 ODQBDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM E@UNQ @
BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG 5. " RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 300 HR RTQUDXDC.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 6I A:6HI 150 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 6I BDHI 160 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S BDG: I=6C 155 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ;:L:G I=6C 147 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S :M68IAN 175 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK.
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ SG@S E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SQNTFG 5. 1 ] B(D, F) VGDQD D = 300 @MC F = 0.53.
4HMBD DF > 5 @MC DG > 5, TRD SGD MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K. 5GD ENQLTK@R ENQ SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM @QD Z = DF @MC \ = npq . 5GD LD@M HR 159 @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 8.6447. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD
ENQ SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR 2. 2 ] '(159, 8.6447). 4DD 2B? ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH ENQ GDKO VHSG B@KBTK@SNQ
HMRSQTBSHNMR.
'NQ O@QS @, XNT >C8AJ9: 150 RN )(1 y 150) G@R MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM )(2 y 149.5) = 0.8641.
>?B=3<568(149.5,10>99,159,8.6447) = 0.8641.
'NQ O@QS A, XNT >C8AJ9: 160 RN )(1 x 160) G@R MNQL@K @OOQ@WHL@SHNM )(2 x 160.5) = 0.5689.
>?B=3<568(0,160.5,159,8.6447) = 0.5689
'NQ O@QS B, XNT :M8AJ9: 155 RN )(1 > 155) G@R MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM )(O > 155.5) = 0.6572.
>?B=3<568(155.5,10>99,159,8.6447) = 0.6572.
'NQ O@QS C, XNT :M8AJ9: 147 RN )(1 < 147) G@R MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM )(2 < 146.5) = 0.0741.
>?B=3<568(0,146.5,159,8.6447) = 0.0741
'NQ O@QS D,)(1 = 175) G@R MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM )(174.5 < 2 < 175.5) = 0.0083.
>?B=3<568(174.5,175.5,159,8.6447) = 0.0083
B:86JH: D; 86A8JA6IDGH 6C9 8DBEJI:G HD;IL6G: SG@S KDS XNT B@KBTK@SD AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ K@QFD U@KTDR
NE D D@RHKX, HS HR MNS MDBDRR@QX SN TRD SGD SGD MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM, OQNUHCDC SG@S XNT
G@UD @BBDRR SN SGDRD SDBGMNKNFX SNNKR. .NRS RBGNNK K@AR G@UD .HBQNRNES &WBDK, @M DW@LOKD NE BNLOTSDQ RNESV@QD
SG@S B@KBTK@SDR AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR. .@MX RSTCDMSR G@UD @BBDRR SN SGD 5*-83 NQ 84 RDQHDR B@KBTK@SNQR, @MC
SGDX D@RHKX B@KBTK@SD OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. *E XNT SXOD HM "AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM
B@KBTK@SHNM" HM @M *MSDQMDS AQNVRDQ, XNT B@M EHMC @S KD@RS NMD NMKHMD B@KBTK@SNQ ENQ SGD AHMNLH@K.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 415
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'NQ #R;GJF? 7.10, SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC TRHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM: (D = 300 @MC
F = 0.53). $NLO@QD SGD AHMNLH@K @MC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM @MRVDQR. 4DD "CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?M ENQ GDKO
VHSG B@KBTK@SNQ HMRSQTBSHNMR ENQ SGD AHMNLH@K.
)(1 y 150) :1 - 4;>?=;3<568(300,0.53,149) = 0.8641
)(1 x 160) :4;>?=;3<568(300,0.53,160) = 0.5684
)(1 > 155) :1 - 4;>?=;3<568(300,0.53,155) = 0.6576
)(1 < 147) :4;>?=;3<568(300,0.53,146) = 0.0742
)(1 = 175) :(:NT TRD SGD AHMNLH@K OCE.)4;>?=;3<@68(175,0.53,146) = 0.0083
7.12 *M @ BHSX, 46 ODQBDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM E@UNQ SGD HMBTLADMS, %@VM .NQF@M, ENQ L@XNQ. " RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD
NE 500 HR S@JDM. 6RHMF SGD BNMSHMTHSX BNQQDBSHNM E@BSNQ, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS 250 E@UNQ %@VM .NQF@M ENQ
L@XNQ.
416 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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7.1 !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G (.I=E?N !B;HA?)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDLNMRSQ@SD @MC BNLO@QD OQNODQSHDR NE SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL.
,-2#
5GHR K@A VNQJR ADRS VGDM R@LOKHMF EQNL RDUDQ@K BK@RRDR @MC BNLAHMHMF C@S@.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
1. $NTMS SGD BG@MFD HM XNTQ ONBJDS. (%N MNS HMBKTCD AHKKR.)
2. 3@MCNLKX RTQUDX 30 BK@RRL@SDR. 3DBNQC SGD U@KTDR NE SGD BG@MFD HM 2;<F? 7.1.
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 7.1
3. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L. .@JD EHUD SN RHW HMSDQU@KR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC ODMBHK. 4B@KD SGD @WDR.
$CAOL? 7.10
4. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF (D = 1; RTQUDXHMF NMD ODQRNM @S @ SHLD):
=. x
= ???????
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 417
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>. I = ???????
5. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD SNOR NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN CDRBQHAD
SGD FDMDQ@K RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD.
!IFF?=NCHA AP?L;A?M I@ .;CLM
3DOD@S RSDOR NMD SGQNTFG EHUD NE SGD RDBSHNM "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;." VHSG NMD DWBDOSHNM. *MRSD@C NE QDBNQCHMF SGD
BG@MFD NE 30 BK@RRL@SDR, QDBNQC SGD @UDQ@FD BG@MFD NE 30 O@HQR.
1. 3@MCNLKX RTQUDX 30 E6>GH NE BK@RRL@SDR.
2. 3DBNQC SGD U@KTDR NE SGD @UDQ@FD NE SGDHQ BG@MFD HM 2;<F? 7.2.
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 7.2
3. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L. 4B@KD SGD @WDR TRHMF SGD R@LD RB@KHMF XNT TRDC ENQ SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=NCHA NB?
";N;". 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC @ ODMBHK.
$CAOL? 7.11
4. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF (D = 2; RTQUDXHMF SVN ODNOKD @S @ SHLD):
=. x
= ???????
>. I = ???????
5. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SNOR NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN CDRBQHAD
SGD FDMDQ@K RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD.
!IFF?=NCHA AP?L;A?M I@ %LIOJM I@ $CP?
3DOD@S RSDOR NMD SGQNTFG EHUD (NE SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;") VHSG NMD DWBDOSHNM. *MRSD@C NE QDBNQCHMF
SGD BG@MFD NE 30 BK@RRL@SDR, QDBNQC SGD @UDQ@FD BG@MFD NE 30 FQNTOR NE EHUD.
1. 3@MCNLKX RTQUDX 30 <GDJEH D; ;>K: BK@RRL@SDR.
2. 3DBNQC SGD U@KTDR NE SGD @UDQ@FD NE SGDHQ BG@MFD.
418 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 7.3
3. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L. 4B@KD SGD @WDR TRHMF SGD R@LD RB@KHMF XNT TRDC ENQ SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;".
4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC @ ODMBHK.
$CAOL? 7.12
4. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF (D = 5; RTQUDXHMF EHUD ODNOKD @S @ SHLD):
=. x
= ???????
>. I = ???????
5. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SNOR NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN CDRBQHAD
SGD FDMDQ@K RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD.
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIHM
1. 8GX CHC SGD RG@OD NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@ BG@MFD, @R D BG@MFDC 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN
DWOK@HM VG@S G@OODMDC.
2. *M SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;", VG@S V@R SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@ 1 ]
?????(?????,?????)
3. *M SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=NCHA AP?L;A?M I@ %LIOJM I@ $CP?", VG@S V@R SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD
@UDQ@FDR X
] ?????(?????,?????)
4. *M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM @MX CHEEDQDMBDR HM XNTQ @MRVDQR SN SGD OQDUHNTR SVN PTDRSHNMR.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 419
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7.2 !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G (!IIEC? 0?=CJ?M)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDLNMRSQ@SD @MC BNLO@QD OQNODQSHDR NE SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL.
%CP?H
1 = KDMFSG NE SHLD (HM C@XR) SG@S @ BNNJHD QDBHOD K@RSDC @S SGD 0KLRSD@C )NLDRSD@C. ("RRTLD SG@S D@BG NE SGD
CHEEDQDMS QDBHODR L@JDR SGD R@LD PT@MSHSX NE BNNJHDR.)
0?=CJ? # " 0?=CJ? # " 0?=CJ? # " 0?=CJ? # "
1 1 16 2 31 3 46 2
2 5 17 2 32 4 47 2
3 2 18 4 33 5 48 11
4 5 19 6 34 6 49 5
5 6 20 1 35 6 50 5
6 1 21 6 36 1 51 4
7 2 22 5 37 1 52 6
8 6 23 2 38 2 53 5
9 5 24 5 39 1 54 1
10 2 25 1 40 6 55 1
11 5 26 6 41 1 56 2
12 1 27 4 42 6 57 4
13 1 28 1 43 2 58 3
14 3 29 6 44 6 59 6
15 2 30 2 45 2 60 5
420 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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n
$@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. Z
N
= ???????
>. \
N
= ???????
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
6RD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS ENTQ R@LOKDR NE RHYD D = 5 EQNL SGD FHUDM ONOTK@SHNM. 3DBNQC
XNTQ R@LOKDR HM 2;<F? 7.5. 5GDM, ENQ D@BG R@LOKD, B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M SN SGD MD@QDRS SDMSG. 3DBNQC SGDL HM SGD RO@BDR
OQNUHCDC. 3DBNQC SGD R@LOKD LD@MR ENQ SGD QDRS NE SGD BK@RR.
1. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD:
1;GJF?
1
1;GJF?
2
1;GJF?
3
1;GJF?
4
1;GJF? G?;HM @LIG INB?L
ALIOJM:
,A=JO:
x
=
<<<<
x
=
<<<<
x
=
<<<<
x
=
<<<<
2;<F? 7.5
2. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ???????
>. I
x
= ???????
3. "F@HM, TRD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS ENTQ R@LOKDR EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 5GHR SHLD, L@JD SGD
R@LOKDR NE RHYD D = 10. 3DBNQC SGD R@LOKDR HM 2;<F? 7.6. "R ADENQD, ENQ D@BG R@LOKD, B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M SN SGD
MD@QDRS SDMSG. 3DBNQC SGDL HM SGD RO@BDR OQNUHCDC. 3DBNQC SGD R@LOKD LD@MR ENQ SGD QDRS NE SGD BK@RR.
1;GJF?
1
1;GJF?
2
1;GJF?
3
1;GJF?
4
1;GJF? G?;HM @LIG INB?L
ALIOJM
2;<F? 7.6
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 421
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1;GJF?
1
1;GJF?
2
1;GJF?
3
1;GJF?
4
1;GJF? G?;HM @LIG INB?L
ALIOJM
,A=JO:
x
=
<<<<
x
=
<<<<
x
=
<<<<
x
=
<<<<
2;<F? 7.6
4. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ??????
>. I
x
= ??????
5. 'NQ SGD NQHFHM@K ONOTK@SHNM, BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L. .@JD HMSDQU@KR VHSG @ A@Q VHCSG NE NMD C@X. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG
TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC ODMBHK. 4B@KD SGD @WDR.
$CAOL? 7.13
6. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD SNOR NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN CDRBQHAD
SGD FDMDQ@K RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD.
0?J?;N NB? .LI=?>OL? @IL 1 = 5
1. 'NQ SGD R@LOKD NE D = 5 C@XR @UDQ@FDC SNFDSGDQ, BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD @UDQ@FDR (XNTQ LD@MR SNFDSGDQ VHSG
SGD LD@MR NE SGD NSGDQ FQNTOR). .@JD HMSDQU@KR VHSG A@Q VHCSGR NE
1
2
@ C@X. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC
ODMBHK. 4B@KD SGD @WDR.
422 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 7.14
2. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD SNOR NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN CDRBQHAD
SGD FDMDQ@K RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD.
0?J?;N NB? .LI=?>OL? @IL 1 = 10
1. 'NQ SGD R@LOKD NE D = 10 C@XR @UDQ@FDC SNFDSGDQ, BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD @UDQ@FDR (XNTQ LD@MR SNFDSGDQ VHSG
SGD LD@MR NE SGD NSGDQ FQNTOR). .@JD HMSDQU@KR VHSG A@Q VHCSGR NE
1
2
@ C@X. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC
ODMBHK. 4B@KD SGD @WDR.
$CAOL? 7.15
2. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD SNOR NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN CDRBQHAD
SGD FDMDQ@K RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD.
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIHM
1. $NLO@QD SGD SGQDD GHRSNFQ@LR XNT G@UD L@CD, SGD NMD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM @MC SGD SVN ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@MR. *M
SGQDD SN EHUD RDMSDMBDR, CDRBQHAD SGD RHLHK@QHSHDR @MC CHEEDQDMBDR.
2. 4S@SD SGD SGDNQDSHB@K (@BBNQCHMF SN SGD BKS) CHRSQHATSHNMR ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@MR.
=. D = 5: x
] ?????(?????,?????)
>. D = 10: x
] ?????(?????,?????)
3. "QD SGD R@LOKD LD@MR ENQ D = 5 @MC D = 10 oBKNRDp SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K LD@M, Z
N
&WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
4. 8GHBG NE SGD SVN CHRSQHATSHNMR NE R@LOKD LD@MR G@R SGD RL@KKDQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM 8GX
5. "R D BG@MFDC, VGX CHC SGD RG@OD NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@ BG@MFD 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN
DWOK@HM VG@S G@OODMDC.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 423
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AP?L;A?
!?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
#RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
+?;H
,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
1;GJFCHA "CMNLC<ONCIH
1N;H>;L> #LLIL I@ NB? +?;H
3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
)#7 2#0+1
@ MTLADQ SG@S CDRBQHADR SGD BDMSQ@K SDMCDMBX NE SGD C@S@; SGDQD @QD @ MTLADQ NE RODBH@KHYDC @UDQ@FDR, HMBKTCHMF
SGD @QHSGLDSHB LD@M, VDHFGSDC LD@M, LDCH@M, LNCD, @MC FDNLDSQHB LD@M.
(HUDM @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) VHSG JMNVM LD@M Z @MC JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \, VD @QD
R@LOKHMF VHSG RHYD D, @MC VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SVN MDV37R: SGD R@LOKD LD@M, U, @MC SGD R@LOKD RTL, TU. *E SGD RHYD
(D) NE SGD R@LOKD HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD, SGDM X
] '(Z,
n
@MC TU ] '(DZ, ( n )(\)).*E SGD RHYD (D) NE SGD R@LOKD HR
RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD, SGDM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR @MC SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD RTLR VHKK
@OOQNWHL@SD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR QDF@QCKDRR NE SGD RG@OD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 5GD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR VHKK
DPT@K SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, @MC SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD RTLR VHKK DPT@K D SHLDR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR,
n
, HR B@KKDC SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S @OOD@QR VGDM VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD HMSDQU@KR NE
SHLD ADSVDDM RNLD Q@MCNL DUDMSR, ENQ DW@LOKD, SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD ADSVDDM DLDQFDMBX @QQHU@KR @S @ GNROHS@K,
MNS@SHNM: 1 ] ENF(C). 5GD LD@M HR Z =
1
m
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ =
1
m
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM HR
<(N) = LD
kLW
, N y 0 @MC SGD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR )(1 x N) = 1 k D
kLW
.
@ MTLADQ SG@S LD@RTQDR SGD BDMSQ@K SDMCDMBX; @ BNLLNM M@LD ENQ LD@M HR "@UDQ@FD." 5GD SDQL "LD@M" HR @
RGNQSDMDC ENQL NE "@QHSGLDSHB LD@M." #X CDEHMHSHNM, SGD LD@M ENQ @ R@LOKD (CDMNSDC AX x
) HR
x
=
Sum of all values in the sample
Number of values in the sample
, @MC SGD LD@M ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM (CDMNSDC AX Z) HR
=
Sum of all values in the population
Number of values in the population
.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD (37) VHSG OCE f (x) =
1
2
e
(x )
2
2
2
, VGDQD Z HR SGD LD@M NE
SGD CHRSQHATSHNM @MC \ HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM; MNS@SHNM: U ] '(Z, \). *E Z = 0 @MC \ = 1, SGD 37 HR B@KKDC I=:
HI6C96G9 CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD (37) VHSG OCE f (x) =
1
2
e
(x )
2
2
2
, VGDQD Z HR SGD LD@M NE
SGD CHRSQHATSHNM @MC \ HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.; MNS@SHNM: 1 ] '(Z, \). *E Z = 0 @MC \ = 1, SGD 37 HR B@KKDC SGD
HI6C96G9 CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC.
(HUDM RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE RHYD D EQNL @ FHUDM ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @ LD@RTQDC
BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB RTBG @R LD@M, OQNONQSHNM, NQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ D@BG R@LOKD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM NE @KK SGD
LD@RTQDC BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR HR B@KKDC @ R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM.
SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR, NQ
n
.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S G@R DPT@KKX KHJDKX NTSBNLDR NUDQ SGD CNL@HM, 7 < N < 8;
NESDM QDEDQQDC @R SGD /:8I6C<JA6G !>HIG>7JI>DC ADB@TRD SGD FQ@OG NE SGD OCE G@R SGD ENQLNE @ QDBS@MFKD. /NS@SHNM: 1
] .(7, 8). 5GD LD@M HR =
a + b
2
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR =
(b a)
2
12
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM HR
f (x) =
1
b a
ENQ 7 < N < 8 NQ 7 x N x 8. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM HR )(1 x N) =
x a
b a
.
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
424 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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7.1 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1;GJF? +?;HM (AP?L;A?M)
*M @ ONOTK@SHNM VGNRD CHRSQHATSHNM L@X AD JMNVM NQ TMJMNVM, HE SGD RHYD (D) NE R@LOKDR HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM
NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR VHKK AD @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K. 5GD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR VHKK DPT@K SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M. 5GD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR, B@KKDC SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M, HR DPT@K SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM CHUHCDC AX SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD R@LOKD RHYD (D).
7.2 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1OGM
5GD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL SDKKR TR SG@S ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @MX CHRSQHATSHNM, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD RTLR ENQ SGD R@LOKD
LD@MR @OOQN@BGDR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM @R SGD R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, HE SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR K@QFD DMNTFG,
SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD RTLR B@M AD @OOQNWHL@SDC AX @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM DUDM HE SGD NQHFHM@K ONOTK@SHNM HR MNS MNQL@KKX
CHRSQHATSDC. "CCHSHNM@KKX, HE SGD NQHFHM@K ONOTK@SHNM G@R @ LD@M NE Z
1
@MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE \
N
, SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR HR
DZ
N
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR ( n) (\
N
) VGDQD D HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD.
7.3 3MCHA NB? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
5GD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL B@M AD TRDC SN HKKTRSQ@SD SGD K@V NE K@QFD MTLADQR. 5GD K@V NE K@QFD MTLADQR RS@SDR SG@S SGD K@QFDQ
SGD R@LOKD RHYD XNT S@JD EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM, SGD BKNRDQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M x
FDSR SN Z.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
7.1 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G@IL 1;GJF? +?;HM
(AP?L;A?M)
5GD $DMSQ@K -HLHS 5GDNQDL ENQ 4@LOKD .D@MR: X
] '
x
,
x
n
5GD .D@M X
: Z
N
$DMSQ@K -HLHS 5GDNQDL ENQ 4@LOKD .D@MR Y-RBNQD @MC
RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M: z =
x
x
n
))
x
n
7.2 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1OGM
5GD $DMSQ@K -HLHS 5GDNQDL ENQ 4TLR: d1 ] '<(D)(Z
N
),( n
)(\
N
)=
.D@M ENQ 4TLR (d1): (D)(Z
N
)
5GD $DMSQ@K -HLHS 5GDNQDL ENQ 4TLR P-RBNQD @MC RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM ENQ RTLR: z =
x (n)(
X
)
( n)(
X
)
4S@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ 4TLR (d1): ( n) (\
N
)
.0A!2'!#
7.1 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1;GJF? +?;HM (AP?L;A?M)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: :NNMHD HR @ ODQRNMMDK L@M@FDQ HM @ K@QFD BNQONQ@SHNM. &@BG
LNMSG RGD LTRS QDUHDV 16 NE SGD DLOKNXDDR. 'QNL O@RS DWODQHDMBD, RGD G@R ENTMC SG@S SGD QDUHDVR S@JD GDQ @OOQNWHL@SDKX
ENTQ GNTQR D@BG SN CN VHSG @ ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.2 GNTQR. -DS U AD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD SHLD
HS S@JDR GDQ SN BNLOKDSD NMD QDUHDV. "RRTLD U HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. -DS X
] ?????(?????,?????)
3. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DC: QDUHDV VHKK S@JD :NNMHD EQNL 3.5 SN 4.25 GNTQR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, K@ADKHMF @MC RB@KHMF SGD
GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. 4G@CD SGD QDFHNM BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 425
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=.
$CAOL? 7.16
>. )(???????? < N < ????????) = ???????
4. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD B:6C NE @ LNMSGnR QDUHDVR VHKK S@JD :NNMHD EQNL 3.5 SN 4.25 GQR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, K@ADKHMF
@MC RB@KHMF SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. 4G@CD SGD QDFHNM BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
=.
$CAOL? 7.17
>. )(????????????????) = ???????
5. 8G@S B@TRDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HM #R?L=CM? 7.3 @MC #R?L=CM? 7.4 SN AD CHEEDQDMS
6. 'HMC SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M SHLD SN BNLOKDSD NMD LNMSG'R QDUHDVR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
=.
$CAOL? 7.18
>. 5GD 95
SG
1DQBDMSHKD =????????????
7.2 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1OGM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I: "M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 80 @MC @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 12. " R@LOKD RHYD NE 95 HR CQ@VM Q@MCNLKX EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
426 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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7. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 95 U@KTDR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 7,650.
8. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 95 U@KTDR HR KDRR SG@M 7,400.
9. 'HMC SGD RTL SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR.
10. 'HMC SGD RTL SG@S HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE QDRTKSR EQNL @ BGNKDRSDQNK SDRS G@R @
LD@M NE 180 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 20. " R@LOKD RHYD NE 40 HR CQ@VM Q@MCNLKX.
11. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 40 U@KTDR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 7,500.
12. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 40 U@KTDR HR KDRR SG@M 7,000.
13. 'HMC SGD RTL SG@S HR NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @ANUD SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR.
14. 'HMC SGD RTL SG@S HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR.
15. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE RTLR ADSVDDM 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR @MC NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
@ANUD SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: " QDRD@QBGDQ LD@RTQDR SGD @LNTMS NE RTF@Q HM RDUDQ@K B@MR
NE SGD R@LD RNC@. 5GD LD@M HR 39.01 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.5. 5GD QDRD@QBGDQ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSR @ R@LOKD NE 100.
16. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 100 U@KTDR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 3,910.
17. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 100 U@KTDR HR KDRR SG@M 3,900.
18. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 100 U@KTDR E@KKR ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQR XNT ENTMC HM @MC .
19. 'HMC SGD RTL VHSG @ PkRBNQD NE k2.5.
20. 'HMC SGD RTL VHSG @ PkRBNQD NE 0.5.
21. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTLR VHKK E@KK ADSVDDM SGD P-RBNQDR k2 @MC 1.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;: "M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M 12 @MC @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE NMD. " R@LOKD RHYD NE 25 HR S@JDM. -DS 1 = SGD NAIDBS NE HMSDQDRS.
22. 8G@S HR SGD LD@M NE T1
23. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE T1
24. 8G@S HR )(TN = 290)
25. 8G@S HR )(TN > 290)
26. 5QTD NQ '@KRD: NMKX SGD RTLR NE MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD @KRN MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR.
27. *M NQCDQ ENQ SGD RTLR NE @ CHRSQHATSHNM SN @OOQN@BG @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, VG@S LTRS AD SQTD
28. 8G@S SGQDD SGHMFR LTRS XNT JMNV @ANTS @ CHRSQHATSHNM SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTLR
29. "M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 25 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE RHW. -DS 1 = NMD NAIDBS EQNL SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
8G@S HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD HE SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE T1 HR 42
30. "M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 19 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 20. -DS 1 = SGD NAIDBS NE HMSDQDRS. 8G@S HR SGD
R@LOKD RHYD HE SGD LD@M NE T1 HR 15,200
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. " L@QJDS QDRD@QBGDQ @M@KXYDR GNV L@MX DKDBSQNMHBR
CDUHBDR BTRSNLDQR ATX HM @ RHMFKD OTQBG@RD. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE SGQDD VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.7. 4GD
R@LOKDR 400 BTRSNLDQR.
31. 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD ENQ TN = 840
32. 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD ENQ TN = 1,186
33. 8G@S HR )(TN < 1,186)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: "M TMJVNM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 100, @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 100, @MC @ R@LOKD RHYD NE 100. -DS 1 = NMD NAIDBS NE HMSDQDRS.
34. 8G@S HR SGD LD@M NE T1
35. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE T1
36. 8G@S HR )(TN > 9,000)
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 427
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7.3 3MCHA NB? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D ;N;H9?I;I: " L@MTE@BSTQDQ OQNCTBDR 25-ONTMC KHESHMF VDHFGSR. 5GD
KNVDRS @BST@K VDHFGS HR 24 ONTMCR, @MC SGD GHFGDRS HR 26 ONTMCR. &@BG VDHFGS HR DPT@KKX KHJDKX RN SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE VDHFGSR
HR TMHENQL. " R@LOKD NE 100 VDHFGSR HR S@JDM.
37.
=. 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD VDHFGSR NE NMD 25-ONTMC KHESHMF VDHFGS 8G@S HR SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDHU@SHNM
>. 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD LD@M VDHFGS NE 100 25-ONTMC KHESHMF VDHFGSR
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M @BST@K VDHFGS ENQ SGD 100 VDHFGSR HR KDRR SG@M 24.9.
38. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG EQNL #R?L=CM? 37.
39. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M @BST@K VDHFGS ENQ SGD 100 VDHFGSR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 25.2.
40. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG EQNL #R?L=CM? 39.
41. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M VDHFGS ENQ SGD 100 VDHFGSR.
42. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG EQNL #R?L=CM? 41.
43.
=. 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD VDHFGSR NE 100 25-ONTMC KHESHMF VDHFGSR
>. 'HMC )(TN < 2,450).
44. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG EQNL #R?L=CM? 43.
45. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD SNS@K VDHFGS NE SGD 100 VDHFGSR.
46. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG EQNL #R?L=CM? 45.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ O@QSHBTK@Q RL@QSOGNMD'R A@SSDQX K@RSR
ENKKNVR @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE SDM LNMSGR. " R@LOKD NE 64 NE SGDRD RL@QSOGNMDR HR S@JDM.
47.
=. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
>. 8G@S HR SGD O@Q@LDSDQ C
48. 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD NMD A@SSDQX K@RSR
49. 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD 64 A@SSDQHDR K@RS
50. 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SNS@K KDMFSG NE SHLD 64 A@SSDQHDR K@RS
51. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR ADSVDDM RDUDM @MC 11.
52. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD SNS@K KDMFSG NE SHLD 64 A@SSDQHDR K@RS.
53. 'HMC SGD "*+ ENQ SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE SHLD 64 A@SSDQHDR K@RS.
54. 'HMC SGD LHCCKD 80% ENQ SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NE SHLD 64 A@SSDQHDR K@RS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I: " TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LHMHLTL NE RHW @MC @
L@WHLTL NE SDM. " R@LOKD NE 50 HR S@JDM.
55. 'HMC )(TN > 420).
56. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTLR.
57. 'HMC SGD 15
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTLR.
58. 'HMC SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD RTLR.
59. 'HMC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD RTLR.
60. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTLR.
&-+#5-0)
7.1 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1;GJF? +?;HM (AP?L;A?M)
61. 1QDUHNTRKX, %D "MY@ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR DRSHL@SDC SG@S SGD @LNTMS NE BG@MFD C@XSHLD RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR B@QQX HR
DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE $0.88. 4TOONRD SG@S VD Q@MCNLKX OHBJ 25 C@XSHLD RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR.
=. *M VNQCR, U = ????????????
428 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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>. U ] ?????(?????,?????)
?. *M VNQCR, X
= ????????????
@. X
] ???????(???????,???????)
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD 49 A@KKR SQ@UDKDC @M @UDQ@FD NE KDRR SG@M 240 EDDS 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG. 4B@KD SGD
GNQHYNMS@K @WHR ENQ X
= ?????????????
?. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 8NTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE SGD 36 S@WO@XDQR EHMHRGDC SGDHQ 'NQL 1040R HM @M @UDQ@FD NE LNQD SG@M 12 GNTQR
&WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
A. 8NTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE NMD S@WO@XDQ EHMHRGDC GHR NQ GDQ 'NQL 1040 HM LNQD SG@M 12 GNTQR *M @ BNLOKDSD
RDMSDMBD, DWOK@HM VGX.
64. 4TOONRD SG@S @ B@SDFNQX NE VNQKC-BK@RR QTMMDQR @QD JMNVM SN QTM @ L@Q@SGNM (26 LHKDR) HM @M @UDQ@FD NE 145 LHMTSDR
VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 14 LHMTSDR. $NMRHCDQ 49 NE SGD Q@BDR. -DS X
] ?????(?????,?????)
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD QTMMDQ VHKK @UDQ@FD ADSVDDM 142 @MC 146 LHMTSDR HM SGDRD 49 L@Q@SGNMR.
?. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD NE SGDRD 49 L@Q@SGNMR.
@. 'HMC SGD LDCH@M NE SGD @UDQ@FD QTMMHMF SHLDR.
65. 5GD KDMFSG NE RNMFR HM @ BNKKDBSNQnR H5TMDR @KATL BNKKDBSHNM HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC EQNL SVN SN 3.5 LHMTSDR. 4TOONRD
VD Q@MCNLKX OHBJ EHUD @KATLR EQNL SGD BNKKDBSHNM. 5GDQD @QD @ SNS@K NE 43 RNMFR NM SGD EHUD @KATLR.
=. *M VNQCR, U = ?????????
>. U ] ?????????????
?. *M VNQCR, X
= ?????????????
@. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
A. 'HMC SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD RNMF KDMFSG.
B. 5GD *23(HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD) ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD RNMF KDMFSG HR EQNL ???????k???????.
66. *M 1940 SGD @UDQ@FD RHYD NE @ 6.4. E@QL V@R 174 @BQDR. -DSnR R@X SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM V@R 55 @BQDR. 4TOONRD VD
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 38 E@QLDQR EQNL 1940.
=. *M VNQCR, U = ?????????????
>. *M VNQCR, X
= ?????????????
?. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 5GD *23 ENQ X
] ??????(??????, ??????)
>. 'NQ SGD FQNTO NE 16, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD ODQBDMS NE E@S B@KNQHDR BNMRTLDC HR LNQD SG@M EHUD. (Q@OG
SGD RHST@SHNM @MC RG@CD HM SGD @QD@ SN AD CDSDQLHMDC.
?. 'HMC SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD ODQBDMS NE E@S B@KNQHDR.
69. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE HMBNLD HM RNLD 5GHQC 8NQKC BNTMSQHDR HR BNMRHCDQDC VDCFD RG@ODC (L@MX UDQX ONNQ ODNOKD, UDQX
EDV LHCCKD HMBNLD ODNOKD, @MC DUDM EDVDQ VD@KSGX ODNOKD). 4TOONRD VD OHBJ @ BNTMSQX VHSG @ VDCFD RG@ODC CHRSQHATSHNM.
-DS SGD @UDQ@FD R@K@QX AD $2,000 ODQ XD@Q VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $8,000. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 1,000 QDRHCDMSR NE SG@S
BNTMSQX.
=. *M VNQCR, U = ?????????????
>. *M VNQCR, X
= ?????????????
?. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV HR HS ONRRHAKD ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SN AD FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD @UDQ@FD
A. 8GX HR HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD NE SGD 1,000 QDRHCDMSR VHKK AD EQNL $2,000 SN $2,100 SG@M EQNL $2,100 SN
$2,200
70. 8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF HR /05 536& @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @UDQ@FDR
=. 5GD LD@M, LDCH@M, @MC LNCD @QD DPT@K.
>. 5GD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD HR NMD.
?. 5GD BTQUD MDUDQ SNTBGDR SGD N-@WHR.
@. 5GD BTQUD HR RJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS.
71. 5GD BNRS NE TMKD@CDC F@RNKHMD HM SGD #@X "QD@ NMBD ENKKNVDC @M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE $4.59 @MC @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $0.10. 4HWSDDM F@R RS@SHNMR EQNL SGD #@X "QD@ @QD Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD @UDQ@FD
BNRS NE F@RNKHMD ENQ SGD 16 F@R RS@SHNMR. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD BNRS NE F@RNKHMD ENQ SGD 16 F@R RS@SHNMR HR:
=. X
] '(4.59, 0.10)
>. X
] '
4.59,
0.10
16
?. X
] '
4.59,
16
0.10
@. X
] '
4.59,
16
0.10
= ????????????
@. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
A. #DENQD CNHMF @MX B@KBTK@SHNMR, VGHBG CN XNT SGHMJ VHKK AD GHFGDQ &WOK@HM VGX.
E. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M HMCHUHCT@K @SSDMSHNM RO@M HR KDRR SG@M SDM LHMTSDR.
EE. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD @SSDMSHNM RO@M ENQ SGD 60 BGHKCQDM HR KDRR SG@M SDM LHMTSDR
B. $@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HM O@QS D.
C. &WOK@HM VGX SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X
HR MNS DWONMDMSH@K.
77. 5GD BKNRHMF RSNBJ OQHBDR NE 35 6.4. RDLHBNMCTBSNQ L@MTE@BSTQDQR @QD FHUDM @R ENKKNVR.
8.625; 30.25; 27.625; 46.75; 32.875; 18.25; 5; 0.125; 2.9375; 6.875; 28.25; 24.25; 21; 1.5; 30.25; 71; 43.5; 49.25; 2.5625;
31; 16.5; 9.5; 18.5; 18; 9; 10.5; 16.625; 1.25; 18; 12.87; 7; 12.875; 2.875; 60.25; 29.25
=. *M VNQCR, U = ??????????????
>.
E. x
= ?????
EE. I
N
= ?????
EEE. D = ?????
?. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD @UDQ@FDR. 4S@QS @S N = k0.0005. 6RD A@Q VHCSGR NE SDM.
@. *M VNQCR, CDRBQHAD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE RSNBJ OQHBDR.
A. 3@MCNLKX @UDQ@FD EHUD RSNBJ OQHBDR SNFDSGDQ. (6RD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ.) $NMSHMTD @UDQ@FHMF EHUD OHDBDR
SNFDSGDQ TMSHK XNT G@UD SDM @UDQ@FDR. -HRS SGNRD SDM @UDQ@FDR.
B. 6RD SGD SDM @UDQ@FDR EQNL O@QS D SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF.
E. x
= ?????
EE. I
N
= ?????
C. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD @UDQ@FDR. 4S@QS @S N = -0.0005. 6RD A@Q VHCSGR NE SDM.
D. %NDR SGHR GHRSNFQ@L KNNJ KHJD SGD FQ@OG HM O@QS B
E. *M NMD NQ SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX SGD FQ@OGR DHSGDQ KNNJ SGD R@LD NQ KNNJ CHEEDQDMS
F. #@RDC TONM SGD SGDNQX NE SGD 8:CIG6A A>B>I I=:DG:B, X
] ?????(?????,????)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 3HBG@QCnR 'TQMHSTQD $NLO@MX CDKHUDQR ETQMHSTQD EQNL
10 "... SN 2 1... BNMSHMTNTRKX @MC TMHENQLKX. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM GNV KNMF (HM GNTQR) O@RS SGD 10 "... RS@QS SHLD SG@S
HMCHUHCT@KR V@HS ENQ SGDHQ CDKHUDQX.
78. U ] ?????(?????,?????)
=. .(0,4)
>. .(10,2)
?. E]F(2)
@. '(2,1)
79. 5GD @UDQ@FD V@HS SHLD HR:
=. NMD GNTQ.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 431
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>. SVN GNTQR.
?. SVN @MC @ G@KE GNTQR.
@. ENTQ GNTQR.
80. 4TOONRD SG@S HS HR MNV O@RS MNNM NM @ CDKHUDQX C@X. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM LTRS V@HS @S KD@RS NMD @MC @ G@KE BDG:
GNTQR HR:
=.
1
4
>.
1
2
?.
3
4
@.
3
8
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD SHLD SN V@HS ENQ @ O@QSHBTK@Q QTQ@K ATR HR CHRSQHATSDC
TMHENQLKX EQNL YDQN SN 75 LHMTSDR. 0MD GTMCQDC QHCDQR @QD Q@MCNLKX R@LOKDC SN KD@QM GNV KNMF SGDX V@HSDC.
81. 5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD R@LOKD @UDQ@FD V@HS SHLD (HM LHMTSDR) ENQ @ R@LOKD NE 100 QHCDQR HR:
=. 315.0
>. 40.3
?. 38.5
@. 65.2
82. 8NTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC, A@RDC TONM MTLDQHB@K B@KBTK@SHNMR, HE SGD R@LOKD @UDQ@FD V@HS SHLD (HM LHMTSDR) ENQ 100 QHCDQR
V@R KDRR SG@M 30 LHMTSDR
=. XDR
>. MN
?. 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD BNRS NE TMKD@CDC F@RNKHMD HM SGD #@X "QD@ NMBD ENKKNVDC @M
TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE $4.59 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $0.10. 4HWSDDM F@R RS@SHNMR EQNL SGD #@X "QD@ @QD
Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD @UDQ@FD BNRS NE F@RNKHMD ENQ SGD 16 F@R RS@SHNMR.
83. 8G@S'R SGD @OOQNWHL@SD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD OQHBD ENQ 16 F@R RS@SHNMR HR NUDQ $4.69
=. @KLNRS YDQN
>. 0.1587
?. 0.0943
@. TMJMNVM
84. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD OQHBD ENQ 30 F@R RS@SHNMR HR KDRR SG@M $4.55.
=. 0.6554
>. 0.3446
?. 0.0142
@. 0.9858
A. 0
85. 4TOONRD HM @ KNB@K ,HMCDQF@QSDM SGQNTFG 12
SG
FQ@CD (, - 12) RBGNNK CHRSQHBS, 53 ODQBDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM E@UNQ @
BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG EHUD. " RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 300 HR RTQUDXDC. $@KBTK@SD ENKKNVHMF TRHMF SGD MNQL@K
@OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHASHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S KDRR SG@M 100 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG 5.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 170 NQ LNQD E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG 5.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S MN LNQD SG@M 140 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG 5.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD EDVDQ SG@M 130 SG@S E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG 5.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DW@BSKX 150 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG 5.
*E XNT G@UD @BBDRR SN @M @OOQNOQH@SD B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ RNESV@QD, SQX B@KBTK@SHMF SGDRD OQNA@AHKHSHDR TRHMF SGD SDBGMNKNFX.
86. 'NTQ EQHDMCR, +@MHBD, #@QA@Q@, ,@SGX @MC 3NADQS@, CDBHCDC SN B@QONNK SNFDSGDQ SN FDS SN RBGNNK. &@BG C@X SGD CQHUDQ
VNTKC AD BGNRDM AX Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSHMF NMD NE SGD ENTQ M@LDR. 5GDX B@QONNK SN RBGNNK ENQ 96 C@XR. 6RD SGD MNQL@K
@OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR. 3NTMC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S +@MHBD HR SGD CQHUDQ @S LNRS 20 C@XR.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 3NADQS@ HR SGD CQHUDQ LNQD SG@M 16 C@XR.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S #@QA@Q@ CQHUDR DW@BSKX 24 NE SGNRD 96 C@XR.
432 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
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87. 1 ] '(60, 9). 4TOONRD SG@S XNT ENQL Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE 25 EQNL SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM. -DS X
] ?????(?????,?????)
?. )( x
= ??????????????
B. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
C. *M VNQCR, T1 = ?????????????
D. T1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
E. 8HSGNTS CNHMF @MX B@KBTK@SHNMR, CN XNT SGHMJ SG@S HSnR KHJDKX SG@S SGD OQNEDRRNQ VHKK MDDC SN QD@C @ SNS@K NE LNQD
SG@M 1,050 O@FDR 8GX
F. $@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD OQNEDRRNQ VHKK MDDC SN QD@C @ SNS@K NE LNQD SG@M 1,050 O@FDR.
G. 8GX HR HS RN TMKHJDKX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD KDMFSG NE SGD O@ODQR VHKK AD KDRR SG@M 12 O@FDR
89. 4@K@QHDR ENQ SD@BGDQR HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q DKDLDMS@QX RBGNNK CHRSQHBS @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE $44,000 @MC @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $6,500. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX SDM SD@BGDQR EQNL SG@S CHRSQHBS.
=. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K SD@BGDQnR R@K@QX.
>. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD SD@BGDQnR R@K@QX.
90. 5GD @UDQ@FD KDMFSG NE @ L@SDQMHSX RS@X HM @ 6.4. GNROHS@K HR R@HC SN AD 2.4 C@XR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.9 C@XR. 8D
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 80 VNLDM VGN QDBDMSKX ANQD BGHKCQDM HM @ 6.4. GNROHS@K.
=. *M VNQCR, 1 = ?????????????
>. *M VNQCR, X
= ???????????????????
?. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
@. *M VNQCR, T1 = ???????????????
A. T1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
B. *R HS KHJDKX SG@S @M HMCHUHCT@K RS@XDC LNQD SG@M EHUD C@XR HM SGD GNROHS@K 8GX NQ VGX MNS
C. *R HS KHJDKX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD RS@X ENQ SGD 80 VNLDM V@R LNQD SG@M EHUD C@XR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
D. 8GHBG HR LNQD KHJDKX:
E. "M HMCHUHCT@K RS@XDC LNQD SG@M EHUD C@XR.
EE. SGD @UDQ@FD RS@X NE 80 VNLDM V@R LNQD SG@M EHUD C@XR.
E. *E VD VDQD SN RTL TO SGD VNLDMnR RS@XR, HR HS KHJDKX SG@S, BNKKDBSHUDKX SGDX RODMS LNQD SG@M @ XD@Q HM SGD GNROHS@K
8GX NQ VGX MNS
FEH ;79> FHE8B;C, M>;H;L;H FEII?8B;, FHEL?:; =H7F>I 7D: KI; J>; 97B9KB7JEH.
91. /DUDQ3D@CX A@SSDQHDR G@R DMFHMDDQDC @ MDVDQ, KNMFDQ K@RSHMF """ A@SSDQX. 5GD BNLO@MX BK@HLR SGHR A@SSDQX G@R @M
@UDQ@FD KHED RO@M NE 17 GNTQR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.8 GNTQR. :NTQ RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR PTDRSHNMR SGHR BK@HL. "R @ BK@RR,
XNT Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS 30 A@SSDQHDR @MC EHMC SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M KHED RO@M HR 16.7 GNTQR. *E SGD OQNBDRR HR VNQJHMF OQNODQKX,
VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 30 A@SSDQHDR HM VGHBG SGD R@LOKD LD@M KHEDSHLD HR 16.7 GNTQR NQ KDRR
*R SGD BNLO@MXnR BK@HL QD@RNM@AKD
92. .DM G@UD @M @UDQ@FD VDHFGS NE 172 ONTMCR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 29 ONTMCR.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 433
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=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 20 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC LDM VHKK G@UD @ RTL VDHFGS FQD@SDQ SG@M 3600 KAR.
>. *E 20 LDM G@UD @ RTL VDHFGS FQD@SDQ SG@M 3500 KAR, SGDM SGDHQ SNS@K VDHFGS DWBDDCR SGD R@EDSX KHLHSR ENQ V@SDQ
S@WHR. #@RDC NM (@), HR SGHR @ R@EDSX BNMBDQM &WOK@HM.
93. .&. B@MCHDR K@QFD B@MCX A@FR G@UD @ BK@HLDC MDS VDHFGS NE 396.9 F. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD VDHFGS NE SGD
HMCHUHCT@K B@MCHDR HR 0.017 F. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD HR EQNL @ RS@SR DWODQHLDMS BNMCTBSDC AX @ RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR.
0?> -L;HA? 7?FFIQ LIQH FO? %L??H
0.751 0.735 0.883 0.696 0.881 0.925
0.841 0.895 0.769 0.876 0.863 0.914
0.856 0.865 0.859 0.855 0.775 0.881
0.799 0.864 0.784 0.806 0.854 0.865
0.966 0.852 0.824 0.840 0.810 0.865
0.859 0.866 0.858 0.868 0.858 1.015
0.857 0.859 0.848 0.859 0.818 0.876
0.942 0.838 0.851 0.982 0.868 0.809
0.873 0.863 0.803 0.865
0.809 0.888 0.932 0.848
0.890 0.925 0.842 0.940
0.878 0.793 0.832 0.833
0.905 0.977 0.807 0.845
0.850 0.841 0.852
0.830 0.932 0.778
0.856 0.833 0.814
0.842 0.881 0.791
0.778 0.818 0.810
0.786 0.864 0.881
2;<F? 7.7
434 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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0?> -L;HA? 7?FFIQ LIQH FO? %L??H
0.853 0.825
0.864 0.855
0.873 0.942
0.880 0.825
0.882 0.869
0.931 0.912
0.887
2;<F? 7.7
5GD A@F BNMS@HMDC 465 B@MCHDR @MC GD KHRSDC VDHFGSR HM SGD S@AKD B@LD EQNL Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC B@MCHDR. $NTMS SGD VDHFGSR.
=. 'HMC SGD LD@M R@LOKD VDHFGS @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKD VDHFGSR NE B@MCHDR HM SGD S@AKD.
>. 'HMC SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD VDHFGSR HM SGD S@AKD @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD RTL SGD NE SGD VDHFGSR.
?. *E 465 .&.R @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDHQ VDHFGSR RTL SN @S KD@RS 396.9.
@. *R SGD .@QR $NLO@MXnR .&. K@ADKHMF @BBTQ@SD
94. 5GD 4BQDV 3HFGS $NLO@MX BK@HLR SGDHQ
3
4
HMBG RBQDVR @QD VHSGHM a0.23 NE SGD BK@HLDC LD@M CH@LDSDQ NE 0.750 HMBGDR
VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.115 HMBGDR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ VDQD QDBNQCDC.
0.757 0.723 0.754 0.737 0.757 0.741 0.722 0.741 0.743 0.742
0.740 0.758 0.724 0.739 0.736 0.735 0.760 0.750 0.759 0.754
0.744 0.758 0.765 0.756 0.738 0.742 0.758 0.757 0.724 0.757
0.744 0.738 0.763 0.756 0.760 0.768 0.761 0.742 0.734 0.754
0.758 0.735 0.740 0.743 0.737 0.737 0.725 0.761 0.758 0.756
2;<F? 7.8
5GD RBQDVR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC EQNL SGD KNB@K GNLD QDO@HQ RSNQD.
=. 'HMC SGD LD@M CH@LDSDQ @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD R@LOKD
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 50 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RBQDVR VHKK AD VHSGHM SGD RS@SDC SNKDQ@MBD KDUDKR. *R SGD BNLO@MXnR
CH@LDSDQ BK@HL OK@TRHAKD
95. :NTQ BNLO@MX G@R @ BNMSQ@BS SN ODQENQL OQDUDMSHUD L@HMSDM@MBD NM SGNTR@MCR NE @HQ-BNMCHSHNMDQR HM @ K@QFD BHSX. #@RDC
NM RDQUHBD QDBNQCR EQNL OQDUHNTR XD@QR, SGD SHLD SG@S @ SDBGMHBH@M RODMCR RDQUHBHMF @ TMHS @UDQ@FDR NMD GNTQ VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE NMD GNTQ. *M SGD BNLHMF VDDJ, XNTQ BNLO@MX VHKK RDQUHBD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 70 TMHSR HM SGD BHSX. :NT
OK@M SN ATCFDS @M @UDQ@FD NE 1.1 GNTQR ODQ SDBGMHBH@M SN BNLOKDSD SGD VNQJ. 8HKK SGHR AD DMNTFG SHLD
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 435
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96. " SXOHB@K @CTKS G@R @M @UDQ@FD *2 RBNQD NE 105 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 20. *E 20 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @CTKSR @QD FHUDM
@M *2 SDRRS, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M RBNQDR VHKK AD ADSVDDM 85 @MC 125 ONHMSR
97. $DQS@HM BNHMR G@UD @M @UDQ@FD VDHFGS NE 5.201 FQ@LR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.065 F. *E @ UDMCHMF L@BGHMD HR
CDRHFMDC SN @BBDOS BNHMR VGNRD VDHFGSR Q@MFD EQNL 5.111 F SN 5.291 F, VG@S HR SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE QDIDBSDC BNHMR VGDM
280 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BNHMR @QD HMRDQSDC HMSN SGD L@BGHMD
0#$#0#,!#1
7.1 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1;GJF? +?;HM (AP?L;A?M)
#@Q@M, %@X@. o20 1DQBDMS NE "LDQHB@MR )@UD /DUDQ 6RDC &L@HK.p8DA(THKC, 2010. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.VDAFTHKC.NQF/20080519/20-ODQBDMS-NE-@LDQHB@MR-G@UD-MDUDQ-TRDC-DL@HK (@BBDRRDC .@X 17, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL 5GD 'KTQQX #KNF, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://AKNF.EKTQQX.BNL (@BBDRRDC .@X 17, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE "FQHBTKSTQD.
7.2 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1OGM
'@Q@FN, 1DSDQ. o5GD 5QTSG "ANTS $@SR @MC %NFR: 4L@QSOGNMD UR 5@AKDS 6R@FD %HEEDQDMBDR.p 5GD 'KTQQX #KNF, 2013. 1NRSDC
0BSNADQ 29, 2012. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://AKNF.EKTQQX.BNL (@BBDRRDC .@X 17, 2013).
7.3 3MCHA NB? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
%@S@ EQNL SGD 8@KK 4SQDDS +NTQM@K.
o/@SHNM@K )D@KSG @MC /TSQHSHNM &W@LHM@SHNM 4TQUDX.p $DMSDQ ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/MBGR/MG@MDR.GSL (@BBDRRDC .@X 17, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
3 A. 3.5, 4.25, 0.2441
5 5GD E@BS SG@S SGD SVN CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD CHEEDQDMS @BBNTMSR ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMS OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
7 0.3345
9 7,833.92
11 0.0089
13 7,326.49
15 77.45%
17 0.4207
19 3,888.5
21 0.8186
23 5
25 0.9772
27 5GD R@LOKD RHYD, D, FDSR K@QFDQ.
29 49
31 k25.71
33 0.1587
35 1,000
37
@. .(24, 26), 25, 0, 0.5774
A. '(25, 0.0577)
436 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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B. 0.0416
39 0.0003
41 25.07
43
@. '(2,500, 5.7735)
A. 0
45 2,507.40
47
@. 10
A.
1
10
49 '
10,
10
8
51 0.7799
53 1.69
55 0.0072
57 391.54
59 405.51
61
@. U = @LNTMS NE BG@MFD RSTCDMSR B@QQX
A. U ] E(0.88, 0.88)
B. X
] '(0.88, 0.176)
D. E.
F. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD CHEEDQDMS. 1@QS @ HR DWONMDMSH@K @MC O@QS A HR MNQL@K.
63
@. KDMFSG NE SHLD ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K SN BNLOKDSD *34 ENQL 1040, HM GNTQR.
A. LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD ENQ S@WO@XDQR SN BNLOKDSD *34 ENQL 1040, HM GNTQR.
B. '
10.53,
1
3
'
2000,
8000
1000
C. 7DQX VHCD CHEEDQDMBDR HM C@S@ U@KTDR B@M G@UD @UDQ@FDR RL@KKDQ SG@M RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
D. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@M VHKK G@UD GHFGDQ OQNA@AHKHSHDR BKNRDQ SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
)(2000 < X
1
20.71
20.71,
17.31
5
79 A
81 A
83 @
85
@. 0
A. 0.1123
B. 0.0162
C. 0.0003
D. 0.0268
87
@. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
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25
n
) = >?B=3<568
E 99,16.7,17,
0.8
30
= 0.0200.
q *E SGD OQNBDRR HR VNQJHMF OQNODQKX, SGDM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ R@LOKD NE 30 A@SSDQHDR VNTKC G@UD @S LNRS 16.7 KHEDSHLD
GNTQR HR NMKX 2%. 5GDQDENQD, SGD BK@RR V@R ITRSHEHDC SN PTDRSHNM SGD BK@HL.
93
@. 'NQ SGD R@LOKD, VD G@UD D = 100, x
= 0.862, I = 0.05
A. x
= 85.65, TI = 5.18
B. >?B=3<568(396.9,E99,(465)(0.8565),(0.05)( 465 )) v 1
C. 4HMBD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ R@LOKD NE RHYD 465 G@UHMF @S KD@RS @ LD@M RTLNE 396.9 HR @OOOQNWHL@SDKX 1, VD B@M BNMBKTCD
SG@S .@QR HR BNQQDBSKX K@ADKHMF SGDHQ .&. O@BJ@FDR.
95 6RD >?B=3<568
E 99,1.1,1,
1
70
= 0.7986. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGDQD HR @M 80% BG@MBD SG@S SGD RDQUHBD SHLD VHKK AD
KDRR SG@M 1.1 GNTQR. *S BNTKC AD VHRD SN RBGDCTKD LNQD SHLD RHMBD SGDQD HR @M @RRNBH@SDC 20% BG@MBD SG@S SGD L@HMSDM@MBD
SHLD VHKK AD FQD@SDQ SG@M 1.1 GNTQR.
97 4HMBD VD G@UD >?B=3<568
5.111,5.291,5.201,
0.065
280
, HR SGD ED>CI :HI>B6I: ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, Z. 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM,
I, HR SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \.
&@BG NE x
n
=
1
100
= 0.1 .
5GD :BE>G>86A GJA:, VGHBG @OOKHDR SN ADKK-RG@ODC CHRSQHATSHNMR, R@XR SG@S HM @OOQNWHL@SDKX 95% NE SGD R@LOKDR, SGD
R@LOKD LD@M, x
, VHKK AD VHSGHM SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z. 'NQ NTQ H5TMDR DW@LOKD, SVN RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR HR (2)(0.1) = 0.2. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M x
HR VHSGHM 0.2 TMHSR NE Z, VGHBG HR TMJMNVM, SGDM Z HR KHJDKX SN AD VHSGHM 0.2 TMHSR NE x
HM 95% NE SGD
R@LOKDR. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z HR BNMS@HMDC HM @M HMSDQU@K VGNRD KNVDQ MTLADQ HR B@KBTK@SDC AX S@JHMF SGD R@LOKD LD@M
@MC RTASQ@BSHMF SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR (2)(0.1) @MC VGNRD TOODQ MTLADQ HR B@KBTK@SDC AX S@JHMF SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC
@CCHMF SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, Z HR ADSVDDM x
0.2 @MC x
SG@S HR MNS VHSGHM 0.2 TMHSR NE SGD SQTD LD@M Z. 5GD RDBNMC ONRRHAHKHSX G@OODMR ENQ NMKX 5% NE @KK
SGD R@LOKDR (95k100%).
3DLDLADQ SG@S @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR BQD@SDC ENQ @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ KHJD SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, Z.
$NMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR ENQ RNLD O@Q@LDSDQR G@UD SGD ENQL:
(ED>CI :HI>B6I: R B6G<>C D; :GGDG, ED>CI :HI>B6I: + B6G<>C D; :GGDG)
5GD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ CDODMCR NM SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK NQ ODQBDMS@FD NE BNMEHCDMBD @MC SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M.
8GDM XNT QD@C MDVRO@ODQR @MC INTQM@KR, RNLD QDONQSR VHKK TRD SGD OGQ@RD "L@QFHM NE DQQNQ." 0SGDQ QDONQSR VHKK MNS TRD
SG@S OGQ@RD, ATS HMBKTCD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @R SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD OKTR NQ LHMTR SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ. 5GDRD @QD SVN V@XR NE
DWOQDRRHMF SGD R@LD BNMBDOS.
,-2#
"KSGNTFG SGD SDWS NMKX BNUDQR RXLLDSQHB@K BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR, SGDQD @QD MNM-RXLLDSQHB@K BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR (ENQ
DW@LOKD, @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM).
)@UD XNTQ HMRSQTBSNQ QDBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE LD@KR D@BG RSTCDMS HM XNTQ BK@RR D@SR NTS HM @ VDDJ. "RRTLD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM SN AD SGQDD LD@KR. $NMRSQTBS @M @OOQNWHL@SD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M MTLADQ NE
LD@KR RSTCDMSR D@S NTS D@BG VDDJ.
442 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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1. $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
2. -DS \ = 3 @MC D = SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR RTQUDXDC.
3. $NMRSQTBS SGD HMSDQU@K
, x
+ (2)
.
8D R@X VD @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX 95% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD SQTD LD@M MTLADQ NE LD@KR SG@S RSTCDMSR D@S NTS HM @ VDDJ HR
ADSVDDM ?????????? @MC ???????????.
8.1 U !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H,
.IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH )HIQH, ,ILG;F
" BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VHSG @ JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR A@RDC NM SGD E@BS SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@MR
ENKKNV @M @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 4TOONRD SG@S NTQ R@LOKD G@R @ LD@M NE x
@R @M DRSHL@SD ENQ Z @MC VD MDDC SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ. )DQD, SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ (EB&) HR B@KKDC
SGD :GGDG 7DJC9 ;DG 6 EDEJA6I>DC B:6C (@AAQDUH@SDC EBM). 5GD R@LOKD LD@M x
EBM, x
+EBM)
5GD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ (EB&) CDODMCR NM SGD 8DC;>9:C8: A:K:A (@AAQDUH@SDC CL). 5GD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HR NESDM BNMRHCDQDC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD B@KBTK@SDC BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD VHKK BNMS@HM SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ. )NVDUDQ, HS
HR LNQD @BBTQ@SD SN RS@SD SG@S SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HR SGD ODQBDMS NE BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR SG@S BNMS@HM SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM
O@Q@LDSDQ VGDM QDOD@SDC R@LOKDR @QD S@JDM. .NRS NESDM, HS HR SGD BGNHBD NE SGD ODQRNM BNMRSQTBSHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
SN BGNNRD @ BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK NE 90% NQ GHFGDQ ADB@TRD SG@S ODQRNM V@MSR SN AD QD@RNM@AKX BDQS@HM NE GHR NQ GDQ BNMBKTRHNMR.
5GDQD HR @MNSGDQ OQNA@AHKHSX B@KKDC @KOG@ (V). V HR QDK@SDC SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, C%. V HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD
HMSDQU@K CNDR MNS BNMS@HM SGD TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ.
.@SGDL@SHB@KKX, V + C% = 1.
$T=ILHA 8.1
2QLLKOA SA D=RA ?KHHA?PA@ @=P= BNKI = O=ILHA. 6A GJKS PDA O=ILHA IA=J >QP SA @K JKP GJKS PDA
IA=J BKN PDA AJPENA LKLQH=PEKJ.
3DA O=ILHA IA=J EO OARAJ, =J@ PDA ANNKN >KQJ@ BKN PDA IA=J EO 2.5.
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!;F=OF;NCHA NB? !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
5N BNMRSQTBS @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, VD MDDC C@S@ EQNL @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD. 5GD
RSDOR SN BNMRSQTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @QD:
c $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M x
EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@. 3DLDLADQ, HM SGHR RDBSHNM VD @KQD@CX JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \.
c 'HMC SGD P-RBNQD SG@S BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK.
c $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC EB&.
c $NMRSQTBS SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
c 8QHSD @ RDMSDMBD SG@S HMSDQOQDSR SGD DRSHL@SD HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD RHST@SHNM HM SGD OQNAKDL. (&WOK@HM VG@S SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K LD@MR, HM SGD VNQCR NE SGD OQNAKDL.)
8D VHKK EHQRS DW@LHMD D@BG RSDO HM LNQD CDS@HK, @MC SGDM HKKTRSQ@SD SGD OQNBDRR VHSG RNLD DW@LOKDR.
$CH>CHA NB? <-M=IL? @IL NB? 1N;N?> !IH@C>?H=? *?P?F
8GDM VD JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \, VD TRD @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC
&#.@MC BNMRSQTBS SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. 8D MDDC SN EHMC SGD U@KTD NE P SG@S OTSR @M @QD@ DPT@K SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK (HM
CDBHL@K ENQL) HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM 3 ] '(0, 1).
5GD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, C%, HR SGD @QD@ HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. C% = 1 k V, RN V HR SGD @QD@ SG@S
HR ROKHS DPT@KKX ADSVDDM SGD SVN S@HKR. &@BG NE SGD S@HKR BNMS@HMR @M @QD@ DPT@K SN
2
.
5GD Y-RBNQD SG@S G@R @M @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE
2
HR CDMNSDC AX z
2
.
'NQ DW@LOKD, VGDM C% = 0.95, V = 0.05 @MC
2
= 0.025; VD VQHSD z
2
= P
0.025
.
5GD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE P
0.025
HR 0.025 @MC SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE P
0.025
HR 1 k 0.025 = 0.975.
z
2
= z
0.025
= 1.96 , TRHMF @ B@KBTK@SNQ, BNLOTSDQ NQ @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD.
;>F$?B=(0.975, 0, 1) = 1.96
444 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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,-2#
3DLDLADQ SN TRD SGD @QD@ SN SGD -&'5 NE z
2
; HM SGHR BG@OSDQ SGD K@RS SVN HMOTSR HM SGD HMU/NQL BNLL@MC @QD 0, 1,
ADB@TRD XNT @QD TRHMF @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM 3 ] '(0, 1).
!;F=OF;NCHA NB? #LLIL IOH> (EBM)
5GD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ ENQ @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z VGDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ HR JMNVM HR
c EB& =
z
2
EBM, x
+ EBM) .
5GD FQ@OG FHUDR @ OHBSTQD NE SGD DMSHQD RHST@SHNM.
C% +
2
+
2
= C% + V = 1.
$CAOL? 8.3
5LCNCHA NB? 'HN?LJL?N;NCIH
5GD HMSDQOQDS@SHNM RGNTKC BKD@QKX RS@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK (C%), DWOK@HM VG@S ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ HR ADHMF DRSHL@SDC
(GDQD, @ EDEJA6I>DC B:6C), @MC RS@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K (ANSG DMCONHMSR). "8D DRSHL@SD VHSG ???%BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD
SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M (HMBKTCD SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD OQNAKDL) HR ADSVDDM ??? @MC ??? (HMBKTCD @OOQNOQH@SD TMHSR)."
$T=ILHA 8.2
4TOONRD RBNQDR NM DW@LR HM RS@SHRSHBR @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @MC @ ONOTK@SHNM
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGQDD ONHMSR. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 36 RBNQDR HR S@JDM @MC FHUDR @ R@LOKD LD@M (R@LOKD
LD@M RBNQD) NE 68. 'HMC @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M DW@L RBNQD (SGD LD@M RBNQD NM @KK
DW@LR).
'HMC @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD (ONOTK@SHNM) LD@M NE RS@SHRSHBR DW@L RBNQDR.
1IFONCIH 8.2
c :NT B@M TRD SDBGMNKNFX SN B@KBTK@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K CHQDBSKX.
c 5GD EHQRS RNKTSHNM HR RGNVM RSDO-AX-RSDO (4NKTSHNM ").
c 5GD RDBNMC RNKTSHNM TRDR SGD 5*-83, 83+, @MC 84+ B@KBTK@SNQR (4NKTSHNM #).
1IFONCIH A
5N EHMC SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, XNT MDDC SGD R@LOKD LD@M, x
= 68
EBM =
z
2
2
= 0.05 z
2
= z
0.05
5GD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE P
0.05
HR 0.05 @MC SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE P
0.05
HR 1 k 0.05 = 0.95.
z
2
= z
0.05
= 1.645
TRHMF HMU/NQL(0.95, 0, 1) NM SGD 5*-83,83+, @MC 84+ B@KBTK@SNQR. 5GHR B@M @KRN AD ENTMC TRHMF @OOQNOQH@SD
BNLL@MCR NM NSGDQ B@KBTK@SNQR, TRHMF @ BNLOTSDQ, NQ TRHMF @ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
EB& = (1.645)
3
36
= 0.8225
x
= 1.024
448 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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/DWS, EHMC SGD EB&. #DB@TRD XNT @QD BQD@SHMF @ 98% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, C% = 0.98.
$CAOL? 8.4
:NT MDDC SN EHMC P
0.01
G@UHMF SGD OQNODQSX SG@S SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD MNQL@K CDMRHSX BTQUD SN SGD QHFGS NE P
0.01
HR
0.01 @MC SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES HR 0.99. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ, @ BNLOTSDQ, NQ @ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM SN EHMC P
0.01
= 2.326.
EBM = (z
0.01
)
n
= (2.326)
0.337
30
= 0.1431
5N EHMC SGD 98% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, EHMC x
EBM.
x
: 1.024
&: 30
C-HARAH: 0.98
NNKS @KSJ PK "=H?QH=PA =J@ LNAOO $-3$1.
3DA ?KJBE@AJ?A EJPANR=H EO (PK PDNAA @A?EI=H LH=?AO) (0.881, 1.167).
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 449
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8.3 2;<F? 8.2 RGNVR @ CHEEDQDMS Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF NE 20 BDKK OGNMD LNCDKR. 6RD SGHR C@S@ SN B@KBTK@SD @ 93%
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M 4"3 ENQ BDKK OGNMDR BDQSHEHDC ENQ TRD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. "R OQDUHNTRKX, @RRTLD
SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ = 0.337.
.BIH? +I>?F 1A0 .BIH? +I>?F 1A0
!H=?G>ANNU /A=NH 8120 1.48 -KGE= $71T 1.53
'3" $RK #AOECJ 4& 0.8 -KGE= -75 0.68
'3" %NAAOPUHA 1.15 -KGE= -79 1.4
+& HHU 1.36 2=CAI /QI= 1.24
+& %=PDKI 0.77 2=IOQJC %=O?EJ=PA 0.57
+& .LPEIQO 5Q 0.462 2=IOQJC (JBQOA 4& 0.2
,KPKNKH= "HEM 73 1.36 2=IOQJC -ATQO 2 0.51
,KPKNKH= #NKE@ /NK 1.39 2=IOQJC 1ALHAJEOD 0.3
,KPKNKH= #NKE@ 1=VN , 1.3 2KJU 6518= 6=HGI=J 0.73
-KGE= 7705 3SEOP 0.7 93$ "79 0.869
2;<F? 8.2
/NSHBD SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR B@KBTK@SDC HM #R;GJF? 8.3 @MC SGD ENKKNVHMF 2LS 'N 1.3 DWDQBHRD.
5GDRD HMSDQU@KR @QD CHEEDQDMS ENQ RDUDQ@K QD@RNMR: SGDX VDQD B@KBTK@SDC EQNL CHEEDQDMS R@LOKDR, SGD R@LOKDR VDQD CHEEDQDMS
RHYDR, @MC SGD HMSDQU@KR VDQD B@KBTK@SDC ENQ CHEEDQDMS KDUDKR NE BNMEHCDMBD. &UDM SGNTFG SGD HMSDQU@KR @QD CHEEDQDMS, SGDX CN
MNS XHDKC BNMEKHBSHMF HMENQL@SHNM. 5GD DEEDBSR NE SGDRD JHMCR NE BG@MFDR @QD SGD RTAIDBS NE SGD MDWS RDBSHNM HM SGHR BG@OSDQ.
!B;HACHA NB? !IH@C>?H=? *?P?F IL 1;GJF? 1CT?
$T=ILHA 8.4
4TOONRD VD BG@MFD SGD NQHFHM@K OQNAKDLAX TRHMF @ 95%BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK. 'HMC @ 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD
SQTD (ONOTK@SHNM) LD@M RS@SHRSHBR DW@L RBNQD.
1IFONCIH 8.4
5N EHMC SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, XNT MDDC SGD R@LOKD LD@M, x
= 68
EBM =
z
2
2
= 0.025 z
2
= z
0.025
5GD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE P
0.025
HR 0.025 @MC SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE P
0.025
HR 1 k 0.025 = 0.975.
z
2
= z
0.025
= 1.96
8GDM TRHMF HMUMNQL(0.975,0,1) NM SGD 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84+ B@KBTK@SNQR. (5GHR B@M @KRN AD ENTMC TRHMF
@OOQNOQH@SD BNLL@MCR NM NSGDQ B@KBTK@SNQR, TRHMF @ BNLOTSDQ, NQ TRHMF @ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM.)
EB& = (1.96)
3
36
= 0.98
x
= 68
c EB& =
z
2
z
2
= (1.645)
3
100
= 0.4935.
1IFONCIH 8.5
1IFONCIH
*E VD 9:8G:6H: SGD R@LOKD RHYD D SN 25, VD >C8G:6H: SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
8GDM D = 25: EB& =
z
2
= (1.645)
3
25
= 0.987.
2QII=NU: $BBA?P KB "D=JCEJC PDA 2=ILHA 2EVA
c *MBQD@RHMF SGD R@LOKD RHYD B@TRDR SGD DQQNQ ANTMC SN CDBQD@RD, L@JHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K M@QQNVDQ.
c %DBQD@RHMF SGD R@LOKD RHYD B@TRDR SGD DQQNQ ANTMC SN HMBQD@RD, L@JHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K VHCDQ.
8.5 3DEDQ A@BJ SN 2LS 'N 1.2. 5GD LD@M CDKHUDQX SHLR HR 36 LHMTSDR @MC SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDU@HSNM HR RHW
LHMTSDR. "RRTLD SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR BG@MFDC SN 50 QDRS@TQ@MSR VHSG SGD R@LD R@LOKD LD@M. 'HMC @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M CDKHUDQX SHLD.
5ILECHA ;=EQ;L>M NI $CH> NB? #LLIL IOH> IL 1;GJF? +?;H
8GDM VD B@KBTK@SD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, VD EHMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M, B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC, @MC TRD SGDL SN B@KBTK@SD SGD
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. )NVDUDQ, RNLDSHLDR VGDM VD QD@C RS@SHRSHB@K RSTCHDR, SGD RSTCX L@X RS@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K NMKX.
*E VD JMNV SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, VD B@M VNQJ A@BJV@QCR SN EHMC ANSG SGD DQQNQ ANTMC @MC SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
$CH>CHA NB? #LLIL IOH>
c 'QNL SGD TOODQ U@KTD ENQ SGD HMSDQU@K, RTASQ@BS SGD R@LOKD LD@M,
c 03, EQNL SGD TOODQ U@KTD ENQ SGD HMSDQU@K, RTASQ@BS SGD KNVDQ U@KTD. 5GDM CHUHCD SGD CHEEDQDMBD AX SVN.
$CH>CHA NB? 1;GJF? +?;H
c 4TASQ@BS SGD DQQNQ ANTMC EQNL SGD TOODQ U@KTD NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K,
c 03, @UDQ@FD SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ DMCONHMSR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
452 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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/NSHBD SG@S SGDQD @QD SVN LDSGNCR SN ODQENQL D@BG B@KBTK@SHNM. :NT B@M BGNNRD SGD LDSGNC SG@S HR D@RHDQ SN TRD VHSG SGD
HMENQL@SHNM XNT JMNV.
$T=ILHA 8.6
4TOONRD VD JMNV SG@S @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (67.18, 68.82) @MC VD V@MS SN EHMC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC. 8D L@X JMNV
SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR 68, NQ ODQG@OR NTQ RNTQBD NMKX F@UD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @MC CHC MNS SDKK TR SGD U@KTD
NE SGD SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
"=H?QH=PA PDA $NNKN !KQJ@:
c *E VD JMNV SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR 68: EB& = 68.82 k 68 = 0.82.
c *E VD CNM'S JMNV SGD R@LOKD LD@M: EB& =
(68.82 67.18)
2
= 0.82.
"=H?QH=PA PDA 2=ILHA ,A=J:
c *E VD JMNV SGD DQQNQ ANTMC: x
= 68.82 k 0.82 = 68
c *E VD CNM'S JMNV SGD DQQNQ ANTMC: x
=
(67.18 + 68.82)
2
= 68.
8.6 4TOONRD VD JMNV SG@S @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (42.12, 47.88). 'HMC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC @MC SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
!;F=OF;NCHA NB? 1;GJF? 1CT? 1
*E QDRD@QBGDQR CDRHQD @ RODBHEHB L@QFHM NE DQQNQ, SGDM SGDX B@M TRD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ SN B@KBTK@SD SGD QDPTHQDC R@LOKD
RHYD.
5GD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VGDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM HR
EB& =
z
2
.
5GD ENQLTK@ ENQ R@LOKD RHYD HR D =
z
2
2
EBM
2
, ENTMC AX RNKUHMF SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ ENQ D.
*M SGHR ENQLTK@, P HR z
2
, BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD CDRHQDC BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK. " QDRD@QBGDQ OK@MMHMF @ RSTCX VGN V@MSR @
RODBHEHDC BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK @MC DQQNQ ANTMC B@M TRD SGHR ENQLTK@ SN B@KBTK@SD SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD MDDCDC ENQ SGD RSTCX.
$T=ILHA 8.7
5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD @FD NE 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR HR 15 XD@QR. *E VD V@MS SN AD 95%
BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M @FD HR VHSGHM SVN XD@QR NE SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @FD NE 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD
RSTCDMSR, GNV L@MX Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR LTRS AD RTQUDXDC
%NKI PDA LNK>HAI, SA GJKS PD=P 6 = 15 =J@ EBM = 2.
1 = 1
0.025
= 1.96, >A?=QOA PDA ?KJBE@AJ?A HARAH EO 95%.
& =
z
2
2
EBM
2
=
(1.96)
2
(15)
2
2
2
= 216.09 QOEJC PDA O=ILHA OEVA AMQ=PEKJ.
4OA & = 217: HS=UO NKQJ@ PDA =JOSAN 4/ PK PDA JATP DECDAN EJPACAN PK AJOQNA PD=P PDA O=ILHA OEVA EO
H=NCA AJKQCD.
5GDQDENQD, 217 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR RGNTKC AD RTQUDXDC HM NQCDQ SN AD 95%BNMEHCDMS SG@S VD @QD VHSGHM
SVN XD@QR NE SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @FD NE 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 453
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8.7 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD GDHFGS NE GHFG RBGNNK A@RJDSA@KK OK@XDQR HR SGQDD HMBGDR. *E VD V@MS SN AD
95%BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M GDHFGS HR VHSGHM NMD HMBG NE SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M GDHFGS, GNV L@MX Q@MCNLKX
RDKDBSDC RSTCDMSR LTRS AD RTQUDXDC
8.2 U !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H,
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH 3HEHIQH, 1NO>?HN'M N->CMNLC<ONCIH
*M OQ@BSHBD, VD Q@QDKX JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC. *M SGD O@RS, VGDM SGD R@LOKD RHYD V@R K@QFD, SGHR CHC MNS
OQDRDMS @ OQNAKDL SN RS@SHRSHBH@MR. 5GDX TRDC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM I @R @M DRSHL@SD ENQ \ @MC OQNBDDCDC @R ADENQD
SN B@KBTK@SD @ 8DC;>9:C8: >CI:GK6A VHSG BKNRD DMNTFG QDRTKSR. )NVDUDQ, RS@SHRSHBH@MR Q@M HMSN OQNAKDLR VGDM SGD R@LOKD RHYD
V@R RL@KK. " RL@KK R@LOKD RHYD B@TRDC HM@BBTQ@BHDR HM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
8HKKH@L 4. (NRDS (1876k1937) NE SGD (THMMDRR AQDVDQX HM %TAKHM, *QDK@MC Q@M HMSN SGHR OQNAKDL. )HR DWODQHLDMSR
VHSG GNOR @MC A@QKDX OQNCTBDC UDQX EDV R@LOKDR. +TRS QDOK@BHMF \ VHSG I CHC MNS OQNCTBD @BBTQ@SD QDRTKSR VGDM GD SQHDC
SN B@KBTK@SD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. )D QD@KHYDC SG@S GD BNTKC MNS TRD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD B@KBTK@SHNM; GD ENTMC
SG@S SGD @BST@K CHRSQHATSHNM CDODMCR NM SGD R@LOKD RHYD. 5GHR OQNAKDL KDC GHL SN "CHRBNUDQ" VG@S HR B@KKDC SGD 0IJ9:CI'H
I-9>HIG>7JI>DC. 5GD M@LD BNLDR EQNL SGD E@BS SG@S (NRRDS VQNSD TMCDQ SGD ODM M@LD "4STCDMS."
6O TMSHK SGD LHC-1970R, RNLD RS@SHRSHBH@MR TRDC SGD CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC @OOQNWHL@SHNM ENQ K@QFD R@LOKD RHYDR @MC NMKX
TRDC SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM NMKX ENQ R@LOKD RHYDR NE @S LNRS 30. 8HSG FQ@OGHMF B@KBTK@SNQR @MC BNLOTSDQR, SGD OQ@BSHBD
MNV HR SN TRD SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM VGDMDUDQ I HR TRDC @R @M DRSHL@SD ENQ \.
*E XNT CQ@V @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE RHYD D EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM SG@S G@R @M @OOQNWHL@SDKX @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
VHSG LD@M Z @MC TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD J-RBNQD J =
x
s
n
HR EQNL HSR LD@M Z. 'NQ D@BG R@LOKD RHYD D, SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMS 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM.
5GD 9:<G::H D; ;G::9DB, n R 1, BNLD EQNL SGD B@KBTK@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM $. *M >?M=LCJNCP?
MN;NCMNC=M (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/QA2599/F;N?MN/#G46925) , VD TRDC D CDUH@SHNMR (x x
values) SN B@KBTK@SD $.
#DB@TRD SGD RTL NE SGD CDUH@SHNMR HR YDQN, VD B@M EHMC SGD K@RS CDUH@SHNM NMBD VD JMNV SGD NSGDQ n R 1 CDUH@SHNMR. 5GD NSGDQ
n R 1 CDUH@SHNMR B@M BG@MFD NQ U@QX EQDDKX. 4: 86AA I=: CJB7:G n R 1 I=: 9:<G::H D; ;G::9DB (9;).
/NKLANPEAO KB PDA 2PQ@AJP'O P-#EOPNE>QPEKJ
c 5GD FQ@OG ENQ SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM HR RHLHK@Q SN SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K BTQUD.
c 5GD LD@M ENQ SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM HR YDQN @MC SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR RXLLDSQHB @ANTS YDQN.
c 5GD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM G@R LNQD OQNA@AHKHSX HM HSR S@HKR SG@M SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ADB@TRD SGD ROQD@C NE
SGD S-CHRSQHATSHNM HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD ROQD@C NE SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K. 4N SGD FQ@OG NE SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM VHKK AD
SGHBJDQ HM SGD S@HKR @MC RGNQSDQ HM SGD BDMSDQ SG@M SGD FQ@OG NE SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
c 5GD DW@BS RG@OD NE SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM CDODMCR NM SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL. "R SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNLHMBQD@RDR,
SGD FQ@OG NE 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM ADBNLDR LNQD KHJD SGD FQ@OG NE SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
c 5GD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM NE HMCHUHCT@K NARDQU@SHNMR HR @RRTLDC SN AD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM
LD@M Z @MC TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \. 5GD RHYD NE SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR FDMDQ@KKX MNS QDKDU@MS
TMKDRR HS HR UDQX RL@KK. *E HS HR ADKK RG@ODC (MNQL@K) SGDM SGD @RRTLOSHNM HR LDS @MC CNDRM'S MDDC CHRBTRRHNM. 3@MCNL
R@LOKHMF HR @RRTLDC, ATS SG@S HR @ BNLOKDSDKX RDO@Q@SD @RRTLOSHNM EQNL MNQL@KHSX.
$@KBTK@SNQR @MC BNLOTSDQR B@M D@RHKX B@KBTK@SD @MX 4STCDMS'R S-OQNA@AHKHSHDR. 5GD 5*-83,83+, @MC 84+ G@UD @ SBCE
ETMBSHNM SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ FHUDM U@KTDR NE J. 5GD FQ@LL@Q ENQ SGD SBCE BNLL@MC HR SBCE(KNVDQ ANTMC, TOODQ ANTMC,
CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL). )NVDUDQ ENQ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR, VD MDDC SN TRD >CK:GH: OQNA@AHKHSX SN EHMC SGD U@KTD NE J VGDM VD
JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
'NQ SGD 5*-84+ XNT B@M TRD SGD HMU5 BNLL@MC NM SGD %*453HATSHNM LDMT. 5GD HMU5 BNLL@MC VNQJR RHLHK@QKX SN SGD
HMUMNQL. 5GD HMU5 BNLL@MC QDPTHQDR SVN HMOTSR: >CK1(6G:6 ID I=: A:;I, 9:<G::H D; ;G::9DB) 5GD NTSOTS HR SGD S-RBNQD SG@S
BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD @QD@ VD RODBHEHDC.
5GD 5*-83 @MC 83+ CN MNS G@UD SGD HMU5 BNLL@MC. (5GD 5*-89 G@R @M HMUDQRD 5 BNLL@MC.)
" OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD ENQ SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM B@M @KRN AD TRDC. 5GD S@AKD FHUDR S-RBNQDR SG@S BNQQDRONMC SN SGD
BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK (BNKTLM) @MC CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL (QNV). (5GD 5*-86 CNDR MNS G@UD @M HMU5 OQNFQ@L NQ BNLL@MC, RN HE XNT
@QD TRHMF SG@S B@KBTK@SNQ, XNT MDDC SN TRD @ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD ENQ SGD 4STCDMS'R S-%HRSQHATSHNM.) 8GDM TRHMF @ J-S@AKD, MNSD SG@S
RNLD S@AKDR @QD ENQL@SSDC SN RGNV SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HM SGD BNKTLM GD@CHMFR, VGHKD SGD BNKTLM GD@CHMFR HM RNLD S@AKDR
454 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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L@X RGNV NMKX BNQQDRONMCHMF @QD@ HM NMD NQ ANSG S@HKR.
" 4STCDMS'R S S@AKD (4DD 15. 2;<F?M (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/QA2612/F;N?MN/#G47129) ) FHUDR J-RBNQDR FHUDM SGD
CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL @MC SGD QHFGS-S@HKDC OQNA@AHKHSX. 5GD S@AKD HR UDQX KHLHSDC. 6A8JA6IDGH 6C9 8DBEJI:GH 86C :6H>AN
86A8JA6I: 6CN 0IJ9:CI'H I-EGD767>A>I>:H.
2B? HIN;NCIH @IL NB? 1NO>?HN'M N->CMNLC<ONCIH (OMCHA ;M NB? L;H>IG P;LC;<F?) CM:
c - Q J
:<
VGDQD :< = D k 1.
c 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE VD G@UD @ R@LOKD NE RHYD D = 20 HSDLR, SGDM VD B@KBTK@SD SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL @R :< = D - 1 = 20 - 1
= 19 @MC VD VQHSD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM @R - Q J
19
.
&; I=: EDEJA6I>DC HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC >H CDI @CDLC, SGD :GGDG 7DJC9 ;DG 6 EDEJA6I>DC B:6C HR:
c EBM =
t
2
s
n
,
c t
2
HR SGD J-RBNQD VHSG @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS DPT@K SN
2
,
c TRD :< = D k 1 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL, @MC
c I = R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
1=: ;DGB6I ;DG I=: 8DC;>9:C8: >CI:GK6A >H:
( x
EBM, x + EBM) .
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 455
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5N B@KBTK@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K CHQDBSKX:
1QDRR 45"5.
"QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454.
"QQNV CNVM SN 8:5*MSDQU@K @MC OQDRR &/5&3 (NQ ITRS OQDRR 8).
456 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$T=ILHA 8.8
4TOONRD XNT CN @ RSTCX NE @BTOTMBSTQD SN CDSDQLHMD GNV DEEDBSHUD HS HR HM QDKHDUHMF O@HM. :NT LD@RTQD RDMRNQX
Q@SDR ENQ 15 RTAIDBSR VHSG SGD QDRTKSR FHUDM. 6RD SGD R@LOKD C@S@ SN BNMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD
LD@M RDMRNQX Q@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM (@RRTLDC MNQL@K) EQNL VGHBG XNT SNNJ SGD C@S@.
5GD RNKTSHNM HR RGNVM RSDO-AX-RSDO @MC AX TRHMF SGD 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84+ B@KBTK@SNQR.
8.6; 9.4; 7.9; 6.8; 8.3; 7.3; 9.2; 9.6; 8.7; 11.4; 10.3; 5.4; 8.1; 5.5; 6.9
1IFONCIH 8.8
c 5GD EHQRS RNKTSHNM HR RSDO-AX-RSDO (4NKTSHNM ").
c 5GD RDBNMC RNKTSHNM TRDR SGD 5*-83+ @MC 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR (4NKTSHNM #).
1IFONCIH A
5N EHMC SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, XNT MDDC SGD R@LOKD LD@M, x
= 8.2267 I = 1.6722 D = 15
:< = 15 k 1 = 14 C% RN V = 1 k C% = 1 k 0.95 = 0.05
2
= 0.025 t
2
= t
0.025
5GD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE J
0.025
HR 0.025, @MC SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE J
0.025
HR 1 k 0.025 = 0.975
t
2
= t
0.025
= 2.14 TRHMF HMU5(.975,14) NM SGD 5*-84+ B@KBTK@SNQ.
EBM =
t
2
s
n
EBM = (2.14)
1.6722
15
= 0.924
x
2
= 0.05t
2
= t
0.05
#X CDEHMHSHNM, SGD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE J
0.05
HR 0.05 @MC RN SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE J
0.05
HR 1 k 0.05 = 0.95.
6RD @ S@AKD, B@KBTK@SNQ, NQ BNLOTSDQ SN EHMC SG@S J
0.05
= 1.729.
EBM = t
2
s
n
= 1.729
25.965
20
~ 10.038
x
np
n
,
npq
n
np
n
,
npq
n
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K G@R SGD ENQL (Fc k EB), Fc + EB)). EB) HR DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGD OQNONQSHNM.
Fc =
x
n
Fc = SGD :HI>B6I:9 EGDEDGI>DC NE RTBBDRRDR (Fc HR @ ED>CI :HI>B6I: ENQ F, SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM.)
N = SGD CJB7:G NE RTBBDRRDR
D = SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD
1=: :GGDG 7DJC9 ;DG 6 EGDEDGI>DC >H
EBP =
z
2
p q
n
VGDQD Gc = 1 k Fc
5GHR ENQLTK@ HR RHLHK@Q SN SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ ENQ @ LD@M, DWBDOS SG@S SGD "@OOQNOQH@SD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM" HR
CHEEDQDMS. 'NQ @ LD@M, VGDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM, SGD @OOQNOQH@SD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SG@S VD TRD HR
n
. 'NQ @ OQNONQSHNM, SGD @OOQNOQH@SD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR
pq
n
.
)NVDUDQ, HM SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@, VD TRD
p q
n
@R SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, HMRSD@C NE
pq
n
.
*M SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@, SGD H6BEA: EGDEDGI>DCH !1 6C9 "1 6G: :HI>B6I:H D; I=: JC@CDLC EDEJA6I>DC EGDEDGI>DCH
! 6C9 ". 5GD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNMR Fc @MC Gc @QD TRDC ADB@TRD F @MC G @QD MNS JMNVM. 5GD R@LOKD OQNONQSHNMR Fc @MC Gc @QD
B@KBTK@SDC EQNL SGD C@S@: Fc HR SGD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM NE RTBBDRRDR, @MC Gc HR SGD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM NE E@HKTQDR.
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K B@M AD TRDC NMKX HE SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR DFc @MC SGD MTLADQ NE E@HKTQDR DGc @QD ANSG FQD@SDQ
SG@M EHUD.
,-2#
'NQ SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE OQNONQSHNMR, SGD P-RBNQD ENQLTK@ HR @R ENKKNVR.
*E P ~N
p,
pq
n
500,
421
500
.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, XNT LTRS EHMC Fc, Gc, @MC EB).
D = 500
N = SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR = 421
p =
x
n
=
421
500
= 0.842
Fc = 0.842 HR SGD R@LOKD OQNONQSHNM; SGHR HR SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM.
460 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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Gc = 1 k Fc = 1 k 0.842 = 0.158
4HMBD C% = 0.95, SGDM V = 1 k C% = 1 k 0.95 = 0.05
= 0.025.
5GDM z
2
= z
0.025
= 1.96
6RD SGD 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84+ B@KBTK@SNQ BNLL@MC HMU/NQL(0.975,0,1) SN EHMC P
0.025
. 3DLDLADQ SG@S SGD @QD@
SN SGD QHFGS NE P
0.025
HR 0.025 @MC SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE P
0.025
HR 0.975. 5GHR B@M @KRN AD ENTMC TRHMF @OOQNOQH@SD
BNLL@MCR NM NSGDQ B@KBTK@SNQR, TRHMF @ BNLOTSDQ, NQ TRHMF @ 4S@MC@QC /NQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD.
EBP =
z
2
p q
n
= (1.96)
(0.842)(0.158)
500
= 0.032
p' EBP = 0.842 0.032 = 0.81
p + EBP = 0.842 + 0.032 = 0.874
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD AHMNLH@K ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR (Fc k EB), Fc + EB)) = (0.810, 0.874).
'HN?LJL?N;NCIH
8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 95% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S ADSVDDM 81% @MC 87.4% NE @KK @CTKS QDRHCDMSR NE SGHR BHSX G@UD BDKK
OGNMDR.
#RJF;H;NCIH I@ 95% !IH@C>?H=? *?P?F
/HMDSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR BNMRSQTBSDC HM SGHR V@X VNTKC BNMS@HM SGD SQTD U@KTD ENQ SGD
ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE @KK @CTKS QDRHCDMSR NE SGHR BHSX VGN G@UD BDKK OGNMDR.
1IFONCIH 8.10
1IFONCIH
1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*).
"QQNV CNVM SN A:1-&B?@/;>D. 1QDRR E$*E(.
"QQNV CNVM SN x @MC DMSDQ 421.
"QQNV CNVM SN n @MC DMSDQ 500.
"QQNV CNVM SN C-"7F7< @MC DMSDQ .95.
"QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (0.81003, 0.87397).
8.10 4TOONRD 250 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ODNOKD @QD RTQUDXDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDX NVM @ S@AKDS. 0E SGD 250 RTQUDXDC, 98
QDONQSDC NVMHMF @ S@AKDS. 6RHMF @ 95%BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, BNLOTSD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM
NE ODNOKD VGN NVM S@AKDSR.
$T=ILHA 8.11
'NQ @ BK@RR OQNIDBS, @ ONKHSHB@K RBHDMBD RSTCDMS @S @ K@QFD TMHUDQRHSX V@MSR SN DRSHL@SD SGD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR VGN
@QD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR. )D RTQUDXR 500 RSTCDMSR @MC EHMCR SG@S 300 @QD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR. $NLOTSD @ 90%BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR VGN @QD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR, @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
1IFONCIH 8.11
c 5GD EHQRS RNKTSHNM HR RSDO-AX-RSDO (4NKTSHNM ").
c 5GD RDBNMC RNKTSHNM TRDR @ ETMBSHNM NE SGD 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84 B@KBTK@SNQR (4NKTSHNM #).
1IFONCIH A
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 461
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N = 300 @MC D = 500
p =
x
n
=
300
500
= 0.600
q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.600 = 0.400
4HMBD C% = 0.90, SGDM V = 1 k C% = 1 k 0.90 = 0.10
= 0.05
z
2
= P
0.05
= 1.645
6RD SGD 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84+ B@KBTK@SNQ BNLL@MC HMU/NQL(0.95,0,1) SN EHMC P
0.05
. 3DLDLADQ SG@S SGD @QD@ SN
SGD QHFGS NE P
0.05
HR 0.05 @MC SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE P
0.05
HR 0.95. 5GHR B@M @KRN AD ENTMC TRHMF @OOQNOQH@SD BNLL@MCR
NM NSGDQ B@KBTK@SNQR, TRHMF @ BNLOTSDQ, NQ TRHMF @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD.
EBP =
z
2
p q
n
= (1.645)
(0.60)(0.40)
500
= 0.036
p EBP = 0.60 0.036 = 0.564
p + EBP = 0.60 + 0.036 = 0.636
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD AHMNLH@K ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR (Fc k EB), Fc + EB)) = (0.564,0.636).
'HN?LJL?N;NCIH
c 8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 90% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD SQTD ODQBDMS NE @KK RSTCDMSR SG@S @QD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR HR ADSVDDM
56.4% @MC 63.6%.
c "KSDQM@SD 8NQCHMF: 8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 90% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S ADSVDDM 56.4% @MC 63.6% NE "-- RSTCDMSR @QD
QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR.
#RJF;H;NCIH I@ 90% !IH@C>?H=? *?P?F
/HMDSX ODQBDMS NE @KK BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR BNMRSQTBSDC HM SGHR V@X BNMS@HM SGD SQTD U@KTD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM
ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR SG@S @QD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR.
1IFONCIH 8.11
1IFONCIH
1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*).
"QQNV CNVM SN A:1-&B?@/;>D. 1QDRR E$*E(.
"QQNV CNVM SN x @MC DMSDQ 300.
"QQNV CNVM SN n @MC DMSDQ 500.
"QQNV CNVM SN C-"7F7< @MC DMSDQ 0.90.
"QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (0.564, 0.636).
8.11 " RSTCDMS ONKKR GHR RBGNNK SN RDD HE RSTCDMSR HM SGD RBGNNK CHRSQHBS @QD ENQ NQ @F@HMRS SGD MDV KDFHRK@SHNM QDF@QCHMF
RBGNNK TMHENQLR. 4GD RTQUDXR 600 RSTCDMSR @MC EHMCR SG@S 480 @QD @F@HMRS SGD MDV KDFHRK@SHNM.
@. $NLOTSD @ 90%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR VGN @QD @F@HMRS SGD MDV KDFHRK@SHNM, @MC HMSDQOQDS
SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
A. *M @ R@LOKD NE 300 RSTCDMSR, 68% R@HC SGDX NVM @M H1NC @MC @ RL@QS OGNMD. $NLOTSD @ 97% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ
SGD SQTD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR VGN NVM @M H1NC @MC @ RL@QSOGNMD.
462 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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Z.FOM $IOL[ !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F @IL 3
5GDQD HR @ BDQS@HM @LNTMS NE DQQNQ HMSQNCTBDC HMSN SGD OQNBDRR NE B@KBTK@SHMF @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ OQNONQSHNM. #DB@TRD
VD CN MNS JMNV SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM, VD @QD ENQBDC SN TRD ONHMS DRSHL@SDR SN B@KBTK@SD SGD @OOQNOQH@SD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM. 4STCHDR G@UD RGNVM SG@S SGD QDRTKSHMF DRSHL@SHNM NE SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
B@M AD EK@VDC.
'NQSTM@SDKX, SGDQD HR @ RHLOKD @CITRSLDMS SG@S @KKNVR TR SN OQNCTBD LNQD @BBTQ@SD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR. 8D RHLOKX
OQDSDMC SG@S VD G@UD ENTQ @CCHSHNM@K NARDQU@SHNMR. 5VN NE SGDRD NARDQU@SHNMR @QD RTBBDRRDR @MC SVN @QD E@HKTQDR. 5GD MDV
R@LOKD RHYD, SGDM, HR D + 4, @MC SGD MDV BNTMS NE RTBBDRRDR HR N + 2.
$NLOTSDQ RSTCHDR G@UD CDLNMRSQ@SDC SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE SGHR LDSGNC. *S RGNTKC AD TRDC VGDM SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK
CDRHQDC HR @S KD@RS 90% @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR @S KD@RS SDM.
$T=ILHA 8.12
" Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 25 RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR V@R @RJDC: o)@UD XNT RLNJDC @ BHF@QDSSD HM SGD O@RS VDDJp 4HW
RSTCDMSR QDONQSDC RLNJHMF VHSGHM SGD O@RS VDDJ. 6RD SGD oOKTR-ENTQp LDSGNC SN EHMC @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR VGN RLNJD.
1IFONCIH 8.12
1IFONCIH A
4HW RSTCDMSR NTS NE 25 QDONQSDC RLNJHMF VHSGHM SGD O@RS VDDJ, RN N = 6 @MC D = 25. #DB@TRD VD @QD TRHMF SGD
oOKTR-ENTQp LDSGNC, VD VHKK TRD N = 6 + 2 = 8 @MC D = 25 + 4 = 29.
p =
x
n
=
8
29
0.276
q = 1 p = 1 0.276 = 0.724
4HMBD C% = 0.95, VD JMNV V = 1 k 0.95 = 0.05 @MC
2
= 0.025.
z
0.025
= 1.96
EPB =
z
2
p q
n
= (1.96)
0.276(0.724)
29
0.163
Fc k E)B = 0.276 k 0.163 = 0.113
Fc + E)B = 0.276 + 0.163 = 0.439
8D @QD 95%BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE @KK RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR VGN RLNJD BHF@QDSSDR HR ADSVDDM 0.113
@MC 0.439.
1IFONCIH 8.12
1IFONCIH
1QDRR 45"5 @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454.
"QQNV CNVM SN ":1-1QNO;HMS. 1QDRR &/5&3.
0#+',"#0
3DLDLADQ SG@S SGD OKTR-ENTQ LDSGNC @RRTLD @M @CCHSHNM@K ENTQ SQH@KR: SVN RTBBDRRDR @MC SVN E@HKTQDR.
:NT CN MNS MDDC SN BG@MFD SGD OQNBDRR ENQ B@KBTK@SHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K; RHLOKX TOC@SD SGD U@KTDR
NE W @MC M SN QDEKDBS SGDRD @CCHSHNM@K SQH@KR.
"QQNV CNVM SN N @MC DMSDQ DHFGS.
"QQNV CNVM SN D @MC DMSDQ 29.
"QQNV CNVM SN $--DUDK @MC DMSDQ 0.95.
"QQNV CNVM SN $@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR &/5&3.
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (0.113, 0.439).
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 463
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8.12 0TS NE @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 65 EQDRGLDM @S 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX, 31 RSTCDMSR G@UD CDBK@QDC @ L@INQ. 6RD SGD oOKTR-
ENTQp LDSGNC SN EHMC @ 96% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE EQDRGLDM @S 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX VGN G@UD
CDBK@QDC @ L@INQ.
$T=ILHA 8.13
5GD #DQJL@M $DMSDQ ENQ *MSDQMDS & 4NBHDSX @S )@QU@QC QDBDMSKX BNMCTBSDC @ RSTCX @M@KXYHMF SGD OQHU@BX
L@M@FDLDMS G@AHSR NE SDDM HMSDQMDS TRDQR. *M @ FQNTO NE 50 SDDMR, 13 QDONQSDC G@UHMF LNQD SG@M 500 EQHDMCR NM
'@BDANNJ. 6RD SGD oOKTR ENTQp LDSGNC SN EHMC @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE SDDMR VGN
VNTKC QDONQS G@UHMF LNQD SG@M 500 '@BDANNJ EQHDMCR.
1IFONCIH 8.13
1IFONCIH A
6RHMF oOKTR-ENTQ,p VD G@UD N = 13 + 2 = 15 @MC D = 50 + 4 = 54.
p
'
=
15
54
0.278
q
'
= 1 p
'
= 1 - 0.241 = 0.722
4HMBD C% = 0.90, VD JMNV V = 1 k 0.90 = 0.10 @MC
2
= 0.05.
z
0.05
= 1.645
EPB = (z
2
)
p q
n
= (1.645)
(0.278)(0.722)
54
0.100
Fc k E)B = 0.278 k 0.100 = 0.178
Fc + E)B = 0.278 + 0.100 = 0.378
8D @QD 90%BNMEHCDMS SG@S ADSVDDM 21.1%@MC 27.1%NE @KK SDDMR VNTKC QDONQS G@UHMF LNQD SG@M 500 EQHDMCR
NM '@BDANNJ.
1IFONCIH 8.13
1IFONCIH
1QDRR 45"5 @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454.
"QQNV CNVM SN ":1-1QNO;HMS. 1QDRR &/5&3.
"QQNV CNVM SN N @MC DMSDQ 15.
"QQNV CNVM SN D @MC DMSDQ 54.
"QQNV CNVM SN $--DUDK @MC DMSDQ 0.90.
"QQNV CNVM SN $@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR &/5&3.
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (0.178, 0.378).
8.13 5GD #DQJL@M $DMSDQ 4STCX QDEDQDMBDC HM #R;GJF? 8.13 S@KJDC SN SDDMR HM RL@KKDQ ENBTR FQNTOR, ATS @KRN
HMSDQUHDVDC @CCHSHNM@K SDDMR NUDQ SGD OGNMD. 8GDM SGD RSTCX V@R BNLOKDSD, 588 SDDMR G@C @MRVDQDC SGD PTDRSHNM @ANTS
SGDHQ '@BDANNJ EQHDMCR VHSG 159 R@XHMF SG@S SGDX G@UD LNQD SG@M 500 EQHDMCR. 6RD SGD oOKTR-ENTQp LDSGNC SN EHMC @ 90%
464 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE SDDMR SG@S VNTKC QDONQS G@UHMF LNQD SG@M 500 '@BDANNJ EQHDMCR A@RDC NM
SGHR K@QFDQ R@LOKD. $NLO@QD SGD QDRTKSR SN SGNRD HM #R;GJF? 8.13.
!;F=OF;NCHA NB? 1;GJF? 1CT? 1
*E QDRD@QBGDQR CDRHQD @ RODBHEHB L@QFHM NE DQQNQ, SGDM SGDX B@M TRD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ SN B@KBTK@SD SGD QDPTHQDC R@LOKD
RHYD.
5GD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR
c EBP =
z
2
p q
n
z
2
2
(p q)
EBP
2
$T=ILHA 8.14
4TOONRD @ LNAHKD OGNMD BNLO@MX V@MSR SN CDSDQLHMD SGD BTQQDMS ODQBDMS@FD NE BTRSNLDQR @FDC 50+ VGN TRD
SDWS LDRR@FHMF NM SGDHQ BDKK OGNMDR. )NV L@MX BTRSNLDQR @FDC 50+ RGNTKC SGD BNLO@MX RTQUDX HM NQCDQ SN AD
90% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD DRSHL@SDC (R@LOKD) OQNONQSHNM HR VHSGHM SGQDD ODQBDMS@FD ONHMSR NE SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM NE BTRSNLDQR @FDC 50+ VGN TRD SDWS LDRR@FHMF NM SGDHQ BDKK OGNMDR.
1IFONCIH 8.14
'QNL SGD OQNAKDL, VD JMNV SG@S EBP = 0.03 (3%=0.03) @MC z
2
P
0.05
= 1.645 ADB@TRD SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HR
90%.
)NVDUDQ, HM NQCDQ SN EHMC D, VD MDDC SN JMNV SGD DRSHL@SDC (R@LOKD) OQNONQSHNM Fs. 3DLDLADQ SG@S Gs = 1
k Fs. #TS, VD CN MNS JMNV Fs XDS. 4HMBD VD LTKSHOKX Fs @MC Gs SNFDSGDQ, VD L@JD SGDL ANSG DPT@K SN 0.5 ADB@TRD
FsGs = (0.5)(0.5) = 0.25 QDRTKSR HM SGD K@QFDRS ONRRHAKD OQNCTBS. (5QX NSGDQ OQNCTBSR: (0.6)(0.4) = 0.24; (0.3)(0.7)
= 0.21; (0.2)(0.8) = 0.16 @MC RN NM). 5GD K@QFDRS ONRRHAKD OQNCTBS FHUDR TR SGD K@QFDRS D. 5GHR FHUDR TR @ K@QFD
DMNTFG R@LOKD RN SG@S VD B@M AD 90% BNMEHCDMS SG@S VD @QD VHSGHM SGQDD ODQBDMS@FD ONHMSR NE SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM. 5N B@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD RHYD D, TRD SGD ENQLTK@ @MC L@JD SGD RTARSHSTSHNMR.
n =
z
2
p q
EBP
2
FHUDR n =
1.645
2
(0.05)(0.5)
0.03
2
= 751.7
3NTMC SGD @MRVDQ SN SGD MDWS GHFGDQ U@KTD. 5GD R@LOKD RHYD RGNTKC AD 752 BDKK OGNMD BTRSNLDQR @FDC 50+
HM NQCDQ SN AD 90% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD DRSHL@SDC (R@LOKD) OQNONQSHNM HR VHSGHM SGQDD ODQBDMS@FD ONHMSR NE SGD SQTD
ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE @KK BTRSNLDQR @FDC 50+ VGN TRD SDWS LDRR@FHMF NM SGDHQ BDKK OGNMDR.
8.14 4TOONRD @M HMSDQMDS L@QJDSHMF BNLO@MX V@MSR SN CDSDQLHMD SGD BTQQDMS ODQBDMS@FD NE BTRSNLDQR VGN BKHBJ NM
@CR NM SGDHQ RL@QSOGNMDR. )NV L@MX BTRSNLDQR RGNTKC SGD BNLO@MX RTQUDX HM NQCDQ SN AD 90% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD
DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM HR VHSGHM EHUD ODQBDMS@FD ONHMSR NE SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE BTRSNLDQR VGN BKHBJ NM @CR
NM SGDHQ RL@QSOGNMDR
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 465
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8.1 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F (&IG? !IMNM)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK B@KBTK@SD SGD 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M BNRS NE @ GNLD HM SGD @QD@ HM VGHBG SGHR
RBGNNK HR KNB@SDC.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK HMSDQOQDS BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDSDQLHMD SGD DEEDBSR NE BG@MFHMF BNMCHSHNMR NM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
$GDBJ SGD 3D@K &RS@SD RDBSHNM HM XNTQ KNB@K MDVRO@ODQ. 3DBNQC SGD R@KD OQHBDR ENQ 35 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC GNLDR
QDBDMSKX KHRSDC HM SGD BNTMSX.
,-2#
.@MX MDVRO@ODQR KHRS SGDL NMKX NMD C@X ODQ VDDJ. "KRN, VD VHKK @RRTLD SG@S GNLDR BNLD TO ENQ R@KD Q@MCNLKX.
1. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD:
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 8.5
"?M=LC<? NB? ";N;
1. $NLOTSD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ?????
>. s
x
= ?????
?. D = ?????
2. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
.
3. 4S@SD SGD DRSHL@SDC CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD. 6RD ANSG VNQCR @MC RXLANKR.
$CH> NB? !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
1. $@KBTK@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
466 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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=. $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K: ?????
>. &QQNQ #NTMC: ?????
2. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM ANSG S@HKR (BNLAHMDC) V = ?????
3. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM D@BG S@HK
2
= ?????
4. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR NM SGD FQ@OG VHSG SGD @QD@ HM D@BG RDBSHNM. 5GDM, EHKK HM SGD MTLADQ KHMD VHSG SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ
KHLHSR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @MC SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
$CAOL? 8.6
5. 4NLD RSTCDMSR SGHMJ SG@S @ 90%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K BNMS@HMR 90%NE SGD C@S@. 6RD SGD KHRS NE C@S@ NM SGD EHQRS O@FD
@MC BNTMS GNV L@MX NE SGD C@S@ U@KTDR KHD VHSGHM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. 8G@S ODQBDMS HR SGHR *R SGHR ODQBDMS
BKNRD SN 90% &WOK@HM VGX SGHR ODQBDMS RGNTKC NQ RGNTKC MNS AD BKNRD SN 90%.
"?M=LC<? NB? !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
1. *M SVN SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K LD@MR (HM FDMDQ@K), @R HE XNT VDQD S@KJHMF
SN RNLDNMD VGN G@R MNS S@JDM RS@SHRSHBR.
2. *M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S SGHR BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K LD@MR ENQ SGHR O@QSHBTK@Q RSTCX.
3M? NB? ";N; NI !IHMNLO=N !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;FM
1. 6RHMF SGD FHUDM HMENQL@SHNM, BNMRSQTBS @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ D@BG BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK FHUDM.
!IH@C>?H=? F?P?F #+/#LLIL IOH> !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
50%
80%
95%
99%
2;<F? 8.6
2. 8G@S G@OODMR SN SGD &#. @R SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HMBQD@RDR %NDR SGD VHCSG NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HMBQD@RD
NQ CDBQD@RD &WOK@HM VGX SGHR G@OODMR.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 467
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8.2 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F (.F;=? I@ CLNB)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK B@KBTK@SD SGD 90%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K SGD OQNONQSHNM NE RSTCDMSR HM SGHR RBGNNK VGN VDQD ANQM HM
SGHR RS@SD.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK HMSDQOQDS BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDSDQLHMD SGD DEEDBSR NE BG@MFHMF BNMCHSHNMR NM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
1. 4TQUDX SGD RSTCDMSR HM XNTQ BK@RR, @RJHMF SGDL HE SGDX VDQD ANQM HM SGHR RS@SD. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ SG@S VDQD ANQM
HM SGHR RS@SD.
=. D = ????????????
>. N = ????????????
2. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD )c.
3. 4S@SD SGD DRSHL@SDC CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD.
$CH> NB? !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F ;H> #LLIL IOH>
1. $@KBTK@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
=. $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K: ?????
>. &QQNQ #NTMC: ?????
2. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM ANSG S@HKR (BNLAHMDC) g = ?????
3. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM D@BG S@HK
2
= ?????
4. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR NM SGD FQ@OG VHSG SGD @QD@ HM D@BG RDBSHNM. 5GDM, EHKK HM SGD MTLADQ KHMD VHSG SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ
KHLHSR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @MC SGD R@LOKD OQNONQSHNM.
$CAOL? 8.7
"?M=LC<? NB? !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
1. *M SVN SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K LD@MR (HM FDMDQ@K), @R SGNTFG XNT VDQD
S@KJHMF SN RNLDNMD VGN G@R MNS S@JDM RS@SHRSHBR.
2. *M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S SGHR BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K LD@MR ENQ SGHR O@QSHBTK@Q RSTCX.
3. $NMRSQTBS @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ D@BG BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK FHUDM.
!IH@C>?H=? F?P?F #./#LLIL IOH> !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
50%
468 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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!IH@C>?H=? F?P?F #./#LLIL IOH> !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
80%
95%
99%
2;<F? 8.7
4. 8G@S G@OODMR SN SGD  @R SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HMBQD@RDR %NDR SGD VHCSG NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HMBQD@RD NQ
CDBQD@RD &WOK@HM VGX SGHR G@OODMR.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 469
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8.3 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F (5IG?H'M &?CABNM)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK B@KBTK@SD @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K TRHMF SGD FHUDM C@S@.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDSDQLHMD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK @MC SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE BNMRSQTBSDC
HMSDQU@KR SG@S BNMS@HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
%CP?H:
59.4 71.6 69.3 65.0 62.9 66.5 61.7 55.2
67.5 67.2 63.8 62.9 63.0 63.9 68.7 65.5
61.9 69.6 58.7 63.4 61.8 60.6 69.8 60.0
64.9 66.1 66.8 60.6 65.6 63.8 61.3 59.2
64.1 59.3 64.9 62.4 63.5 60.9 63.3 66.3
61.5 64.3 62.9 60.6 63.8 58.8 64.9 65.7
62.5 70.9 62.9 63.1 62.2 58.7 64.7 66.0
60.5 64.7 65.4 60.2 65.0 64.1 61.1 65.3
64.6 59.2 61.4 62.0 63.5 61.4 65.5 62.3
65.5 64.7 58.8 66.1 64.9 66.9 57.9 69.8
58.5 63.4 69.2 65.9 62.2 60.0 58.1 62.5
62.4 59.1 66.4 61.2 60.4 58.7 66.7 67.5
63.2 56.6 67.7 62.5
2;<F? 8.8 &?CABNM I@ 100 5IG?H (CH 'H=B?M)
1. 2;<F? 8.8 KHRSR SGD GDHFGSR NE 100 VNLDM. 6RD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN RDKDBS SDM C@S@ U@KTDR Q@MCNLKX.
2. $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. "RRTLD SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR
JMNVM SN AD 3.3 HMBGDR. 8HSG SGDRD U@KTDR, BNMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ XNTQ R@LOKD NE SDM U@KTDR.
8QHSD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K XNT NAS@HMDC HM SGD EHQRS RO@BD NE 2;<F? 8.9.
3. /NV VQHSD XNTQ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K NM SGD AN@QC. "R NSGDQR HM SGD BK@RR VQHSD SGDHQ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR NM SGD
AN@QC, BNOX SGDL HMSN 2;<F? 8.9.
470 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 8.9 90% !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;FM
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIHM
1. 5GD @BST@K ONOTK@SHNM LD@M ENQ SGD 100 GDHFGSR FHUDM 2;<F? 8.8 HR Z = 63.4. 6RHMF SGD BK@RR KHRSHMF NE BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@KR, BNTMS GNV L@MX NE SGDL BNMS@HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z; H.D., ENQ GNV L@MX HMSDQU@KR CNDR SGD U@KTD NE
Z KHD ADSVDDM SGD DMCONHMSR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
2. %HUHCD SGHR MTLADQ AX SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR FDMDQ@SDC AX SGD BK@RR SN CDSDQLHMD SGD ODQBDMS NE
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR SG@S BNMS@HMR SGD LD@M Z. 8QHSD SGHR ODQBDMS GDQD: ?????????????.
3. *R SGD ODQBDMS NE BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR SG@S BNMS@HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z BKNRD SN 90%
4. 4TOONRD VD G@C FDMDQ@SDC 100 BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR. 8G@S CN XNT SGHMJ VNTKC G@OODM SN SGD ODQBDMS NE
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR SG@S BNMS@HMDC SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M
5. 8GDM VD BNMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, VD R@X SG@S VD @QD 90% 8DC;>9:CI I=6I I=: IGJ: EDEJA6I>DC
B:6C A>:H L>I=>C I=: 8DC;>9:C8: >CI:GK6A. 6RHMF BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S VD LD@M AX SGHR OGQ@RD.
6. 4NLD RSTCDMSR SGHMJ SG@S @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K BNMS@HMR 90% NE SGD C@S@. 6RD SGD KHRS NE C@S@ FHUDM (SGD
GDHFGSR NE VNLDM) @MC BNTMS GNV L@MX NE SGD C@S@ U@KTDR KHD VHSGHM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K SG@S XNT FDMDQ@SDC
A@RDC NM SG@S C@S@. )NV L@MX NE SGD 100 C@S@ U@KTDR KHD VHSGHM XNTQ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K 8G@S ODQBDMS HR SGHR *R
SGHR ODQBDMS BKNRD SN 90%
7. &WOK@HM VGX HS CNDR MNS L@JD RDMRD SN BNTMS C@S@ U@KTDR SG@S KHD HM @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. 5GHMJ @ANTS SGD Q@MCNL
U@QH@AKD SG@S HR ADHMF TRDC HM SGD OQNAKDL.
8. 4TOONRD XNT NAS@HMDC SGD GDHFGSR NE SDM VNLDM @MC B@KBTK@SDC @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K EQNL SGHR HMENQL@SHNM.
8HSGNTS JMNVHMF SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z, VNTKC XNT G@UD @MX V@X NE JMNVHMF ;DG 8:GI6>C HE XNTQ HMSDQU@K
@BST@KKX BNMS@HMDC SGD U@KTD NE Z &WOK@HM.
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CHIGC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
!IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F (!')
!IH@C>?H=? *?P?F (!*)
"?AL??M I@ $L??>IG ((*)
#LLIL IOH> @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH +?;H (EBM)
#LLIL IOH> @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIH (#.)
'H@?L?HNC;F 1N;NCMNC=M
,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
.;L;G?N?L
.ICHN #MNCG;N?
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
1NO>?HN'M N-"CMNLC<ONCIH
)#7 2#0+1
@ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD (37) VGHBG @QHRDR EQNL#DQMNTKKH SQH@KR; SGDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ, D,
NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR. o*MCDODMCDMSp LD@MR SG@S SGD QDRTKS NE @MX SQH@K (ENQ DW@LOKD, SQH@K 1) CNDR MNS @EEDBS SGD
QDRTKSR NE SGD ENKKNVHMF SQH@KR, @MC @KK SQH@KR @QD BNMCTBSDC TMCDQ SGD R@LD BNMCHSHNMR. 6MCDQ SGDRD BHQBTLRS@MBDR SGD
AHMNLH@K 37 1 HR CDEHMDC @R SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR HM D SQH@KR. 5GD MNS@SHNM HR: 1]B(C,E). 5GD LD@M HR Z = DF @MC
SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ = npq . 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE DW@BSKX N RTBBDRRDR HM D SQH@KR HR P
X = x
n
x
p
x
q
n x
.
@M HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ. 5GHR CDODMCR NM:
c SGD CDRHQDC BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK,
c HMENQL@SHNM SG@S HR JMNVM @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM (ENQ DW@LOKD, JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM),
c SGD R@LOKD @MC HSR RHYD.
SGD ODQBDMS DWOQDRRHNM ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K BNMS@HMR SGD SQTD
ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ; ENQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD $- = 90%, SGDM HM 90 NTS NE 100 R@LOKDR SGD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD VHKK DMBKNRD
SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ.
SGD MTLADQ NE NAIDBSR HM @ R@LOKD SG@S @QD EQDD SN U@QX
SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ; CDODMCR NM SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, R@LOKD RHYD, @MC
JMNVM NQ DRSHL@SDC ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ; CDODMCR NM SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, SGD R@LOKD
RHYD, @MC SGD DRSHL@SDC (EQNL SGD R@LOKD) OQNONQSHNM NE RTBBDRRDR.
@KRN B@KKDC RS@SHRSHB@K HMEDQDMBD NQ HMCTBSHUD RS@SHRSHBR; SGHR E@BDS NE RS@SHRSHBR CD@KR VHSG DRSHL@SHMF
@ ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ A@RDC NM @ R@LOKD RS@SHRSHB. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE ENTQ NTS NE SGD 100 B@KBTK@SNQR R@LOKDC @QD
CDEDBSHUD VD LHFGS HMEDQ SG@S ENTQ ODQBDMS NE SGD OQNCTBSHNM HR CDEDBSHUD.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD (37) VHSG OCE f (x) =
1
2
e
(x )
2
/
2
2
, VGDQD Z HR SGD LD@M
NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM @MC \ HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, MNS@SHNM: 1 ] '(Z,\). *E Z = 0 @MC \ = 1, SGD 37 HR B@KKDC I=:
HI6C96G9 CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC.
@ MTLDQHB@K BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE @ ONOTK@SHNM
@ RHMFKD MTLADQ BNLOTSDC EQNL @ R@LOKD @MC TRDC SN DRSHL@SD @ ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ
@ MTLADQ SG@S HR DPT@K SN SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD U@QH@MBD @MC LD@RTQDR GNV E@Q C@S@ U@KTDR @QD
EQNL SGDHQ LD@M; MNS@SHNM: I ENQ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @MC \ ENQ ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
HMUDRSHF@SDC @MC QDONQSDC AX 8HKKH@L4. (NRRDSS HM 1908 @MC OTAKHRGDC TMCDQ SGD ORDTCNMXL
4STCDMS; SGD L@INQ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) @QD:
c *S HR BNMSHMTNTR @MC @RRTLDR @MX QD@K U@KTDR.
c 5GD OCE HR RXLLDSQHB@K @ANTS HSR LD@M NE YDQN. )NVDUDQ, HS HR LNQD ROQD@C NTS @MC EK@SSDQ @S SGD @ODW SG@M SGD
MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
c *S @OOQN@BGDR SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM @R D FDS K@QFDQ.
c 5GDQD HR @ "E@LHKX NE SkCHRSQHATSHNMR: D@BG QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD E@LHKX HR BNLOKDSDKX CDEHMDC AX SGD MTLADQ NE
CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL, VGHBG HR NMD KDRR SG@M SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@.
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
8.1 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH )HIQH, ,ILG;F
*M SGHR LNCTKD, VD KD@QMDC GNV SN B@KBTK@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VGDQD SGD ONOTK@SHNM
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM. 8GDM DRSHL@SHMF @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ HR B@KKDC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ @
ONOTK@SHNM LD@M (EB&). " BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K G@R SGD FDMDQ@K ENQL:
(KNVDQ ANTMC, TOODQ ANTMC) = (ONHMS DRSHL@SD k EB&, ONHMS DRSHL@SD + EB&)
5GD B@KBTK@SHNM NE EB& CDODMCR NM SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD @MC SGD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD CDRHQDC. 5GD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK
HR SGD ODQBDMS NE @KK ONRRHAKD R@LOKDR SG@S B@M AD DWODBSDC SN HMBKTCD SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ. "R SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK
472 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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HMBQD@RDR, SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF EB& HMBQD@RDR @R VDKK. "R SGD R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR, SGD EB& CDBQD@RDR. #X SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS
SGDNQDL,
EBM = z
n
(HUDM @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, XNT B@M VNQJ A@BJV@QCR SN EHMC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC (EB&) NQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M. 5N EHMC SGD
DQQNQ ANTMC, EHMC SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD TOODQ ANTMC NE SGD HMSDQU@K @MC SGD LD@M. *E XNT CN MNS JMNV SGD R@LOKD LD@M, XNT
B@M EHMC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC AX B@KBTK@SHMF G@KE SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ ANTMCR. 5N EHMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M FHUDM @
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, EHMC SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD TOODQ ANTMC @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC. *E SGD DQQNQ ANTMC HR TMJMNVM, SGDM @UDQ@FD
SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ ANTMCR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K SN EHMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
4NLDSHLDR QDRD@QBGDQR JMNV HM @CU@MBD SG@S SGDX V@MS SN DRSHL@SD @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VHSGHM @ RODBHEHB L@QFHM NE DQQNQ
ENQ @ FHUDM KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD. *M SG@S B@RD, RNKUD SGD EB& ENQLTK@ ENQ D SN CHRBNUDQ SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD SG@S HR MDDCDC
SN @BGHDUD SGHR FN@K:
n =
z
2
2
EBM
2
8.2 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH 3HEHIQH, 1NO>?HN'M N-
>CMNLC<ONCIH
*M L@MX B@RDR, SGD QDRD@QBGDQ CNDR MNS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \, NE SGD LD@RTQD ADHMF RSTCHDC. *M SGDRD
B@RDR, HS HR BNLLNM SN TRD SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I, @R @M DRSHL@SD NE \. 5GD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM BQD@SDR @BBTQ@SD
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR VGDM \ HR JMNVM, ATS HS HR MNS @R @BBTQ@SD VGDM I HR TRDC @R @M DRSHL@SD. *M SGHR B@RD, SGD 4STCDMSnR
S-CHRSQHATSHNM HR LTBG ADSSDQ. %DEHMD @ S-RBNQD TRHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF ENQLTK@:
t =
x
s
n
5GD J-RBNQD ENKKNVR SGD 4STCDMSnR S-CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG D k 1 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL. 5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K TMCDQ SGHR
CHRSQHATSHNM HR B@KBTK@SDC VHSG EB& =
t
2
s
n
VGDQD t
2
HR SGD J-RBNQD VHSG @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS DPT@K SN
2
, I HR SGD R@LOKD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC D HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD. 6RD @ S@AKD, B@KBTK@SNQ, NQ BNLOTSDQ SN EHMC t
2
ENQ @ FHUDM V.
8.3 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIH
4NLD RS@SHRSHB@K LD@RTQDR, KHJD L@MX RTQUDX PTDRSHNMR, LD@RTQD PT@KHS@SHUD Q@SGDQ SG@M PT@MSHS@SHUD C@S@. *M SGHR B@RD, SGD
ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ ADHMF DRSHL@SDC HR @ OQNONQSHNM. *S HR ONRRHAKD SN BQD@SD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM ENKKNVHMF OQNBDCTQDR RHLHK@Q SN SGNRD TRDC HM BQD@SHMF BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR ENQ ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR. 5GD ENQLTK@R
@QD RKHFGSKX CHEEDQDMS, ATS SGDX ENKKNV SGD R@LD QD@RNMHMF.
-DS Fc QDOQDRDMS SGD R@LOKD OQNONQSHNM, N/D, VGDQD N QDOQDRDMSR SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR @MC D QDOQDRDMSR SGD R@LOKD
RHYD. -DS Gc = 1 k Fc. 5GDM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR FHUDM AX SGD ENKKNVHMF ENQLTK@:
(KNVDQ ANTMC, TOODQ ANTMC) = (p EBP, p + EBP) =
p z
p q
n
, p + z
p q
n
5GD oOKTR ENTQp LDSGNC ENQ B@KBTK@SHMF BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR HR @M @SSDLOS SN A@K@MBD SGD DQQNQ HMSQNCTBDC AX TRHMF
DRSHL@SDR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM VGDM B@KBTK@SHMF SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM. 4HLOKX HL@FHMD
ENTQ @CCHSHNM@K SQH@KR HM SGD RSTCX; SVN @QD RTBBDRRDR @MC SVN @QD E@HKTQDR. $@KBTK@SD p =
x + 2
n + 4
, @MC OQNBDDC SN EHMC SGD
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. 8GDM R@LOKD RHYDR @QD RL@KK, SGHR LDSGNC G@R ADDM CDLNMRSQ@SDC SN OQNUHCD LNQD @BBTQ@SD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@KR SG@M SGD RS@MC@QC ENQLTK@ TRDC ENQ K@QFDQ R@LOKDR.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
8.1 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H,
.IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH )HIQH, ,ILG;F
X
~N
X
,
n
EBM, x
+ EBM)
=
z
n
, x
+ z
n
EB& = z
n
= SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGD LD@M, NQ SGD L@QFHM
NE DQQNQ ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M; SGHR ENQLTK@ HR TRDC
VGDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM.
C% = BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, NQ SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@KR BQD@SDC SG@S @QD DWODBSDC SN BNMS@HM SGD SQTD
ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ
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V = 1 k C% = SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR SG@S VHKK
MNS BNMS@HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ
z
2
= SGD P-RBNQD VHSG SGD OQNODQSX SG@S SGD @QD@ SN SGD
QHFGS NE SGD Y-RBNQD HR
2
SGHR HR SGD P-RBNQD TRDC HM SGD
B@KBTK@SHNM NE "EB& VGDQD g = 1 k C%.
D =
z
2
2
EBM
2
= SGD ENQLTK@ TRDC SN CDSDQLHMD SGD R@LOKD RHYD
(D) MDDCDC SN @BGHDUD @ CDRHQDC L@QFHM NE DQQNQ @S @ FHUDM
KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD
(DMDQ@K ENQL NE @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
(KNVDQ U@KTD, TOODQ U@KTD) = (ONHMS DRSHL@SDuDQQNQ ANTMC,
ONHMS DRSHL@SD + DQQNQ ANTMC)
5N EHMC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC VGDM XNT JMNV SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K
DQQNQ ANTMC = TOODQ U@KTDuONHMS DRSHL@SD 03 DQQNQ ANTMC =
upper value lower value
2
4HMFKD 1NOTK@SHNM .D@M, ,MNVM 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM,
/NQL@K %HRSQHATSHNM
6RD SGD /NQL@K %HRSQHATSHNM ENQ .D@MR, 1NOTK@SHNM 4S@MC@QC
%DUH@SHNM HR ,MNVM EB& = P
2
n
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K G@R SGD ENQL@S ( x
u EB&, x
+
EB&).
8.2 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H,
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH 3HEHIQH, 1NO>?HN'M N-
>CMNLC<ONCIH
I = SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE R@LOKD U@KTDR.
t =
x
s
n
HR SGD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD J-RBNQD VGHBG LD@RTQDR
GNV E@Q @V@X @ LD@RTQD HR EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M HM SGD
4STCDMSnR S-CHRSQHATSHNM
:< = D - 1; SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ @ 4STCDMSnR S-
CHRSQHATSHNM VGDQD M QDOQDRDMSR SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD
-]J
:<
SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, -, G@R @ 4STCDMSnR S-CHRSQHATSHNM
VHSG :< CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
EBM = t
2
s
n
= SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M
VGDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR TMJMNVM
t
2
HR SGD J-RBNQD HM SGD 4STCDMSnR S-CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @QD@ SN
SGD QHFGS DPT@K SN
2
5GD FDMDQ@K ENQLENQ @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ RHMFKD LD@M,
ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM TMJMNVM, 4STCDMS'R S HR FHUDM
AX (KNVDQ ANTMC, TOODQ ANTMC)
= (ONHMS DRSHL@SD k EB&, ONHMS DRSHL@SD + EB&)
=
ts
n
, x
+
ts
n
p,
pq
n
p z
p q
n
, p + z
p q
n
n =
z
2
2
p q
EBP
2
OQNUHCDR SGD MTLADQ NE O@QSHBHO@MSR
MDDCDC SN DRSHL@SD SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM VHSG
BNMEHCDMBD 1 - V @MC L@QFHM NE DQQNQ EB).
6RD SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM p =
x
n
EBP =
z
2
pq
n
p + q = 1
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K G@R SGD ENQL@S (Fc k EB), Fc + EB)).
x
= ?????
>. \ = ?????
?. D = ?????
2. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
.
3. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL
474 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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4. $NMRSQTBS @ 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VDHFGS NE MDVANQM DKDOG@MSR. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K,
RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
5. 8G@S VHKK G@OODM SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K NAS@HMDC, HE 500 MDVANQM DKDOG@MSR @QD VDHFGDC HMRSD@C NE 50 8GX
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T BNMCTBSR @ RSTCX SN CDSDQLHMD
SGD SHLD MDDCDC SN BNLOKDSD SGD RGNQS ENQL. 5GD #TQD@T RTQUDXR 200 ODNOKD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 8.2 LHMTSDR. 5GDQD HR @
JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.2 LHMTSDR. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM CHRSQHATSHNM HR @RRTLDC SN AD MNQL@K.
6. *CDMSHEX SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ?????
>. \ = ?????
?. D = ?????
7. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
.
8. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL
9. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD SN BNLOKDSD SGD ENQLR. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K,
RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
10. *E SGD $DMRTR V@MSR SN HMBQD@RD HSR KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD @MC JDDO SGD DQQNQ ANTMC SGD R@LD AX S@JHMF @MNSGDQ RTQUDX, VG@S
BG@MFDR RGNTKC HS L@JD
11. *E SGD $DMRTR CHC @MNSGDQ RTQUDX, JDOS SGD DQQNQ ANTMC SGD R@LD, @MC RTQUDXDC NMKX 50 ODNOKD HMRSD@C NE 200, VG@S
VNTKC G@OODM SN SGD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD 8GX
12. 4TOONRD SGD $DMRTR MDDCDC SN AD 98% BNMEHCDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD. 8NTKC SGD $DMRTR G@UD SN
RTQUDX LNQD ODNOKD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D ;N;H9?I;I: " R@LOKD NE 20 GD@CR NE KDSSTBD V@R RDKDBSDC. "RRTLD SG@S
SGD ONOTK@SHNM CHRSQHATSHNM NE GD@C VDHFGS HR MNQL@K. 5GD VDHFGS NE D@BG GD@C NE KDSSTBD V@R SGDM QDBNQCDC. 5GD LD@M VDHFGS
V@R 2.2 ONTMCR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.1 ONTMCR. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM SN AD 0.2 ONTMCR.
13. *CDMSHEX SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ??????
>. \ = ??????
?. D = ??????
14. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
15. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
.
16. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL
17. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VDHFGS NE SGD GD@CR NE KDSSTBD. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
18. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VDHFGS NE SGD GD@CR NE KDSSTBD. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
19. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HM #R?L=CM? 17 HR K@QFDQ SG@M HM #R?L=CM? 18.
20. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, FHUD @M HMSDQOQDS@SHNM NE VG@S SGD HMSDQU@K HM #R?L=CM? 18 LD@MR.
21. 8G@S VNTKC G@OODM HE 40 GD@CR NE KDSSTBD VDQD R@LOKDC HMRSD@C NE 20, @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC QDL@HMDC SGD R@LD
22. 8G@S VNTKC G@OODM HE 40 GD@CR NE KDSSTBD VDQD R@LOKDC HMRSD@C NE 20, @MC SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK QDL@HMDC SGD R@LD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 14 ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD LD@M @FD ENQ @KK 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR ENQ @ QDBDMS
'@KK SDQL V@R 33.2. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM G@R ADDM OQDSSX BNMRHRSDMS @S 15. 4TOONRD SG@S SVDMSX-EHUD 8HMSDQ
RSTCDMSR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 5GD LD@M @FD ENQ SGD R@LOKD V@R 30.4. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD SQTD LD@M @FD ENQ 8HMSDQ
'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR. -DS 1 = SGD @FD NE @ 8HMSDQ 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMS
23. x
= ?????
24. D = ?????
25. ???????? = 15
26. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 475
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27. 8G@S HR x
DRSHL@SHMF
28. *R
x
JMNVM
29. "R @ QDRTKS NE XNTQ @MRVDQ SN #R?L=CM? 8.26, RS@SD SGD DW@BS CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD VGDM B@KBTK@SHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K.
$NMRSQTBS @ 95% $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M @FD NE 8HMSDQ 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR.
30. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM ANSG S@HKR (BNLAHMDC) V =????????
31. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM D@BG S@HK
2
=????????
32. *CDMSHEX SGD ENKKNVHMF RODBHEHB@SHNMR:
=. KNVDQ KHLHS
>. TOODQ KHLHS
?. DQQNQ ANTMC
33. 5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR:??????????????????.
34. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR NM SGD FQ@OG VHSG SGD @QD@R, TOODQ @MC KNVDQ KHLHSR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, @MC SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
$CAOL? 8.8
35. *M NMD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD, DWOK@HM VG@S SGD HMSDQU@K LD@MR.
36. 6RHMF SGD R@LD LD@M, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD, RTOONRD SG@S D VDQD 69 HMRSD@C NE 25. 8NTKC SGD
DQQNQ ANTMC ADBNLD K@QFDQ NQ RL@KKDQ )NV CN XNT JMNV
37. 6RHMF SGD R@LD LD@M, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC R@LOKD RHYD, GNV VNTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC BG@MFD HE SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK
VDQD QDCTBDC SN 90% 8GX
8.2 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH 3HEHIQH, 1NO>?HN'M N-
>CMNLC<ONCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. " GNROHS@K HR SQXHMF SN BTS CNVM NM DLDQFDMBX QNNL V@HS
SHLDR. *S HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD O@SHDMSR LTRS V@HS ADENQD ADHMF B@KKDC A@BJ SN AD DW@LHMDC. "M HMUDRSHF@SHNM
BNLLHSSDD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC 70 O@SHDMSR. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 1.5 GNTQR VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.5 GNTQR.
38. *CDMSHEX SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
=???????
>. s
x
=???????
?. D =???????
@. D k 1 =???????
39. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
HM VNQCR.
40. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL
41. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD RODMS V@HSHMF. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, RJDSBG
SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
42. &WOK@HM HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR VG@S SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K LD@MR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: 0MD GTMCQDC DHFGS "LDQHB@MR VDQD RTQUDXDC SN CDSDQLHMD
476 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR SGDX RODMC V@SBGHMF SDKDUHRHNM D@BG LNMSG. *S V@R QDUD@KDC SG@S SGDX V@SBGDC @M @UDQ@FD NE 151 GNTQR
D@BG LNMSG VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 32 GNTQR. "RRTLD SG@S SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNQL@K.
43. *CDMSHEX SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
=???????
>. s
x
=???????
?. D =???????
@. D k 1 =???????
44. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM VNQCR.
45. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
HM VNQCR.
46. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL
47. $NMRSQTBS @ 99% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M GNTQR RODMS V@SBGHMF SDKDUHRHNM ODQ LNMSG. (@) 4S@SD SGD
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, (A) RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC (B) B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
48. 8GX VNTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC BG@MFD HE SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK VDQD KNVDQDC SN 95%
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 13 ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 8.10 @QD SGD QDRTKS NE @ Q@MCNL RTQUDX
NE 39 M@SHNM@K EK@FR (VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS ADSVDDM OHBJR) EQNL U@QHNTR BNTMSQHDR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM EHMCHMF @ BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M MTLADQ NE BNKNQR NM @ M@SHNM@K EK@F. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE BNKNQR NM @ M@SHNM@K EK@F.
" $L?K.
1 1
2 7
3 18
4 7
5 6
2;<F? 8.10
49. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
=??????
>. s
x
=??????
?. D =??????
50. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
HM VNQCR.
51. 8G@S HR x
DRSHL@SHMF
52. *R
x
JMNVM
53. "R @ QDRTKS NE XNTQ @MRVDQ SN #R?L=CM? 52, RS@SD SGD DW@BS CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD VGDM B@KBTK@SHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
CEDIJHK9J 7 95% 9ED<?:;D9; ?DJ;HL7B <EH J>; JHK; C;7D DKC8;H E< 9EBEHI ED D7J?ED7B <B7=I.
54. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM ANSG S@HKR (BNLAHMDC)
55. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM D@BG S@HK
56. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. KNVDQ KHLHS
>. TOODQ KHLHS
?. DQQNQ ANTMC
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 477
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57. 5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR?????.
58. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR NM SGD FQ@OG VHSG SGD @QD@R, SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ KHLHSR NE SGD $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K @MC SGD R@LOKD
LD@M.
$CAOL? 8.9
59. *M NMD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD, DWOK@HM VG@S SGD HMSDQU@K LD@MR.
60. 6RHMF SGD R@LD x
, s
x
, @MC KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD, RTOONRD SG@S D VDQD 69 HMRSD@C NE 39. 8NTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ADBNLD
K@QFDQ NQ RL@KKDQ )NV CN XNT JMNV
61. 6RHMF SGD R@LD x
, s
x
, @MC D = 39, GNV VNTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC BG@MFD HE SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK VDQD QDCTBDC SN 90%
8GX
8.3 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: .@QJDSHMF BNLO@MHDR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM JMNVHMF SGD
ONOTK@SHNM ODQBDMS NE VNLDM VGN L@JD SGD L@INQHSX NE GNTRDGNKC OTQBG@RHMF CDBHRHNMR.
62. 8GDM CDRHFMHMF @ RSTCX SN CDSDQLHMD SGHR ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM, VG@S HR SGD LHMHLTL MTLADQ XNT VNTKC MDDC SN
RTQUDX SN AD 90% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR DRSHL@SDC SN VHSGHM 0.05
63. *E HS VDQD K@SDQ CDSDQLHMDC SG@S HS V@R HLONQS@MS SN AD LNQD SG@M 90% BNMEHCDMS @MC @ MDV RTQUDX VDQD BNLLHRRHNMDC,
GNV VNTKC HS @EEDBS SGD LHMHLTL MTLADQ XNT MDDC SN RTQUDX 8GX
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD SGD L@QJDSHMF BNLO@MX CHC CN @ RTQUDX. 5GDX
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC 200 GNTRDGNKCR @MC ENTMC SG@S HM 120 NE SGDL, SGD VNL@M L@CD SGD L@INQHSX NE SGD OTQBG@RHMF
CDBHRHNMR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE GNTRDGNKCR VGDQD VNLDM L@JD SGD L@INQHSX NE SGD OTQBG@RHMF
CDBHRHNMR.
64. *CDMSHEX SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. N = ??????
>. D = ??????
?. Fc = ??????
65. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )c HM VNQCR.
66. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL
67. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE GNTRDGNKCR VGDQD SGD VNLDM L@JD SGD L@INQHSX
NE SGD OTQBG@RHMF CDBHRHNMR. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
68. -HRS SVN CHEEHBTKSHDR SGD BNLO@MX LHFGS G@UD HM NAS@HMHMF Q@MCNL QDRTKSR, HE SGHR RTQUDX VDQD CNMD AX DL@HK.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 0E 1,050 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @CTKSR, 360 HCDMSHEHDC
SGDLRDKUDR @R L@MT@K K@ANQDQR, 280 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R MNM-L@MT@K V@FD D@QMDQR, 250 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R LHC-
KDUDK L@M@FDQR, @MC 160 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R DWDBTSHUDR. *M SGD RTQUDX, 82% NE L@MT@K K@ANQDQR OQDEDQQDC SQTBJR, 62%
NE MNM-L@MT@K V@FD D@QMDQR OQDEDQQDC SQTBJR, 54%NE LHC-KDUDK L@M@FDQR OQDEDQQDC SQTBJR, @MC 26%NE DWDBTSHUDR OQDEDQQDC
SQTBJR.
69. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM EHMCHMF SGD 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ODQBDMS NE DWDBTSHUDR VGN OQDEDQ SQTBJR. %DEHMD Q@MCNL
U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )s HM VNQCR.
70. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL
478 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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71. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
72. 4TOONRD VD V@MS SN KNVDQ SGD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ. 8G@S HR NMD V@X SN @BBNLOKHRG SG@S
73. 5GD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ FHUDM HM SGD RTQUDX HR a2%. &WOK@HM VG@S SGD a2% LD@MR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: " ONKK NE 1,200 UNSDQR @RJDC VG@S SGD LNRS RHFMHEHB@MS HRRTD
V@R HM SGD TOBNLHMF DKDBSHNM. 4HWSX-EHUD ODQBDMS @MRVDQDC SGD DBNMNLX. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE
UNSDQR VGN EDDK SGD DBNMNLX HR SGD LNRS HLONQS@MS.
74. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM VNQCR.
75. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD )s HM VNQCR.
76. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL
77. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, @MC RS@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
78. 8G@S VNTKC G@OODM SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HE SGD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD VDQD 95%
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 16 ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD *BD $G@KDS NEEDQR CNYDMR NE CHEEDQDMS ADFHMMHMF HBD-
RJ@SHMF BK@RRDR. "KK NE SGD BK@RR M@LDR @QD OTS HMSN @ ATBJDS. 5GD 5 1..., .NMC@X MHFGS, @FDR 8 SN 12, ADFHMMHMF HBD-RJ@SHMF
BK@RR V@R OHBJDC. *M SG@S BK@RR VDQD 64 FHQKR @MC 16 ANXR. 4TOONRD SG@S VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE FHQKR, @FDR
8 SN 12, HM @KK ADFHMMHMF HBD-RJ@SHMF BK@RRDR @S SGD *BD $G@KDS. "RRTLD SG@S SGD BGHKCQDM HM SGD RDKDBSDC BK@RR @QD @ Q@MCNL
R@LOKD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
79. 8G@S HR ADHMF BNTMSDC
80. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
81. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. N = ???????
>. D = ???????
?. Fs = ???????
82. 4S@SD SGD DRSHL@SDC CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1]
83. %DEHMD @ MDV Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD )s. 8G@S HR Fs DRSHL@SHMF
84. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD )s.
85. 4S@SD SGD DRSHL@SDC CHRSQHATSHNM NE )s. $NMRSQTBS @ 92% $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE FHQKR HM SGD @FDR 8
SN 12 ADFHMMHMF HBD-RJ@SHMF BK@RRDR @S SGD *BD $G@KDS.
86. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM ANSG S@HKR (BNLAHMDC)
87. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM D@BG S@HK
88. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. KNVDQ KHLHS
>. TOODQ KHLHS
?. DQQNQ ANTMC
89. 5GD 92% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR ???????.
90. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR NM SGD FQ@OG VHSG SGD @QD@R, TOODQ @MC KNVDQ KHLHSR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, @MC SGD R@LOKD
OQNONQSHNM.
$CAOL? 8.10
91. *M NMD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD, DWOK@HM VG@S SGD HMSDQU@K LD@MR.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 479
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92. 6RHMF SGD R@LD Fs @MC KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD, RTOONRD SG@S D VDQD HMBQD@RDC SN 100. 8NTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ADBNLD K@QFDQ
NQ RL@KKDQ )NV CN XNT JMNV
93. 6RHMF SGD R@LD Fs @MC D = 80, GNV VNTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC BG@MFD HE SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK VDQD HMBQD@RDC SN 98% 8GX
94. *E XNT CDBQD@RDC SGD @KKNV@AKD DQQNQ ANTMC, VGX VNTKC SGD LHMHLTL R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RD (JDDOHMF SGD R@LD KDUDK NE
BNMEHCDMBD)
&-+#5-0)
8.1 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH )HIQH, ,ILG;F
95. "LNMF U@QHNTR DSGMHB FQNTOR, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE GDHFGSR HR JMNVM SN AD @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGQDD HMBGDR. 8D VHRG
SN BNMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE L@KD 4VDCDR. 'NQSX-DHFGS L@KD 4VDCDR @QD RTQUDXDC. 5GD
R@LOKD LD@M HR 71 HMBGDR. 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 2.8 HMBGDR.
=.
E. x
=????????
EE. \ =????????
EEE. D =????????
>. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
.
?. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M GDHFGS NE L@KD 4VDCDR.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
A. 8G@S VHKK G@OODM SN SGD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD NAS@HMDC HE 1,000 L@KD 4VDCDR @QD RTQUDXDC HMRSD@C NE 48 8GX
96. "MMNTMBDLDMSR ENQ 84 TOBNLHMF DMFHMDDQHMF BNMEDQDMBDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC EQNL @ RS@BJ NE *&&& 4ODBSQTL
L@F@YHMDR. 5GD LD@M KDMFSG NE SGD BNMEDQDMBDR V@R 3.94 C@XR, VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.28 C@XR. "RRTLD SGD
TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
.
>. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M KDMFSG NE DMFHMDDQHMF BNMEDQDMBDR.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
97. 4TOONRD SG@S @M @BBNTMSHMF EHQL CNDR @ RSTCX SN CDSDQLHMD SGD SHLD MDDCDC SN BNLOKDSD NMD ODQRNMnR S@W ENQLR. *S
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXR 100 ODNOKD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 23.6 GNTQR. 5GDQD HR @ JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 7.0 GNTQR. 5GD
ONOTK@SHNM CHRSQHATSHNM HR @RRTLDC SN AD MNQL@K.
=.
E. x
=????????
EE. \ =????????
EEE. D =????????
>. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
.
?. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD SN BNLOKDSD SGD S@W ENQLR.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
A. *E SGD EHQL VHRGDC SN HMBQD@RD HSR KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD @MC JDDO SGD DQQNQ ANTMC SGD R@LD AX S@JHMF @MNSGDQ RTQUDX,
VG@S BG@MFDR RGNTKC HS L@JD
B. *E SGD EHQL CHC @MNSGDQ RTQUDX, JDOS SGD DQQNQ ANTMC SGD R@LD, @MC NMKX RTQUDXDC 49 ODNOKD, VG@S VNTKC G@OODM SN
SGD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD 8GX
C. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD EHQL CDBHCDC SG@S HS MDDCDC SN AD @S KD@RS 96%BNMEHCDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD SN
VHSGHM NMD GNTQ. )NV VNTKC SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD SGD EHQL RTQUDXR BG@MFD 8GX
98. " R@LOKD NE 16 RL@KK A@FR NE SGD R@LD AQ@MC NE B@MCHDR V@R RDKDBSDC. "RRTLD SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM CHRSQHATSHNM NE A@F
VDHFGSR HR MNQL@K. 5GD VDHFGS NE D@BG A@F V@R SGDM QDBNQCDC. 5GD LD@M VDHFGS V@R SVN NTMBDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE 0.12 NTMBDR. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM SN AD 0.1 NTMBD.
=.
480 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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>. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
?. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
.
@. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
A. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VDHFGS NE SGD B@MCHDR.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
B. $NMRSQTBS @ 98% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VDHFGS NE SGD B@MCHDR.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
C. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HM O@QS E HR K@QFDQ SG@M SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HM O@QS
D.
D. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, FHUD @M HMSDQOQDS@SHNM NE VG@S SGD HMSDQU@K HM O@QS E LD@MR.
99. " B@LO CHQDBSNQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR D@BG BGHKC RDMCR CTQHMF GHR NQ GDQ B@LO RDRRHNM. 5GD
ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM SN AD 2.5. " RTQUDX NE 20 B@LODQR HR S@JDM. 5GD LD@M EQNL SGD R@LOKD HR 7.9 VHSG @
R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.8.
=.
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@. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR B@LODQR RDMC GNLD.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
A. 8G@S VHKK G@OODM SN SGD DQQNQ ANTMC @MC BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HE 500 B@LODQR @QD RTQUDXDC 8GX
100. 8G@S HR LD@MS AX SGD SDQL o90% BNMEHCDMSp VGDM BNMRSQTBSHMF @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ LD@M
=. *E VD SNNJ QDOD@SDC R@LOKDR, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 90% NE SGD R@LOKDR VNTKC OQNCTBD SGD R@LD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
>. *E VD SNNJ QDOD@SDC R@LOKDR, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 90%NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR B@KBTK@SDC EQNLSGNRD R@LOKDR VNTKC
BNMS@HM SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
?. *E VD SNNJ QDOD@SDC R@LOKDR, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 90%NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR B@KBTK@SDC EQNLSGNRD R@LOKDR VNTKC
BNMS@HM SGD SQTD U@KTD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
@. *E VD SNNJ QDOD@SDC R@LOKDR, SGD R@LOKD LD@M VNTKC DPT@K SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M HM @OOQNWHL@SDKX 90% NE SGD
R@LOKDR.
101. 5GD 'DCDQ@K &KDBSHNM $NLLHRRHNM BNKKDBSR HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS B@LO@HFM BNMSQHATSHNMR @MC CHRATQRDLDMSR ENQ
B@MCHC@SDR @MC ONKHSHB@K BNLLHSSDDR D@BG DKDBSHNM BXBKD. %TQHMF SGD 2012 B@LO@HFM RD@RNM, SGDQD VDQD 1,619 B@MCHC@SDR ENQ
SGD )NTRD NE 3DOQDRDMS@SHUDR @BQNRR SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR VGN QDBDHUDC BNMSQHATSHNMR EQNL HMCHUHCT@KR. 2;<F? 8.11 RGNVR SGD
SNS@K QDBDHOSR EQNL HMCHUHCT@KR ENQ @ Q@MCNL RDKDBSHNM NE 40 )NTRD B@MCHC@SDR QNTMCDC SN SGD MD@QDRS $100. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGHR C@S@ SN SGD MD@QDRS GTMCQDC HR \ = $909,200.
$3,600 $1,243,900 $10,900 $385,200 $581,500
$7,400 $2,900 $400 $3,714,500 $632,500
$391,000 $467,400 $56,800 $5,800 $405,200)
$733,200 $8,000 $468,700 $75,200 $41,000
2;<F? 8.11
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 481
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$13,300 $9,500 $953,800 $1,113,500 $1,109,300
$353,900 $986,100 $88,600 $378,200 $13,200
$3,800 $745,100 $5,800 $3,072,100 $1,626,700
$512,900 $2,309,200 $6,600 $202,400 $15,800
2;<F? 8.11
=. 'HMC SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
>. 6RHMF 95% BNMEHCDMBD, B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
?. $QD@SD @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M SNS@K HMCHUHCT@K BNMSQHATSHNMR.
@. *MSDQOQDS SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD OQNAKDL.
102. 5GD "LDQHB@M $NLLTMHSX 4TQUDX ("$4), O@QS NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T, BNMCTBSR @ XD@QKX BDMRTR RHLHK@Q
SN SGD NMD S@JDM DUDQX SDM XD@QR, ATS VHSG @ RL@KKDQ ODQBDMS@FD NE O@QSHBHO@MSR. 5GD LNRS QDBDMS RTQUDX DRSHL@SDR VHSG 90%
BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD LD@M GNTRDGNKC HMBNLD HM SGD 6.4. E@KKR ADSVDDM $69,720 @MC $69,922. 'HMC SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ LD@M
6.4. GNTRDGNKC HMBNLD @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ LD@M 6.4. GNTRDGNKC HMBNLD.
103. 5GD @UDQ@FD GDHFGS NE XNTMF @CTKS L@KDR G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.5 HMBGDR. :NT V@MS SN
DRSHL@SD SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE RSTCDMSR @S XNTQ BNKKDFD NQ TMHUDQRHSX SN VHSGHM NMD HMBG VHSG 93%BNMEHCDMBD. )NV L@MX L@KD
RSTCDMSR LTRS XNT LD@RTQD
8.2 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH 3HEHIQH, 1NO>?HN'M N-
>CMNLC<ONCIH
104. *M RHW O@BJ@FDR NE o5GD 'KHMSRSNMDR_ 3D@K 'QTHS 4M@BJRp SGDQD VDQD EHUD #@L-#@L RM@BJ OHDBDR. 5GD SNS@K MTLADQ
NE RM@BJ OHDBDR HM SGD RHW A@FR V@R 68. 8D VHRG SN B@KBTK@SD @ 96% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE
#@L-#@L RM@BJ OHDBDR.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )s HM VNQCR.
>. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD
?. $@KBTK@SD Fs.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 96% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE #@L-#@L RM@BJ OHDBDR ODQ A@F.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
A. %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S RHW O@BJ@FDR NE EQTHS RM@BJR XHDKC DMNTFG C@S@ SN FHUD @BBTQ@SD QDRTKSR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
105. " Q@MCNL RTQUDX NE DMQNKKLDMS @S 35 BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFDR @BQNRR SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR XHDKCDC SGD ENKKNVHMF EHFTQDR:
6,414; 1,550; 2,109; 9,350; 21,828; 4,300; 5,944; 5,722; 2,825; 2,044; 5,481; 5,200; 5,853; 2,750; 10,012; 6,357; 27,000;
9,414; 7,681; 3,200; 17,500; 9,200; 7,380; 18,314; 6,557; 13,713; 17,768; 7,493; 2,771; 2,861; 1,263; 7,285; 28,165; 5,080;
11,622. "RRTLD SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K.
=.
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?. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M DMQNKKLDMS @S BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFDR HM SGD 6MHSDC
4S@SDR.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
A. 8G@S VHKK G@OODM SN SGD DQQNQ ANTMC @MC BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HE 500 BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFDR VDQD RTQUDXDC 8GX
482 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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106. 4TOONRD SG@S @ BNLLHSSDD HR RSTCXHMF VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDQD HR V@RSD NE SHLD HM NTQ ITCHBH@K RXRSDL. *S HR HMSDQDRSDC HM
SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE SHLD HMCHUHCT@KR V@RSD @S SGD BNTQSGNTRD V@HSHMF SN AD B@KKDC ENQ ITQX CTSX. 5GD BNLLHSSDD Q@MCNLKX
RTQUDXDC 81 ODNOKD VGN QDBDMSKX RDQUDC @R ITQNQR. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@HS SHLD V@R DHFGS GNTQR VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE ENTQ GNTQR.
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>. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR X @MC X
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?. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD V@RSDC.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
A. &WOK@HM HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD VG@S SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K LD@MR.
107. " OG@QL@BDTSHB@K BNLO@MX L@JDR SQ@MPTHKHYDQR. *S HR @RRTLDC SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD SGDX K@RS HR
@OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K. 3DRD@QBGDQR HM @ GNROHS@K TRDC SGD CQTF NM @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE MHMD O@SHDMSR. 5GD DEEDBSHUD ODQHNC NE
SGD SQ@MPTHKHYDQ ENQ D@BG O@SHDMS (HM GNTQR) V@R @R ENKKNVR: 2.7; 2.8; 3.0; 2.3; 2.3; 2.2; 2.8; 2.1; @MC 2.4.
=.
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>. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X HM VNQCR.
?. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
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@. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
A. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
B. 8G@S CNDR HS LD@M SN AD o95% BNMEHCDMSp HM SGHR OQNAKDL
108. 4TOONRD SG@S 14 BGHKCQDM, VGN VDQD KD@QMHMF SN QHCD SVN-VGDDK AHJDR, VDQD RTQUDXDC SN CDSDQLHMD GNV KNMF SGDX G@C
SN TRD SQ@HMHMF VGDDKR. *S V@R QDUD@KDC SG@S SGDX TRDC SGDL @M @UDQ@FD NE RHW LNMSGR VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE
SGQDD LNMSGR. "RRTLD SG@S SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNQL@K.
=.
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EE. s
x
= ??????????
EEE. D = ??????????
ER. D k 1 = ??????????
>. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X HM VNQCR.
?. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
HM VNQCR.
@. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
A. $NMRSQTBS @ 99% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD TRHMF SQ@HMHMF VGDDKR.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
B. 8GX VNTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC BG@MFD HE SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK VDQD KNVDQDC SN 90%
109. 5GD 'DCDQ@K &KDBSHNM $NLLHRRHNM ('&$) BNKKDBSR HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS B@LO@HFM BNMSQHATSHNMR @MC CHRATQRDLDMSR ENQ
B@MCHC@SDR @MC ONKHSHB@K BNLLHSSDDR D@BG DKDBSHNM BXBKD. " ONKHSHB@K @BSHNM BNLLHSSDD (1"$) HR @ BNLLHSSDD ENQLDC SN Q@HRD
LNMDX ENQ B@MCHC@SDR @MC B@LO@HFMR. " -D@CDQRGHO 1"$ HR @ 1"$ ENQLDC AX @ EDCDQ@K ONKHSHBH@M (RDM@SNQ NQ QDOQDRDMS@SHUD)
SN Q@HRD LNMDX SN GDKO NSGDQ B@MCHC@SDRn B@LO@HFMR.
5GD '&$ G@R QDONQSDC EHM@MBH@K HMENQL@SHNM ENQ 556 -D@CDQRGHO 1"$R SG@S NODQ@SHMF CTQHMF SGD 2011k2012 DKDBSHNM BXBKD.
5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD RGNVR SGD SNS@K QDBDHOSR CTQHMF SGHR BXBKD ENQ @ Q@MCNL RDKDBSHNM NE 20 -D@CDQRGHO 1"$R.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 483
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$46,500.00 $0 $40,966.50 $105,887.20 $5,175.00
$29,050.00 $19,500.00 $181,557.20 $31,500.00 $149,970.80
$2,555,363.20 $12,025.00 $409,000.00 $60,521.70 $18,000.00
$61,810.20 $76,530.80 $119,459.20 $0 $63,520.00
$6,500.00 $502,578.00 $705,061.10 $708,258.90 $135,810.00
$2,000.00 $2,000.00 $0 $1,287,933.80 $219,148.30
2;<F? 8.12
x
= $251, 854.23
s = $521, 130.41
6RD SGHR R@LOKD C@S@ SN BNMRSQTBS @ 96% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE LNMDX Q@HRDC AX @KK -D@CDQRGHO 1"$R
CTQHMF SGD 2011k2012 DKDBSHNM BXBKD. 6RD SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM.
110. FEH8;I L@F@YHMD OTAKHRGDC C@S@ NM SGD ADRS RL@KK EHQLR HM 2012. 5GDRD VDQD EHQLR SG@S G@C ADDM OTAKHBKX SQ@CDC ENQ @S
KD@RS @ XD@Q, G@UD @ RSNBJ OQHBD NE @S KD@RS $5 ODQ RG@QD, @MC G@UD QDONQSDC @MMT@K QDUDMTD ADSVDDM $5 LHKKHNM @MC $1 AHKKHNM.
5GD 2;<F? 8.13 RGNVR SGD @FDR NE SGD BNQONQ@SD $&0R ENQ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE SGDRD EHQLR.
48 58 51 61 56
59 74 63 53 50
59 60 60 57 46
55 63 57 47 55
57 43 61 62 49
67 67 55 55 49
2;<F? 8.13
6RD SGHR R@LOKD C@S@ SN BNMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M @FD NE $&0nR ENQ SGDRD SNO RL@KK EHQLR. 6RD SGD
4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM.
111. 6MNBBTOHDC RD@SR NM EKHFGSR B@TRD @HQKHMDR SN KNRD QDUDMTD. 4TOONRD @ K@QFD @HQKHMD V@MSR SN DRSHL@SD HSR LD@M MTLADQ
NE TMNBBTOHDC RD@SR ODQ EKHFGS NUDQ SGD O@RS XD@Q. 5N @BBNLOKHRG SGHR, SGD QDBNQCR NE 225 EKHFGSR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @MC SGD
MTLADQ NE TMNBBTOHDC RD@SR HR MNSDC ENQ D@BG NE SGD R@LOKDC EKHFGSR. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 11.6 RD@SR @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR 4.1 RD@SR.
=.
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>. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR X @MC X
HM VNQCR.
?. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 92% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M MTLADQ NE TMNBBTOHDC RD@SR ODQ EKHFGS.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
112. *M @ QDBDMS R@LOKD NE 84 TRDC B@Q R@KDR BNRSR, SGD R@LOKD LD@M V@R $6,425 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $3,156. "RRTLD
SGD TMCDQKXHMF CHRSQHATSHNM HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.
=. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
>. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
HM VNQCR.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M BNRS NE @ TRDC B@Q.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
@. &WOK@HM VG@S @ o95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@Kp LD@MR ENQ SGHR RSTCX.
113. 4HW CHEEDQDMS M@SHNM@K AQ@MCR NE BGNBNK@SD BGHO BNNJHDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @S SGD RTODQL@QJDS. 5GD FQ@LR NE E@S
ODQ RDQUHMF @QD @R ENKKNVR: 8; 8; 10; 7; 9; 9. "RRTLD SGD TMCDQKXHMF CHRSQHATSHNM HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.
=. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M FQ@LR NE E@S ODQ RDQUHMF NE BGNBNK@SD BGHO BNNJHDR
RNKC HM RTODQL@QJDSR.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
>. *E XNT V@MSDC @ RL@KKDQ DQQNQ ANTMC VGHKD JDDOHMF SGD R@LD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD, VG@S RGNTKC G@UD ADDM BG@MFDC
HM SGD RSTCX ADENQD HS V@R CNMD
?. (N SN SGD RSNQD @MC QDBNQC SGD FQ@LR NE E@S ODQ RDQUHMF NE RHW AQ@MCR NE BGNBNK@SD BGHO BNNJHDR.
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M.
A. *R SGD LD@M VHSGHM SGD HMSDQU@K XNT B@KBTK@SDC HM O@QS @ %HC XNT DWODBS HS SN AD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
114. " RTQUDX NE SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE BDMSR NEE SG@S BNTONMR FHUD V@R BNMCTBSDC AX Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXHMF NMD BNTONM ODQ
O@FD EQNL SGD BNTONM RDBSHNMR NE @ QDBDMS 4@M +NRD .DQBTQX /DVR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ VDQD BNKKDBSDC: 20^; 75^; 50^; 65^;
30^; 55^; 40^; 40^; 30^; 55^; $1.50; 40^; 65^; 40^. "RRTLD SGD TMCDQKXHMF CHRSQHATSHNM HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.
=.
E. x
= ??????????
EE. s
x
= ??????????
EEE. D = ??????????
ER. D-1 = ??????????
>. %DEHMD SGD 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKDR X @MC X
HM VNQCR.
?. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VNQSG NE BNTONMR.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
A. *E L@MX Q@MCNL R@LOKDR VDQD S@JDM NE RHYD 14, VG@S ODQBDMS NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR BNMRSQTBSDC RGNTKC
BNMS@HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VNQSG NE BNTONMR &WOK@HM VGX.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: " PT@KHSX BNMSQNK RODBH@KHRS ENQ @ QDRS@TQ@MS BG@HM S@JDR @
Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE RHYD 12 SN BGDBJ SGD @LNTMS NE RNC@ RDQUDC HM SGD 16 NY. RDQUHMF RHYD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 13.30 VHSG @
R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.55. "RRTLD SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
115. 'HMC SGD 95% $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M ENQ SGD @LNTMS NE RNC@ RDQUDC.
=. (12.42, 14.18)
>. (12.32, 14.29)
?. (12.50, 14.10)
@. *LONRRHAKD SN CDSDQLHMD
116. 8G@S HR SGD DQQNQ ANTMC
=. 0.87
>. 1.98
?. 0.99
@. 1.74
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8.3 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIH
117. *MRTQ@MBD BNLO@MHDR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM JMNVHMF SGD ONOTK@SHNM ODQBDMS NE CQHUDQR VGN @KV@XR ATBJKD TO ADENQD QHCHMF
HM @ B@Q.
=. 8GDM CDRHFMHMF @ RSTCX SN CDSDQLHMD SGHR ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM, VG@S HR SGD LHMHLTL MTLADQ XNT VNTKC MDDC
SN RTQUDX SN AD 95% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR DRSHL@SDC SN VHSGHM 0.03
>. *E HS VDQD K@SDQ CDSDQLHMDC SG@S HS V@R HLONQS@MS SN AD LNQD SG@M 95% BNMEHCDMS @MC @ MDV RTQUDX V@R
BNLLHRRHNMDC, GNV VNTKC SG@S @EEDBS SGD LHMHLTL MTLADQ XNT VNTKC MDDC SN RTQUDX 8GX
118. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD HMRTQ@MBD BNLO@MHDR CHC CN @ RTQUDX. 5GDX Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC 400 CQHUDQR @MC ENTMC SG@S 320
BK@HLDC SGDX @KV@XR ATBJKD TO. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE CQHUDQR VGN BK@HL SGDX @KV@XR ATBJKD TO.
=.
E. N = ??????????
EE. D = ??????????
EEE. Fs = ??????????
>. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )s, HM VNQCR.
?. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM VGN BK@HL SGDX @KV@XR ATBJKD TO.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
A. *E SGHR RTQUDX VDQD CNMD AX SDKDOGNMD, KHRS SGQDD CHEEHBTKSHDR SGD BNLO@MHDR LHFGS G@UD HM NAS@HMHMF Q@MCNLQDRTKSR.
119. "BBNQCHMF SN @ QDBDMS RTQUDX NE 1,200 ODNOKD, 61%EDDK SG@S SGD OQDRHCDMS HR CNHMF @M @BBDOS@AKD INA. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC
HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD VGN EDDK SGD OQDRHCDMS HR CNHMF @M @BBDOS@AKD INA.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )s HM VNQCR.
>. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD VGN EDDK SGD OQDRHCDMS HR CNHMF @M
@BBDOS@AKD INA.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
120. "M @QSHBKD QDF@QCHMF HMSDQQ@BH@K C@SHMF @MC L@QQH@FD QDBDMSKX @OOD@QDC HM SGD 07I>?D=JED )EIJ. 0E SGD 1,709 Q@MCNLKX
RDKDBSDC @CTKSR, 315 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R -@SHMNR, 323 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R AK@BJR, 254 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R
"RH@MR, @MC 779 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R VGHSDR. *M SGHR RTQUDX, 86%NE AK@BJR R@HC SG@S SGDX VNTKC VDKBNLD @ VGHSD ODQRNM
HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR. "LNMF "RH@MR, 77% VNTKC VDKBNLD @ VGHSD ODQRNM HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR, 71% VNTKC VDKBNLD @ -@SHMN,
@MC 66% VNTKC VDKBNLD @ AK@BJ ODQRNM.
=. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM EHMCHMF SGD 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ODQBDMS NE @KK AK@BJ @CTKSR VGN VNTKC VDKBNLD @
VGHSD ODQRNM HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )s, HM VNQCR.
>. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
121. 3DEDQ SN SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R?L=CM? 20.
=. $NMRSQTBS SGQDD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR.
E. ODQBDMS NE @KK "RH@MR VGN VNTKC VDKBNLD @ VGHSD ODQRNM HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR.
EE. ODQBDMS NE @KK "RH@MR VGN VNTKC VDKBNLD @ -@SHMN HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR.
EEE. ODQBDMS NE @KK "RH@MR VGN VNTKC VDKBNLD @ AK@BJ ODQRNM HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR.
>. &UDM SGNTFG SGD SGQDD ONHMS DRSHL@SDR @QD CHEEDQDMS, CN @MX NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR NUDQK@O 8GHBG
?. 'NQ @MX HMSDQU@KR SG@S CN NUDQK@O, HM VNQCR, VG@S CNDR SGHR HLOKX @ANTS SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR HM SGD
SQTD OQNONQSHNMR
@. 'NQ @MX HMSDQU@KR SG@S CN MNS NUDQK@O, HM VNQCR, VG@S CNDR SGHR HLOKX @ANTS SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR HM
SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNMR
122. 4S@MENQC 6MHUDQRHSX BNMCTBSDC @ RSTCX NE VGDSGDQ QTMMHMF HR GD@KSGX ENQ LDM @MC VNLDM NUDQ @FD 50. %TQHMF SGD
EHQRS DHFGS XD@QR NE SGD RSTCX, 1.5% NE SGD 451 LDLADQR NE SGD 50-1KTR 'HSMDRR "RRNBH@SHNM CHDC. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD
OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD NUDQ 50 VGN Q@M @MC CHDC HM SGD R@LD DHFGS-XD@Q ODQHNC.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )s HM VNQCR.
>. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 97%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD NUDQ 50 VGN Q@M @MC CHDC HM SGD R@LD
DHFGSkXD@Q ODQHNC.
486 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
@. &WOK@HM VG@S @ o97% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@Kp LD@MR ENQ SGHR RSTCX.
123. " SDKDOGNMD ONKK NE 1,000 @CTKS "LDQHB@MR V@R QDONQSDC HM @M HRRTD NE -?C; &7=7P?D;. 0MD NE SGD PTDRSHNMR @RJDC
V@R o8G@S HR SGD L@HM OQNAKDL E@BHMF SGD BNTMSQXp 5VDMSX ODQBDMS @MRVDQDC oBQHLD.p 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM NE @CTKS "LDQHB@MR VGN EDDK SG@S BQHLD HR SGD L@HM OQNAKDL.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )s HM VNQCR.
>. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE @CTKS "LDQHB@MR VGN EDDK SG@S BQHLD HR SGD
L@HM OQNAKDL.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
@. 4TOONRD VD V@MS SN KNVDQ SGD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ. 8G@S HR NMD V@X SN @BBNLOKHRG SG@S
A. 5GD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ FHUDM AX :@MJDKNUHBG 1@QSMDQR, *MB. (VGHBG BNMCTBSDC SGD ONKK) HR a3%. *M NMD SN SGQDD
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S SGD a3% QDOQDRDMSR.
124. 3DEDQ SN #R?L=CM? 23. "MNSGDQ PTDRSHNM HM SGD ONKK V@R o<)NV LTBG @QD= XNT VNQQHDC @ANTS SGD PT@KHSX NE DCTB@SHNM
HM NTQ RBGNNKRp 4HWSX-SGQDD ODQBDMS QDRONMCDC o@ KNSp. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE @CTKS "LDQHB@MR
VGN @QD VNQQHDC @ KNS @ANTS SGD PT@KHSX NE DCTB@SHNM HM NTQ RBGNNKR.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )s HM VNQCR.
>. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE @CTKS "LDQHB@MR VGN @QD VNQQHDC @ KNS @ANTS
SGD PT@KHSX NE DCTB@SHNM HM NTQ RBGNNKR.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
@. 5GD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ FHUDM AX :@MJDKNUHBG 1@QSMDQR, *MB. (VGHBG BNMCTBSDC SGD ONKK) HR a3%. *M NMD SN SGQDD
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S SGD a3% QDOQDRDMSR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: "BBNQCHMF SN @ 'HDKC 1NKK, 79%NE $@KHENQMH@ @CTKSR (@BST@K
QDRTKSR @QD 400 NTS NE 506 RTQUDXDC) EDDK SG@S oDCTB@SHNM @MC NTQ RBGNNKRp HR NMD NE SGD SNO HRRTDR E@BHMF $@KHENQMH@. 8D VHRG
SN BNMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE $@KHENQMH@ @CTKSR VGN EDDK SG@S DCTB@SHNM @MC SGD RBGNNKR
HR NMD NE SGD SNO HRRTDR E@BHMF $@KHENQMH@.
125. " ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR:
=. 0.90
>. 1.27
?. 0.79
@. 400
126. " 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR ???????.
=. (0.761, 0.820)
>. (0.125, 0.188)
?. (0.755, 0.826)
@. (0.130, 0.183)
127. 5GD DQQNQ ANTMC HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX ?????.
=. 1.581
>. 0.791
?. 0.059
@. 0.030
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 'HUD GTMCQDC @MC DKDUDM (511) GNLDR HM @ BDQS@HM
RNTSGDQM $@KHENQMH@ BNLLTMHSX @QD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDX LDDS LHMHL@K D@QSGPT@JD OQDO@QDCMDRR
QDBNLLDMC@SHNMR. 0MD GTMCQDC RDUDMSX-SGQDD (173) NE SGD GNLDR RTQUDXDC LDS SGD LHMHLTL QDBNLLDMC@SHNMR ENQ
D@QSGPT@JD OQDO@QDCMDRR, @MC 338 CHC MNS.
128. 'HMC SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @S SGD 90% $NMEHCDMBD -DUDK ENQ SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE RNTSGDQM $@KHENQMH@
BNLLTMHSX GNLDR LDDSHMF @S KD@RS SGD LHMHLTL QDBNLLDMC@SHNMR ENQ D@QSGPT@JD OQDO@QDCMDRR.
=. (0.2975, 0.3796)
>. (0.6270, 6959)
?. (0.3041, 0.3730)
@. (0.6204, 0.7025)
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129. 5GD ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE GNLDR SG@S CN MNS LDDS SGD LHMHLTL QDBNLLDMC@SHNMR ENQ
D@QSGPT@JD OQDO@QDCMDRR HR ??????.
=. 0.6614
>. 0.3386
?. 173
@. 338
130. 0M .@X 23, 2013, (@KKTO QDONQSDC SG@S NE SGD 1,005 ODNOKD RTQUDXDC, 76% NE 6.4. VNQJDQR ADKHDUD SG@S SGDX VHKK
BNMSHMTD VNQJHMF O@RS QDSHQDLDMS @FD. 5GD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK ENQ SGHR RSTCX V@R QDONQSDC @S 95% VHSG @ a3% L@QFHM NE DQQNQ.
=. %DSDQLHMD SGD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM EQNL SGD R@LOKD.
>. %DSDQLHMD SGD R@LOKD RHYD.
?. *CDMSHEX C% @MC V.
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC A@RDC NM SGD HMENQL@SHNM OQNUHCDC.
A. $NLO@QD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC HM O@QS C SN SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ QDONQSDC AX (@KKTO. &WOK@HM @MX CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD
U@KTDR.
B. $QD@SD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD QDRTKSR NE SGHR RSTCX.
C. " QDONQSDQ HR BNUDQHMF SGD QDKD@RD NE SGHR RSTCX ENQ @ KNB@K MDVR RS@SHNM. )NV RGNTKC RGD DWOK@HM SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K SN GDQ @TCHDMBD
131. " M@SHNM@K RTQUDX NE 1,000 @CTKSR V@R BNMCTBSDC NM .@X 13, 2013 AX 3@RLTRRDM 3DONQSR. *S BNMBKTCDC VHSG 95%
BNMEHCDMBD SG@S 49% SN 55% NE "LDQHB@MR ADKHDUD SG@S AHF-SHLD BNKKDFD RONQSR OQNFQ@LR BNQQTOS SGD OQNBDRR NE GHFGDQ
DCTB@SHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGHR BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
>. $@M VD (VHSG 95% BNMEHCDMBD) BNMBKTCD SG@S LNQD SG@M G@KE NE @KK "LDQHB@M @CTKSR ADKHDUD SGHR
?. 6RD SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD EQNL O@QS @ @MC D = 1,000 SN B@KBTK@SD @ 75% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD OQNONQSHNM NE
"LDQHB@M @CTKSR SG@S ADKHDUD SG@S L@INQ BNKKDFD RONQSR OQNFQ@LR BNQQTOS GHFGDQ DCTB@SHNM.
@. $@M VD (VHSG 75% BNMEHCDMBD) BNMBKTCD SG@S @S KD@RS G@KE NE @KK "LDQHB@M @CTKSR ADKHDUD SGHR
132. 1TAKHB 1NKHBX 1NKKHMF QDBDMSKX BNMCTBSDC @ RTQUDX @RJHMF @CTKSR @BQNRR SGD 6.4. @ANTS LTRHB OQDEDQDMBDR. 8GDM @RJDC,
80 NE SGD 571 O@QSHBHO@MSR @CLHSSDC SG@S SGDX G@UD HKKDF@KKX CNVMKN@CDC LTRHB.
=. $QD@SD @ 99% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE "LDQHB@M @CTKSR VGN G@UD HKKDF@KKX CNVMKN@CDC
LTRHB.
>. 5GHR RTQUDX V@R BNMCTBSDC SGQNTFG @TSNL@SDC SDKDOGNMD HMSDQUHDVR NM .@X 6 @MC 7, 2013. 5GD DQQNQ ANTMC NE SGD
RTQUDX BNLODMR@SDR ENQ R@LOKHMF DQQNQ, NQ M@STQ@K U@QH@AHKHSX @LNMF R@LOKDR. -HRS RNLD E@BSNQR SG@S BNTKC @EEDBS
SGD RTQUDXnR NTSBNLD SG@S @QD MNS BNUDQDC AX SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ.
?. 8HSGNTS ODQENQLHMF @MX B@KBTK@SHNMR, CDRBQHAD GNV SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K VNTKC BG@MFD HE SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK
BG@MFDC EQNL 99% SN 90%.
133. :NT OK@M SN BNMCTBS @ RTQUDX NM XNTQ BNKKDFD B@LOTR SN KD@QM @ANTS SGD ONKHSHB@K @V@QDMDRR NE RSTCDMSR. :NT V@MS
SN DRSHL@SD SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR NM XNTQ B@LOTR VGN UNSDC HM SGD 2012 OQDRHCDMSH@K DKDBSHNM VHSG 95%
BNMEHCDMBD @MC @ L@QFHM NE DQQNQ MN FQD@SDQ SG@M EHUD ODQBDMS. )NV L@MX RSTCDMSR LTRS XNT HMSDQUHDV
134. *M @ QDBDMS ;NFAX *MSDQM@SHNM@K 1NKK, MHMD NE 48 QDRONMCDMSR Q@SDC SGD KHJDKHGNNC NE @ SDQQNQHRS @SS@BJ HM SGDHQ BNLLTMHSX
@R oKHJDKXp NQ oUDQX KHJDKX.p 6RD SGD oOKTR ENTQp LDSGNC SN BQD@SD @ 97% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD OQNONQSHNM NE "LDQHB@M
@CTKSR VGN ADKHDUD SG@S @ SDQQNQHRS @SS@BJ HM SGDHQ BNLLTMHSX HR KHJDKX NQ UDQX KHJDKX. &WOK@HM VG@S SGHR BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
LD@MR HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD OQNAKDL.
0#$#0#,!#1
8.1 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH )HIQH, ,ILG;F
o"LDQHB@M '@BS 'HMCDQ.p 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://E@BSEHMCDQ2.BDMRTR.FNU/E@BDR/M@U/IRE/O@FDR/
RD@QBGQDRTKSR.WGSLKQDEQDRG=S (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
o%HRBKNRTQD %@S@ $@S@KNF: $@MCHC@SD 4TLL@QX 3DONQS 2012.p 6.4. 'DCDQ@K &KDBSHNM $NLLHRRHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.EDB.FNU/C@S@/HMCDW.IRO (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
o)D@CBNTMS &MQNKKLDMS 5QDMCR AX 4STCDMS %DLNFQ@OGHBR 5DM-:D@Q '@KK 5QDMCR SN .NRS 3DBDMSKX $NLOKDSDC '@KK.p
'NNSGHKK %D "MY@ $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD %HRSQHBS. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://QDRD@QBG.EGC@.DCT/E@BSANNJ/')?%DLN?5QDMCR/
'NNSGHKK%DLNFQ@OGHB5QDMCR.GSL (@BBDRRDC 4DOSDLADQ 30,2013).
,TBYL@QRJH, 3NADQS +., $XMSGH@ -. 0FCDM, 4GTLDH 4. (TN, -@TQDMBD .. (QTLLDQ-4SQ@VM, ,@SGDQHMD .. 'KDF@K, ;TFTN .DH,
3NMF 8DH, -DRSDQ 3. $TQSHM, "KDW '. 3NBGD, $KHEENQC -. +NGMRNM. o2000 $%$ (QNVSG $G@QSR ENQ SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR: .DSGNCR
@MC %DUDKNOLDMS.p $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/FQNVSGBG@QSR/
2000FQNVSGBG@QS-TR.OCE (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
-@, -XMM, ,DMS (DQL@M. "$DKK 1GNMD 3@CH@SHNM -DUDKR." B[MDS O@QS NE $#9 *MSDQ@BSHUD *MB. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://QDUHDVR.BMDS.BNL/BDKK-OGNMD-Q@CH@SHNM-KDUDKR/ (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
488 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
r
s
i
o
n
o.D@M *MBNLD HM SGD 1@RS 12 .NMSGR (HM 2011 *MEK@BSHNM-"CITRSDC %NKK@QR): 2011 "LDQHB@M $NLLTMHSX 4TQUDX 1-:D@Q
&RSHL@SDR.p "LDQHB@M '@BS 'HMCDQ, 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://E@BSEHMCDQ2.BDMRTR.FNU/E@BDR/
S@AKDRDQUHBDR/IRE/O@FDR/OQNCTBSUHDV.WGSLKOHC="$4?11?1:3?41902&OQNC5XOD=S@AKD (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
o.DS@C@S@ %DRBQHOSHNM NE $@MCHC@SD 4TLL@QX 'HKD.p 6.4. 'DCDQ@K &KDBSHNM $NLLHRRHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.EDB.FNU/EHM@MBD/CHRBKNRTQD/LDS@C@S@/LDS@C@S@ENQB@MCHC@SDRTLL@QX.RGSLK (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
o/@SHNM@K )D@KSG @MC /TSQHSHNM &W@LHM@SHNM 4TQUDX.p $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/MBGR/MG@MDR.GSL (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
8.2 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH 3HEHIQH, 1NO>?HN'M N-
>CMNLC<ONCIH
o"LDQHB@nR #DRS 4L@KK $NLO@MHDR.p 'NQADR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ENQADR.BNL/ADRS-RL@KK-BNLO@MHDR/KHRS/
(@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL &?9HEIE<J BEEAI>;B<.
%@S@ EQNL GSSO://VVV.ATRHMDRRVDDJ.BNL/.
%@S@ EQNL GSSO://VVV.ENQADR.BNL/.
o%HRBKNRTQD %@S@ $@S@KNF: -D@CDQRGHO 1"$ @MC 4ONMRNQR 3DONQS, 2012.p 'DCDQ@K &KDBSHNM $NLLHRRHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.EDB.FNU/C@S@/HMCDW.IRO (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2,2013).
o)TL@M 5NWNLD 1QNIDBS: .@OOHMF SGD 1NKKTSHNM HM 1DNOKD.p &MUHQNMLDMS@K 8NQJHMF (QNTO. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.DVF.NQF/RHSDR/GTL@MSNWNLD/O@QSHBHO@MSR/O@QSHBHO@MS-FQNTO.OGOFQNTO=HM+TSDQN%2'MDVANQM (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2,
2013).
o.DS@C@S@ %DRBQHOSHNM NE -D@CDQRGHO 1"$ -HRS.p 'DCDQ@K &KDBSHNM $NLLHRRHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.EDB.FNU/
EHM@MBD/CHRBKNRTQD/LDS@C@S@/LDS@C@S@-D@CDQRGHO1@B-HRS.RGSLK (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
8.3 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIH
+DMRDM, 5NL. o%DLNBQ@SR, 3DOTAKHB@MR %HUHCDC NM 0OHMHNM NE .TRHB *BNMR.p 1TAKHB 1NKHBX 1NKKHMF. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.OTAKHBONKHBXONKKHMF.BNL/%@X2.TRHB1NKK.OCE (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
.@CCDM, .@QX, "L@MC@ -DMG@QS, 4@MCQ@ $NQDRH, 6QR (@RRDQ, .@DUD %TFF@M, "@QNM 4LHSG, @MC .DQDCHSG #D@SNM. o5DDMR,
4NBH@K .DCH@, @MC 1QHU@BX.p 1DV*MSDQMDS, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ODVHMSDQMDS.NQF/3DONQSR/2013/5DDMR-4NBH@K-
.DCH@-"MC-1QHU@BX.@ROW (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
1QHMBD 4TQUDX 3DRD@QBG "RRNBH@SDR *MSDQM@SHNM@K. o2013 5DDM @MC 1QHU@BX .@M@FDLDMS 4TQUDX.p 1DV 3DRD@QBG $DMSDQ:
*MSDQMDS @MC "LDQHB@M -HED 1QNIDBS. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ODVHMSDQMDS.NQF/]/LDCH@//'HKDR/2TDRSHNMM@HQD/2013/
.DSGNCR%20@MC%202TDRSHNMR?5DDMR%20@MC%204NBH@K%20.DCH@.OCE (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
4@@C, -XCH@. o5GQDD HM 'NTQ 6.4. 8NQJDQR 1K@M SN 8NQJ 1@R 3DSHQDLDMS "FD: 4KHFGSKX LNQD R@X SGDX VHKK CN SGHR AX
BGNHBD Q@SGDQ SG@M MDBDRRHSX.p (@KKTO_ &BNMNLX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.F@KKTO.BNL/ONKK/162758/SGQDD-ENTQ-
VNQJDQR-OK@M-VNQJ-O@RS-QDSHQDLDMS-@FD.@ROW (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
5GD 'HDKC 1NKK. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://EHDKC.BNL/EHDKCONKKNMKHMD/RTARBQHADQR/ (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
;NFAX. o/DV 46/:*5/;NFAX "M@KXSHBR 1NKK: 'DV "LDQHB@MR 8NQQX @ANTS &LDQFDMBX 4HST@SHNMR 0BBTQQHMF HM 5GDHQ
$NLLTMHSX; 0MKX NMD HM SGQDD G@UD @M &LDQFDMBX 1K@M; 70% 4TOONQS *MEQ@RSQTBSTQD m*MUDRSLDMSn ENQ /@SHNM@K 4DBTQHSX.p
;NFAX "M@KXSHBR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.YNFAX@M@KXSHBR.BNL/MDVR/299-@LDQHB@MR-MDHSGDQ-VNQQHDC-MNQ-
OQDO@QDC-HM-B@RD-NE-@-CHR@RSDQ-RTMXHS-YNFAX-@M@KXSHBR-ONKK (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
o52% 4@X #HF-5HLD $NKKDFD "SGKDSHBR $NQQTOS &CTB@SHNM 1QNBDRR.p 3@RLTRRDM 3DONQSR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.Q@RLTRRDMQDONQSR.BNL/OTAKHB?BNMSDMS/KHEDRSXKD/RONQSR/L@X?2013/
52?R@X?AHF?SHLD?BNKKDFD?@SGKDSHBR?BNQQTOS?DCTB@SHNM?OQNBDRR (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1
@. 244
A. 15
B. 50
3 N
244,
15
50
5 "R SGD R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR, SGDQD VHKK AD KDRR U@QH@AHKHSX HM SGD LD@M, RN SGD HMSDQU@K RHYD CDBQD@RDR.
7 1 HR SGD SHLD HM LHMTSDR HS S@JDR SN BNLOKDSD SGD 6.4. $DMRTR RGNQS ENQL. X
= 2.2
A. \ = 0.2
B. D = 20
15 X
HR SGD
LD@M V@HS SHLD NE 70 O@SHDMSR HM SGD DLDQFDMBX QNNL.
41 $*: (1.3808, 1.6192)
$CAOL? 8.13
EB& = 0.12
43
@. x
= 151
A. s
x
= 32
B. D = 108
C. D k 1 = 1,074
45 X
HR SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR RODMS V@SBGHMF SDKDUHRHNM ODQ LNMSG EQNL @ R@LOKD NE 108 "LDQHB@MR.
47
@. $*: (142.92, 159.08)
A.
#><JG: 8.14
B. EB& = 8.08
49
@. 3.26
A. 1.02
B. 39
51 Z
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 491
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
r
s
i
o
n
53 J
38
55 0.025
57 (2.93, 3.59)
59 8D @QD 95% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD SQTD LD@M MTLADQ NE BNKNQR ENQ M@SHNM@K EK@FR HR ADSVDDM 2.93 BNKNQR @MC 3.59 BNKNQR.
60 5GD DQQNQ ANTMC VNTKC ADBNLD &#.= 0.245. 5GHR DQQNQ ANTMC CDBQD@RDR ADB@TRD @R R@LOKD RHYDR HMBQD@RD, U@QH@AHKHSX
CDBQD@RDR @MC VD MDDC KDRR HMSDQU@K KDMFSG SN B@OSTQD SGD SQTD LD@M.
63 *S VNTKC CDBQD@RD, ADB@TRD SGD Y-RBNQD VNTKC CDBQD@RD, VGHBG QDCTBHMF SGD MTLDQ@SNQ @MC KNVDQHMF SGD MTLADQ.
65 1 HR SGD MTLADQ NE oRTBBDRRDRp VGDQD SGD VNL@M L@JDR SGD L@INQHSX NE SGD OTQBG@RHMF CDBHRHNMR ENQ SGD GNTRDGNKC. )s HR
SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE GNTRDGNKCR R@LOKDC VGDQD SGD VNL@M L@JDR SGD L@INQHSX NE SGD OTQBG@RHMF CDBHRHNMR ENQ SGD GNTRDGNKC.
67 $*: (0.5321, 0.6679)
$CAOL? 8.15
EB&: 0.679
69 1 HR SGD MTLADQ NE oRTBBDRRDRp VGDQD @M DWDBTSHUD OQDEDQR @ SQTBJ. )s HR SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE DWDBTSHUDR R@LOKDC VGN
OQDEDQ @ SQTBJ.
71 $*: (0.19432, 0.33068)
$CAOL? 8.16
EB&: 0.0707
73 5GD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ LD@MR SG@S SGD SQTD LD@M B@M AD 2% @ANUD NQ ADKNV SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
75 )s HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE UNSDQR R@LOKDC VGN R@HC SGD DBNMNLX HR SGD LNRS HLONQS@MS HRRTD HM SGD TOBNLHMF DKDBSHNM.
77 $*: (0.62735, 0.67265) EB&: 0.02265
79 5GD MTLADQ NE FHQKR, @FDR 8 SN 12, HM SGD 5 1... .NMC@X MHFGS ADFHMMHMF HBD-RJ@SHMF BK@RR.
81
@. N = 64
492 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
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s
i
o
n
A. D = 80
B. Fs = 0.8
83 F
85 P ~N(0.8,
(0.8)(0.2)
80
) . (0.72171, 0.87829).
87 0.04
89 (0.72; 0.88)
91 8HSG 92%BNMEHCDMBD, VD DRSHL@SD SGD OQNONQSHNM NE FHQKR, @FDR 8 SN 12, HM @ ADFHMMHMF HBD-RJ@SHMF BK@RR @S SGD *BD $G@KDS
SN AD ADSVDDM 72% @MC 88%.
93 5GD DQQNQ ANTMC VNTKC HMBQD@RD. "RRTLHMF @KK NSGDQ U@QH@AKDR @QD JDOS BNMRS@MS, @R SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HMBQD@RDR, SGD
@QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK ADBNLDR K@QFDQ, VGHBG BQD@SDR @ VHCDQ HMSDQU@K @MC SGTR @ K@QFDQ
DQQNQ.
95
@. H. 71
HH. 3
HHH. 2.8
A. N
71,
3
48
= 23.6
HH. = 7
HHH. M = 100
A. 1 HR SGD SHLD MDDCDC SN BNLOKDSD @M HMCHUHCT@K S@W ENQL. X
23.6,
7
100
= $568,873
A. C% = 0.95 V = 1 k 0.95 = 0.05 z
2
= 1.96
EB& = z
0.025
n
= 1.96
909200
40
= $281,764
B. x
: 568,873
D: 40
494 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
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F
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V
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s
i
o
n
C%: 0.95
6. "QQNV CNVM SN $@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
7. 5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR ($287,114, $850,632).
8. /NSHBD SGD RL@KK CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD SVN RNKTSHNMRkSGDRD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD RHLOKX CTD SN QNTMCHMF DQQNQ HM
SGD G@MC B@KBTK@SHNMR.
C. 8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 95% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE BNMSQHATSHNMR QDBDHUDC EQNL @KK HMCHUHCT@KR AX )NTRD
B@MCHC@SDR HR ADSVDDM $287,109 @MC $850,637.
103 6RD SGD ENQLTK@ ENQ EB&, RNKUDC ENQ D:
n =
z
2
2
EBM
2
'QNL SGD RS@SDLDMS NE SGD OQNAKDL, XNT JMNV SG@S \ = 2.5, @MC XNT MDDC EB& = 1. P = P
0.035
=
1.812 (5GHR HR SGD U@KTD NE P ENQ VGHBG SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD CDMRHSX BTQUD SN SGD #igh% NE P HR 0.035.)
n =
z
2
2
EBM
2
=
1.812
2
2.5
2
1
2
20.52 :NT MDDC SN LD@RTQD @S KD@RS 21 L@KD RSTCDMSR SN @BGHDUD XNTQ FN@K.
105
@. H. 8629
HH. 6944
HHH. 35
HU. 34
A. t
34
B. H. $*: (6244, 11,014)
HH.
#><JG: 8.19
HHH. &# = 2385
C. *S VHKK ADBNLD RL@KKDQ
107
@. H. x
= 2.51
HH. s
x
= 0.318
HHH. D = 9
HU. D - 1 = 8
A. SGD DEEDBSHUD KDMFSG NE SHLD ENQ @ SQ@MPTHKHYDQ
B. SGD LD@M DEEDBSHUD KDMFSG NE SHLD NE SQ@MPTHKHYDQR EQNL @ R@LOKD NE MHMD O@SHDMSR
C. 8D MDDC SN TRD @ 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM, ADB@TRD VD CN MNS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
D. H. $*: (2.27, 2.76) HH.
HHH. EB&: 0.25
E. *E VD VDQD SN R@LOKD L@MX FQNTOR NE MHMD O@SHDMSR, 95%NE SGD R@LOKDR VNTKC BNMS@HM SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M KDMFSG
NE SHLD.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 495
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
r
s
i
o
n
109 x
= $251, 854.23 s = $521, 130.41 /NSD SG@S VD @QD MNS FHUDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, NMKX SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKD. 5GDQD @QD 30 LD@RTQDR HM SGD R@LOKD, RN D = 30, @MC :< = 30 - 1 = 29 C% = 0.96, RN V =
1 - C% = 1 - 0.96 = 0.04
2
= 0.02t
2
= t
0.02
= 2.150 EBM = t
2
s
n
= 2.150
521, 130.41
30
~ $204, 561.66 x
-
EB&= $251,854.23 - $204,561.66 = $47,292.57 x
=
HH. s
x
=
HHH. D =
HU. D - 1 =
A. 1 HR SGD MTLADQ NE TMNBBTOHDC RD@SR NM @ RHMFKD EKHFGS. X
0.61,
(0.61)(0.39)
1200
0.2,
(0.2)(0.8)
1000
.
B. H. $*: (0.18, 0.22)
HH. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
HHH. EB&: 0.02
C. 0MD V@X SN KNVDQ SGD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ HR SN HMBQD@RD SGD R@LOKD RHYD.
D. 5GD RS@SDC oa 3%p QDOQDRDMSR SGD L@WHLTL DQQNQ ANTMC. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGNRD CNHMF SGD RSTCX @QD QDONQSHMF @
L@WHLTL DQQNQ NE 3%. 5GTR, SGDX DRSHL@SD SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE @CTKS "LDQHB@MR VGN EDDK SG@S BQHLD HR SGD L@HM OQNAKDL
SN AD ADSVDDM 17% @MC 23%.
125 B
127 C
129 @
131
@. Fc =
(0.55 + 0.49)
2
= 0.52; EB) = 0.55 - 0.52 = 0.03
A. /N, SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HMBKTCDR U@KTDR KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 0.50. *S HR ONRRHAKD SG@S KDRR SG@M G@KE NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM
ADKHDUD SGHR.
B. C% = 0.75, RN V = 1 k 0.75 = 0.25 @MC
2
= 0.125 z
2
= 1.150 . (5GD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE SGHR P HR 0.125, RN SGD @QD@ SN
SGD KDES HR 1 k 0.125 = 0.875.)
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 497
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
r
s
i
o
n
EBP = (1.150)
0.52(0.48)
1, 000
0.018
(Fs - EB), Fs + EB) = (0.52 k 0.018, 0.52 + 0.018) = (0.502, 0.538)
"KSDQM@SD 4NKTSHNM
45"5 5&454 ": 1-1QNO;HMSDQU@K VHSG N = (0.52)(1,000), D = 1,000, $- = 0.75.
"MRVDQ HR (0.502, 0.538)
C. :DR k SGHR HMSDQU@K CNDR MNS E@KK KDRR SG@M 0.50 RN VD B@M BNMBKTCD SG@S @S KD@RS G@KE NE @KK "LDQHB@M @CTKSR ADKHDUD SG@S
L@INQ RONQSR OQNFQ@LR BNQQTOS DCTB@SHNM k ATS VD CN RN VHSG NMKX 75% BNMEHCDMBD.
133 C% = 0.95 V = 1 k 0.95 = 0.05
2
= 0.005 z
2
= 1.96. 6RD Fs = Gs = 0.5.
n =
z
2
2
p q
EBP
2
=
1.96
2
(0.5)(0.5)
0.05
2
= 384.16 :NT MDDC SN HMSDQUHDV @S KD@RS 385 RSTCDMSR SN DRSHL@SD SGD OQNONQSHNM SN
VHSGHM 5% @S 95% BNMEHCDMBD.
498 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
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F
i
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a
l
V
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s
i
o
n
9 U &7.-2'1 2#12',%:
1',%*# +#A, A,"
1',%*# .0-.-02'-,
$CAOL? 9.1 8KQ ?=J QOA = DULKPDAOEO PAOP PK @A?E@A EB = @KC >NAA@AN`O ?H=EI PD=P ARANU #=HI=PE=J D=O 35 OLKPO EO
OP=PEOPE?=HHU OKQJ@.
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
#X SGD DMC NE SGHR BG@OSDQ, SGD RSTCDMS RGNTKC AD @AKD SN:
c %HEEDQDMSH@SD ADSVDDM 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** &QQNQR
c %DRBQHAD GXONSGDRHR SDRSHMF HM FDMDQ@K @MC HM OQ@BSHBD
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM JMNVM.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
TMJMNVM.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 499
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
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s
i
o
n
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM.
0MD INA NE @ RS@SHRSHBH@M HR SN L@JD RS@SHRSHB@K HMEDQDMBDR @ANTS ONOTK@SHNMR A@RDC NM R@LOKDR S@JDM EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
DC;>9:C8: >CI:GK6AH @QD NMD V@X SN DRSHL@SD @ ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ. "MNSGDQ V@X SN L@JD @ RS@SHRSHB@K HMEDQDMBD HR SN
L@JD @ CDBHRHNM @ANTS @ O@Q@LDSDQ. 'NQ HMRS@MBD, @ B@Q CD@KDQ @CUDQSHRDR SG@S HSR MDV RL@KK SQTBJ FDSR 35 LHKDR ODQ F@KKNM,
NM @UDQ@FD. " STSNQHMF RDQUHBD BK@HLR SG@S HSR LDSGNC NE STSNQHMF GDKOR 90%NE HSR RSTCDMSR FDS @M " NQ @ #. " BNLO@MX R@XR
SG@S VNLDM L@M@FDQR HM SGDHQ BNLO@MX D@QM @M @UDQ@FD NE $60,000 ODQ XD@Q.
" RS@SHRSHBH@M VHKK L@JD @ CDBHRHNM @ANTS SGDRD BK@HLR. 5GHR OQNBDRR HR B@KKDC " =NEDI=:H>H I:HI>C<." " GXONSGDRHR SDRS
HMUNKUDR BNKKDBSHMF C@S@ EQNL @ R@LOKD @MC DU@KT@SHMF SGD C@S@. 5GDM, SGD RS@SHRSHBH@M L@JDR @ CDBHRHNM @R SN VGDSGDQ NQ MNS
SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD, A@RDC TONM @M@KXRDR NE SGD C@S@, SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK BNMCTBS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR NM RHMFKD LD@MR @MC RHMFKD OQNONQSHNMR. :NT VHKK @KRN KD@QM @ANTS SGD
DQQNQR @RRNBH@SDC VHSG SGDRD SDRSR.
)XONSGDRHR SDRSHMF BNMRHRSR NE SVN BNMSQ@CHBSNQX GXONSGDRDR NQ RS@SDLDMSR, @ CDBHRHNM A@RDC NM SGD C@S@, @MC @
BNMBKTRHNM. 5N ODQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS, @ RS@SHRSHBH@M VHKK:
1. 4DS TO SVN BNMSQ@CHBSNQX GXONSGDRDR.
2. $NKKDBS R@LOKD C@S@ (HM GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDLR, SGD C@S@ NQ RTLL@QX RS@SHRSHBR VHKK AD FHUDM SN XNT).
3. %DSDQLHMD SGD BNQQDBS CHRSQHATSHNM SN ODQENQL SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
4. "M@KXYD R@LOKD C@S@ AX ODQENQLHMF SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR SG@S TKSHL@SDKX VHKK @KKNV XNT SN QDIDBS NQ CDBKHMD SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR.
5. .@JD @ CDBHRHNM @MC VQHSD @ LD@MHMFETK BNMBKTRHNM.
,-2#
5N CN SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDLR ENQ SGHR BG@OSDQ @MC K@SDQ BG@OSDQR, L@JD BNOHDR NE SGD @OOQNOQH@SD RODBH@K
RNKTSHNM RGDDSR. 4DD SGD AJJ?H>CR, "1IFONCIH 1B??NM" (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/QA2619/F;N?MN/) .
9.1 U ,OFF ;H> AFN?LH;NCP? &SJINB?M?M
5GD @BST@K SDRS ADFHMR AX BNMRHCDQHMF SVN =NEDI=:H:H. 5GDX @QD B@KKDC SGD CJAA =NEDI=:H>H @MC SGD 6AI:GC6I>K: =NEDI=:H>H.
5GDRD GXONSGDRDR BNMS@HM NOONRHMF UHDVONHMSR.
!
0
: 1=: CJAA =NEDI=:H>H: *S HR @ RS@SDLDMS @ANTS SGD ONOTK@SHNM SG@S DHSGDQ HR ADKHDUDC SN AD SQTD NQ HR TRDC SN OTS ENQSG
@M @QFTLDMS TMKDRR HS B@M AD RGNVM SN AD HMBNQQDBS ADXNMC @ QD@RNM@AKD CNTAS.
!
7
: 1=: 6AI:GC6I>K: =NEDI=:H>H: *S HR @ BK@HL @ANTS SGD ONOTK@SHNM SG@S HR BNMSQ@CHBSNQX SN !
0
@MC VG@S VD BNMBKTCD
VGDM VD QDIDBS !
0
.
$T=ILHA 9.1
!
0
: /N LNQD SG@M 30% NE SGD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX UNSDC HM SGD OQHL@QX DKDBSHNM. F x 30
!
7
: .NQD SG@M 30% NE SGD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX UNSDC HM SGD OQHL@QX DKDBSHNM. F > 30
9.1 " LDCHB@K SQH@K HR BNMCTBSDC SN SDRS VGDSGDQ NQ MNS @ MDV LDCHBHMD QDCTBDR BGNKDRSDQNK AX 25%. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC
@KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
$T=ILHA 9.2
8D V@MS SN SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE DHFGSG FQ@CDQR HM "LDQHB@M BNKKDFDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL 2.0 (NTS NE 4.0).
5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
!
0
: Z = 2.0
!
7
: Z w 2.0
500 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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9.2 8D V@MS SN SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE DHFGSG FQ@CDQR HR 66 HMBGDR. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
'HKK HM SGD BNQQDBS RXLANK ENQ SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR. (=, w, y, <, x, >) ENQ SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD
GXONSGDRDR.
=. !
0
: Z ?? 66
>. !
7
: Z ?? 66
$T=ILHA 9.3
8D V@MS SN SDRS HE BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR S@JD KDRR SG@M EHUD XD@QR SN FQ@CT@SD EQNL BNKKDFD, NM SGD @UDQ@FD. 5GD MTKK @MC
@KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
!
0
: Z y 5
!
7
: Z < 5
9.3 8D V@MS SN SDRS HE HS S@JDR EDVDQ SG@M 45 LHMTSDR SN SD@BG @ KDRRNM OK@M. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
'HKK HM SGD BNQQDBS RXLANK ( =, w, y, <, x, >) ENQ SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
=. !
0
: Z ?? 45
>. !
7
: Z ?? 45
$T=ILHA 9.4
*M @M HRRTD NE .. ,. ';MI 7D: 0EHB: +;FEHJ, @M @QSHBKD NM RBGNNK RS@MC@QCR RS@SDC SG@S @ANTS G@KE NE @KK RSTCDMSR HM
'Q@MBD, (DQL@MX, @MC *RQ@DK S@JD @CU@MBDC OK@BDLDMS DW@LR @MC @ SGHQC O@RR. 5GD R@LD @QSHBKD RS@SDC SG@S 6.6%
NE 6.4. RSTCDMSR S@JD @CU@MBDC OK@BDLDMS DW@LR @MC 4.4% O@RR. 5DRS HE SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE 6.4. RSTCDMSR VGN S@JD
@CU@MBDC OK@BDLDMS DW@LR HR LNQD SG@M 6.6%. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
!
0
: F x 0.066
!
7
: F > 0.066
9.4 0M @ RS@SD CQHUDQnR SDRS, @ANTS 40% O@RR SGD SDRS NM SGD EHQRS SQX. 8D V@MS SN SDRS HE LNQD SG@M 40% O@RR NM SGD EHQRS
SQX. 'HKK HM SGD BNQQDBS RXLANK (=, w, y, <, x, >) ENQ SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
=. !
0
: F ?? 0.40
>. !
7
: F ?? 0.40
4HMBD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @QD BNMSQ@CHBSNQX, XNT LTRS DW@LHMD DUHCDMBD SN CDBHCD HE XNT G@UD DMNTFG
DUHCDMBD SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR NQ MNS. 5GD DUHCDMBD HR HM SGD ENQL NE R@LOKD C@S@.
"ESDQ XNT G@UD CDSDQLHMDC VGHBG GXONSGDRHR SGD R@LOKD RTOONQSR, XNT L@JD @ 9:8>H>DC. 5GDQD @QD SVN NOSHNMR ENQ @
CDBHRHNM. 5GDX @QD "QDIDBS !
0
" HE SGD R@LOKD HMENQL@SHNM E@UNQR SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR NQ "CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
" NQ "CDBKHMD
SN QDIDBS !
0
" HE SGD R@LOKD HMENQL@SHNM HR HMRTEEHBHDMS SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
.@SGDL@SHB@K 4XLANKR 6RDC HM !
0
@MC !
7
:
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 501
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H
0
H
%
AMQ=H (=) JKP AMQ=H (f) IL CNA=PAN PD=J (>) IL HAOO PD=J (<)
CNA=PAN PD=J KN AMQ=H PK (h) HAOO PD=J (<)
HAOO PD=J KN AMQ=H PK (g) IKNA PD=J (>)
2;<F? 9.1
,-2#
!
0
@KV@XR G@R @ RXLANK VHSG @M DPT@K HM HS. !
7
MDUDQ G@R @ RXLANK VHSG @M DPT@K HM HS. 5GD BGNHBD NE RXLANK CDODMCR
NM SGD VNQCHMF NE SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS. )NVDUDQ, AD @V@QD SG@S L@MX QDRD@QBGDQR (HMBKTCHMF NMD NE SGD BN-@TSGNQR HM
QDRD@QBG VNQJ) TRD = HM SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, DUDM VHSG > NQ < @R SGD RXLANK HM SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR. 5GHR OQ@BSHBD
HR @BBDOS@AKD ADB@TRD VD NMKX L@JD SGD CDBHRHNM SN QDIDBS NQ MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
#QHMF SN BK@RR @ MDVRO@ODQ, RNLD MDVR L@F@YHMDR, @MC RNLD *MSDQMDS @QSHBKDR . *M FQNTOR, EHMC @QSHBKDR EQNLVGHBG XNTQ
FQNTO B@M VQHSD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR. %HRBTRR XNTQ GXONSGDRDR VHSG SGD QDRS NE SGD BK@RR.
9.2 U -ON=IG?M ;H> NB? 2SJ? ' ;H> 2SJ? '' #LLILM
8GDM XNT ODQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS, SGDQD @QD ENTQ ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR CDODMCHMF NM SGD @BST@K SQTSG (NQ E@KRDMDRR) NE SGD
MTKK GXONSGDRHR !
0
@MC SGD CDBHRHNM SN QDIDBS NQ MNS. 5GD NTSBNLDR @QD RTLL@QHYDC HM SGD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD:
A!2'-, H
0
'1 A!23A**7 ...
3NQA %=HOA
"I HIN L?D?=N H
0 "KNNA?P .QP?KIA 3ULA (( ANNKN
0?D?=N H
0 3ULA ( $NNKN "KNNA?P .QP?KIA
2;<F? 9.2
5GD ENTQ ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR HM SGD S@AKD @QD:
1. 5GD CDBHRHNM HR CDI ID G:?:8I H
0
VGDM, H
0
>H IGJ: (8DGG:8I 9:8>H>DC).
2. 5GD CDBHRHNM HR SN G:?:8I H
0
VGDM, H
0
>H IGJ: (HMBNQQDBS CDBHRHNM JMNVM @R @ 1NE: & :GGDG).
3. 5GD CDBHRHNM HR CDI ID G:?:8I H
0
VGDM, HM E@BS, H
0
>H ;6AH: (HMBNQQDBS CDBHRHNM JMNVM @R @ 1NE: && :GGDG).
4. 5GD CDBHRHNM HR SN G:?:8I H
0
VGDM, H
0
>H ;6AH: (8DGG:8I 9:8>H>DC VGNRD OQNA@AHKHSX HR B@KKDC SGD -DL:G D; I=: 1:HI).
&@BG NE SGD DQQNQR NBBTQR VHSG @ O@QSHBTK@Q OQNA@AHKHSX. 5GD (QDDJ KDSSDQR V @MC W QDOQDRDMS SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
V = OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 5XOD * DQQNQ = P(1NE: & :GGDG) = OQNA@AHKHSX NE QDIDBSHMF SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD.
W = OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ = P(1NE: && :GGDG) = OQNA@AHKHSX NE MNS QDIDBSHMF SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR HR E@KRD.
V @MC W RGNTKC AD @R RL@KK @R ONRRHAKD ADB@TRD SGDX @QDOQNA@AHKHSHDR NE DQQNQR. 5GDX @QD Q@QDKX YDQN.
5GD 1NVDQ NE SGD 5DRS HR 1 k W. *CD@KKX, VD V@MS @ GHFG ONVDQ SG@S HR @R BKNRD SN NMD @R ONRRHAKD. *MBQD@RHMF SGD R@LOKD
RHYD B@M HMBQD@RD SGD 1NVDQ NE SGD 5DRS.
502 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5GD ENKKNVHMF @QD DW@LOKDR NE 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR.
$T=ILHA 9.5
4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: 'Q@MJ'R QNBJ BKHLAHMF DPTHOLDMS HR R@ED.
1NE: & :GGDG: 'Q@MJ SGHMJR SG@S GHR QNBJ BKHLAHMF DPTHOLDMS L@X MNS AD R@ED VGDM, HME@BS, HS QD@KKX HR R@ED.
1NE: && :GGDG: 'Q@MJ SGHMJR SG@S GHR QNBJ BKHLAHMF DPTHOLDMS L@X AD R@ED VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR MNS R@ED.
+ = EGD767>A>IN SG@S 'Q@MJ SGHMJR GHR QNBJ BKHLAHMF DPTHOLDMS L@X MNS AD R@ED VGDM,HM E@BS, HS QD@KKX HR R@ED.
, = EGD767>A>IN SG@S 'Q@MJ SGHMJR GHR QNBJ BKHLAHMF DPTHOLDMS L@X AD R@ED VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR MNS R@ED.
/NSHBD SG@S, HM SGHR B@RD, SGD DQQNQ VHSG SGD FQD@SDQ BNMRDPTDMBD HR SGD 5XOD ** DQQNQ. (*E 'Q@MJ SGHMJR GHR QNBJ
BKHLAHMF DPTHOLDMS HR R@ED, GD VHKK FN @GD@C @MC TRD HS.)
9.5 4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: SGD AKNNC BTKSTQDR BNMS@HM MN SQ@BDR NE O@SGNFDM 1. 4S@SD SGD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD
** DQQNQR.
$T=ILHA 9.6
4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: 5GD UHBSHL NE @M @TSNLNAHKD @BBHCDMS HR @KHUD VGDM GD @QQHUDR @S SGD
DLDQFDMBX QNNL NE @ GNROHS@K.
1NE: & :GGDG: 5GD DLDQFDMBX BQDV SGHMJR SG@S SGD UHBSHL HR CD@C VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD UHBSHL HR @KHUD.1NE: &&
:GGDG: 5GD DLDQFDMBX BQDV CNDR MNS JMNV HE SGD UHBSHL HR @KHUD VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD UHBSHL HR CD@C.
+ = EGD767>A>IN SG@S SGD DLDQFDMBX BQDV SGHMJR SGD UHBSHL HR CD@C VGDM, HM E@BS, GD HRQD@KKX @KHUD = )(5XOD
* DQQNQ). , = EGD767>A>IN SG@S SGD DLDQFDMBX BQDV CNDR MNS JMNV HE SGD UHBSHL HR @KHUD VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD UHBSHL HR
CD@C = )(5XOD ** DQQNQ).
5GD DQQNQ VHSG SGD FQD@SDQ BNMRDPTDMBD HR SGD 5XOD * DQQNQ. (*E SGD DLDQFDMBX BQDV SGHMJR SGD UHBSHL HR CD@C,
SGDX VHKK MNS SQD@S GHL.)
9.6 4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR: !
0
, HR: @ O@SHDMS HR MNS RHBJ. 8GHBG SXOD NE DQQNQ G@R SGD FQD@SDQ BNMRDPTDMBD, 5XOD *
NQ 5XOD **
$T=ILHA 9.7
*SnR @ #NX (DMDSHB -@AR BK@HL SN AD @AKD SN HMBQD@RD SGD KHJDKHGNNC SG@S @ OQDFM@MBX VHKK QDRTKS HM @ ANX ADHMF
ANQM. 4S@SHRSHBH@MR V@MS SN SDRS SGD BK@HL. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: *SnR @ #NX -@AR G@R MN DEEDBS NM
FDMCDQ NTSBNLD.
1NE: & :GGDG: 5GHR QDRTKSR VGDM @ SQTD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR QDIDBSDC. *M SGD BNMSDWS NE SGHR RBDM@QHN, VD VNTKC
RS@SD SG@S VD ADKHDUD SG@S *SnR @ #NX HMEKTDMBDR SGD FDMCDQ NTSBNLD, VGDM HM E@BS HS G@R MN DEEDBS. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX
NE SGHR DQQNQ NBBTQQHMF HR CDMNSDC AX SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQ @KOG@, V.
1NE: && :GGDG: 5GHR QDRTKSR VGDM VD E@HK SN QDIDBS @ E@KRD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. *M BNMSDWS, VD VNTKC RS@SD SG@S *SnR
@ #NX (DMDSHB -@AR CNDR MNS HMEKTDMBD SGD FDMCDQ NTSBNLD NE @ OQDFM@MBX VGDM, HM E@BS, HS CNDR. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX
NE SGHR DQQNQ NBBTQQHMF HR CDMNSDC AX SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQ ADS@, W.
5GD DQQNQ NE FQD@SDQ BNMRDPTDMBD VNTKC AD SGD 5XOD * DQQNQ RHMBD BNTOKDR VNTKC TRD SGD *SnR @ #NX (DMDSHB
-@AR OQNCTBS HM GNODR NE HMBQD@RHMF SGD BG@MBDR NE G@UHMF @ ANX.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 503
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9.7 o3DC SHCDp HR @ AKNNL NE ONHRNM-OQNCTBHMF @KF@Dk@ EDV CHEEDQDMS RODBHDR NE @ BK@RR NE OK@MJSNM B@KKDC
CHMNEK@FDKK@SDR. 8GDM SGD VD@SGDQ @MC V@SDQ BNMCHSHNMR B@TRD SGDRD AKNNLR, RGDKKEHRG RTBG @R BK@LR KHUHMF HM SGD @QD@
CDUDKNO C@MFDQNTR KDUDKR NE @ O@Q@KXRHR-HMCTBHMF SNWHM. *M .@RR@BGTRDSSR, SGD %HUHRHNM NE .@QHMD 'HRGDQHDR (%.')
LNMHSNQR KDUDKR NE SGD SNWHM HM RGDKKEHRG AX QDFTK@Q R@LOKHMF NE RGDKKEHRG @KNMF SGD BN@RSKHMD. *E SGD LD@M KDUDK NE SNWHM
HM BK@LR DWBDDCR 800 KF (LHBQNFQ@LR) NE SNWHM ODQ JF NE BK@L LD@S HM @MX @QD@, BK@L G@QUDRSHMF HR A@MMDC SGDQD TMSHK
SGD AKNNL HR NUDQ @MC KDUDKR NE SNWHM HM BK@LR RTARHCD. %DRBQHAD ANSG @ 5XOD * @MC @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ HM SGHR BNMSDWS, @MC
RS@SD VGHBG DQQNQ G@R SGD FQD@SDQ BNMRDPTDMBD.
$T=ILHA 9.8
" BDQS@HM DWODQHLDMS@K CQTF BK@HLR @ BTQD Q@SD NE 75% ENQ L@KDR VHSG OQNRS@SD B@MBDQ. %DRBQHAD ANSG SGD 5XOD *
@MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR HM BNMSDWS. 8GHBG DQQNQ HR SGD LNQD RDQHNTR
1NE: &: " B@MBDQ O@SHDMS ADKHDUDR SGD BTQD Q@SD ENQ SGD CQTF HR MNS 75% VGDM HS @BST@KKX HR 75%.
1NE: &&: " B@MBDQ O@SHDMS ADKHDUDR SGD DWODQHLDMS@K CQTF G@R @ 75%BTQD Q@SD VGDM HS CNDR MNS @BST@KKX G@UD
@ 75% BTQD Q@SD.
*M SGHR RBDM@QHN, SGD 5XOD ** DQQNQ BNMS@HMR SGD LNQD RDUDQD BNMRDPTDMBD. *E @ O@SHDMS ADKHDUDR SGD CQTF VNQJR,
SGHR LNRS KHJDKX VHKK HMEKTDMBD SGD O@SHDMSnR (@MC CNBSNQnR) BGNHBD @ANTS VGDSGDQ SN TRD SGD CQTF @R @ SQD@SLDMS
NOSHNM.
9.8 %DSDQLHMD ANSG 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF RBDM@QHN:
"RRTLD @ MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, SG@S RS@SDR SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE @CTKSR VHSG INAR HR @S KD@RS 88%.
*CDMSHEX SGD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR EQNL SGDRD ENTQ RS@SDLDMSR.
=. /NS SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE @CTKSR VGN G@UD INAR HR @S KD@RS 88% VGDM SG@S ODQBDMS@FD
HR @BST@KKX KDRR SG@M 88%
>. /NS SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE @CTKSR VGN G@UD INAR HR @S KD@RS 88% VGDM SGD ODQBDMS@FD
HR @BST@KKX @S KD@RS 88%.
?. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE @CTKSR VGN G@UD INAR HR @S KD@RS 88% VGDM SGD ODQBDMS@FD HR
@BST@KKX @S KD@RS 88%.
@. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE @CTKSR VGN G@UD INAR HR @S KD@RS 88% VGDM SG@S ODQBDMS@FD HR
@BST@KKX KDRR SG@M 88%.
9.3 U "CMNLC<ONCIH ,??>?> @IL &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA
&@QKHDQ HM SGD BNTQRD, VD CHRBTRRDC R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNMR. -6GI>8JA6G 9>HIG>7JI>DCH 6G: 6HHD8>6I:9 L>I= =NEDI=:H>H
I:HI>C<. 1DQENQL SDRSR NE @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M TRHMF @ CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC NQ @ 0IJ9:CI'H %-9>HIG>7JI>DC. (3DLDLADQ, TRD
@ 4STCDMS'R J-CHRSQHATSHNM VGDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC HR TMJMNVM @MC SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR
@OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.) 8D G@UD ODQENQLDC SDRSR NE @ ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM TRHMF @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM (TRT@KKX D HR K@QFD
NQ SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR K@QFD).
*E XNT @QD SDRSHMF @ H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR ENQ B:6CH:
X
~N
X
,
X
n
NQ t
d f
5GD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ HR Z. 5GD DRSHL@SDC U@KTD (ONHMS DRSHL@SD) ENQ i HR x
p,
p q
n
5GD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ HR F. 5GD DRSHL@SDC U@KTD (ONHMS DRSHL@SD) ENQ F HR Fc. Fc =
x
n
VGDQD N HR SGD MTLADQ NE
RTBBDRRDR @MC D HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD.
504 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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AMMOGJNCIHM
8GDM XNT ODQENQL@ =NEDI=:H>H I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C . TRHMF @ 0IJ9:CI'H %-9>HIG>7JI>DC (NESDM B@KKDC @ S-SDRS),
SGDQD @QD ETMC@LDMS@K @RRTLOSHNMR SG@S MDDC SN AD LDS HM NQCDQ ENQ SGD SDRS SN VNQJ OQNODQKX. :NTQ C@S@ RGNTKC AD @ H>BEA:
G6C9DB H6BEA: SG@S BNLDR EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM SG@S HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX CDGB6AAN 9>HIG>7JI:9. :NT TRD SGD R@LOKD HI6C96G9
9:K>6I>DC SN @OOQNWHL@SD SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. (/NSD SG@S HE SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD, @ S-SDRS VHKK
VNQJ DUDM HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR MNS @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC).
8GDM XNT ODQENQL @ =NEDI=:H>H I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C . TRHMF @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM (NESDM B@KKDC @ P-SDRS),
XNT S@JD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNLR@LOKD EQNLSGD ONOTK@SHNM. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM XNT @QD SDRSHMF HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC NQ XNTQ R@LOKD
RHYD HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD. :NT JMNV SGD U@KTD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM VGHBG, HM QD@KHSX, HR Q@QDKX JMNVM.
8GDM XNT ODQENQL @ =NEDI=:H>H I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC EGDEDGI>DC !, XNT S@JD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD EQNL
SGD ONOTK@SHNM. :NT LTRS LDDS SGD BNMCHSHNMR ENQ @ 7>CDB>6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC HM VGHBG @QD: SGDQD @QD @ BDQS@HM MTLADQ D NE
HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR, SGD NTSBNLDR NE @MX SQH@K @QD RTBBDRR NQ E@HKTQD, @MC D@BG SQH@K G@R SGD R@LD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR F. 5GD
RG@OD NE SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM MDDCR SN AD RHLHK@Q SN SGD RG@OD NE SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5N DMRTQD SGHR, SGD PT@MSHSHDR DF
@MC DG LTRS ANSG AD FQD@SDQ SG@M EHUD (DF > 5 @MC DG > 5). 5GDM SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE R@LOKD (DRSHL@SDC) OQNONQSHNM
B@M AD @OOQNWHL@SDC AX SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG Z = F @MC =
pq
n
. 3DLDLADQ SG@S G = 1 k F.
9.4 U 0;L? #P?HNM, NB? 1;GJF?, "?=CMCIH ;H> !IH=FOMCIH
&RS@AKHRGHMF SGD SXOD NE CHRSQHATSHNM, R@LOKD RHYD, @MC JMNVM NQ TMJMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM B@M GDKO XNT EHFTQD NTS GNV
SN FN @ANTS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS. )NVDUDQ, SGDQD @QD RDUDQ@K NSGDQ E@BSNQR XNT RGNTKC BNMRHCDQ VGDM VNQJHMF NTS @ GXONSGDRHR
SDRS.
0;L? #P?HNM
4TOONRD XNT L@JD @M @RRTLOSHNM @ANTS @ OQNODQSX NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM (SGHR @RRTLOSHNM HR SGD CJAA =NEDI=:H>H). 5GDM XNT
F@SGDQ R@LOKD C@S@ Q@MCNLKX. *E SGD R@LOKD G@R OQNODQSHDR SG@S VNTKC AD UDQX JCA>@:AN SN NBBTQ HE SGD @RRTLOSHNM HR SQTD,
SGDM XNT VNTKC BNMBKTCD SG@S XNTQ @RRTLOSHNM @ANTS SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR OQNA@AKX HMBNQQDBS. (3DLDLADQ SG@S XNTQ @RRTLOSHNM
HR ITRS @M 6HHJBEI>DClHS HR MNS @ E@BS @MC HS L@X NQ L@X MNS AD SQTD. #TS XNTQ R@LOKD C@S@ @QD QD@K @MC SGD C@S@ @QD RGNVHMF
XNT @ E@BS SG@S RDDLR SN BNMSQ@CHBS XNTQ @RRTLOSHNM.)
'NQ DW@LOKD, %HCH @MC "KH @QD @S @ AHQSGC@X O@QSX NE @ UDQX VD@KSGX EQHDMC. 5GDX GTQQX SN AD EHQRS HM KHMD SN FQ@A @ OQHYD
EQNL @ S@KK A@RJDS SG@S SGDX B@MMNS RDD HMRHCD ADB@TRD SGDX VHKK AD AKHMCENKCDC. 5GDQD @QD 200 OK@RSHB ATAAKDR HM SGD A@RJDS
@MC %HCH @MC "KH G@UD ADDM SNKC SG@S SGDQD HR NMKX NMD VHSG @ $100 AHKK. %HCH HR SGD EHQRS ODQRNM SN QD@BG HMSN SGD A@RJDS @MC
OTKK NTS @ ATAAKD. )DQ ATAAKD BNMS@HMR @ $100 AHKK. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGHR G@OODMHMF HR
1
200
= 0.005. #DB@TRD SGHR HR RN
TMKHJDKX, "KH HR GNOHMF SG@S VG@S SGD SVN NE SGDL VDQD SNKC HR VQNMF @MC SGDQD @QD LNQD $100 AHKKR HM SGD A@RJDS. " "Q@QD
DUDMS" G@R NBBTQQDC (%HCH FDSSHMF SGD $100 AHKK) RN "KH CNTASR SGD @RRTLOSHNM @ANTS NMKX NMD $100 AHKK ADHMF HM SGD A@RJDS.
3MCHA NB? 1;GJF? NI 2?MN NB? ,OFF &SJINB?MCM
6RD SGD R@LOKD C@S@ SN B@KBTK@SD SGD @BST@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF SGD SDRS QDRTKS, B@KKDC SGD !-K6AJ:. 5GD F-U@KTD HR SGD
EGD767>A>IN I=6I, >; I=: CJAA =NEDI=:H>H >H IGJ:, I=: G:HJAIH ;GDB 6CDI=:G G6C9DBAN H:A:8I:9 H6BEA: L>AA 7: 6H :MIG:B:
DG BDG: :MIG:B: 6H I=: G:HJAIH D7I6>C:9 ;GDB I=: <>K:C H6BEA:.
" K@QFD F-U@KTD B@KBTK@SDC EQNL SGD C@S@ HMCHB@SDR SG@S VD RGNTKC MNS QDIDBS SGD CJAA =NEDI=:H>H. 5GD RL@KKDQ SGD F-
U@KTD, SGD LNQD TMKHJDKX SGD NTSBNLD, @MC SGD RSQNMFDQ SGD DUHCDMBD HR @F@HMRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 8D VNTKC QDIDBS SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR HE SGD DUHCDMBD HR RSQNMFKX @F@HMRS HS.
!G6L 6 <G6E= I=6I H=DLH I=: !-K6AJ:. 1=: =NEDI=:H>H I:HI >H :6H>:G ID E:G;DGB >; NDJ JH: 6 <G6E= 7:86JH: NDJ
H:: I=: EGD7A:B BDG: 8A:6GAN.
$T=ILHA 9.9
4TOONRD @ A@JDQ BK@HLR SG@S GHR AQD@C GDHFGS HR LNQD SG@M 15 BL, NM @UDQ@FD. 4DUDQ@K NE GHR BTRSNLDQR CN MNS
ADKHDUD GHL. 5N ODQRT@CD GHR BTRSNLDQR SG@S GD HR QHFGS, SGD A@JDQ CDBHCDR SN CN @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS. )D A@JDR 10
KN@UDR NE AQD@C. 5GD LD@M GDHFGS NE SGD R@LOKD KN@UDR HR 17 BL. 5GD A@JDQ JMNVR EQNLA@JHMF GTMCQDCR NE KN@UDR
NE AQD@C SG@S SGD HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC ENQ SGD GDHFGS HR 0.5 BL. @MC SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE GDHFGSR HR MNQL@K.
5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR BNTKC AD !
0
: Z x 15 5GD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR HR !
7
: Z > 15
5GD VNQCR ">H BDG: I=6C" SQ@MRK@SDR @R @ ">" RN "Z > 15" FNDR HMSN SGD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR. 5GD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR LTRS BNMSQ@CHBS SGD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 505
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4HMBD 0 >H @CDLC (\ = 0.5 BL.), SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR JMNVM SN AD MNQL@K VHSG LD@M Z = 15
@MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
n
=
0.5
10
= 0.16 .
4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD (SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE SGD KN@UDR HR MN LNQD SG@M 15 BL). 5GDM HR SGD LD@M
GDHFGS (17 BL) B@KBTK@SDC EQNL SGD R@LOKD TMDWODBSDCKX K@QFD 5GD GXONSGDRHR SDRS VNQJR AX @RJHMF SGD PTDRSHNM
GNV JCA>@:AN SGD R@LOKD LD@M VNTKC AD HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VDQD SQTD. 5GD FQ@OG RGNVR GNV E@Q NTS SGD R@LOKD
LD@M HR NM SGD MNQL@K BTQUD. 5GD F-U@KTD HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S, HE VD VDQD SN S@JD NSGDQ R@LOKDR, @MX NSGDQ
R@LOKD LD@M VNTKC E@KK @S KD@RS @R E@Q NTS @R 17 BL.
1=: !-K6AJ:, I=:C, >H I=: EGD767>A>IN I=6I 6 H6BEA: B:6C >H I=: H6B: DG <G:6I:G I=6C 17 8B. L=:C I=:
EDEJA6I>DC B:6C >H, >C ;68I, 15 8B. 8D B@M B@KBTK@SD SGHR OQNA@AHKHSX TRHMF SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ LD@MR.
$CAOL? 9.2
F-U@KTD= )( x
~N
,
X
n
5GDQDENQD, X
~N
16.43,
0.8
15
< 16) = 0.0187 VGDQD SGD R@LOKD LD@M HM SGD OQNAKDL HR FHUDM @R 16.
F-U@KTD = 0.0187 (5GHR HR B@KKDC SGD 68IJ6A A:K:A D; H><C>;>86C8:.) 5GD F-U@KTD HR SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE SGD
R@LOKD LD@M HR FHUDM @R 16.
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 9.6
Z = 16.43 BNLDR EQNL !
0
. 0TQ @RRTLOSHNM HR Z = 16.43.
&CI:GEG:I6I>DC D; I=: !-K6AJ:: &; H
0
>H IGJ:, SGDQD HR @ 0.0187 OQNA@AHKHSX (1.87%)SG@S +DEEQDX'R LD@M SHLD SN
RVHL SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD HR 16 RDBNMCR NQ KDRR. #DB@TRD @ 1.87% BG@MBD HR RL@KK, SGD LD@M SHLD NE 16 RDBNMCR
NQ KDRR HR TMKHJDKX SN G@UD G@OODMDC Q@MCNLKX. *S HR @ Q@QD DUDMS.
$NLO@QD V @MC SGD F-U@KTD:
V = 0.05 F-U@KTD = 0.0187 V > F-U@KTD
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS !
0
.
5GHR LD@MR SG@S XNT QDIDBS Z = 16.43. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, XNT CN MNS SGHMJ +DEEQDX RVHLR SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD HM
16.43 RDBNMCR ATS E@RSDQ VHSG SGD MDV FNFFKDR.
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 5%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VD BNMBKTCD SG@S +DEEQDX RVHLR E@RSDQ TRHMF SGD MDV FNFFKDR. 5GD
R@LOKD C@S@ RGNV SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SG@S +DEEQDX'R LD@M SHLD SN RVHL SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD HR KDRR SG@M
16.43 RDBNMCR.
5GD F-U@KTD B@M D@RHKX AD B@KBTK@SDC.
1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). 1QDRR 1:/-*7CD. "QQNV NUDQ SN )D3DC @MC OQDRR E$*E(. "QQNV
CNVM @MC DMSDQ 16.43 ENQ Z
0
(MTKK GXONSGDRHR), .8 ENQ \, 16 ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M, @MC 15 ENQ D. "QQNV CNVM
SN Z : (@KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR) @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN < Z
0
. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR
E$*E(. 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ MNS NMKX B@KBTK@SDR SGD F-U@KTD (F = 0.0187) ATS HS @KRN B@KBTK@SDR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
(P-RBNQD) ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M. Z < 16.43 HR SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR. %N SGHR RDS NE HMRSQTBSHNMR @F@HM DWBDOS
@QQNV SN DB3G(HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7). 1QDRR E$*E(. " RG@CDC FQ@OG @OOD@QR VHSG P = -2.08 (SDRS RS@SHRSHB)
@MC F = 0.0187 (F-U@KTD). .@JD RTQD VGDM XNT TRD DB3G SG@S MN NSGDQ DPT@SHNMR @QD GHFGKHFGSDC HM 2 = @MC
SGD OKNSR @QD STQMDC NEE.
8GDM SGD B@KBTK@SNQ CNDR @ 3-5DRS, SGD /-*7CD ETMBSHNM EHMCR SGD F-U@KTD AX CNHMF @ MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX
B@KBTK@SHNM TRHMF SGD 8:CIG6A A>B>I I=:DG:B:
P( x
.
5GD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL @QD @R ENKKNVR:
5GD 5XOD * DQQNQ HR SN BNMBKTCD SG@S +DEEQDX RVHLR SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD, NM @UDQ@FD, HM KDRR SG@M 16.43
RDBNMCR VGDM, HM E@BS, GD @BST@KKX RVHLR SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD, NM @UDQ@FD, HM 16.43 RDBNMCR. (3DIDBS SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD.)
510 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5GD 5XOD ** DQQNQ HR SG@S SGDQD HR MNS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S +DEEQDX RVHLR SGD 25-X@QC EQDD-RSXKD, NM
@UDQ@FD, HM KDRR SG@M 16.43 RDBNMCR VGDM, HM E@BS, GD @BST@KKX CNDR RVHLSGD 25-X@QC EQDD-RSXKD, NM @UDQ@FD, HM KDRR
SG@M 16.43 RDBNMCR. (%N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR E@KRD.)
9.14 5GD LD@M SGQNVHMF CHRS@MBD NE @ ENNSA@KK ENQ @ .@QBN, @ GHFG RBGNNK EQDRGL@M PT@QSDQA@BJ, HR 40 X@QCR, VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN X@QCR. 5GD SD@L BN@BG SDKKR .@QBN SN @CITRS GHR FQHO SN FDS LNQD CHRS@MBD. 5GD BN@BG QDBNQCR
SGD CHRS@MBDR ENQ 20 SGQNVR. 'NQ SGD 20 SGQNVR, .@QBNnR LD@M CHRS@MBD V@R 45 X@QCR. 5GD BN@BG SGNTFGS SGD CHEEDQDMS
FQHO GDKODC .@QBN SGQNV E@QSGDQ SG@M 40 X@QCR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS TRHMF @ OQDRDS V = 0.05. "RRTLD SGD SGQNV
CHRS@MBDR ENQ ENNSA@KKR @QD MNQL@K.
'HQRS, CDSDQLHMD VG@S SXOD NE SDRS SGHR HR, RDS TO SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS, EHMC SGD F-U@KTD, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC RS@SD XNTQ
BNMBKTRHNM.
1QDRR 45"5 @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454. 1QDRR 1:;-5DRS. "QQNV NUDQ SN 4S@SR @MC OQDRR &/5&3. "QQNV CNVM @MC
DMSDQ 40 ENQ Z0 (MTKK GXONSGDRHR), 2 ENQ \, 45 ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M, @MC 20 ENQ D. "QQNV CNVM SN Z: (@KSDQM@SHUD
GXONSGDRHR) @MC RDS HS DHSGDQ @R <, w, NQ >. 1QDRR &/5&3. "QQNV CNVM SN $@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR &/5&3. 5GD
B@KBTK@SNQ MNS NMKX B@KBTK@SDR SGD F-U@KTD ATS HS @KRN B@KBTK@SDR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB (P-RBNQD) ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
4DKDBS <, w, NQ > ENQ SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR. %N SGHR RDS NE HMRSQTBSHNMR @F@HM DWBDOS @QQNV SN %Q@V (HMRSD@C NE
$@KBTK@SD). 1QDRR &/5&3. " RG@CDC FQ@OG @OOD@QR VHSG SDRS RS@SHRSHB @MC F-U@KTD. .@JD RTQD VGDM XNT TRD %Q@V
SG@S MN NSGDQ DPT@SHNMR @QD GHFGKHFGSDC HM 2 = @MC SGD OKNSR @QD STQMDC NEE.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 511
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&'12-0'!A* ,-2# (#6A+.*# 9.11)
5GD SQ@CHSHNM@K V@X SN BNLO@QD SGD SVN OQNA@AHKHSHDR, V @MC SGD F-U@KTD, HR SN BNLO@QD SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD (P-RBNQD EQNL
V) SN SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB (P-RBNQD EQNL C@S@). 5GD B@KBTK@SDC SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ SGD F-U@KTD HR k2.08. ('QNL SGD $DMSQ@K -HLHS
5GDNQDL, SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQLTK@ HR z =
x
X
(
X
n
)
. 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL, x
= 16, Z
1
= 16.43 EQNL SGD MTKK GXONSGDR
HR, \
1
= 0.8, @MC D = 15.) :NT B@M EHMC SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD ENQ V = 0.05 HM SGD MNQL@K S@AKD (RDD 15.167A:H HM SGD 5@AKD
NE $NMSDMSR). 5GD P-RBNQD ENQ @M @QD@ SN SGD KDES DPT@K SN 0.05 HR LHCV@X ADSVDDM k1.65 @MC k1.64 (0.05 HR LHCV@X
ADSVDDM 0.0505 @MC 0.0495). 5GD P-RBNQD HR k1.645. 4HMBD k1.645 > k2.08 (VGHBG CDLNMRSQ@SDR SG@S g > F-U@KTD), QDIDBS
!
0
. 5Q@CHSHNM@KKX, SGD CDBHRHNM SN QDIDBS NQ MNS QDIDBS V@R CNMD HM SGHR V@X. 5NC@X, BNLO@QHMF SGD SVN OQNA@AHKHSHDR V
@MC SGD F-U@KTD HR UDQX BNLLNM. 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL, SGD F-U@KTD, 0.0187 HR BNMRHCDQ@AKX RL@KKDQ SG@M V, 0.05. :NT B@M
AD BNMEHCDMS @ANTS XNTQ CDBHRHNM SN QDIDBS. 5GD FQ@OG RGNVR V, SGD F-U@KTD, @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHBR @MC SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD.
$CAOL? 9.7
$T=ILHA 9.15
" BNKKDFD ENNSA@KK BN@BG SGNTFGS SG@S GHR OK@XDQR BNTKC ADMBG OQDRR @ B:6C L:><=I D; 275 EDJC9H. *S HR JMNVM
SG@S SGD HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC >H 55 EDJC9H. 5GQDD NE GHR OK@XDQR SGNTFGS SG@S SGD LD@M VDHFGS V@R BDG: I=6C
SG@S @LNTMS. 5GDX @RJDC 30 NE SGDHQ SD@LL@SDR ENQ SGDHQ DRSHL@SDC L@WHLTL KHES NM SGD ADMBG OQDRR DWDQBHRD. 5GD
C@S@ Q@MFDC EQNL 205 ONTMCR SN 385 ONTMCR. 5GD @BST@K CHEEDQDMS VDHFGSR VDQD (EQDPTDMBHDR @QD HM O@QDMSGDRDR)
205(3); 215(3); 225(1); 241(2); 252(2); 265(2); 275(2); 313(2); 316(5); 338(2); 341(1); 345(2); 368(2); 385(1).
$NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS TRHMF @ 2.5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ADMBG OQDRR LD@M HR BDG:
I=6C 275 EDJC9H.
1IFONCIH 9.15
4DS TO SGD )XONSGDRHR 5DRS:
4HMBD SGD OQNAKDL HR @ANTS @ LD@M VDHFGS, SGHR HR @ I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C.
!
0
: Z = 275
!
7
: Z > 275
5GHR HR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC SDRS.
$@KBTK@SHMF SGD CHRSQHATSHNM MDDCDC:
3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: X
~N
275,
55
30
> 67) = 0.0396 VGDQD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @QD B@KBTK@SDC @R 67
@MC 3.1972 EQNL SGD C@S@.
&CI:GEG:I6I>DC D; I=: !-K6AJ:: *E SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD, SGDM SGDQD HR @ 0.0396 OQNA@AHKHSX (3.96%) SG@S
SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR 67 NQ LNQD.
$CAOL? 9.9
$NLO@QD V @MC SGD F-U@KTD:
4HMBD V = 0.05 @MC F-U@KTD = 0.0396. 5GDQDENQD, V > F-U@KTD.
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS !
0
.
5GHR LD@MR XNT QDIDBS Z = 65. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, XNT ADKHDUD SGD @UDQ@FD SDRS RBNQD HR LNQD SG@M 65.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5%KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGD R@LOKD C@S@ RGNV RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBDSG@S SGD LD@M (@UDQ@FD)
SDRS RBNQD HR LNQD SG@M 65, ITRS @R SGD L@SG HMRSQTBSNQ SGHMJR.
5GD F-U@KTD B@M D@RHKX AD B@KBTK@SDC.
1TS SGD C@S@ HMSN @ KHRS. 1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). 1QDRR 2:*-*7CD. "QQNV NUDQ SN D3D3 @MC
OQDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ 65 ENQ Z
0
, SGD M@LD NE SGD KHRS VGDQD XNT OTS SGD C@S@, @MC 1 ENQ FB7A:.
"QQNV CNVM SN Z: @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN > Z
0
. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ MNS NMKX B@KBTK@SDR SGD F-U@KTD (F = 0.0396) ATS HS @KRN B@KBTK@SDR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB (J-RBNQD) ENQ
SGD R@LOKD LD@M, SGD R@LOKD LD@M, @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. Z > 65 HR SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR.
%N SGHR RDS NE HMRSQTBSHNMR @F@HM DWBDOS @QQNV SN DB3G (HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7). 1QDRR E$*E(. " RG@CDC
FQ@OG @OOD@QR VHSG J = 1.9781 (SDRS RS@SHRSHB) @MC F = 0.0396 (F-U@KTD). .@JD RTQDVGDM XNT TRD DB3G SG@S
MN NSGDQ DPT@SHNMR @QD GHFGKHFGSDC HM 2 = @MC SGD OKNSR @QD STQMDC NEE.
514 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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9.16 *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S @ RSNBJ OQHBD ENQ @ O@QSHBTK@Q BNLO@MX VHKK FQNV @S @ Q@SD NE $5 ODQ VDDJ VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE $1. "M HMUDRSNQ ADKHDUDR SGD RSNBJ VNMnS FQNV @R PTHBJKX. 5GD BG@MFDR HM RSNBJ OQHBD HR QDBNQCDC ENQ
SDM VDDJR @MC @QD @R ENKKNVR: $4, $3, $2, $3, $1, $7, $2, $1, $1, $2. 1DQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS TRHMF @ 5% KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR, EHMC SGD F-U@KTD, RS@SD XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM, @MC HCDMSHEX SGD 5XOD *
@MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR.
$T=ILHA 9.17
+NNM ADKHDUDR SG@S 50% NE EHQRS-SHLD AQHCDR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR @QD XNTMFDQ SG@M SGDHQ FQNNLR. 4GD ODQENQLR @
GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ODQBDMS@FD HR I=: H6B: DG 9>;;:G:CI ;GDB 50%. +NNM R@LOKDR 100 ;>GHI-I>B:
7G>9:H @MC 53 QDOKX SG@S SGDX @QD XNTMFDQ SG@M SGDHQ FQNNLR. 'NQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS, RGD TRDR @ 1% KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD.
1IFONCIH 9.17
4DS TO SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS:
5GD 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD LD@MR SG@S V = 0.01. 5GHR HR @ I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC EGDEDGI>DC.
!
0
: F = 0.50 !
7
: F w 0.50
5GD VNQCR ">H I=: H6B: DG 9>;;:G:CI ;GDB" SDKK XNT SGHR HR @ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS.
$@KBTK@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM MDDCDC:
/6C9DB K6G>67A:: )c = SGD ODQBDMS NE NE EHQRS-SHLD AQHCDR VGN @QD XNTMFDQ SG@M SGDHQ FQNNLR.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: 5GD OQNAKDL BNMS@HMR MN LDMSHNM NE @ LD@M. 5GD HMENQL@SHNM HR FHUDM HM SDQLR NE
ODQBDMS@FDR. 6RD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ )c, SGD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM.
P ~N
p,
p q
n
5GDQDENQD, P ~N
0.5,
0.5 0.5
100
0.30,
(0.30) (0.70)
150
@. 5GD U@KTD SG@S GDKOR CDSDQLHMD SGD F-U@KTD HR Fc. $@KBTK@SD Fc.
1IFONCIH 9.18
@. Fc =
x
n
VGDQD N HR SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR @MC D HR SGD SNS@K MTLADQ HM SGD R@LOKD.
N = 43, D = 150
Fc =
43
150
A. 8G@S HR @ HJ88:HH ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL
1IFONCIH 9.18
>. OQ??AOO EO D=REJC PDNAA ?AHH LDKJAO EJ = DKQOADKH@.
B. 8G@S HR SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD
1IFONCIH 9.18
?. 3DA HARAH KB OECJEBE?=J?A EO PDA LNAOAP 3. 2EJ?A 3 EO JKP CERAJ, =OOQIA PD=P 3 = 0.05.
C. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL. %Q@V SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. -@ADK @MC RG@CD @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
$@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD.
1IFONCIH 9.18
@. (-R=HQA = 0.7216
D. .@JD @ CDBHRHNM. ?????????????(3DIDBS/%N MNS QDIDBS) !
0
ADB@TRD????????????.
1IFONCIH 9.18
A. OOQIEJC PD=P 3 = 0.05, 3 < (-R=HQA. 3DA #A?EOEKJ EO @K JKP NAFA?P H
0
>A?=QOA PDANA EO JKP OQBBE?EAJP
ARE@AJ?A PK ?KJ?HQ@A PD=P PDA LNKLKNPEKJ KB DKQOADKH@O PD=P D=RA PDNAA ?AHH LDKJAO EO JKP 30%.
9.18 .@QJDSDQR ADKHDUD SG@S 92% NE @CTKSR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR NVM @ BDKK OGNMD. " BDKK OGNMD L@MTE@BSTQDQ ADKHDUDR
SG@S MTLADQ HR @BST@KKX KNVDQ. 200 "LDQHB@M @CTKSR @QD RTQUDXDC, NE VGHBG, 174 QDONQS G@UHMF BDKK OGNMDR. 6RD @ 5%
KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR, EHMC SGD F-U@KTD, RS@SD XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM, @MC HCDMSHEX SGD
5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR.
5GD MDWS DW@LOKD HR @ ONDL VQHSSDM AX @ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMS M@LDC /HBNKD )@QS. 5GD RNKTSHNM SN SGD OQNAKDL ENKKNVR SGD
ONDL. /NSHBD SG@S SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR
TRD SGD O@Q@LDSDQ F. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR MNQL@K. 5GD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM Fs HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE EKD@R JHKKDC SN
SGD SNS@K EKD@R ENTMC NM 'HCN. 5GHR HR R@LOKD HMENQL@SHNM. 5GD OQNAKDL FHUDR @ OQDBNMBDHUDC V = 0.01, ENQ BNLO@QHRNM, @MC
@ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K BNLOTS@SHNM. 5GD ONDL HR BKDUDQ @MC GTLNQNTR, RN OKD@RD DMINX HS!
$T=ILHA 9.19
.X CNF G@R RN L@MX EKD@R,
5GDX CN MNS BNLD NEE VHSG D@RD.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 517
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"R ENQ RG@LONN, * G@UD SQHDC L@MX SXODR
&UDM NMD B@KKDC #TAAKD )XOD,
8GHBG NMKX JHKKDC 25% NE SGD EKD@R,
6MENQSTM@SDKX * V@R MNS OKD@RDC.
*'UD TRDC @KK JHMCR NE RN@O,
6MSHK * G@C FHUD TO GNOD
6MSHK NMD C@X * R@V
"M @C SG@S OTS LD HM @VD.
" RG@LONN TRDC ENQ CNFR
$@KKDC (00% &/06() SN $KD@M @ )NF
(T@Q@MSDDC SN JHKK LNQD EKD@R.
* F@UD 'HCN @ A@SG
"MC @ESDQ CNHMF SGD L@SG
)HR MTLADQ NE EKD@R
4S@QSDC CQNOOHMF AX 3'R!
#DENQD GHR RG@LONN
* BNTMSDC 42.
"S SGD DMC NE GHR A@SG,
* QDCHC SGD L@SG
"MC SGD MDV RG@LONN G@C JHKKDC 17 EKD@R.
4N MNV * V@R OKD@RDC.
/NV HS HR SHLD ENQ XNT SN G@UD RNLD ETM
8HSG SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD ADHMF .01,
:NT LTRS GDKO LD EHFTQD NTS
6RD SGD MDV RG@LONN NQ FN VHSGNTS
1IFONCIH 9.19
4DS TO SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS:
!
0
: F x 0.25 !
7
: F > 0.25
%DSDQLHMD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM MDDCDC:
*M VNQCR, $-&"3-: RS@SD VG@S XNTQ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
NQ )c QDOQDRDMSR.
)c = 5GD OQNONQSHNM NE EKD@R SG@S @QD JHKKDC AX SGD MDV RG@LONN
4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS.
+DGB6A: N
0.25,
(0.25)(1 0.25)
42
17
42
NQ LNQD.
518 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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6RD SGD OQDUHNTR HMENQL@SHNM SN RJDSBG @ OHBSTQD NE SGHR RHST@SHNM. $-&"3-:, K@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K
@WHR @MC RG@CD SGD QDFHNM(R) BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
$CAOL? 9.11
$NLO@QD V @MC SGD F-U@KTD:
*MCHB@SD SGD BNQQDBS CDBHRHNM (oQDIDBSp NQ oCN MNS QDIDBSp SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR), SGD QD@RNM ENQ HS, @MC VQHSD @M
@OOQNOQH@SD BNMBKTRHNM, TRHMF BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
;FJB; >?=CMCIH L?;MIH @IL >?=CMCIH
0.01
#K JKP NAFA?P H
0 3 < (-R=HQA
2;<F? 9.3
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGD R@LOKD C@S@ CN MNS RGNV RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD
ODQBDMS@FD NE EKD@R SG@S @QD JHKKDC AX SGD MDV RG@LONN HR LNQD SG@M 25%.
$NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M NQ OQNONQSHNM. *MBKTCD @ RJDSBG NE SGD FQ@OG NE SGD
RHST@SHNM. -@ADK SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD @MC SGD KNVDQ @MC TOODQ ANTMCR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
$CAOL? 9.12
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 519
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DC;>9:C8: &CI:GK6A: (0.26,0.55) 8D @QD 95% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM F NE EKD@R SG@S
@QD JHKKDC AX SGD MDV RG@LONN HR ADSVDDM 26% @MC 55%.
,-2#
5GHR SDRS QDRTKS HR MNS UDQX CDEHMHSHUD RHMBD SGD F-U@KTD HR UDQX BKNRD SN @KOG@. *M QD@KHSX, NMD VNTKC OQNA@AKX
CN LNQD SDRSR AX FHUHMF SGD CNF @MNSGDQ A@SG @ESDQ SGD EKD@R G@UD G@C @ BG@MBD SN QDSTQM.
$T=ILHA 9.20
5GD /@SHNM@K *MRSHSTSD NE 4S@MC@QCR @MC 5DBGMNKNFX OQNUHCDR DW@BS C@S@ NM BNMCTBSHUHSX OQNODQSHDR NE L@SDQH@KR.
'NKKNVHMF @QD BNMCTBSHUHSX LD@RTQDLDMSR ENQ 11 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC OHDBDR NE @ O@QSHBTK@Q SXOD NE FK@RR.
1.11; 1.07; 1.11; 1.07; 1.12; 1.08; .98; .98 1.02; .95; .95
*R SGDQD BNMUHMBHMF DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD BNMCTBSHUHSX NE SGHR SXOD NE FK@RR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M NMD 6RD @
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 0.05. "RRTLD SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K.
1IFONCIH 9.20
+AP`O BKHHKS = BKQN-OPAL LNK?AOO PK =JOSAN PDEO OP=PEOPE?=H MQAOPEKJ.
1. 0I6I: I=: .J:HI>DC: 8D MDDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE, @S @ 0.05 RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGD @UDQ@FD BNMCTBSHUHSX NE SGD
RDKDBSDC FK@RR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M NMD. 0TQ GXONSGDRDR VHKK AD
=. !
0
: Z x 1
>. !
7
: Z > 1
2. -A6C: 8D @QD SDRSHMF @ R@LOKD LD@M VHSGNTS @ JMNVM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 5GDQDENQD, VD MDDC SN
TRD @ 4STCDMS'R-S CHRSQHATSHNM. "RRTLD SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K.
3. !D I=: 86A8JA6I>DCH: 8D VHKK HMOTS SGD R@LOKD C@S@ HMSN SGD 5*-83 @R ENKKNVR.
$CAOL? 9.13
$CAOL? 9.14
520 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 9.15
$CAOL? 9.16
4. 0I6I: I=: DC8AJH>DCH: 4HMBD SGD F-U@KTD* (F = 0.036) HR KDRR SG@M NTQ @KOG@ U@KTD, VD VHKK QDIDBS SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR. *S HR QD@RNM@AKD SN RS@SD SG@S SGD C@S@ RTOONQSR SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD BNMCTBSHUHSX KDUDK HR
FQD@SDQ SG@M NMD.
$T=ILHA 9.21
*M @ RSTCX NE 420,019 BDKK OGNMD TRDQR, 172 NE SGD RTAIDBSR CDUDKNODC AQ@HM B@MBDQ. 5DRS SGD BK@HL SG@S BDKK OGNMD
TRDQR CDUDKNODC AQ@HM B@MBDQ @S @ FQD@SDQ Q@SD SG@M SG@S ENQ MNM-BDKK OGNMD TRDQR (SGD Q@SD NE AQ@HM B@MBDQ ENQ
MNM-BDKK OGNMD TRDQR HR 0.0340%). 4HMBD SGHR HR @ BQHSHB@K HRRTD, TRD @ 0.005 RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK. &WOK@HM VGX SGD
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK RGNTKC AD RN KNV HM SDQLR NE @ 5XOD * DQQNQ.
1IFONCIH 9.21
8D VHKK ENKKNV SGD ENTQ-RSDO OQNBDRR.
1. 6A JAA@ PK ?KJ@Q?P = DULKPDAOEO PAOP KJ PDA ?H=EIA@ ?=J?AN N=PA. .QN DULKPDAOAO SEHH >A
=. !
0
: F x 0.00034
>. !
7
: F > 0.00034
*E VD BNLLHS @ 5XOD * DQQNQ, VD @QD DRRDMSH@KKX @BBDOSHMF @ E@KRD BK@HL. 4HMBD SGD BK@HL CDRBQHADR B@MBDQ-
B@TRHMF DMUHQNMLDMSR, VD V@MS SN LHMHLHYD SGD BG@MBDR NE HMBNQQDBSKX HCDMSHEXHMF B@TRDR NE B@MBDQ.
2. 8D VHKK AD SDRSHMF @ R@LOKD OQNONQSHNM VHSG N = 172 @MC D = 420,019. 5GD R@LOKD HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD
ADB@TRD VD G@UD DF = 420,019(0.00034) = 142.8, DG = 420,019(0.99966) = 419,876.2, SVN HMCDODMCDMS
NTSBNLDR, @MC @ EHWDC OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR F = 0.00034. 5GTR VD VHKK AD @AKD SN FDMDQ@KHYD NTQ QDRTKSR SN
SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 521
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3. 5GD @RRNBH@SDC 5* QDRTKSR @QD
$CAOL? 9.17
$CAOL? 9.18
4. 4HMBD SGD F-U@KTD = 0.0073 HR FQD@SDQ SG@M NTQ @KOG@ U@KTD = 0.005, VD B@MMNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK. 5GDQDENQD,
VD BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN RTOONQS SGD BK@HL NE GHFGDQ AQ@HM B@MBDQ Q@SDR ENQ SGD BDKK
OGNMD TRDQR.
$T=ILHA 9.22
"BBNQCHMF SN SGD 64 $DMRTR SGDQD @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX 268,608,618 QDRHCDMSR @FDC 12 @MC NKCDQ. 4S@SHRSHBR EQNL SGD
3@OD, "ATRD, @MC *MBDRS /@SHNM@K /DSVNQJ HMCHB@SD SG@S, NM @UDQ@FD, 207,754 Q@ODR NBBTQ D@BG XD@Q (L@KD @MC
EDL@KD) ENQ ODQRNMR @FDC 12 @MC NKCDQ. 5GHR SQ@MRK@SDR HMSN @ ODQBDMS@FD NE RDWT@K @RR@TKSR NE 0.078%. *M %@UHDRR
$NTMSX, ,:, SGDQD VDQD QDONQSDC 11 Q@ODR ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM NE 37,937. $NMCTBS @M @OOQNOQH@SD GXONSGDRHR SDRS
SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR @ RS@SHRSHB@KKX RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD KNB@K RDWT@K @RR@TKS ODQBDMS@FD @MC SGD
M@SHNM@K RDWT@K @RR@TKS ODQBDMS@FD. 6RD @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 0.01.
1IFONCIH 9.22
8D VHKK ENKKNV SGD ENTQ-RSDO OK@M.
1. 8D MDDC SN SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD OQNONQSHNM NE RDWT@K @RR@TKSR HM %@UHDRR $NTMSX, ,: HR RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS
EQNL SGD M@SHNM@K @UDQ@FD.
2. 4HMBD VD @QD OQDRDMSDC VHSG OQNONQSHNMR, VD VHKK TRD @ NMD-OQNONQSHNM P-SDRS. 5GD GXONSGDRDR ENQ SGD SDRS VHKK
AD
=. !
0
: F = 0.00078
>. !
7
: F w 0.00078
522 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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3. 5GD ENKKNVHMF RBQDDM RGNSR CHROK@X SGD RTLL@QX RS@SHRSHBR EQNL SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
$CAOL? 9.19
$CAOL? 9.20
4. 4HMBD SGD F-U@KTD, F = 0.00063, HR KDRR SG@M SGD @KOG@ KDUDK NE 0.01, SGD R@LOKD C@S@ HMCHB@SDR SG@S VD RGNTKC
QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. *M BNMBKTRHNM, SGD R@LOKD C@S@ RTOONQS SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE RDWT@K
@RR@TKSR HM %@UHDRR $NTMSX, ,DMSTBJX HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD M@SHNM@K @UDQ@FD OQNONQSHNM.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 523
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9.1 &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA I@ ; 1CHAF? +?;H ;H> 1CHAF?
.LIJILNCIH
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK RDKDBS SGD @OOQNOQH@SD CHRSQHATSHNMR SN TRD HM D@BG B@RD.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNMCTBS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD QDRTKSR.
2?F?PCMCIH 1OLP?S
*M @ QDBDMS RTQUDX, HS V@R RS@SDC SG@S "LDQHB@MR V@SBG SDKDUHRHNM NM @UDQ@FD ENTQ GNTQR ODQ C@X. "RRTLD SG@S \ =
2. 6RHMF XNTQ BK@RR @R SGD R@LOKD, BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @UDQ@FD ENQ RSTCDMSR @S XNTQ RBGNNK HR
KNVDQ.
1. !
0
: ?????????????
2. !
7
: ?????????????
3. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. ?????????? = ??????????????????????
4. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS HR ???????????????????????.
5. %DSDQLHMD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB TRHMF XNTQ C@S@.
6. %Q@V @ FQ@OG @MC K@ADK HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.4G@CD SGD @BST@K KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
=. (Q@OG:
$CAOL? 9.21
>. %DSDQLHMD SGD F-U@KTD.
7. %N XNT NQ CN XNT MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR 8GX
8. 8QHSD @ BKD@Q BNMBKTRHNM TRHMF @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
*;HAO;A? 1OLP?S
"ANTS 42.3% NE $@KHENQMH@MR @MC 19.6% NE @KK "LDQHB@MR NUDQ @FD EHUD ROD@J @ K@MFT@FD NSGDQ SG@M &MFKHRG @S
GNLD. 6RHMF XNTQ BK@RR @R SGD R@LOKD, BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR @S XNTQ
RBGNNK VGN ROD@J @ K@MFT@FD NSGDQ SG@M &MFKHRG @S GNLD HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL 42.3%.
1. !
0
: ???????????
2. !
7
: ???????????
3. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. ?????????? = ???????????????
4. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS HR ????????????????
5. %DSDQLHMD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB TRHMF XNTQ C@S@.
6. %Q@V @ FQ@OG @MC K@ADK HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX. 4G@CD SGD @BST@K KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
=. (Q@OG:
524 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 9.22
>. %DSDQLHMD SGD F-U@KTD.
7. %N XNT NQ CN XNT MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR 8GX
8. 8QHSD @ BKD@Q BNMBKTRHNM TRHMF @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
(?;HM 1OLP?S
4TOONRD SG@S XNTMF @CTKSR NVM @M @UDQ@FD NE SGQDD O@HQR NE ID@MR. 4TQUDX DHFGS ODNOKD EQNL XNTQ BK@RR SN
CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @UDQ@FD HR GHFGDQ SG@M SGQDD. "RRTLD SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K.
1. !
0
: ?????????????
2. !
7
: ?????????????
3. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. ?????????? = ??????????????????????
4. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS HR ???????????????????????.
5. %DSDQLHMD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB TRHMF XNTQ C@S@.
6. %Q@V @ FQ@OG @MC K@ADK HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX. 4G@CD SGD @BST@K KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
=. (Q@OG:
$CAOL? 9.23
>. %DSDQLHMD SGD F-U@KTD.
7. %N XNT NQ CN XNT MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR 8GX
8. 8QHSD @ BKD@Q BNMBKTRHNM TRHMF @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 525
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3-P;FO?
CHIGC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
!?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
!IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F (!')
&SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA
&SJINB?MCM
*?P?F I@ 1CAHC@C=;H=? I@ NB? 2?MN
,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
J-P;FO?
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
1NO>?HN'M 6-"CMNLC<ONCIH
2SJ? 1 #LLIL
2SJ? 2 #LLIL
)#7 2#0+1
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M DUDMS VHKK G@OODM OTQDKX AX BG@MBD @RRTLHMF SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD. 5GD RL@KKDQ SGD
F-U@KTD, SGD RSQNMFDQ SGD DUHCDMBD HR @F@HMRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
@ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S @QHRDR EQNL #DQMNTKKH SQH@KR. 5GDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ, D,
NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR. o*MCDODMCDMSp LD@MR SG@S SGD QDRTKS NE @MX SQH@K (ENQ DW@LOKD, SQH@K 1) CNDR MNS @EEDBS SGD
QDRTKSR NE SGD ENKKNVHMF SQH@KR, @MC @KK SQH@KR @QD BNMCTBSDC TMCDQ SGD R@LD BNMCHSHNMR. 6MCDQ SGDRD BHQBTLRS@MBDR SGD
AHMNLH@K 37 f HR CDEHMDC @R SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR HM D SQH@KR. 5GD MNS@SHNM HR: 1 Q B(D, F) Z = DF @MC SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR = npq . 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE DW@BSKX N RTBBDRRDR HM D SQH@KR HR P(X = x) =
n
x
p
x
q
n x
.>
(HUDM @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) VHSG JMNVM LD@M @MC JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM j. 8D @QD
R@LOKHMF VHSG RHYD D @MC VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SVN MDV 37R - SGD R@LOKD LD@M, X
~N
,
n
???????
>. \ ???????
?. I
N
???????
@. D ???????
530 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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46. 4HMBD ANSG j @MC s
x
@QD FHUDM, VGHBG RGNTKC AD TRDC *M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX.
47. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
" Q@MCNL RTQUDX NE 75 CD@SG QNV HML@SDR QDUD@KDC SG@S SGD LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD NM CD@SG QNV HR 17.4 XD@QR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 6.3 XD@QR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD NM CD@SG QNV BNTKC KHJDKX AD 15
XD@QR.
48. " Q@MCNL RTQUDX NE 75 CD@SG QNV HML@SDR QDUD@KDC SG@S SGD LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD NM CD@SG QNV HR 17.4 XD@QR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 6.3 XD@QR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD NM CD@SG QNV BNTKC
KHJDKX AD 15 XD@QR.
=. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE NMD LD@M NQ OQNONQSHNM
>. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
!
0
: ???????????????????? !
7
: ????????????????????
?. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC, KDES-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
@. 8G@S RXLANK QDOQDRDMSR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS
A. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS.
B. *R SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM JMNVM @MC, HE RN, VG@S HR HS
C. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
E. x
= ?????????????
EE. I = ????????????
EEE. D = ????????????
D. 8GHBG SDRS RGNTKC AD TRDC
E. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
F. 'HMC SGD F-U@KTD.
G. "S @ OQD-BNMBDHUDC V = 0.05, VG@S HR XNTQ:
E. %DBHRHNM:
EE. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD CDBHRHNM:
EEE. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD):
9.5 A>>CNCIH;F 'H@ILG;NCIH ;H> $OFF &SJINB?MCM 2?MN #R;GJF?M
49. "RRTLD !
0
: Z = 9 @MC !
7
: Z < 9. *R SGHR @ KDES-S@HKDC, QHFGS-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
50. "RRTLD !
0
: Z x 6 @MC !
7
: Z > 6. *R SGHR @ KDES-S@HKDC, QHFGS-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
51. "RRTLD !
0
: F = 0.25 @MC !7: F w 0.25. *R SGHR @ KDES-S@HKDC, QHFGS-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
52. %Q@V SGD FDMDQ@K FQ@OG NE @ KDES-S@HKDC SDRS.
53. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG NE @ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS.
54. " ANSSKD NE V@SDQ HR K@ADKDC @R BNMS@HMHMF 16 EKTHC NTMBDR NE V@SDQ. :NT ADKHDUD HS HR KDRR SG@M SG@S. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS
VNTKC XNT TRD
55. :NTQ EQHDMC BK@HLR SG@S GHR LD@M FNKE RBNQD HR 63. :NT V@MS SN RGNV SG@S HS HR GHFGDQ SG@M SG@S. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS VNTKC
XNT TRD
56. " A@SGQNNL RB@KD BK@HLR SN AD @AKD SN HCDMSHEX BNQQDBSKX @MX VDHFGS VHSGHM @ ONTMC. :NT SGHMJ SG@S HS B@MMNS AD SG@S
@BBTQ@SD. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS VNTKC XNT TRD
57. :NT EKHO @ BNHM @MC QDBNQC VGDSGDQ HS RGNVR GD@CR NQ S@HKR. :NT JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF GD@CR HR 50%, ATS XNT
SGHMJ HS HR KDRR ENQ SGHR O@QSHBTK@Q BNHM. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS VNTKC XNT TRD
58. *E SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR G@R @ MNS DPT@KR ( w ) RXLANK, XNT JMNV SN TRD VGHBG SXOD NE SDRS
59. "RRTLD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR RS@SDR SG@S SGD LD@M HR @S KD@RS 18. *R SGHR @ KDES-S@HKDC, QHFGS-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
60. "RRTLD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR RS@SDR SG@S SGD LD@M HR @S LNRS 12. *R SGHR @ KDES-S@HKDC, QHFGS-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
61. "RRTLD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR RS@SDR SG@S SGD LD@M HR DPT@K SN 88. 5GD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR RS@SDR SG@S SGD LD@M HR MNS
DPT@K SN 88. *R SGHR @ KDES-S@HKDC, QHFGS-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: " Q@MCNL RTQUDX NE 75 CD@SG QNV HML@SDR QDUD@KDC SG@S
SGD LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD NM CD@SG QNV HR 17.4 XD@QR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 6.3 XD@QR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN
CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD NM CD@SG QNV BNTKC KHJDKX AD 15 XD@QR.
62. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE LD@MR NQ OQNONQSHNMR
63. 8G@S RXLANK QDOQDRDMSR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS
64. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 531
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65. *R SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM JMNVM @MC, HE RN, VG@S HR HS
66. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ???????
>. 6.3 = ???????
?. D = ???????
67. 8GHBG SDRS RGNTKC AD TRDC *M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX.
68. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD /@SHNM@K *MRSHSTSD NE .DMS@K )D@KSG OTAKHRGDC @M @QSHBKD
RS@SHMF SG@S HM @MX NMD-XD@Q ODQHNC, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 9.5 ODQBDMS NE "LDQHB@M @CTKSR RTEEDQ EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD
HKKMDRR. 4TOONRD SG@S HM @ RTQUDX NE 100 ODNOKD HM @ BDQS@HM SNVM, RDUDM NE SGDL RTEEDQDC EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD
HKKMDRR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SG@S SNVM RTEEDQHMF EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @
CDOQDRRHUD HKKMDRR HR KNVDQ SG@M SGD ODQBDMS HM SGD FDMDQ@K @CTKS "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM.
69. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE LD@MR NQ OQNONQSHNMR
70. 8G@S RXLANK QDOQDRDMSR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS
71. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS.
72. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. N = ???????
>. D = ???????
?. Fc = ???????
73. $@KBTK@SD \
Fc
. .@JD RTQD SN RGNV GNV XNT RDS TO SGD ENQLTK@.
74. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
&-+#5-0)
9.1 ,OFF ;H> AFN?LH;NCP? &SJINB?M?M
75. 4NLD NE SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR QDEDQ SN SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, RNLD SN SGD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR.
4S@SD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, @MC SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR. !
7
, HM SDQLR NE SGD @OOQNOQH@SD O@Q@LDSDQ (Z NQ F).
=. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE XD@QR "LDQHB@MR VNQJ ADENQD QDSHQHMF HR 34.
>. "S LNRS 60% NE "LDQHB@MR UNSD HM OQDRHCDMSH@K DKDBSHNMR.
?. 5GD LD@M RS@QSHMF R@K@QX ENQ 4@M +NRD 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX FQ@CT@SDR HR @S KD@RS $100,000 ODQ XD@Q.
@. 5VDMSX-MHMD ODQBDMS NE GHFG RBGNNK RDMHNQR FDS CQTMJ D@BG LNMSG.
A. 'DVDQ SG@M 5% NE @CTKSR QHCD SGD ATR SN VNQJ HM -NR "MFDKDR.
B. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE B@QR @ ODQRNM NVMR HM GDQ KHEDSHLD HR MNS LNQD SG@M SDM.
C. "ANTS G@KE NE "LDQHB@MR OQDEDQ SN KHUD @V@X EQNL BHSHDR, FHUDM SGD BGNHBD.
D. &TQNOD@MR G@UD @ LD@M O@HC U@B@SHNM D@BG XD@Q NE RHW VDDJR.
E. 5GD BG@MBD NE CDUDKNOHMF AQD@RS B@MBDQ HR TMCDQ 11% ENQ VNLDM.
F. 1QHU@SD TMHUDQRHSHDR' LD@M STHSHNM BNRS HR LNQD SG@M $20,000 ODQ XD@Q.
76. 0UDQ SGD O@RS EDV CDB@CDR, OTAKHB GD@KSG NEEHBH@KR G@UD DW@LHMDC SGD KHMJ ADSVDDM VDHFGS BNMBDQMR @MC SDDM FHQKR'
RLNJHMF. 3DRD@QBGDQR RTQUDXDC @ FQNTO NE 273 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC SDDM FHQKR KHUHMF HM .@RR@BGTRDSSR (ADSVDDM 12 @MC 15
XD@QR NKC). "ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR SGD FHQKR VDQD RTQUDXDC @F@HM. 4HWSX-SGQDD R@HC SGDX RLNJDC SN RS@X SGHM. *R SGDQD FNNC DUHCDMBD
SG@S LNQD SG@M SGHQSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SDDM FHQKR RLNJD SN RS@X SGHM 5GD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR HR:
=. F < 0.30
>. F x 0.30
?. F y 0.30
@. F > 0.30
77. " RS@SHRSHBR HMRSQTBSNQ ADKHDUDR SG@S EDVDQ SG@M 20% NE &UDQFQDDM 7@KKDX $NKKDFD (&7$) RSTCDMSR @SSDMCDC SGD NODMHMF
MHFGS LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF NE SGD K@SDRS )@QQX 1NSSDQ LNUHD. 4GD RTQUDXR 84 NE GDQ RSTCDMSR @MC EHMCR SG@S 11 @SSDMCDC SGD
LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF. "M @OOQNOQH@SD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR HR:
=. F = 0.20
>. F > 0.20
?. F < 0.20
@. F x 0.20
532 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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78. 1QDUHNTRKX, @M NQF@MHY@SHNM QDONQSDC SG@S SDDM@FDQR RODMS 4.5 GNTQR ODQ VDDJ, NM @UDQ@FD, NM SGD OGNMD. 5GD NQF@MHY@SHNM
SGHMJR SG@S, BTQQDMSKX, SGD LD@M HR GHFGDQ. 'HESDDM Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM SDDM@FDQR VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX GNTQR ODQ VDDJ SGDX
RODMC NM SGD OGNMD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 4.75 GNTQR VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.0. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
=. !
E
: x
= 4.5, !
7
: x
> 4.5
>. !
E
: Z y 4.5, !
7
: Z < 4.5
?. !
E
: Z = 4.75, !
7
: Z > 4.75
@. !
E
: Z = 4.5, !
7
: Z > 4.5
9.2 -ON=IG?M ;H> NB? 2SJ? ' ;H> 2SJ? '' #LLILM
79. 4S@SD SGD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR FHUDM SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR.
=. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE XD@QR "LDQHB@MR VNQJ ADENQD QDSHQHMF HR 34.
>. "S LNRS 60% NE "LDQHB@MR UNSD HM OQDRHCDMSH@K DKDBSHNMR.
?. 5GD LD@M RS@QSHMF R@K@QX ENQ 4@M +NRD 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX FQ@CT@SDR HR @S KD@RS $100,000 ODQ XD@Q.
@. 5VDMSX-MHMD ODQBDMS NE GHFG RBGNNK RDMHNQR FDS CQTMJ D@BG LNMSG.
A. 'DVDQ SG@M 5% NE @CTKSR QHCD SGD ATR SN VNQJ HM -NR "MFDKDR.
B. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE B@QR @ ODQRNM NVMR HM GHR NQ GDQ KHEDSHLD HR MNS LNQD SG@M SDM.
C. "ANTS G@KE NE "LDQHB@MR OQDEDQ SN KHUD @V@X EQNL BHSHDR, FHUDM SGD BGNHBD.
D. &TQNOD@MR G@UD @ LD@M O@HC U@B@SHNM D@BG XD@Q NE RHW VDDJR.
E. 5GD BG@MBD NE CDUDKNOHMF AQD@RS B@MBDQ HR TMCDQ 11% ENQ VNLDM.
F. 1QHU@SD TMHUDQRHSHDR LD@M STHSHNM BNRS HR LNQD SG@M $20,000 ODQ XD@Q.
80. 'NQ RS@SDLDMSR @-I HM #R?L=CM? 109, @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
=. 4S@SD @ BNMRDPTDMBD NE BNLLHSSHMF @ 5XOD * DQQNQ.
>. 4S@SD @ BNMRDPTDMBD NE BNLLHSSHMF @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ.
81. 8GDM @ MDV CQTF HR BQD@SDC, SGD OG@QL@BDTSHB@K BNLO@MX LTRS RTAIDBS HS SN SDRSHMF ADENQD QDBDHUHMF SGD MDBDRR@QX
ODQLHRRHNM EQNL SGD 'NNC @MC %QTF "CLHMHRSQ@SHNM ('%") SN L@QJDS SGD CQTF. 4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR oSGD CQTF HR
TMR@ED.p 8G@S HR SGD 5XOD ** &QQNQ
=. 5N BNMBKTCD SGD CQTF HR R@ED VGDM HM, E@BS, HS HR TMR@ED.
>. /NS SN BNMBKTCD SGD CQTF HR R@ED VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR R@ED.
?. 5N BNMBKTCD SGD CQTF HR R@ED VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR R@ED.
@. /NS SN BNMBKTCD SGD CQTF HR TMR@ED VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR TMR@ED.
82. " RS@SHRSHBR HMRSQTBSNQ ADKHDUDR SG@S EDVDQ SG@M 20% NE &UDQFQDDM 7@KKDX $NKKDFD (&7$) RSTCDMSR @SSDMCDC SGD NODMHMF
LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF NE SGD K@SDRS )@QQX 1NSSDQ LNUHD. 4GD RTQUDXR 84 NE GDQ RSTCDMSR @MC EHMCR SG@S 11 NE SGDL @SSDMCDC SGD
LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF. 5GD 5XOD * DQQNQ HR SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE &7$ RSTCDMSR VGN @SSDMCDC HR ????????.
=. @S KD@RS 20%, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR KDRR SG@M 20%.
>. 20%, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR 20%.
?. KDRR SG@M 20%, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR @S KD@RS 20%.
@. KDRR SG@M 20%, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR KDRR SG@M 20%.
83. *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD (-5$$) *MSDQLDCH@SD "KFDAQ@ RSTCDMSR FDS KDRR SG@M RDUDM GNTQR NE
RKDDO ODQ MHFGS, NM @UDQ@FD. " RTQUDX NE 22 -5$$ *MSDQLDCH@SD "KFDAQ@ RSTCDMSR FDMDQ@SDC @ LD@M NE 7.24 GNTQR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.93 GNTQR. "S @ KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 5%, CN -5$$ *MSDQLDCH@SD "KFDAQ@ RSTCDMSR FDS KDRR SG@M
RDUDM GNTQR NE RKDDO ODQ MHFGS, NM @UDQ@FD
5GD 5XOD ** DQQNQ HR MNS SN QDIDBS SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR NE RKDDO -5$$ RSTCDMSR FDS ODQ MHFGS HR @S KD@RS RDUDM VGDM,
HM E@BS, SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR
=. HR LNQD SG@M RDUDM GNTQR.
>. HR @S LNRS RDUDM GNTQR.
?. HR @S KD@RS RDUDM GNTQR.
@. HR KDRR SG@M RDUDM GNTQR.
84. 1QDUHNTRKX, @M NQF@MHY@SHNM QDONQSDC SG@S SDDM@FDQR RODMS 4.5 GNTQR ODQ VDDJ, NM @UDQ@FD, NM SGD OGNMD. 5GD NQF@MHY@SHNM
SGHMJR SG@S, BTQQDMSKX, SGD LD@M HR GHFGDQ. 'HESDDM Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM SDDM@FDQR VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX GNTQR ODQ VDDJ SGDX
RODMC NM SGD OGNMD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 4.75 GNTQR VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.0. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDR,
SGD 5XOD * DQQNQ HR:
=. SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD BTQQDMS LD@M GNTQR ODQ VDDJ HR GHFGDQ SG@M 4.5, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR GHFGDQ
>. SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD BTQQDMS LD@M GNTQR ODQ VDDJ HR GHFGDQ SG@M 4.5, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR SGD R@LD
?. SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M GNTQR ODQ VDDJ BTQQDMSKX HR 4.5, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR GHFGDQ
@. SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M GNTQR ODQ VDDJ BTQQDMSKX HR MN GHFGDQ SG@M 4.5, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR MNS GHFGDQ
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 533
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9.3 "CMNLC<ONCIH ,??>?> @IL &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA
85. *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD (-5$$) *MSDQLDCH@SD "KFDAQ@ RSTCDMSR FDS KDRR SG@M RDUDM GNTQR NE
RKDDO ODQ MHFGS, NM @UDQ@FD. " RTQUDX NE 22 -5$$ *MSDQLDCH@SD "KFDAQ@ RSTCDMSR FDMDQ@SDC @ LD@M NE 7.24 GNTQR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.93 GNTQR. "S @ KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 5%, CN -5$$ *MSDQLDCH@SD "KFDAQ@ RSTCDMSR FDS KDRR SG@M
RDUDM GNTQR NE RKDDO ODQ MHFGS, NM @UDQ@FD 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN AD TRDC ENQ SGHR SDRS HR X
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86. 5GD /@SHNM@K *MRSHSTSD NE .DMS@K )D@KSG OTAKHRGDC @M @QSHBKD RS@SHMF SG@S HM @MX NMD-XD@Q ODQHNC, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 9.5
ODQBDMS NE "LDQHB@M @CTKSR RTEEDQ EQNLCDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD HKKMDRR. 4TOONRD SG@S HM @ RTQUDX NE 100 ODNOKD HM @ BDQS@HM
SNVM, RDUDM NE SGDL RTEEDQDC EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD HKKMDRR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD SQTD
OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SG@S SNVM RTEEDQHMF EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD HKKMDRR HR KNVDQ SG@M SGD ODQBDMS HM SGD FDMDQ@K
@CTKS "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM.
=. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE NMD LD@M NQ OQNONQSHNM
>. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
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A. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS.
B. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
E. N = ????????????????
EE. D = ????????????????
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D. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
E. 'HMC SGD F-U@KTD.
F. "S @ OQD-BNMBDHUDC V = 0.05, VG@S HR XNTQ:
E. %DBHRHNM:
EE. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD CDBHRHNM:
EEE. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD):
9.5 A>>CNCIH;F 'H@ILG;NCIH ;H> $OFF &SJINB?MCM 2?MN #R;GJF?M
FEH ;79> E< J>; MEH: FHE8B;CI, KI; 7 IEBKJ?ED I>;;J JE :E J>; >OFEJ>;I?I J;IJ. ->; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J ?I <EKD: ?D 6,) A33)1(-:
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EDB?D; L;HI?ED E< J>; 8EEA, ?J ?I IK==;IJ;: J>7J OEK 9EFO J>; .:E9 EH J>; .F:< <?B;I.
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*E XNT @QD TRHMF @ 4STCDMS'R-J CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ NMD NE SGD ENKKNVHMF GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDLR, XNT L@X @RRTLD SG@S SGD
TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. (*M FDMDQ@K, XNT LTRS EHQRS OQNUD SG@S @RRTLOSHNM, GNVDUDQ.)
87. " O@QSHBTK@Q AQ@MC NE SHQDR BK@HLR SG@S HSR CDKTWD SHQD @UDQ@FDR @S KD@RS 50,000 LHKDR ADENQD HS MDDCR SN AD QDOK@BDC. 'QNL
O@RS RSTCHDR NE SGHR SHQD, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM SN AD 8,000. " RTQUDX NE NVMDQR NE SG@S SHQD CDRHFM HR BNMCTBSDC.
'QNL SGD 28 SHQDR RTQUDXDC, SGD LD@M KHEDRO@M V@R 46,500 LHKDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 9,800 LHKDR. 6RHMF @KOG@ =
0.05, HR SGD C@S@ GHFGKX HMBNMRHRSDMS VHSG SGD BK@HL
88. 'QNL FDMDQ@SHNM SN FDMDQ@SHNM, SGD LD@M @FD VGDM RLNJDQR EHQRS RS@QS SN RLNJD U@QHDR. )NVDUDQ, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE SG@S @FD QDL@HMR BNMRS@MS NE @QNTMC 2.1 XD@QR. " RTQUDX NE 40 RLNJDQR NE SGHR FDMDQ@SHNM V@R CNMD SN RDD HE SGD LD@M
RS@QSHMF @FD HR @S KD@RS 19. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 18.1 VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.3. %N SGD C@S@ RTOONQS SGD BK@HL
@S SGD 5% KDUDK
89. 5GD BNRS NE @ C@HKX MDVRO@ODQ U@QHDR EQNL BHSX SN BHSX. )NVDUDQ, SGD U@QH@SHNM @LNMF OQHBDR QDL@HMR RSD@CX VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 20^. " RSTCX V@R CNMD SN SDRS SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD LD@M BNRS NE @ C@HKX MDVRO@ODQ HR $1.00. 5VDKUD BNRSR
XHDKC @ LD@M BNRS NE 95^ VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 18^. %N SGD C@S@ RTOONQS SGD BK@HL @S SGD 1% KDUDK
534 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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90. "M @QSHBKD HM SGD 06C 'DH: *:G8JGN +:LH RS@SDC SG@S RSTCDMSR HM SGD $@KHENQMH@ RS@SD TMHUDQRHSX RXRSDL S@JD 4.5 XD@QR,
NM @UDQ@FD, SN EHMHRG SGDHQ TMCDQFQ@CT@SD CDFQDDR. 4TOONRD XNT ADKHDUD SG@S SGD LD@M SHLD HR KNMFDQ. :NT BNMCTBS @ RTQUDX
NE 49 RSTCDMSR @MC NAS@HM @ R@LOKD LD@M NE 5.1 VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.2. %N SGD C@S@ RTOONQS XNTQ BK@HL @S
SGD 1% KDUDK
91. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE RHBJ C@XR @M DLOKNXDD S@JDR ODQ XD@Q HR ADKHDUDC SN AD @ANTS SDM. .DLADQR NE @ ODQRNMMDK
CDO@QSLDMS CN MNS ADKHDUD SGHR EHFTQD. 5GDX Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX DHFGS DLOKNXDDR. 5GD MTLADQ NE RHBJ C@XR SGDX SNNJ ENQ SGD
O@RS XD@Q @QD @R ENKKNVR: 12; 4; 15; 3; 11; 8; 6; 8. -DS N = SGD MTLADQ NE RHBJ C@XR SGDX SNNJ ENQ SGD O@RS XD@Q. 4GNTKC SGD
ODQRNMMDK SD@L ADKHDUD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ HR SDM
92. *M 1955, )>;: *6<6O>C: QDONQSDC SG@S SGD 25 XD@Q-NKC LNSGDQ NE SGQDD VNQJDC, NM @UDQ@FD, @M 80 GNTQ VDDJ. 3DBDMSKX,
L@MX FQNTOR G@UD ADDM RSTCXHMF VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD VNLDM'R LNUDLDMS G@R, HM E@BS, QDRTKSDC HM @M HMBQD@RD HM SGD @UDQ@FD
VNQJ VDDJ ENQ VNLDM (BNLAHMHMF DLOKNXLDMS @MC @S-GNLD VNQJ). 4TOONRD @ RSTCX V@R CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD LD@M
VNQJ VDDJ G@R HMBQD@RDC. 81 VNLDM VDQD RTQUDXDC VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF QDRTKSR. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 83; SGD R@LOKD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM V@R SDM. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD LD@M VNQJ VDDJ G@R HMBQD@RDC ENQ VNLDM @S SGD 5% KDUDK
93. :NTQ RS@SHRSHBR HMRSQTBSNQ BK@HLR SG@S 60 ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR VGN S@JD GDQ &KDLDMS@QX 4S@SHRSHBR BK@RR FN SGQNTFG KHED
EDDKHMF LNQD DMQHBGDC. 'NQ RNLD QD@RNM SG@S RGD B@M'S PTHSD EHFTQD NTS, LNRS ODNOKD CNM'S ADKHDUD GDQ. :NT CDBHCD SN BGDBJ
SGHR NTS NM XNTQ NVM. :NT Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 64 NE GDQ O@RS &KDLDMS@QX 4S@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR @MC EHMC SG@S 34 EDDK LNQD DMQHBGDC
@R @ QDRTKS NE GDQ BK@RR. /NV, VG@S CN XNT SGHMJ
94. " /HRR@M .NSNQ $NQONQ@SHNM @CUDQSHRDLDMS QD@C, o5GD @UDQ@FD L@MnR *.2. HR 107. 5GD @UDQ@FD AQNVM SQNTSnR *.2. HR 4.
4N VGX B@MnS L@M B@SBG AQNVM SQNTSp 4TOONRD XNT ADKHDUD SG@S SGD AQNVM SQNTSnR LD@M *.2. HR FQD@SDQ SG@M ENTQ. :NT B@SBG
12 AQNVM SQNTS. " EHRG ORXBGNKNFHRS CDSDQLHMDR SGD *.2.R @R ENKKNVR: 5; 4; 7; 3; 6; 4; 5; 3; 6; 3; 8; 5. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR
SDRS NE XNTQ ADKHDE.
95. 3DEDQ SN #R?L=CM? 119. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN RDD HE XNTQ CDBHRHNM @MC BNMBKTRHNM VNTKC BG@MFD HE XNTQ ADKHDE
VDQD SG@S SGD AQNVM SQNTSnR LD@M *.2. HR CDI ENTQ.
96. "BBNQCHMF SN @M @QSHBKD HM +:LHL::@, SGD M@STQ@K Q@SHN NE FHQKR SN ANXR HR 100:105. *M $GHM@, SGD AHQSG Q@SHN HR 100: 114
(46.7% FHQKR). 4TOONRD XNT CNMnS ADKHDUD SGD QDONQSDC EHFTQDR NE SGD ODQBDMS NE FHQKR ANQM HM $GHM@. :NT BNMCTBS @ RSTCX.
*M SGHR RSTCX, XNT BNTMS SGD MTLADQ NE FHQKR @MC ANXR ANQM HM 150 Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM QDBDMS AHQSGR. 5GDQD @QD 60 FHQKR @MC 90
ANXR ANQM NE SGD 150. #@RDC NM XNTQ RSTCX, CN XNT ADKHDUD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE FHQKR ANQM HM $GHM@ HR 46.7
97. " ONKK CNMD ENQ +:LHL::@ ENTMC SG@S 13% NE "LDQHB@MR G@UD RDDM NQ RDMRDC SGD OQDRDMBD NE @M @MFDK. " BNMSHMFDMS
CNTASR SG@S SGD ODQBDMS HR QD@KKX SG@S GHFG. *S BNMCTBSR HSR NVM RTQUDX. 0TS NE 76 "LDQHB@MR RTQUDXDC, NMKX SVN G@C RDDM
NQ RDMRDC SGD OQDRDMBD NE @M @MFDK. "R @ QDRTKS NE SGD BNMSHMFDMSnR RTQUDX, VNTKC XNT @FQDD VHSG SGD +:LHL::@ ONKK *M
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, @KRN FHUD SGQDD QD@RNMR VGX SGD SVN ONKKR LHFGS FHUD CHEEDQDMS QDRTKSR.
98. 5GD LD@M VNQJ VDDJ ENQ DMFHMDDQR HM @ RS@QS-TO BNLO@MX HR ADKHDUDC SN AD @ANTS 60 GNTQR. " MDVKX GHQDC DMFHMDDQ
GNODR SG@S HSnR RGNQSDQ. 4GD @RJR SDM DMFHMDDQHMF EQHDMCR HM RS@QS-TOR ENQ SGD KDMFSGR NE SGDHQ LD@M VNQJ VDDJR. #@RDC NM SGD
QDRTKSR SG@S ENKKNV, RGNTKC RGD BNTMS NM SGD LD@M VNQJ VDDJ SN AD RGNQSDQ SG@M 60 GNTQR
%@S@ (KDMFSG NE LD@M VNQJ VDDJ): 70; 45; 55; 60; 65; 55; 55; 60; 50; 55.
99. 6RD SGD o-@O SHLDp C@S@ ENQ -@O 4 (RDD 2;<F? I@ !IHN?HNM (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/QA2612/F;N?MN/#G47129) )
SN SDRS SGD BK@HL SG@S 5DQQH EHMHRGDR -@O 4, NM @UDQ@FD, HM KDRR SG@M 129 RDBNMCR. 6RD @KK SVDMSX Q@BDR FHUDM.
100. 6RD SGD o*MHSH@K 1TAKHB 0EEDQHMFp C@S@ (RDD 2;<F? I@ !IHN?HNM (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/QA2612/
F;N?MN/#G47129) ) SN SDRS SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD LD@M NEEDQ OQHBD V@R $18 ODQ RG@QD. %N MNS TRD @KK SGD C@S@. 6RD XNTQ Q@MCNL
MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 15 OQHBDR.
,-2#
5GD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR VDQD VQHSSDM AX O@RS RSTCDMSR. 5GDX @QD DWBDKKDMS OQNAKDLR!
101. ""RH@M '@LHKX 3DTMHNM," AX $G@T /FTXDM
&UDQX SVN XD@QR HS BNLDR @QNTMC.
8D @KK FDS SNFDSGDQ EQNL CHEEDQDMS SNVMR.
*M LX GNMDRS NOHMHNM,
*S'R MNS @ SXOHB@K E@LHKX QDTMHNM.
/NS ENQSX, NQ EHESX, NQ RHWSX,
#TS GNV @ANTS RDUDMSX BNLO@MHNMR!
5GD JHCR VNTKC OK@X, RBQD@L, @MC RGNTS
0MD LHMTSD SGDX'QD G@OOX, @MNSGDQ SGDX'KK ONTS.
5GD SDDM@FDQR VNTKC KNNJ, RS@QD, @MC BNLO@QD
'QNL GNV SGDX KNNJ SN VG@S SGDX VD@Q.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 535
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5GD LDM VNTKC BG@S @ANTS SGDHQ ATRHMDRR
5G@S SGDX L@JD LNQD, ATS MDUDQ KDRR.
.NMDX HR @KV@XR SGDHQ RTAIDBS
"MC SGDQD'R @KV@XR S@KJ NE LNQD MDV OQNIDBSR.
5GD VNLDM FDS SHQDC EQNL @KK NE SGD BG@SR
5GDX GD@C SN SGD JHSBGDM SN RDS NTS SGD L@SR.
4NLD VNTKC RHS @MC RNLD VNTKC RS@MC
&@SHMF @MC S@KJHMF VHSG OK@SDR HM SGDHQ G@MCR.
5GDM BNLD SGD F@LDR @MC SGD RNMFR
"MC RTCCDMKX, DUDQXNMD FDSR @KNMF!
8HSG @KK SG@S K@TFGSDQ, HS'R R@C SN R@X
5G@S HS @KV@XR DMCR HM SGD R@LD NKC V@X.
5GDX GTF @MC JHRR @MC R@X "FNNC-AXD"
"MC SGDM SGDX @KK ADFHM SN BQX!
* R@X SG@S 60 ODQBDMS RGDC SGDHQ SD@QR
#TS LX LNL BNTMSDC 35 ODNOKD SGHR XD@Q.
4GD R@HC SG@S ANXR @MC LDM VHKK @KV@XR G@UD SGDHQ OQHCD,
4N VD VNM'S DUDQ RDD SGDL BQX.
* LXRDKE CNM'S SGHMJ RGD'R BNQQDBS,
4N BNTKC XNT OKD@RD SQX SGHR OQNAKDL SN RDD HE XNT NAIDBS
102. "5GD 1QNAKDL VHSG "MFDKR," AX $XMCX %NVKHMF
"KSGNTFG SGHR OQNAKDL HR VGNKKX LHMD,
5GD B@S@KXRS B@LD EQNL SGD L@F@YHMD, 5HLD.
0M SGD L@F@YHMD BNUDQ * CHC EHMC
5GD QD@KL NE @MFDKR SHBJKHMF LX LHMC.
*MRHCD, 69% * ENTMC SN AD
*M @MFDKR, "LDQHB@MR CN ADKHDUD.
5GDM, HS V@R SHLD SN QHRD SN SGD S@RJ,
/HMDSX-EHUD GHFG RBGNNK @MC BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR * CHC @RJ.
7HDVHMF @KK @R NMD FQNTO,
3@MCNL R@LOKHMF SN FDS SGD RBNNO.
4N, * @RJDC D@BG SN AD SQTD,
"%N XNT ADKHDUD HM @MFDKR" 5DKK LD, CN!
)XONSGDRHYHMF @S SGD RS@QS,
5NS@KKX ADKHDUHMF HM LX GD@QS
5G@S SGD OQNONQSHNM VGN R@HC XDR
8NTKC AD DPT@K NM SGHR SDRS.
-N @MC ADGNKC, RDUDMSX-SGQDD CHC @QQHUD,
0TS NE SGD R@LOKD NE MHMDSX-EHUD.
/NV XNTQ INA G@R ITRS ADFTM,
4NKUD SGHR OQNAKDL @MC G@UD RNLD ETM.
103. "#KNVHMF #TAAKDR," AX 4NMCQ@ 1QTKK
4STCXHMF RS@SR ITRS L@CD LD SDMRD,
* G@C SN EHMC RNLD R@MD CDEDMRD.
4NLD KHFGS @MC KHESHMF RHLOKD OK@X
5N EKN@S LX L@SG @MWHDSX @V@X.
#KNVHMF ATAAKDR KHESR LD GHFG
5@JDR LX SQNTAKDR SN SGD RJX.
10*,! 5GDX'QD FNMD, VHSG @KK LX RSQDRR
#TAAKD SGDQ@OX HR SGD ADRS.
5GD K@ADK R@HC D@BG SHLD * AKDV
5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE ATAAKDR VNTKC AD @S KD@RS 22.
* AKDV @MC AKDV @MC SGHR * ENTMC
'QNL 64 AKNVR, SGDX @KK @QD QNTMC!
#TS SGD MTLADQ NE ATAAKDR HM 64 AKNVR
7@QHDC VHCDKX, SGHR * JMNV.
20 ODQ AKNV ADB@LD SGD LD@M
5GDX CDUH@SDC AX 6, @MC MNS 16.
'QNL BNTMSHMF ATAAKDR, * RTQD CHC QDK@W
#TS MNV * FHUD SN XNT XNTQ S@RJ.
8@R 22 @ QD@RNM@AKD FTDRR
'HMC SGD @MRVDQ @MC O@RR SGHR SDRS!
536 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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104. "%@KL@SH@M %@QM@SHNM," AX ,@SGX 4O@QKHMF
" FQDDCX CNF AQDDCDQ M@LDC 4OQDBJKDR
#QDC OTOOHDR VHSG MTLDQNTR EQDBJKDR
5GD %@KL@SH@MR GD RNTFGS
1NRRDRRDC RONS TONM RONS
5GD LNQD RONSR, GD SGNTFGS, SGD LNQD RGDJDKR.
)HR BNLODSHSNQR CHC MNS @FQDD
5G@S EQDBJKDR VNTKC HMBQD@RD SGD EDD.
5GDX R@HC, o4ONSR @QD PTHSD MHBD
#TS SGDX CNM'S @EEDBS OQHBD;
0MD RGNTKC AQDDC ENQ HLOQNUDC ODCHFQDD.p
5GD AQDDCDQR CDBHCDC SN OQNUD
5GHR RSQ@SDFX V@R @ VQNMF LNUD.
#QDDCHMF NMKX ENQ RONSR
8NTKC VQD@J G@UNB, SGDX SGNTFGS.
)HR SGDNQX SGDX V@MS SN CHROQNUD.
5GDX OQNONRDC @ BNMSDRS SN 4OQDBJKDR
$NLO@QHMF CNF OQHBDR SN EQDBJKDR.
*M QDBNQCR SGDX KNNJDC TO
0MD GTMCQDC NMD OTOR:
%@KL@SH@MR SG@S EDSBGDC SGD LNRS RGDJDKR.
5GDX @RJDC .Q. 4OQDBJKDR SN M@LD
"M @UDQ@FD RONS BNTMS GD'C BK@HL
5N AQHMF HM AHF ATBJR.
4@HC 4OQDBJKDR, o8DKK, RGTBJR,
*S'R ENQ NMD GTMCQDC NMD SG@S * @HL.p
4@HC @M @L@SDTQ RS@SHRSHBH@M
8GN V@MSDC SN GDKO VHSG SGHR LHRRHNM.
o5VDMSX-NMD ENQ SGD R@LOKD
4S@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM'R @LOKD:
5GDX DW@LHMDC NMD GTMCQDC @MC NMD
%@KL@SH@MR SG@S EDSBGDC @ FNNC RTL.
5GDX BNTMSDC D@BG RONS,
.@QJ, EQDBJKD @MC CNS
"MC S@KKHDC TO DUDQX NMD.
*MRSD@C NE NMD GTMCQDC NMD RONSR
5GDX @UDQ@FDC MHMDSX RHW CNSR
$@M SGDX LTYYKD 4OQDBJKDRn
0ARDRRHNM VHSG EQDBJKDR
#@RDC NM @KK SGD CNF C@S@ SGDX'UD FNS
105. ".@B@QNMH @MC $GDDRD, OKD@RD!!" AX /DCC@ .HRGDQFGH @MC 3@BGDKKD )@KK
"R @ ONNQ RS@QUHMF RSTCDMS * CNM'S G@UD LTBG LNMDX SN RODMC ENQ DUDM SGD A@QD MDBDRRHSHDR. 4N LX E@UNQHSD @MC L@HM RS@OKD
ENNC HR L@B@QNMH @MC BGDDRD. *S'R GHFG HM S@RSD @MC KNV HM BNRS @MC MTSQHSHNM@K U@KTD.
0MD C@X, @R * R@S CNVM SN CDSDQLHMD SGD LD@MHMF NE KHED, * FNS @ RDQHNTR BQ@UHMF ENQ SGHR, NG, RN HLONQS@MS, ENNC NE LX KHED. 4N
* VDMS CNVM SGD RSQDDS SN (QD@SV@X SN FDS @ ANW NE L@B@QNMH @MC BGDDRD, ATS HS V@R 40 DWODMRHUD! $2.02 !!! $@M XNT ADKHDUD
HS *S L@CD LD RSNO @MC SGHMJ. 5GD VNQKC HR BG@MFHMF E@RS. * G@C SGNTFGS SG@S SGD LD@M BNRS NE @ ANW (SGD MNQL@K RHYD, MNS
RNLD RTODQ-FHF@MSHB-E@LHKX-U@KTD-O@BJ) V@R @S LNRS $1, ATS MNV * V@RM'S RN RTQD. )NVDUDQ, * V@R CDSDQLHMDC SN EHMC NTS.
* VDMS SN 53 NE SGD BKNRDRS FQNBDQX RSNQDR @MC RTQUDXDC SGD OQHBDR NE L@B@QNMH @MC BGDDRD. )DQD @QD SGD C@S@ * VQNSD HM LX
MNSDANNJ:
/NE?A LAN >KT KB ,=? =J@ "DAAOA:
c 5 RSNQDR ! $2.02
c 15 RSNQDR ! $0.25
c 3 RSNQDR ! $1.29
c 6 RSNQDR ! $0.35
c 4 RSNQDR ! $2.27
c 7 RSNQDR ! $1.50
c 5 RSNQDR ! $1.89
c 8 RSNQDR ! 0.75.
* BNTKC RDD SG@S SGD BNRS U@QHDC ATS * G@C SN RHS CNVM SN EHFTQD NTS VGDSGDQ NQ MNS * V@R QHFGS. *E HS CNDR STQM NTS SG@S SGHR
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KN@AN KB =LLA=N=J?A):
c )".-&5, 1QHMBD NE %DML@QJ @MC RSTCDMS NE 4S@SHRSHBR
c 10-0/*64, )@LKDSnR STSNQ
c )0305*0, EQHDMC SN )@LKDS @MC EDKKNV RSTCDMS
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QDF@QCHMF SGD K@SSDQnR QDBDMS DWODQHDMBD. )NQ@SHN HR RD@SDC @S SGD K@QFD S@AKD @S QHFGS RS@FD.)
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10-0/*64 *E SGNT CNDRS HMRHRS TONM SGX VQDSBGDC UHRHNM SGDM KDS LD HMUDRS XNTQ SHLD; AD SQTD SN SGX VNQJ @MC ROD@J SN
LD SGQNTFG SGD QD@RNM NE SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR. ()D STQMR SN )NQ@SHN.) %HC MNS )@LKDS GHLRDKE R@X, o8G@S OHDBD
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@UNTBG NE LHMD NVM DXDR.
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FQ@MCLNSGDQRn FDMDQ@SHNM @MC HSR OD@J LHFGS G@UD ADDM @QNTMC LX LNSGDQnR FDMDQ@SHNM.) o,Np LD@MR oBGHKCp HM $GHMDRD
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RN NM.
)NVDUDQ, * MNSHBDC QDBDMSKX SG@S NMKX SVN NTS NE MHMD NE LX +@O@MDRD FHQKEQHDMCR @S SGHR RBGNNK G@UD M@LDR VGHBG DMC VHSG
oJN.p .NQD @MC LNQD, O@QDMSR RDDL SN G@UD ADBNLD BQD@SHUD, LNCDQMHYDC, @MC, RNLDSHLDR, VDRSDQMHYDC HM M@LHMF SGDHQ
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* G@UD @ EDDKHMF SG@S, VGHKD 70 ODQBDMS NQ LNQD NE LX LNSGDQnR FDMDQ@SHNM VNTKC G@UD M@LDR VHSG oJNp @S SGD DMC,
SGD OQNONQSHNM G@R CQNOODC @LNMF LX ODDQR. * VQNSD CNVM @KK LX +@O@MDRD EQHDMCRn, DW-BK@RRL@SDRn, BN-VNQJDQR, @MC
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"QD OHDQBHMF SGDHQ D@QR
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)D V@MSR SN AD KHJD SGD NSGDQR.
4GD R@HC, o* SGHMJ HSnR LTBG KDRR.
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8GN R@HC SGDXnC MDUDQ G@UD SGHR CNMD.
4N MNV SGHR ONDLnR EHMHRGDC.
8HKK GHR GNODR AD CHLHMHRGDC,
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110. "5GD $Q@UDM," AX .@QJ 4@K@MFR@MF
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5GHR * CHC @MC MNSGHMF LNQD.
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o4N @ S@KKX *nUD ADFTM SN JDDO
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8GHKD RKDDOHMF HR VG@S * CN ADRS.
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" ODQBDMS@FD KDRR SG@M ENQSX-ENTQ.p
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5GD BK@RRDR HM VGHBG * M@OODC @MC RMNQDC.
5GD MTLADQ GD ENTMC V@R SVDMSX-ENTQ.
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111. 5N@RSL@RSDQR *MSDQM@SHNM@K BHSDR @ QDONQS AX (@KKNO 1NKK SG@S 40%NE "LDQHB@MR ED@Q OTAKHB ROD@JHMF. "RSTCDMS ADKHDUDR
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(-#$$) HM $@KHENQMH@, V@R Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ENQ BNLO@QHRNM. *M SGD R@LD XD@Q, 34 NE SGD 44 NMKHMD BNTQRDR -#$$ NEEDQDC
VDQD S@TFGS AX ETKK-SHLD E@BTKSX. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE 68% QDOQDRDMSR $@KHENQMH@. /05&: 'NQ LNQD
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113. "BBNQCHMF SN @M @QSHBKD HM BBEEC8;H= BKI?D;IIM;;A, /DV :NQJ $HSX'R LNRS QDBDMS @CTKS RLNJHMF Q@SD HR 14%. 4TOONRD
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ENQ NMKHMD RSTCDMSR HR NKCDQ SG@M 26.6. 4GD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXR 56 NMKHMD RSTCDMSR @MC EHMCR SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR 29.4 VHSG
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115. 3DFHRSDQDC MTQRDR D@QMDC @M @UDQ@FD @MMT@K R@K@QX NE $69,110. 'NQ SG@S R@LD XD@Q, @ RTQUDX V@R BNMCTBSDC NE 41
$@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC MTQRDR SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @MMT@K R@K@QX HR GHFGDQ SG@M $69,110 ENQ $@KHENQMH@ MTQRDR. 5GD R@LOKD
@UDQ@FD V@R $71,121 VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $7,489. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
116. -@ -DBGD -D@FTD *MSDQM@SHNM@K QDONQSR SG@S SGD LD@M @FD NE VD@MHMF @ BGHKC EQNL AQD@RSEDDCHMF HR @FD ENTQ SN EHUD
VNQKCVHCD. *M "LDQHB@, LNRS MTQRHMF LNSGDQR VD@M SGDHQ BGHKCQDM LTBG D@QKHDQ. 4TOONRD @ Q@MCNL RTQUDX HR BNMCTBSDC NE
21 6.4. LNSGDQR VGN QDBDMSKX VD@MDC SGDHQ BGHKCQDM. 5GD LD@M VD@MHMF @FD V@R MHMD LNMSGR (3/4 XD@Q) VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 4 LNMSGR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD LD@M VD@MHMF @FD HM SGD 6.4. HR KDRR SG@M ENTQ XD@QR
NKC.
117. 0UDQ SGD O@RS EDV CDB@CDR, OTAKHB GD@KSG NEEHBH@KR G@UD DW@LHMDC SGD KHMJ ADSVDDM VDHFGS BNMBDQMR @MC SDDM FHQKR'
RLNJHMF. 3DRD@QBGDQR RTQUDXDC @ FQNTO NE 273 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC SDDM FHQKR KHUHMF HM .@RR@BGTRDSSR (ADSVDDM 12 @MC 15
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SG@S LNQD SG@M SGHQSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SDDM FHQKR RLNJD SN RS@X SGHM
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: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S KDRR SG@M 30% NE SDDM FHQKR RLNJD SN RS@X SGHM.
118. " RS@SHRSHBR HMRSQTBSNQ ADKHDUDR SG@S EDVDQ SG@M 20% NE &UDQFQDDM 7@KKDX $NKKDFD (&7$) RSTCDMSR @SSDMCDC SGD NODMHMF
MHFGS LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF NE SGD K@SDRS )@QQX 1NSSDQ LNUHD. 4GD RTQUDXR 84 NE GDQ RSTCDMSR @MC EHMCR SG@S 11 NE SGDL @SSDMCDC
SGD LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF.
"S @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, @M @OOQNOQH@SD BNMBKTRHNM HR:
=. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE &7$ RSTCDMSR VGN @SSDMCDC SGD LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF
NE )@QQX 1NSSDQ HR KDRR SG@M 20%.
>. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE &7$ RSTCDMSR VGN @SSDMCDC SGD LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF NE
)@QQX 1NSSDQ HR LNQD SG@M 20%.
?. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE &7$ RSTCDMSR VGN @SSDMCDC SGD LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF NE
)@QQX 1NSSDQ HR KDRR SG@M 20%.
@. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE &7$ RSTCDMSR VGN @SSDMCDC SGD LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF
NE )@QQX 1NSSDQ HR @S KD@RS 20%.
119. 1QDUHNTRKX, @M NQF@MHY@SHNM QDONQSDC SG@S SDDM@FDQR RODMS 4.5 GNTQR ODQ VDDJ, NM @UDQ@FD, NM SGD OGNMD. 5GD
NQF@MHY@SHNM SGHMJR SG@S, BTQQDMSKX, SGD LD@M HR GHFGDQ. 'HESDDM Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM SDDM@FDQR VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX GNTQR
ODQ VDDJ SGDX RODMC NM SGD OGNMD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 4.75 GNTQR VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.0. $NMCTBS @
GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
"S @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 7 = 0.05, VG@S HR SGD BNQQDBS BNMBKTRHNM
=. 5GDQD HR DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR HR LNQD SG@M 4.75
>. 5GDQD HR DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR HR LNQD SG@M 4.5
540 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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?. 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR HR LNQD SG@M 4.5
@. 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR HR LNQD SG@M 4.75
*MRSQTBSHNMR: 'NQ SGD ENKKNVHMF SDM DWDQBHRDR,
)XONSGDRHR SDRSHMF: 'NQ SGD ENKKNVHMF SDM DWDQBHRDR, @MRVDQ D@BG PTDRSHNM.
=. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR.
>. 4S@SD SGD F-U@KTD.
?. 4S@SD @KOG@.
@. 8G@S HR XNTQ CDBHRHNM
A. 8QHSD @ BNMBKTRHNM.
B. "MRVDQ @MX NSGDQ PTDRSHNMR @RJDC HM SGD OQNAKDL.
120. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD $DMSDQ ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK VDARHSD, HM 2011 @S KD@RS 18% NE GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR G@UD RLNJDC @
BHF@QDSSD. "M *MSQNCTBSHNM SN 4S@SHRSHBR BK@RR HM %@UHDR $NTMSX, ,: BNMCTBSDC @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS @S SGD KNB@K GHFG RBGNNK (@
LDCHTL RHYDCk@OOQNWHL@SDKX 1,200 RSTCDMSRkRL@KK BHSX CDLNFQ@OGHB) SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD KNB@K GHFG RBGNNKnR ODQBDMS@FD
V@R KNVDQ. 0MD GTMCQDC EHESX RSTCDMSR VDQD BGNRDM @S Q@MCNL @MC RTQUDXDC. 0E SGD 150 RSTCDMSR RTQUDXDC, 82 G@UD
RLNJDC. 6RD @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 0.05 @MC TRHMF @OOQNOQH@SD RS@SHRSHB@K DUHCDMBD, BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS @MC RS@SD SGD
BNMBKTRHNMR.
121. " QDBDMS RTQUDX HM SGD '.2. -?C;I ABC7D79 HMCHB@SDC SG@S 48.8% NE E@LHKHDR NVM RSNBJ. " AQNJDQ V@MSDC SN CDSDQLHMD
HE SGHR RTQUDX BNTKC AD U@KHC. )D RTQUDXDC @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 250 E@LHKHDR @MC ENTMC SG@S 142 NVMDC RNLD SXOD NE RSNBJ.
"S SGD 0.05 RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, B@M SGD RTQUDX AD BNMRHCDQDC SN AD @BBTQ@SD
122. %QHUDQ DQQNQ B@M AD KHRSDC @R SGD B@TRD NE @OOQNWHL@SDKX 54% NE @KK E@S@K @TSN @BBHCDMSR, @BBNQCHMF SN SGD "LDQHB@M
"TSNLNAHKD "RRNBH@SHNM. 5GHQSX Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC E@S@K @BBHCDMSR @QD DW@LHMDC, @MC HS HR CDSDQLHMDC SG@S 14 VDQD B@TRDC
AX CQHUDQ DQQNQ. 6RHMF g = 0.05, HR SGD """ OQNONQSHNM @BBTQ@SD
123. 5GD 64 %DO@QSLDMS NE &MDQFX QDONQSDC SG@S 51.7% NE GNLDR VDQD GD@SDC AX M@STQ@K F@R. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 221
GNLDR HM ,DMSTBJX ENTMC SG@S 115 VDQD GD@SDC AX M@STQ@K F@R. %NDR SGD DUHCDMBD RTOONQS SGD BK@HL ENQ ,DMSTBJX @S SGD g =
0.05 KDUDK HM ,DMSTBJX "QD SGD QDRTKSR @OOKHB@AKD @BQNRR SGD BNTMSQX 8GX
124. 'NQ "LDQHB@MR TRHMF KHAQ@QX RDQUHBDR, SGD "LDQHB@M -HAQ@QX "RRNBH@SHNM BK@HLR SG@S @S LNRS 67% NE O@SQNMR ANQQNV
ANNJR. 5GD KHAQ@QX CHQDBSNQ HM 0VDMRANQN, ,DMSTBJX EDDKR SGHR HR MNS SQTD, RN RGD @RJDC @ KNB@K BNKKDFD RS@SHRSHB BK@RR SN
BNMCTBS @ RTQUDX. 5GD BK@RR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC 100 O@SQNMR @MC ENTMC SG@S 82 ANQQNVDC ANNJR. %HC SGD BK@RR CDLNMRSQ@SD
SG@S SGD ODQBDMS@FD V@R GHFGDQ HM 0VDMRANQN, ,: 6RD g = 0.01 KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD. 8G@S HR SGD ONRRHAKD OQNONQSHNM NE
O@SQNMR SG@S CN ANQQNV ANNJR EQNL SGD 0VDMRANQN -HAQ@QX
125. 5GD 8D@SGDQ 6MCDQFQNTMC QDONQSDC SG@S SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE RTLLDQ Q@HME@KK ENQ SGD MNQSGD@RSDQM 64 HR @S KD@RS 11.52
HMBGDR. 5DM BHSHDR HM SGD MNQSGD@RS @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @MC SGD LD@M Q@HME@KK @LNTMS HR B@KBTK@SDC SN AD 7.42 HMBGDR VHSG
@ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.3 HMBGDR. "S SGD g = 0.05 KDUDK, B@M HS AD BNMBKTCDC SG@S SGD LD@M Q@HME@KK V@R ADKNV SGD QDONQSDC
@UDQ@FD 8G@S HE g = 0.01 "RRTLD SGD @LNTMS NE RTLLDQ Q@HME@KK ENKKNVR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
126. " RTQUDX HM SGD '.2. -?C;I ABC7D79 EHMCR SGD LD@M BNLLTSD SHLD (NMD V@X) HR 25.4 LHMTSDR ENQ SGD 15 K@QFDRS 64
BHSHDR. 5GD "TRSHM, 59 BG@LADQ NE BNLLDQBD EDDKR SG@S "TRSHMnR BNLLTSD SHLD HR KDRR @MC V@MSR SN OTAKHBHYD SGHR E@BS. 5GD
LD@M ENQ 25 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BNLLTSDQR HR 22.1 LHMTSDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 5.3 LHMTSDR. "S SGD g = 0.10 KDUDK,
HR SGD "TRSHM, 59 BNLLTSD RHFMHEHB@MSKX KDRR SG@M SGD LD@M BNLLTSD SHLD ENQ SGD 15 K@QFDRS 64 BHSHDR
127. " QDONQS AX SGD (@KKTO 1NKK ENTMC SG@S @ VNL@M UHRHSR GDQ CNBSNQ, NM @UDQ@FD, @S LNRS 5.8 SHLDR D@BG XD@Q. " Q@MCNL
R@LOKD NE 20 VNLDM QDRTKSR HM SGDRD XD@QKX UHRHS SNS@KR
3; 2; 1; 3; 7; 2; 9; 4; 6; 6; 8; 0; 5; 6; 4; 2; 1; 3; 4; 1
"S SGD V = 0.05 KDUDK B@M HS AD BNMBKTCDC SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR GHFGDQ SG@M 5.8 UHRHSR ODQ XD@Q
128. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD '.2. -?C;I ABC7D79 SGD LD@M E@LHKX RHYD HM SGD 6.4. HR 3.18. " R@LOKD NE @ BNKKDFD L@SG BK@RR
QDRTKSDC HM SGD ENKKNVHMF E@LHKX RHYDR:
5; 4; 5; 4; 4; 3; 6; 4; 3; 3; 5; 5; 6; 3; 3; 2; 7; 4; 5; 2; 2; 2; 3; 2
"S V = 0.05 KDUDK, HR SGD BK@RRn LD@M E@LHKX RHYD FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD M@SHNM@K @UDQ@FD %NDR SGD "KL@M@B QDRTKS QDL@HM U@KHC
8GX
129. 5GD RSTCDMS @B@CDLHB FQNTO NM @ BNKKDFD B@LOTR BK@HLR SG@S EQDRGL@M RSTCDMSR RSTCX @S KD@RS 2.5 GNTQR ODQ C@X, NM
@UDQ@FD. 0MD *MSQNCTBSHNM SN 4S@SHRSHBR BK@RR V@R RJDOSHB@K. 5GD BK@RR SNNJ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 30 EQDRGL@M RSTCDMSR @MC
ENTMC @ LD@M RSTCX SHLD NE 137 LHMTSDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 45 LHMTSDR. "S V = 0.01 KDUDK, HR SGD RSTCDMS @B@CDLHB
FQNTOnR BK@HL BNQQDBS
0#$#0#,!#1
9.1 ,OFF ;H> AFN?LH;NCP? &SJINB?M?M
%@S@ EQNL SGD /@SHNM@K *MRSHSTSD NE .DMS@K )D@KSG. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.MHLG.MHG.FNU/OTAKHB@S/CDOQDRRHNM.BEL.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 541
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9.5 A>>CNCIH;F 'H@ILG;NCIH ;H> $OFF &SJINB?MCM 2?MN #R;GJF?M
%@S@ EQNL "LHS 4BGHS@H. %HQDBSNQ NE *MRSQTBSHNM@K 5DBGMNKNFX @MC %HRS@MBD -D@QMHMF. -#$$.
%@S@ EQNL BBEEC8;H= BKI?D;IIM;;A. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ATRHMDRRVDDJ.BNL/MDVR/2011- 09-15/MXB-RLNJHMF-
Q@SD-E@KKR-SN-QDBNQC-KNV-NE-14-AKNNLADQF-R@XR.GSLK.
%@S@ EQNL DMDQFX.FNU. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DMDQFX.FNU (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27. 2013).
%@S@ EQNL (@KKTO_. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.F@KKTO.BNL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL HEM?D= 8O D;=H;;I AX "KKDM @MC 4D@L@M.
%@S@ EQNL -@ -DBGD -D@FTD *MSDQM@SHNM@K. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.K@KDBGDKD@FTD.NQF/-@V/#"'DA01.GSLK.
%@S@ EQNL SGD "LDQHB@M "TSNLNAHKD "RRNBH@SHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.@@@.BNL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD "LDQHB@M -HAQ@QX "RRNBH@SHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.@K@.NQF (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD #TQD@T NE -@ANQ 4S@SHRSHBR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.AKR.FNU/NDR/BTQQDMS/NDR291111.GSL.
%@S@ EQNL SGD $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.BCB.FNU (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013)
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T, @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://PTHBJE@BSR.BDMRTR.FNU/PEC/RS@SDR/00000.GSLK (@BBDRRDC +TMD
27, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BDMRTR.FNU/GGDR/RNBCDLN/K@MFT@FD/.
%@S@ EQNL 5N@RSL@RSDQR *MSDQM@SHNM@K. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://SN@RSL@RSDQR.NQF/@QSHR@M/
CDS@HK.@RO$@SDFNQX*%=1&4TA$@SDFNQX*%=10&"QSHBKD*%=429&1@FD=1.
%@S@ EQNL 8D@SGDQ 6MCDQFQNTMC. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.VTMCDQFQNTMC.BNL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
'DCDQ@K #TQD@T NE *MUDRSHF@SHNMR. o6MHENQL $QHLD 3DONQSR @MC *MCDW NE $QHLD HM %@UHDRR HM SGD 4S@SD NE ,DMSTBJX
DMENQBDC AX %@UHDRR $NTMSX EQNL 1985 SN 2005.p "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.CHR@RSDQBDMSDQ.BNL/JDMSTBJX/BQHLD/
3868.GSL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
o'NNSGHKK-%D "MY@ $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD %HRSQHBS.p %D "MY@ $NKKDFD, 8HMSDQ 2006. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://QDRD@QBG.EGC@.DCT/E@BSANNJ/%"CDLNER/'@BS?RGDDS?C@?2006V.OCE.
+NG@MRDM, $., +. #NHBD, +Q., +. .B-@TFGKHM, +. 0KRDM. o$DKKTK@Q 5DKDOGNMDR @MC $@MBDQl@ /@SHNMVHCD $NGNQS 4STCX
HM %DML@QJ.p *MRSHSTSD NE $@MBDQ &OHCDLHNKNFX @MC SGD %@MHRG $@MBDQ 4NBHDSX, 93(3):203-7. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.MBAH.MKL.MHG.FNU/OTALDC/11158188 (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
3@OD, "ATRD & *MBDRS /@SHNM@K /DSVNQJ. o)NV NESDM CNDR RDWT@K @RR@TKS NBBTQp 3"*//, 2009. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.Q@HMM.NQF/FDS-HMENQL@SHNM/RS@SHRSHBR/EQDPTDMBX-NE-RDWT@K-@RR@TKS (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD LD@M *MSDQMDS RODDC HM .DF@AHSR ODQ RDBNMC.
3 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM @M "LDQHB@M E@LHKX G@R.
5 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD OHBJDC @S Q@MCNL HM 5HLDR 4PT@QD UHRHSHMF SGD BHSX.
7
q !
0
: F = 0.42
q !
7
: F < 0.42
9
@. !
0
: Z = 15
A. !
7
: Z w 15
11 5XOD *: 5GD LD@M OQHBD NE LHC-RHYDC B@QR HR $32,000, ATS VD BNMBKTCD SG@S HS HR MNS $32,000. 5XOD **: 5GD LD@M OQHBD NE
LHC-RHYDC B@QR HR MNS $32,000, ATS VD BNMBKTCD SG@S HS HR $32,000.
13 V = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT SGHMJ SGD A@F B@MMNS VHSGRS@MC -15 CDFQDDR ', VGDM HM E@BS HS B@M W = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S
XNT SGHMJ SGD A@F B@M VHSGRS@MC -15 CDFQDDR ', VGDM HM E@BS HS B@MMNS
15 5XOD *: 5GD OQNBDCTQD VHKK FN VDKK, ATS SGD CNBSNQR SGHMJ HS VHKK MNS. 5XOD **: 5GD OQNBDCTQD VHKK MNS FN VDKK, ATS SGD
CNBSNQR SGHMJ HS VHKK.
17 0.019
19 0.998
21 " MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM NQ @ 4STCDMSnR J-CHRSQHATSHNM
23 6RD @ 4STCDMSnR J-CHRSQHATSHNM
542 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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25 @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M
27 *S LTRS AD @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
29 5GDX LTRS ANSG AD FQD@SDQ SG@M EHUD.
31 AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM
33 5GD NTSBNLD NE VHMMHMF HR UDQX TMKHJDKX.
35 !
0
: Z > = 73
!
7
: Z < 73
5GD F-U@KTD HR @KLNRS YDQN, VGHBG LD@MR SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS C@S@ SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR
VGN OK@X A@RJDSA@KK NM SGD RBGNNK SD@L HR KDRR SG@M 73 HMBGDR @S SGD 5% KDUDK. 5GD C@S@ CN RTOONQS SGD BK@HL.
37 5GD RG@CDC QDFHNM RGNVR @ KNV F-U@KTD.
39 %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
.
(4NLD RS@SHRSHBH@MR VNTKC R@X QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.)
41 LD@MR
43 SGD LD@M SHLD RODMS HM I@HK ENQ 26 EHQRS SHLD BNMUHBSDC ATQFK@QR
45
@. 3
A. 1.5
B. 1.8
C. 26
47 X
~N
2.5,
1.5
26
1
x
2
) (
1
2
)
(s
1
)
2
n
1
+
(s
2
)
2
n
2
SDANA:
c I
1
@MC I
2
, SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR, @QD DRSHL@SDR NE \
1
@MC \
2
, QDRODBSHUDKX.
c \
1
@MC \
1
@QD SGD TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
c x
1
@MC x
2
@QD SGD R@LOKD LD@MR. Z
1
@MC Z
2
@QD SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR.
5GD MTLADQ NE 9:<G::H D; ;G::9DB (df) QDPTHQDR @ RNLDVG@S BNLOKHB@SDC B@KBTK@SHNM. )NVDUDQ, @ BNLOTSDQ NQ
B@KBTK@SNQ B@KBTK@SDR HS D@RHKX. 5GD :< @QD MNS @KV@XR @ VGNKD MTLADQ. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB B@KBTK@SDC OQDUHNTRKX HR @OOQNWHL@SDC
AX SGD 4STCDMS'R J-CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG :< @R ENKKNVR:
"?AL??M I@ @L??>IG
d f =
(s
1
)
2
n
1
+
(s
2
)
2
n
2
1
n
1
1
(s
1
)
n
1
2
+
1
n
2
1
(s
2
)
2
n
2
2
8GDM ANSG R@LOKD RHYDR D
1
@MC D
2
@QD EHUD NQ K@QFDQ, SGD 4STCDMS'R J @OOQNWHL@SHNM HR UDQX FNNC. /NSHBD SG@S SGD R@LOKD
U@QH@MBDR (I
1
)
2
@MC (I
2
)
2
@QD MNS ONNKDC. (*E SGD PTDRSHNM BNLDR TO, CN MNS ONNK SGD U@QH@MBDR.)
,-2#
*S HR MNS MDBDRR@QX SN BNLOTSD SGHR AX G@MC. " B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ D@RHKX BNLOTSDR HS.
$T=ILHA 10.1 (J@ALAJ@AJP CNKQLO
5GD @UDQ@FD @LNTMS NE SHLD ANXR @MC FHQKR @FDC RDUDM SN 11 RODMC OK@XHMF RONQSR D@BG C@X HR ADKHDUDC SN AD SGD
R@LD. " RSTCX HR CNMD @MC C@S@ @QD BNKKDBSDC, QDRTKSHMF HM SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 10.1. &@BG ONOTK@SHNMR G@R @ MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM.
1;GJF?
1CT?
AP?L;A? ,OG<?L I@ &IOLM .F;SCHA
1JILNM .?L ";S
1;GJF? 1N;H>;L>
"?PC;NCIH
&ENHO 9 2 0.866
!KUO 16 3.2 1.00
2;<F? 10.1
*R SGDQD @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE SHLD ANXR @MC FHQKR @FDC RDUDM SN 11 OK@X RONQSR D@BG C@X 5DRS @S SGD
5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
1IFONCIH 10.1
1=: EDEJA6I>DC HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH 6G: CDI @CDLC. -DS = AD SGD RTARBQHOS ENQ FHQKR @MC 8 AD SGD RTARBQHOS ENQ
ANXR. 5GDM, Z
=
HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M ENQ FHQKR @MC Z
8
HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M ENQ ANXR. 5GHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN
>C9:E:C9:CI <GDJEH, SVN ONOTK@SHNM B:6CH.
/6C9DB K6G>67A:: X
g
X
b
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD R@LOKD LD@M @LNTMS NE SHLD FHQKR @MC ANXR OK@X RONQSR
D@BG C@X.
!
0
: Z
=
= Z
8
!
0
: Z
=
k Z
8
= 0
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 553
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HR F = 0.0054, SGD CER @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX 18.8462, @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR -3.14. %N SGD OQNBDCTQD @F@HM ATS
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SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR FHQKR @FDC RDUDM SN 11 OK@X RONQSR ODQ C@X HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR
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1IFONCIH 10.2
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1IFONCIH 10.2
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67.6 41.2 85.3 55.9 82.4 91.2 73.5 94.1 64.7 64.7
70.6 38.2 61.8 88.2 70.6 58.8 91.2 73.5 82.4 35.5
94.1 88.2 64.7 55.9 88.2 97.1 85.3 61.8 79.4 79.4
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B. *R SGHR SDRS QHFGS, KDES, NQ SVN S@HKDC
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%NDR SGD C@S@ HMCHB@SD SG@S L6M 1 >H BDG: :;;:8I>K: I=6C L6M 2 5DRS @S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
1IFONCIH 10.6
5GHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN HMCDODMCDMS FQNTOR, SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR JMNVM.
/6C9DB 36G>67A:: X
1
X
2
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE LNMSGR SGD BNLODSHMF EKNNQ V@WDR K@RS.
!
0
: Z
1
x Z
!
7
: Z
1
> Z
2
5GD VNQCR ">H BDG: :;;:8I>K:" R@XR SG@S L6M 1 A6HIH ADC<:G I=6C L6M 2, NM @UDQ@FD. "-NMFDQ" HR @ o>p
RXLANK @MC FNDR HMSN !
7
. 5GDQDENQD, SGHR HR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC SDRS.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @QD JMNVM RN SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNQL@K. 6RHMF
SGD ENQLTK@, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR:
X
1
X
2
~N
0,
0.33
2
20
+
0.36
2
20
4HMBD Z
1
x Z
2
SGDM Z
1
k Z
2
x 0 @MC SGD LD@M ENQ SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR YDQN.
6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ: JH>C< I=: CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC: F-U@KTD = 0.1799
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 10.5
X
1
k X
2
= 3 k 2.9 = 0.1
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: V = 0.05 @MC F-U@KTD = 0.1799. 5GDQDENQD, V < F-U@KTD.
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V < F-U@KTD, CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 561
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
r
s
i
o
n
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M SHLD V@W 1 K@RSR HR KNMFDQ (V@W 1 HR LNQD DEEDBSHUD) SG@M SGD LD@M SHLD V@W 2 K@RSR.
1QDRR )*A*. "QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*) @MC OQDRR 3:2-)3=@/*7CD. "QQNV NUDQ SN )D3DC @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
"QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ .33 ENQ RHFL@1, .36 ENQ RHFL@2, 3 ENQ SGD EHQRS R@LOKD LD@M, 20 ENQ M1, 2.9 ENQ SGD
RDBNMC R@LOKD LD@M, @MC 20 ENQ M2. "QQNV CNVM SN Z1: @MC @QQNV SN > Z
2
. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN
C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. 5GD F-U@KTD HR F = 0.1799 @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR 0.9157. %N SGD OQNBDCTQD
@F@HM, ATS HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7 CN DB3G.
10.6 5GD LD@MR NE SGD MTLADQ NE QDUNKTSHNMR ODQ LHMTSD NE SVN BNLODSHMF DMFHMDR @QD SN AD BNLO@QDC. 5GHQSX DMFHMDR
@QD Q@MCNLKX @RRHFMDC SN AD SDRSDC. #NSG ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 2;<F? 10.9 RGNVR SGD QDRTKS. %N SGD
C@S@ HMCHB@SD SG@S SG@S &MFHMD 2 G@R GHFGDQ 31. SG@M &MFHMD 1 5DRS @S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
#HACH? 1;GJF? +?;H ,OG<?L I@ 0.+ .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
1 1,500 50
2 1,600 60
2;<F? 10.9
$T=ILHA 10.7
"M HMSDQDRSDC BHSHYDM V@MSDC SN JMNV HE %DLNBQ@SHB 6. 4. RDM@SNQR @QD NKCDQ SG@M 3DOTAKHB@M 6.4. RDM@SNQR, NM
@UDQ@FD. 0M .@X 26 2013, SGD LD@M @FD NE 30 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC 3DOTAKHB@M 4DM@SNQR V@R 61 XD@QR 247 C@XR
NKC (61.675 XD@QR) VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 10.17 XD@QR. 5GD LD@M @FD NE 30 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC %DLNBQ@SHB
RDM@SNQR V@R 61 XD@QR 257 C@XR NKC (61.704 XD@QR) VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 9.55 XD@QR.
%N SGD C@S@ HMCHB@SD SG@S %DLNBQ@SHB RDM@SNQR @QD NKCDQ SG@M 3DOTAKHB@M RDM@SNQR, NM @UDQ@FD 5DRS @S @ 5% KDUDK
NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
1IFONCIH 10.7
5GHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN HMCDODMCDMS FQNTOR, SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @QD TMJMNVM,
ATS SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD RHYDR HR 30 + 30 = 60, VGHBG HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 30, RN VD B@M TRD SGD MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM
SN SGD 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM. 4TARBQHOSR: 1: %DLNBQ@SHB RDM@SNQR 2: 3DOTAKHB@M RDM@SNQR
/6C9DB K6G>67A:: X
1
X
2
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M @FD NE %DLNBQ@SHB @MC 3DOTAKHB@M 6.4. RDM@SNQR.
!
0
: R
1
x R
2
!
0
: R
1
k R
2
x 0
!
7
: R
1
> R
2
!
7
: R
1
k R
2
> 0
5GD VNQCR "NKCDQ SG@M" SQ@MRK@SDR @R @ o>p RXLANK @MC FNDR HMSN !
7
. 5GDQDENQD, SGHR HR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC SDRS.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGD MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD 4STCDMSnR J ENQ LD@MR,
HMCDODMCDMS FQNTOR. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR: X
1
X
2
N[0,
(9.55)
2
30
+
(10.17)
2
30
]
4HMBD R
1
x R
2
, R
1
k R
2
x 0 @MC SGD LD@M ENQ SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR YDQN.
(6A8JA6I>C< I=: !-K6AJ: JH>C< I=: CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC <>K:H F-U@KTD = 0.4040)
562 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
r
s
i
o
n
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 10.6
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: V = 0.05 @MC F-U@KTD = 0.4040. 5GDQDENQD, V < F-U@KTD.
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V < F-U@KTD, CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M @FD NE %DLNBQ@SHB RDM@SNQR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD LD@M @FD NE SGD 3DOTAKHB@M RDM@SNQR.
10.3 U !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH
.LIJILNCIHM
8GDM BNMCTBSHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SG@S BNLO@QDR SVN HMCDODMCDMS ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR, SGD ENKKNVHMF BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR
RGNTKC AD OQDRDMS:
1. 5GD SVN HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKDR @QD RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKDR SG@S @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
2. 5GD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR HR @S KD@RS EHUD, @MC SGD MTLADQ NE E@HKTQDR HR @S KD@RS EHUD, ENQ D@BG NE SGD R@LOKDR.
3. (QNVHMF KHSDQ@STQD RS@SDR SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM LTRS AD @S KD@RS SDM NQ 20 SHLDR SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD. 5GHR JDDOR D@BG
ONOTK@SHNM EQNL ADHMF NUDQ-R@LOKDC @MC B@TRHMF HMBNQQDBS QDRTKSR.
$NLO@QHMF SVN OQNONQSHNMR, KHJD BNLO@QHMF SVN LD@MR, HR BNLLNM. *E SVN DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNMR @QD CHEEDQDMS, HS L@X
AD CTD SN @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD ONOTK@SHNMR NQ HS L@X AD CTD SN BG@MBD. " GXONSGDRHR SDRS B@M GDKO CDSDQLHMD HE @ CHEEDQDMBD HM
SGD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNMR QDEKDBSR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR.
5GD CHEEDQDMBD NE SVN OQNONQSHNMR ENKKNVR @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. (DMDQ@KKX, SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR RS@SDR
SG@S SGD SVN OQNONQSHNMR @QD SGD R@LD. 5G@S HR, !
0
: F
A
= F
B
. 5N BNMCTBS SGD SDRS, VD TRD @ ONNKDC OQNONQSHNM, F
9
.
2B? JIIF?> JLIJILNCIH CM =;F=OF;N?> ;M @IFFIQM:
p
c
=
x
A
+ x
B
n
A
+ n
B
2B? >CMNLC<ONCIH @IL NB? >C@@?L?H=?M CM:
P
A
P
B
~N[0, p
c
(1 p
c
)(
1
n
A
+
1
n
B
)]
2B? N?MN MN;NCMNC= (<-M=IL?) CM:
z =
(p
A
p
B
) (p
A
p
B
)
p
c
(1 p
c
)(
1
n
A
+
1
n
B
)
$T=ILHA 10.8
5VN SXODR NE LDCHB@SHNM ENQ GHUDR @QD ADHMF SDRSDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR @ 9>;;:G:C8: >C I=: EGDEDGI>DCH D;
69JAI E6I>:CI G:68I>DCH. 1L:CIN NTS NE @ Q@MCNL H6BEA: D; 200 @CTKSR FHUDM LDCHB@SHNM " RSHKK G@C GHUDR 30
LHMTSDR @ESDQ S@JHMF SGD LDCHB@SHNM. 1L:AK: NTS NE @MNSGDQ G6C9DB H6BEA: D; 200 69JAIH FHUDM LDCHB@SHNM #
RSHKK G@C GHUDR 30 LHMTSDR @ESDQ S@JHMF SGD LDCHB@SHNM. 5DRS @S @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
1IFONCIH 10.8
5GD OQNAKDL @RJR ENQ @ CHEEDQDMBD HM OQNONQSHNMR, L@JHMF HS @ SDRS NE SVN OQNONQSHNMR.
-DS A @MC B AD SGD RTARBQHOSR ENQ LDCHB@SHNM " @MC LDCHB@SHNM #, QDRODBSHUDKX. 5GDM F
A
@MC F
B
@QD SGD
CDRHQDC ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR.
0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?:
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 563
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
r
s
i
o
n
)c
A
k )c
B
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE @CTKS O@SHDMSR VGN CHC MNS QD@BS @ESDQ 30 LHMTSDR SN LDCHB@SHNM
" @MC SN LDCHB@SHNM #.
!
0
: F
A
= F
B
F
A
k F
B
= 0
!
7
: F
A
w F
B
F
A
k F
B
w 0
5GD VNQCR ">H 6 9>;;:G:C8:" SDKK XNT SGD SDRS HR SVN-S@HKDC.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: 4HMBD SGHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN AHMNLH@K ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR
MNQL@K:
p
c
=
x
A
+ x
B
n
A
+ n
B
=
20 + 12
200 + 200
= 0.08 1 p
c
= 0.92
P
A
P
B
~N
0, (0.08)(0.92)(
1
200
+
1
200
)
)c
A
k )c
B
ENKKNVR @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ: JH>C< I=: CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC: F-U@KTD = 0.1404.
&RSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM ENQ FQNTO ": p
A
=
x
A
n
A
=
20
200
= 0.1
&RSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM ENQ FQNTO #: p
B
=
x
B
n
B
=
12
200
= 0.06
%L;JB:
$CAOL? 10.7
)c
A
k )c
B
= 0.1 k 0.06 = 0.04.
)@KE SGD F-U@KTD HR ADKNV k0.04, @MC G@KE HR @ANUD 0.04.
$NLO@QD V @MC SGD F-U@KTD: V = 0.01 @MC SGD F-U@KTD = 0.1404. V < F-U@KTD.
.@JD @ CDBHRHNM: 4HMBD V < F-U@KTD, CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 1%KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNLSGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD
SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE @CTKS O@SHDMSR VGN CHC MNS QD@BS @ESDQ 30 LHMTSDR SN LDCHB@SHNM A
@MC LDCHB@SHNM B.
1QDRR )*A*. "QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*) @MC OQDRR 6:2-&B?@/*7CD. "QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ 20 ENQ W1, 200
ENQ M1, 12 ENQ W2, @MC 200 ENQ M2. "QQNV CNVM SN @1: @MC @QQNV SN >?D 7AE3< @2. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV
CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. 5GD F-U@KTD HR F = 0.1404 @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR 1.47. %N SGD
OQNBDCTQD @F@HM, ATS HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7 CN DB3G.
564 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
r
s
i
o
n
10.8 5VN SXODR NE U@KUDR @QD ADHMF SDRSDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM OQDRRTQD SNKDQ@MBDR. 'HESDDM NTS NE
@ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 NE 7@KUD A BQ@BJDC TMCDQ 4,500 ORH. 4HW NTS NE @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 NE 7@KUD B BQ@BJDC
TMCDQ 4,500 ORH. 5DRS @S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
$T=ILHA 10.9
"QDRD@QBG RSTCX V@R BNMCTBSDC @ANTS FDMCDQ CHEEDQDMBDR HM oRDWSHMF.p 5GD QDRD@QBGDQ ADKHDUDC SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM
NE FHQKR HMUNKUDC HM oRDWSHMFp HR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ANXR HMUNKUDC. 5GD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC HM SGD ROQHMF NE 2010
@LNMF @ Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE LHCCKD @MC GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR HM @ K@QFD RBGNNK CHRSQHBS HM SGD RNTSGDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR
HR RTLL@QHYDC HM 2;<F? 10.9. *R SGD OQNONQSHNM NE FHQKR RDMCHMF RDWSR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ANXR oRDWSHMFp
5DRS @S @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
+;F?M $?G;F?M
2AJP aOATPOb 183 156
3KP=H JQI>AN OQNRAUA@ 2231 2169
2;<F? 10.10
1IFONCIH 10.9
5GHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR. -DS . @MC ' AD SGD RTARBQHOSR ENQ L@KDR @MC EDL@KDR. 5GDM F
&
@MC
F
F
@QD SGD CDRHQDC ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR.
0;H>IG P;LC;<F?:
Fc
F
u Fc
&
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE L@KDR @MC EDL@KDR VGN RDMS oRDWSR.p
!
0
: F
F
= F
&
!
0
: F
F
k F
&
= 0
!
7
: F
F
< F
&
!
7
: F
F
k F
&
< 0
5GD VNQCR "A:HH I=6C" SDKK XNT SGD SDRS HR KDES-S@HKDC.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: 4HMBD SGHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNQL@K:
p
c
=
x
F
+ x
M
n
F
+ n
M
=
156 + 183
2169 + 2231
= 0.077
1 p
c
= 0.923
5GDQDENQD,
p
F
p
M
N
0, (0.077)(0.923)
1
2169
+
1
2231
Fc
F
k Fc
&
ENKKNVR @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ: JH>C< I=: CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC:
F-U@KTD = 0.1045
&RSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM ENQ EDL@KDR: 0.0719
&RSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM ENQ L@KDR: 0.082
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 565
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
r
s
i
o
n
%L;JB:
$CAOL? 10.8
!:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V < F-U@KTD, %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE FHQKR RDMCHMF oRDWSRp HR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ANXR RDMCHMF oRDWSR.p
1QDRR 45"5. "QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454 @MC OQDRR 6:2-1QNO;5DRS. "QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ 156 ENQ W1, 2169 ENQ M1,
183 ENQ W2, @MC 2231 ENQ M2. "QQNV CNVM SN O1: @MC @QQNV SN KDRR SG@M O2. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN
$@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR &/5&3. 5GD F-U@KTD HR ) = 0.1045 @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR P = -1.256.
$T=ILHA 10.10
3DRD@QBGDQR BNMCTBSDC @ RSTCX NE RL@QSOGNMD TRD @LNMF @CTKSR. " BDKK OGNMD BNLO@MX BK@HLDC SG@S H1GNMD
RL@QSOGNMDR @QD LNQD ONOTK@Q VHSG VGHSDR (MNM-)HRO@MHB) SG@M VHSG "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX
HMCHB@SD SG@S NE SGD 232 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@M BDKK OGNMD NVMDQR Q@MCNLKX R@LOKDC, 5%G@UD @M H1GNMD. 0E SGD 1,343
VGHSD BDKK OGNMD NVMDQR Q@MCNLKX R@LOKDC, 10% NVM @M H1GNMD. 5DRS @S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD. *R SGD
OQNONQSHNM NE VGHSD H1GNMD NVMDQR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE "EQHB@M "LDQHB@M H1GNMD NVMDQR
1IFONCIH 10.10
5GHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR. -DS 8@MC " AD SGD RTARBQHOSR ENQ SGD VGHSDR @MC "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR.
5GDM F
0
@MC F
A
@QD SGD CDRHQDC ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR.
0;H>IG P;LC;<F?:
Fc
0
k Fc
A
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE "MCQNHC @MC H1GNMD TRDQR.
!
0
: F
0
= F
A
!
0
: F
0
k F
A
= 0
!
7
: F
0
> F
A
!
7
: F
0
k F
A
> 0
5GD VNQCR "LNQD ONOTK@Q" HMCHB@SD SG@S SGD SDRS HR QHFGS-S@HKDC.
%HRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K:
p
c
=
x
W
+ x
A
n
W
+ n
A
=
134 + 12
1343 + 232
= 0.1077
1 p
c
= 0.8923
5GDQDENQD,
p
W
p
A
N
0, (0.1077)(0.8923)
1
1343
+
1
232
p
W
p
A
ENKKNVR @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
!;F=OF;N? NB? 3-P;FO? OMCHA NB? HILG;F >CMNLC<ONCIH:
F-U@KTD = 0.0092
&RSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM ENQ FQNTO ": 0.10
&RSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM ENQ FQNTO #: 0.05
566 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$G6E=:
$CAOL? 10.9
!:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS SGD !
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD
SG@S @ K@QFDQ OQNONQSHNM NE VGHSD BDKK OGNMD NVMDQR TRD H1GNMDR SG@M "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR.
5*-83+ @MC 5*-84: 1QDRR 45"5. "QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454 @MC OQDRR 6:2-1QNO;5DRS. "QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ 135
ENQ W1, 1343 ENQ M1, 12 ENQ W2, @MC 232 ENQ M2. "QQNVCNVM SN O1: @MC @QQNVSN FQD@SDQ SG@M O2. 1QDRR &/5&3.
"QQNV CNVM SN $@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR &/5&3. 5GD 1-U@KTD HR 1 = 0.0092 @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR ; = 2.33.
10.10 " BNMBDQMDC FQNTO NE BHSHYDMR V@MSDC SN JMNV HE SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ENQBHAKD Q@ODR HM 5DW@R V@R CHEEDQDMS HM 2011
SG@M HM 2010. 5GDHQ QDRD@QBG RGNVDC SG@S NE SGD 113,231 UHNKDMS BQHLDR HM 5DW@R HM 2010, 7,622 NE SGDL VDQD ENQBHAKD
Q@ODR. *M 2011, 7,439 NE SGD 104,873 UHNKDMS BQHLDR VDQD HM SGD ENQBHAKD Q@OD B@SDFNQX. 5DRS @S @ 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
"MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR:
@. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE SVN LD@MR NQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR
A. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM CN XNT TRD SN ODQENQL SGD SDRS
B. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD
C. 8G@S @QD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR 8QHSD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR HM RXLANKR.
D. *R SGHR SDRS QHFGS-, KDES-, NQ SVN-S@HKDC
E. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
F. %N XNT QDIDBS NQ MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
G. "S SGD ??? KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD ?????? (HR/HR MNS) RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S
????????????.
10.4 U +;N=B?> IL .;CL?> 1;GJF?M
8GDM TRHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR, SGD ENKKNVHMF BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR RGNTKC AD OQDRDMS:
1. 4HLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF HR TRDC.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 567
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2. 4@LOKD RHYDR @QD NESDM RL@KK.
3. 5VN LD@RTQDLDMSR (R@LOKDR) @QD CQ@VM EQNL SGD R@LD O@HQ NE HMCHUHCT@KR NQ NAIDBSR.
4. %HEEDQDMBDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC EQNL SGD L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR.
5. 5GD CHEEDQDMBDR ENQL SGD R@LOKD SG@S HR TRDC ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
6. &HSGDQ SGD L@SBGDC O@HQR G@UD CHEEDQDMBDR SG@S BNLD EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM SG@S HR MNQL@K NQ SGD MTLADQ NE CHEEDQDMBDR HR
RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD RN SG@S CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@M NE CHEEDQDMBDR HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.
*M @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR, RTAIDBSR @QD L@SBGDC HM O@HQR @MC CHEEDQDMBDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC. 5GD
CHEEDQDMBDR @QD SGD C@S@. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMBDR, Z
:
, HR SGDM SDRSDC TRHMF @ 4STCDMS'R-S SDRS ENQ @ RHMFKD
ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VHSG D k 1 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL, VGDQD D HR SGD MTLADQ NE CHEEDQDMBDR.
2B? N?MN MN;NCMNC= (6-M=IL?) CM:
t =
x
d
d
s
d
n
$T=ILHA 10.11
" RSTCX V@R BNMCTBSDC SN HMUDRSHF@SD SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE GXOMNSHRL HM QDCTBHMF O@HM. 3DRTKSR ENQ Q@MCNLKX
RDKDBSDC RTAIDBSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 10.10. " KNVDQ RBNQD HMCHB@SDR KDRR O@HM. 5GD "ADENQD" U@KTD HR L@SBGDC SN
@M "@ESDQ" U@KTD @MC SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC. 5GD CHEEDQDMBDR G@UD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. "QD SGD RDMRNQX
LD@RTQDLDMSR, NM @UDQ@FD, KNVDQ @ESDQ GXOMNSHRL 5DRS @S @ 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
1O<D?=N: A ! " # $ % &
?@IL? 6.6 6.5 9.0 10.3 11.3 8.1 6.3 11.6
A@N?L 6.8 2.4 7.4 8.5 8.1 6.1 3.4 2.0
2;<F? 10.11
1IFONCIH 10.11
$NQQDRONMCHMF "ADENQD" @MC "@ESDQ" U@KTDR ENQL L@SBGDC O@HQR. ($@KBTK@SD "@ESDQ" k "ADENQD.")
A@N?L ";N; ?@IL? ";N; "C@@?L?H=?
6.8 6.6 0.2
2.4 6.5 -4.1
7.4 9 -1.6
8.5 10.3 -1.8
8.1 11.3 -3.2
6.1 8.1 -2
3.4 6.3 -2.9
2;<F? 10.12
568 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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A@N?L ";N; ?@IL? ";N; "C@@?L?H=?
2 11.6 -9.6
2;<F? 10.12
5GD C@S@ ;DG I=: I:HI @QD SGD CHEEDQDMBDR: Z0.2, k4.1, k1.6, k1.8, k3.2, k2, k2.9, k9.6\
5GD R@LOKD LD@M @MC R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD: x
d
= 3.13 @MC s
d
= 2.91 7DQHEX
SGDRD U@KTDR.
-DS
d
AD SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMBDR. 8D TRD SGD RTARBQHOS d SN CDMNSD "CHEEDQDMBDR."
/6C9DB K6G>67A:: X
d
= SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD RDMRNQX LD@RTQDLDMSR
!
0
: Z
:
y 0
5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR YDQN NQ ONRHSHUD, LD@MHMF SG@S SGDQD HR SGD R@LD NQ LNQD O@HM EDKS @ESDQ GXOMNSHRL.
5G@S LD@MR SGD RTAIDBS RGNVR MN HLOQNUDLDMS. Z
:
HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR.)
!
7
: Z
:
< 0
5GD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR HR MDF@SHUD, LD@MHMF SGDQD HR KDRR O@HM EDKS @ESDQ GXOMNSHRL. 5G@S LD@MR SGD RTAIDBS
RGNVR HLOQNUDLDMS. 5GD RBNQD RGNTKC AD KNVDQ @ESDQ GXOMNSHRL, RN SGD CHEEDQDMBD NTFGS SN AD MDF@SHUD SN HMCHB@SD
HLOQNUDLDMS.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR @ 4STCDMS'R J VHSG :< = D k 1 = 8 k 1 = 7. 6RD J
7
. (+DI>8: I=6I
I=: I:HI >H ;DG 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C.)
6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ: JH>C< I=: 0IJ9:CI'H-I 9>HIG>7JI>DC: F-U@KTD = 0.0095
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 10.10
X
d
HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMBDR.
5GD R@LOKD LD@M @MC R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD:
x
d
= k3.13
s
d
= 2.91
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: V = 0.05 @MC F-U@KTD = 0.0095. V > F-U@KTD.
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS !
0
. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S Z
:
< 0 @MC SGDQD HR HLOQNUDLDMS.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5%KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNLSGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S
SGD RDMRNQX LD@RTQDLDMSR, NM @UDQ@FD, @QD KNVDQ @ESDQ GXOMNSHRL. )XOMNSHRL @OOD@QR SN AD DEEDBSHUD HM QDCTBHMF
O@HM.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 569
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,-2#
'NQ SGD 5*-83+ @MC 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR, XNT B@M DHSGDQ B@KBTK@SD SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @GD@C NE SHLD (6;I:G -
7:;DG:) @MC OTS SGD CHEEDQDMBDR HMSN @ KHRS NQ XNT B@M OTS SGD 6;I:G C@S@ HMSN @ EHQRS KHRS @MC SGD 7:;DG:
C@S@ HMSN @ RDBNMC KHRS. 5GDM FN SN @ SGHQC KHRS @MC @QQNVTO SN SGD M@LD. &MSDQ 1
RS
KHRS M@LD - 2
MC
KHRS M@LD. 5GD
B@KBTK@SNQ VHKK CN SGD RTASQ@BSHNM, @MC XNT VHKK G@UD SGD CHEEDQDMBDR HM SGD SGHQC KHRS.
6RD XNTQ KHRS NE CHEEDQDMBDR @R SGD C@S@. 1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). 1QDRR 2:*-*7CD. "QQNV
NUDQ SN D3D3 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. "QQNVCNVM @MC DMSDQ 0 ENQ
0
, SGD M@LD NE SGD KHRS VGDQD XNT OTS SGD C@S@,
@MC 1 ENQ 'QDP:. "QQNV CNVM SN K: @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN <
0
. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC
OQDRR E$*E(. 5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.0094, @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR -3.04. %N SGDRD HMRSQTBSHNMR @F@HM DWBDOS, @QQNV
SN DB3G (HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7). 1QDRR E$*E(.
10.11 " RSTCX V@R BNMCTBSDC SN HMUDRSHF@SD GNV DEEDBSHUD @ MDV CHDS V@R HM KNVDQHMF BGNKDRSDQNK. 3DRTKSR ENQ SGD
Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RTAIDBSR @QD RGNVM HM SGD S@AKD. 5GD CHEEDQDMBDR G@UD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. "QD SGD RTAIDBSRn
BGNKDRSDQNK KDUDKR KNVDQ NM @UDQ@FD @ESDQ SGD CHDS 5DRS @S SGD 5% KDUDK.
2Q>FA?P ! " # $ % & ' (
!ABKNA 209 210 205 198 216 217 238 240 222
BPAN 199 207 189 209 217 202 211 223 201
2;<F? 10.13
$T=ILHA 10.12
" BNKKDFD ENNSA@KK BN@BG V@R HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD BNKKDFD'R RSQDMFSG CDUDKNOLDMS BK@RR HMBQD@RDC GHR OK@XDQR'
L@WHLTL KHES (HM ONTMCR) NM SGD ADMBG OQDRR DWDQBHRD. )D @RJDC ENTQ NE GHR OK@XDQR SN O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ RSTCX.
5GD @LNTMS NE VDHFGS SGDX BNTKC D@BG KHES V@R QDBNQCDC ADENQD SGDX SNNJ SGD RSQDMFSG CDUDKNOLDMS BK@RR. "ESDQ
BNLOKDSHMF SGD BK@RR, SGD @LNTMS NE VDHFGS SGDX BNTKC D@BG KHES V@R @F@HM LD@RTQDC. 5GD C@S@ @QD @R ENKKNVR:
5?CABN (CH JIOH>M) .F;S?L 1 .F;S?L 2 .F;S?L 3 .F;S?L 4
IKQJP KB SAECDPA@ HEBPA@ LNEKN PK PDA ?H=OO 205 241 338 368
IKQJP KB SAECDP HEBPA@ =BPAN PDA ?H=OO 295 252 330 360
2;<F? 10.14
570 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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1=: 8D68= L6CIH ID @CDL >; I=: HIG:C<I= 9:K:ADEB:CI 8A6HH B6@:H =>H EA6N:GH HIGDC<:G, DC 6K:G6<:.
3DBNQC SGD 9>;;:G:C8:H C@S@. $@KBTK@SD SGD CHEEDQDMBDR AX RTASQ@BSHMF SGD @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KHESDC OQHNQ SN SGD BK@RR
EQNL SGD VDHFGS KHESDC @ESDQ BNLOKDSHMF SGD BK@RR. 5GD C@S@ ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD: Z90, 11, -8, -8\. "RRTLD SGD
CHEEDQDMBDR G@UD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
6RHMF SGD CHEEDQDMBDR C@S@, B@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
x
d
= 21.3, I
:
= 46.7
,-2#
5GD C@S@ FHUDM GDQD VNTKC HMCHB@SD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR @BST@KKX QHFGS-RJDVDC. 5GD CHEEDQDMBD 90 L@X AD
@M DWSQDLD NTSKHDQ *S HR OTKKHMF SGD R@LOKD LD@M SN AD 21.3 (ONRHSHUD). 5GD LD@MR NE SGD NSGDQ SGQDD C@S@
U@KTDR @QD @BST@KKX MDF@SHUD.
6RHMF SGD CHEEDQDMBD C@S@, SGHR ADBNLDR @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD ?????????? (EHKK HM SGD AK@MJ).
!:;>C: I=: G6C9DB K6G>67A:: X
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LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD L@WHLTL KHES ODQ OK@XDQ.
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR J
3
.
!
0
: Z
:
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7
: Z
:
> 0
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6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ:: 5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.2150
!:8>H>DC: *E SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD HR 5%, SGD CDBHRHNM HR MNS SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, ADB@TRD g <
F-U@KTD.
4=6I >H I=: 8DC8AJH>DC?
"S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
RSQDMFSG CDUDKNOLDMS BK@RR GDKODC SN L@JD SGD OK@XDQR RSQNMFDQ, NM @UDQ@FD.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 571
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10.12 " MDV OQDO BK@RR V@R CDRHFMDC SN HLOQNUD 4"5 SDRS RBNQDR. 'HUD RSTCDMSR VDQD RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL. 5GDHQ RBNQDR
NM SVN OQ@BSHBD DW@LR VDQD QDBNQCDC, NMD ADENQD SGD BK@RR @MC NMD @ESDQ. 5GD C@S@ QDBNQCDC HM 2;<F? 10.15. "QD SGD
RBNQDR, NM @UDQ@FD, GHFGDQ @ESDQ SGD BK@RR 5DRS @S @ 5% KDUDK.
1A2 1=IL?M 1NO>?HN 1 1NO>?HN 2 1NO>?HN 3 1NO>?HN 4
2?KNA >ABKNA ?H=OO 1840 1960 1920 2150
2?KNA =BPAN ?H=OO 1920 2160 2200 2100
2;<F? 10.15
$T=ILHA 10.13
4DUDM DHFGSG FQ@CDQR @S ,DMMDCX .HCCKD 4BGNNK LD@RTQDC GNV E@Q SGDX BNTKC OTRG SGD RGNS-OTS VHSG SGDHQ
CNLHM@MS (VQHSHMF) G@MC @MC SGDHQ VD@JDQ (MNM-VQHSHMF) G@MC. 5GDX SGNTFGS SG@S SGDX BNTKC OTRG DPT@K CHRS@MBDR
VHSG DHSGDQ G@MC. 5GD C@S@ VDQD BNKKDBSDC @MC QDBNQCDC HM 2;<F? 10.16.
"CMN;H=? (CH
@??N) OMCHA
1NO>?HN
1
1NO>?HN
2
1NO>?HN
3
1NO>?HN
4
1NO>?HN
5
1NO>?HN
6
1NO>?HN
7
"IGCH;HN
&;H>
30 26 34 17 19 26 20
5?;E?L
&;H>
28 14 27 18 17 26 16
2;<F? 10.16
$NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM CHRS@MBDR ADSVDDM SGD BGHKCQDMnR
CNLHM@MS UDQRTR VD@JDQ G@MCR HR RHFMHEHB@MS.
3DBNQC SGD 9>;;:G:C8:H C@S@. $@KBTK@SD SGD CHEEDQDMBDR AX RTASQ@BSHMF SGD CHRS@MBDR VHSG SGD VD@JDQ G@MC
EQNLSGD CHRS@MBDR VHSG SGD CNLHM@MS G@MC. 5GD C@S@ ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD: Z2, 12, 7, k1, 2, 0, 4\. 5GD CHEEDQDMBDR
G@UD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
6RHMF SGD CHEEDQDMBDR C@S@, B@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. x
d
= 3.71, s
d
=
4.5.
/6C9DB K6G>67A:: X
d
= LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD CHRS@MBDR ADSVDDM SGD G@MCR.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: =NEDI=:H>H I:HI: J
6
!
0
: Z
:
= 0 !
7
: Z
:
w 0
572 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$G6E=:
$CAOL? 10.12
6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ:: 5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.0716 (TRHMF SGD C@S@ CHQDBSKX).
(SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 2.18. F-U@KTD = 0.0719 TRHMF
d
= 3.71, s
d
= 4.5.
1
X
2
= SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD R@LOKHMF LD@MR
c %HRSQHATSHNM: 4STCDMS'R J-CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL (U@QH@MBDR MNS ONNKDC)
10.2 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB )HIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIHM
" GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR EQNL HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKDR VGDQD SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @QD JMNVM
(SXOHB@KKX @OOQNWHL@SDC VHSG SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR), VHKK G@UD SGDRD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR:
c 3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: X
1
X
2
= SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR
c %HRSQHATSHNM: MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
10.3 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIHM
5DRS NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR EQNL HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKDR.
c 3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: p
^
A
p
^
B
= CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD SVN DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNMR
c %HRSQHATSHNM: MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
10.4 +;N=B?> IL .;CL?> 1;GJF?M
" GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR (S-SDRS) G@R SGDRD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR:
c 5DRS SGD CHEEDQDMBDR AX RTASQ@BSHMF NMD LD@RTQDLDMS EQNL SGD NSGDQ LD@RTQDLDMS
c 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKD: x
d
= LD@M NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR
c %HRSQHATSHNM: 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG D k 1 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
c *E SGD MTLADQ NE CHEEDQDMBDR HR RL@KK (KDRR SG@M 30), SGD CHEEDQDMBDR LTRS ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
c 5VN R@LOKDR @QD CQ@VM EQNL SGD R@LD RDS NE NAIDBSR.
c 4@LOKDR @QD CDODMCDMS.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 577
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$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
10.1 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH
+?;HM QCNB 3HEHIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L>
"?PC;NCIHM
4S@MC@QC DQQNQ: ,E =
(s
1
)
2
n
1
+
(s
2
)
2
n
2
5DRS RS@SHRSHB (J-RBNQD): J =
( x
1
x
2
) (
1
2
)
(s
1
)
2
n
1
+
(s
2
)
2
n
2
%DFQDDR NE EQDDCNL:
d f = d f =
(s
1
)
2
n
1
+
(s
2
)
2
n
2
1
n
1
1
(s
1
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n
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(s
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2
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VGDQD:
I
1
@MC I
2
@QD SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR, @MC D
1
@MC D
2
@QD SGD R@LOKD RHYDR.
x
1
@MC x
2
@QD SGD R@LOKD LD@MR.
$NGDMnR : HR SGD LD@RTQD NE DEEDBS RHYD:
d =
x
1
x
2
s
pooled
VGDQD s
pooled
=
(n
1
1)s
1
2
+ (n
2
1)s
2
2
n
1
+ n
2
2
10.2 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH
+?;HM QCNB )HIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L>
"?PC;NCIHM
/NQL@K %HRSQHATSHNM:
X
1
X
2
N
1
2
,
(
1
)
2
n
1
+
(
2
)
2
n
2
.
(DMDQ@KKX )
1
R )
2
= 0.
5DRS 4S@SHRSHB (P-RBNQD):
z =
( x
1
x
2
) (
1
2
)
(
1
)
2
n
1
+
(
2
)
2
n
2
(DMDQ@KKX )
1
- )
2
= 0.
L=:G::
\
1
@MC \
2
@QD SGD JMNVM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR. D
1
@MC D
2
@QD SGD R@LOKD RHYDR. x
1
@MC x
2
@QD SGD R@LOKD
LD@MR. Z
1
@MC Z
2
@QD SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR.
10.3 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH
.LIJILNCIHM
1NNKDC 1QNONQSHNM: F
9
=
x
F
+ x
M
n
F
+ n
M
%HRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMBDR:
p
A
p
B
N
0, p
c
(1 p
c
)
1
n
A
+
1
n
B
1
n
A
+
1
n
B
d
d
s
d
n
VGDQD:
x
d
HR SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD CHEEDQDMBDR. Z
C
HR SGD LD@M
NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM CHEEDQDMBDR. I
:
HR SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR. D HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD.
.0A!2'!#
10.1 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB 3HEHIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIHM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 16 ;N;H9?I;I: *MCHB@SD HE SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR ENQ
=. HMCDODMCDMS FQNTO LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR, @MC/NQ U@QH@MBDR JMNVM
>. HMCDODMCDMS FQNTO LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR, @MC/NQ U@QH@MBDR TMJMNVM
?. L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR
@. RHMFKD LD@M
A. SVN OQNONQSHNMR
B. RHMFKD OQNONQSHNM
578 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
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a
l
V
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s
i
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n
1. *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S 70% NE L@KDR O@RR SGDHQ CQHUDQR SDRS HM SGD EHQRS @SSDLOS, VGHKD 65% NE EDL@KDR O@RR SGD SDRS HM SGD EHQRS
@SSDLOS. 0E HMSDQDRS HR VGDSGDQ SGD OQNONQSHNMR @QD HM E@BS DPT@K.
2. " MDV K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS HR SDRSDC NM BNMRTLDQR. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BNMRTLDQR VGN OQDEDQ SGD MDV AQ@MC
NUDQ SGD KD@CHMF BNLODSHSNQ. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN SDRS SGHR.
3. " MDV VHMCRGHDKC SQD@SLDMS BK@HLR SN QDODK V@SDQ LNQD DEEDBSHUDKX. 5DM VHMCRGHDKCR @QD SDRSDC AX RHLTK@SHMF Q@HM VHSGNTS
SGD MDV SQD@SLDMS. 5GD R@LD VHMCRGHDKCR @QD SGDM SQD@SDC, @MC SGD DWODQHLDMS HR QTM @F@HM. " GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR BNMCTBSDC.
4. 5GD JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HM R@K@QX ENQ @KK LHC-KDUDK OQNEDRRHNM@KR HM SGD EHM@MBH@K HMCTRSQX HR $11,000. $NLO@MX "
@MC $NLO@MX # @QD HM SGD EHM@MBH@K HMCTRSQX. 4TOONRD R@LOKDR @QD S@JDM NE LHC-KDUDK OQNEDRRHNM@KR EQNL $NLO@MX " @MC
EQNL $NLO@MX #. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M R@K@QX ENQ LHC-KDUDK OQNEDRRHNM@KR HM $NLO@MX " HR $80,000. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M R@K@QX
ENQ LHC-KDUDK OQNEDRRHNM@KR HM $NLO@MX # HR $96,000. $NLO@MX " @MC $NLO@MX # L@M@FDLDMS V@MS SN JMNV HE SGDHQ LHC-
KDUDK OQNEDRRHNM@KR @QD O@HC CHEEDQDMSKX, NM @UDQ@FD.
5. 5GD @UDQ@FD VNQJDQ HM (DQL@MX FDSR DHFGS VDDJR NE O@HC U@B@SHNM.
6. "BBNQCHMF SN @ SDKDUHRHNM BNLLDQBH@K, 80% NE CDMSHRSR @FQDD SG@S 6KSQ@EQDRG SNNSGO@RSD HR SGD ADRS NM SGD L@QJDS.
7. *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD FQ@CD NM @M &MFKHRG DRR@X HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q RBGNNK RXRSDLENQ EDL@KDR HR GHFGDQ SG@M ENQ L@KDR.
" Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE 31 EDL@KDR G@C @ LD@M RBNQD NE 82 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGQDD, @MC @ Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE 25 L@KDR
G@C @ LD@M RBNQD NE 76 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE ENTQ.
8. 5GD KD@FTD LD@M A@SSHMF @UDQ@FD HR 0.280 VHSG @ JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.06. 5GD 3@SSKDQR @MC SGD 7HJHMFR ADKNMF
SN SGD KD@FTD. 5GD LD@M A@SSHMF @UDQ@FD ENQ @ R@LOKD NE DHFGS 3@SSKDQR HR 0.210, @MC SGD LD@M A@SSHMF @UDQ@FD ENQ @ R@LOKD
NE DHFGS 7HJHMFR HR 0.260. 5GDQD @QD 24 OK@XDQR NM SGD 3@SSKDQR @MC 19 OK@XDQR NM SGD 7HJHMFR. "QD SGD A@SSHMF @UDQ@FDR NE SGD
3@SSKDQR @MC 7HJHMFR RS@SHRSHB@KKX CHEEDQDMS
9. *M @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 ENQDRSR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR, 56 VDQD BNMHEDQNTR NQ BNMS@HMDC BNMHEDQR. *M @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE
80 ENQDRSR HM .DWHBN, 40 VDQD BNMHEDQNTR NQ BNMS@HMDC BNMHEDQR. *R SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BNMHEDQR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR RS@SHRSHB@KKX
LNQD SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BNMHEDQR HM .DWHBN
10. " MDV LDCHBHMD HR R@HC SN GDKO HLOQNUD RKDDO. &HFGS RTAIDBSR @QD OHBJDC @S Q@MCNL @MC FHUDM SGD LDCHBHMD. 5GD LD@MR
GNTQR RKDOS ENQ D@BG ODQRNM VDQD QDBNQCDC ADENQD RS@QSHMF SGD LDCHB@SHNM @MC @ESDQ.
11. *S HR SGNTFGS SG@S SDDM@FDQR RKDDO LNQD SG@M @CTKSR NM @UDQ@FD. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN UDQHEX SGHR. " R@LOKD NE 16 SDDM@FDQR
G@R @ LD@M NE 8.9 GNTQR RKDOS @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.2. " R@LOKD NE 12 @CTKSR G@R @ LD@M NE 6.9 GNTQR RKDOS @MC @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.6.
12. 7@QRHSX @SGKDSDR OQ@BSHBD EHUD SHLDR @ VDDJ, NM @UDQ@FD.
13. " R@LOKD NE 12 HM-RS@SD FQ@CT@SD RBGNNK OQNFQ@LR @S RBGNNK " G@R @ LD@M STHSHNM NE $64,000 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE
$8,000. "S RBGNNK #, @ R@LOKD NE 16 HM-RS@SD FQ@CT@SD OQNFQ@LR G@R @ LD@M NE $80,000 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $6,000.
0M @UDQ@FD, @QD SGD LD@M STHSHNMR CHEEDQDMS
14. " MDV 8H'H Q@MFD ANNRSDQ HR ADHMF NEEDQDC SN BNMRTLDQR. " QDRD@QBGDQ SDRSR SGD M@SHUD Q@MFD NE 12 CHEEDQDMS QNTSDQR
TMCDQ SGD R@LD BNMCHSHNMR. 5GD Q@MFDR @QD QDBNQCDC. 5GDM SGD QDRD@QBGDQ TRDR SGD MDV 8H'H Q@MFD ANNRSDQ @MC QDBNQCR SGD
MDV Q@MFDR. %NDR SGD MDV 8H'H Q@MFD ANNRSDQ CN @ ADSSDQ INA
15. " GHFG RBGNNK OQHMBHO@K BK@HLR SG@S 30% NE RSTCDMS @SGKDSDR CQHUD SGDLRDKUDR SN RBGNNK, VGHKD 4% NE MNM-@SGKDSDR CQHUD
SGDLRDKUDR SN RBGNNK. *M @ R@LOKD NE 20 RSTCDMS @SGKDSDR, 45% CQHUD SGDLRDKUDR SN RBGNNK. *M @ R@LOKD NE 35 MNM-@SGKDSD
RSTCDMSR, 6% CQHUD SGDLRDKUDR SN RBGNNK. *R SGD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMS @SGKDSDR VGN CQHUD SGDLRDKUDR SN RBGNNK LNQD SG@M SGD
ODQBDMS NE MNM@SGKDSDR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD VGHBG NE SVN RNES CQHMJR
G@R LNQD RTF@Q. 5GDQD @QD 13 B@MR NE #DUDQ@FD " HM @ R@LOKD @MC RHW B@MR NE #DUDQ@FD #. 5GD LD@M @LNTMS NE RTF@Q HM
#DUDQ@FD " HR 36 FQ@LR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.6 FQ@LR. 5GD LD@M @LNTMS NE RTF@Q HM #DUDQ@FD # HR 38 FQ@LR VHSG
@ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.8 FQ@LR. 5GD QDRD@QBGDQR ADKHDUD SG@S #DUDQ@FD # G@R LNQD RTF@Q SG@M #DUDQ@FD ", NM @UDQ@FD.
#NSG ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR.
16. "QD SGD ONOTK@SHNMR RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR JMNVM NQ TMJMNVM
17. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD
18. *R SGHR @ NMD-S@HKDC NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 12 ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD 6.4. $DMSDQ ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK QDONQSR SG@S SGD LD@M
KHED DWODBS@MBX V@R 47.6 XD@QR ENQ VGHSDR ANQM HM 1900 @MC 33.0 XD@QR ENQ MNMVGHSDR. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX
CD@SG QDBNQCR ENQ ODNOKD ANQM HM 1900 HM @ BDQS@HM BNTMSX. 0E SGD 124 VGHSDR, SGD LD@M KHED RO@M V@R 45.3 XD@QR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 12.7 XD@QR. 0E SGD 82 MNMVGHSDR, SGD LD@M KHED RO@M V@R 34.1 XD@QR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15.6
XD@QR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN RDD HE SGD LD@M KHED RO@MR HM SGD BNTMSX VDQD SGD R@LD ENQ VGHSDR @MC MNMVGHSDR.
19. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE LD@MR NQ OQNONQSHNMR
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 579
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20. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
=. !
0
: ??????????
>. !
7
: ??????????
21. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC, KDES-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
22. *M RXLANKR, VG@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD NE HMSDQDRS ENQ SGHR SDRS
23. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD NE HMSDQDRS ENQ SGHR SDRS.
24. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM (MNQL@K NQ 4STCDMS'R J) VNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR GXONSGDRHR SDRS
25. &WOK@HM VGX XNT BGNRD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM XNT CHC ENQ SGD #R?L=CM? 24 PTDRSHNM.
26. $@KBTK@SD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB @MC F-U@KTD.
27. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. .@QJ SGD GXONSGDRHYDC CHEEDQDMBD @MC SGD R@LOKD CHEEDQDMBD.
4G@CD SGD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
28. 'HMC SGD F-U@KTD:
29. "S @ OQD-BNMBDHUDC V = 0.05, VG@S HR XNTQ:
=. %DBHRHNM:
>. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD CDBHRHNM:
?. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD):
30. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD LD@MR @QD SGD R@LD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
10.2 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB )HIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIHM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD LD@M RODDCR NE E@RSA@KK OHSBGDR EQNL SVN CHEEDQDMS
A@RDA@KK OHSBGDQR @QD SN AD BNLO@QDC. " R@LOKD NE 14 E@RSA@KK OHSBGDR HR LD@RTQDC EQNL D@BG OHSBGDQ. 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD
MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 2;<F? 10.18 RGNVR SGD QDRTKS. 4BNTSDQR ADKHDUD SG@S 3NCQHFTDY OHSBGDR @ RODDCHDQ E@RSA@KK.
.CN=B?L 1;GJF? +?;H 1J??> I@ .CN=B?M (GJB) .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
6AOHAU 86 3
1K@NECQAV 91 7
2;<F? 10.18
31. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD
32. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
33. 8G@S HR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
34. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
35. "S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VG@S HR XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. " QDRD@QBGDQ HR SDRSHMF SGD DEEDBSR NE OK@MS ENNC NM OK@MS
FQNVSG. /HMD OK@MSR G@UD ADDM FHUDM SGD OK@MS ENNC. "MNSGDQ MHMD OK@MSR G@UD MNS ADDM FHUDM SGD OK@MS ENNC. 5GD GDHFGSR NE
SGD OK@MSR @QD QDBNQCDC @ESDQ DHFGS VDDJR. 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD HR SGD QDRTKS. 5GD
QDRD@QBGDQ SGHMJR SGD ENNC L@JDR SGD OK@MSR FQNV S@KKDQ.
.F;HN %LIOJ 1;GJF? +?;H &?CABN I@ .F;HNM (CH=B?M) .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
%KK@ 16 2.5
-K BKK@ 14 1.5
2;<F? 10.19
580 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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36. *R SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM JMNVM NQ TMJMNVM
37. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
38. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
39. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG NE SGD F-U@KTD.
40. "S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VG@S HR XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. 5VN LDS@K @KKNXR @QD ADHMF BNMRHCDQDC @R L@SDQH@K ENQ
A@KK AD@QHMFR. 5GD LD@M LDKSHMF ONHMS NE SGD SVN @KKNXR HR SN AD BNLO@QDC. 15 OHDBDR NE D@BG LDS@K @QD ADHMF SDRSDC. #NSG
ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD HR SGD QDRTKS. *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S "KKNX ;DS@ G@R @ CHEEDQDMS LDKSHMF
ONHMS.
.F;HN %LIOJ 1;GJF? +?;H +?FNCHA 2?GJ?L;NOL?M (W$) .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
HHKU &=II= 800 95
HHKU 9AP= 900 105
2;<F? 10.20
41. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
42. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-, KDES-, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
43. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
44. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG NE SGD F-U@KTD.
45. "S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VG@S HR XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM
10.3 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIHM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED <EH J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. 5VN SXODR NE OGNMD NODQ@SHMF RXRSDL@QD ADHMF SDRSDC SN CDSDQLHMD
HE SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE RXRSDL E@HKTQDR (BQ@RGDR). 'HESDDM NTS NE @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 150 OGNMDR VHSG
04
1
G@C RXRSDL E@HKTQDR VHSGHM SGD EHQRS DHFGS GNTQR NE NODQ@SHNM. /HMD NTS NE @MNSGDQ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 150 OGNMDR VHSG
04
2
G@C RXRSDL E@HKTQDR VHSGHM SGD EHQRS DHFGS GNTQR NE NODQ@SHNM. 04
2
HR ADKHDUDC SN AD LNQD RS@AKD (G@UD EDVDQ BQ@RGDR)
SG@M 04
1
.
46. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE LD@MR NQ OQNONQSHNMR
47. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD
48. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
49. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
50. 8G@S B@M XNT BNMBKTCD @ANTS SGD SVN NODQ@SHMF RXRSDLR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JM;BL; ;N;H9?I;I. *M SGD QDBDMS $DMRTR, SGQDD ODQBDMS NE SGD 6.4. ONOTK@SHNM
QDONQSDC ADHMF NE SVN NQ LNQD Q@BDR. )NVDUDQ, SGD ODQBDMS U@QHDR SQDLDMCNTRKX EQNLRS@SD SN RS@SD. 4TOONRD SG@S SVN Q@MCNL
RTQUDXR @QD BNMCTBSDC. *M SGD EHQRS Q@MCNL RTQUDX, NTS NE 1,000 /NQSG %@JNS@MR, NMKX MHMD ODNOKD QDONQSDC ADHMF NE SVN NQ
LNQD Q@BDR. *M SGD RDBNMC Q@MCNL RTQUDX, NTS NE 500 /DU@C@MR, 17 ODNOKD QDONQSDC ADHMF NE SVN NQ LNQD Q@BDR. $NMCTBS
@ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM ODQBDMSR @QD SGD R@LD ENQ SGD SVN RS@SDR NQ HE SGD ODQBDMS ENQ /DU@C@ HR
RS@SHRSHB@KKX GHFGDQ SG@M ENQ /NQSG %@JNS@.
51. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE LD@MR NQ OQNONQSHNMR
52. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
=. !
0
: ?????????
>. !
7
: ?????????
53. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC, KDES-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS )NV CN XNT JMNV
54. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD NE HMSDQDRS ENQ SGHR SDRS
55. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS.
56. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM (MNQL@K NQ 4STCDMS'R J) VNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR GXONSGDRHR SDRS
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 581
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96. " FQNTO NE SQ@MREDQ ANTMC RSTCDMSR VNMCDQDC HE SGDX VHKK RODMC SGD R@LD LD@M @LNTMS NM SDWSR @MC RTOOKHDR D@BG
XD@Q @S SGDHQ ENTQ-XD@Q TMHUDQRHSX @R SGDX G@UD @S SGDHQ BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD. 5GDX BNMCTBSDC @ Q@MCNL RTQUDX NE 54 RSTCDMSR
@S SGDHQ BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD @MC 66 RSTCDMSR @S SGDHQ KNB@K ENTQ-XD@Q TMHUDQRHSX. 5GD R@LOKD LD@MR VDQD $947 @MC $1,011,
QDRODBSHUDKX. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @QD JMNVM SN AD $254 @MC $87, QDRODBSHUDKX. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN
CDSDQLHMD HE SGD LD@MR @QD RS@SHRSHB@KKX SGD R@LD.
97. 4NLD L@MTE@BSTQDQR BK@HL SG@S MNM-GXAQHC RDC@M B@QR G@UD @ KNVDQ LD@M LHKDR-ODQ-F@KKNM (LOF) SG@M GXAQHC NMDR.
4TOONRD SG@S BNMRTLDQR SDRS 21 GXAQHC RDC@MR @MC FDS @ LD@M NE 31 LOF VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE RDUDM LOF. 5GHQSX-
NMD MNM-GXAQHC RDC@MR FDS @ LD@M NE 22 LOF VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE ENTQ LOF. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR @QD JMNVM SN AD RHW @MC SGQDD, QDRODBSHUDKX. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN DU@KT@SD SGD L@MTE@BSTQDQR BK@HL.
98. " A@RDA@KK E@M V@MSDC SN JMNV HE SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQ NE F@LDR OK@XDC HM @ 8NQKC 4DQHDR VGDM
SGD "LDQHB@M -D@FTD VNM SGD RDQHDR UDQRTR VGDM SGD /@SHNM@K -D@FTD VNM SGD RDQHDR. 'QNL 1922 SN 2012, SGD ONOTK@SHNM
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE F@LDR VNM AX SGD "LDQHB@M -D@FTD V@R 1.14, @MC SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE F@LDR VNM
AX SGD /@SHNM@K -D@FTD V@R 1.11. 0E 19 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC 8NQKC 4DQHDR F@LDR VNM AX SGD "LDQHB@M -D@FTD, SGD LD@M
MTLADQ NE F@LDR VNM V@R 5.76. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE 17 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC F@LDR VNM AX SGD /@SHNM@K -D@FTD V@R 5.42.
$NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
99. 0MD NE SGD PTDRSHNMR HM @ RSTCX NE L@QHS@K R@SHRE@BSHNM NE CT@K-B@QDDQ BNTOKDR V@R SN Q@SD SGD RS@SDLDMS o*nLOKD@RDC VHSG
SGD V@X VD CHUHCD SGD QDRONMRHAHKHSHDR ENQ BGHKCB@QD.p 5GD Q@SHMFR VDMS EQNL NMD (RSQNMFKX @FQDD) SN EHUD (RSQNMFKX CHR@FQDD).
2;<F? 10.26 BNMS@HMR SDM NE SGD O@HQDC QDRONMRDR ENQ GTRA@MCR @MC VHUDR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN RDD HE SGD LD@M
CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD GTRA@MCnR UDQRTR SGD VHEDnR R@SHRE@BSHNM KDUDK HR MDF@SHUD (LD@MHMF SG@S, VHSGHM SGD O@QSMDQRGHO, SGD GTRA@MC
HR G@OOHDQ SG@M SGD VHED).
5C@?YM 1=IL? 2 2 3 3 4 2 1 1 2 4
&OM<;H>YM 1=IL? 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 4
2;<F? 10.26
586 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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10.3 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIHM
D"+EC-"(',: FEH ;79> E< J>; MEH: FHE8B;CI, KI; 7 IEBKJ?ED I>;;J JE :E J>; >OFEJ>;I?I J;IJ. ->; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J ?I <EKD:
?D 14. A33)1(-: (21/-1) &22. 8)45-21: 6,) /-1. -5 "S2/76-21 S,))65"; PDF &22. 8)45-21: /22. 71()4 14.5
S2/76-21 S,)65) (,663://'1:.24+/'216)16/047162//%6)56/) . )B;7I; <;;B <H;; JE C7A; 9EF?;I E< J>; IEBKJ?ED I>;;JI. FEH
J>; EDB?D; L;HI?ED E< J>; 8EEA, ?J ?I IK==;IJ;: J>7J OEK 9EFO J>; .:E9 EH J>; .F:< <?B;I.
,-2#
*E XNT @QD TRHMF @ 4STCDMS'R J-CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ NMD NE SGD ENKKNVHMF GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDLR, HMBKTCHMF ENQ O@HQDC C@S@, XNT
L@X @RRTLD SG@S SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. (*M FDMDQ@K, XNT LTRS EHQRS OQNUD SG@S @RRTLOSHNM,
GNVDUDQ.)
100. " QDBDMS CQTF RTQUDX RGNVDC @M HMBQD@RD HM SGD TRD NE CQTFR @MC @KBNGNK @LNMF KNB@K GHFG RBGNNK RDMHNQR @R BNLO@QDC
SN SGD M@SHNM@K ODQBDMS. 4TOONRD SG@S @ RTQUDX NE 100 KNB@K RDMHNQR @MC 100 M@SHNM@K RDMHNQR HR BNMCTBSDC SN RDD HE SGD
OQNONQSHNM NE CQTF @MC @KBNGNK TRD HR GHFGDQ KNB@KKX SG@M M@SHNM@KKX. -NB@KKX, 65 RDMHNQR QDONQSDC TRHMF CQTFR NQ @KBNGNK
VHSGHM SGD O@RS LNMSG, VGHKD 60 M@SHNM@K RDMHNQR QDONQSDC TRHMF SGDL.
101. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE EDL@KD RTHBHCD UHBSHLR ENQ @FDR 15 SN 24 @QD SGD R@LD ENQ SGD VGHSDR
@MC SGD AK@BJR Q@BDR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. 8D Q@MCNLKX OHBJ NMD XD@Q, 1992, SN BNLO@QD SGD Q@BDR. 5GD MTLADQ NE RTHBHCDR
DRSHL@SDC HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 1992 ENQ VGHSD EDL@KDR HR 4,930. 'HUD GTMCQDC DHFGSX VDQD @FDC 15 SN 24. 5GD DRSHL@SD ENQ
AK@BJ EDL@KDR HR 330. 'NQSX VDQD @FDC 15 SN 24. 8D VHKK KDS EDL@KD RTHBHCD UHBSHLR AD NTQ ONOTK@SHNM.
102. &KHY@ADSG .IDKCD, @M @QS GHRSNQX OQNEDRRNQ, V@R HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD U@KTD EQNL SGD (NKCDM 3@SHN ENQLTK@,
V@R SGD R@LD HM SGD 8GHSMDX &WGHAHS ENQ VNQJR EQNL 1900 SN 1919 @R ENQ VNQJR EQNL 1920
SN 1942. 5GHQSX-RDUDM D@QKX VNQJR VDQD R@LOKDC, @UDQ@FHMF 1.74 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.11. 4HWSX-EHUD NE SGD K@SDQ
VNQJR VDQD R@LOKDC, @UDQ@FHMF 1.746 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.1064. %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBD
HM SGD (NKCDM 3@SHN B@KBTK@SHNM
103. " QDBDMS XD@Q V@R Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC EQNL 1985 SN SGD OQDRDMS. *M SG@S XD@Q, SGDQD VDQD 2,051 )HRO@MHB RSTCDMSR @S
$@AQHKKN $NKKDFD NTS NE @ SNS@K NE 12,328 RSTCDMSR. "S -@JD 5@GND $NKKDFD, SGDQD VDQD 321 )HRO@MHB RSTCDMSR NTS NE @ SNS@K
NE 2,441 RSTCDMSR. *M FDMDQ@K, CN XNT SGHMJ SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE )HRO@MHB RSTCDMSR @S SGD SVN BNKKDFDR HR A@RHB@KKX SGD R@LD NQ
CHEEDQDMS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. /DTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD UHQTR HR @ RDUDQD CHRD@RD SG@S
@EEDBSR @ ODQRNMnR MDQUNTR RXRSDL . *S HR ROQD@C AX SGD $TKDW RODBHDR NE LNRPTHSN. *M SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2010 SGDQD VDQD
629 QDONQSDC B@RDR NE MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD UHQTR NTS NE @ SNS@K NE 1,021 QDONQSDC B@RDR @MC SGDQD VDQD 486 MDTQNHMU@RHUD
QDONQSDC B@RDR NTS NE @ SNS@K NE 712 B@RDR QDONQSDC HM 2011. *R SGD 2011 OQNONQSHNM NE MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD UHQTR B@RDR
LNQD SG@M SGD 2010 OQNONQSHNM NE MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD UHQTR B@RDR 6RHMF @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, BNMCTBS @M
@OOQNOQH@SD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
c o2011p RTARBQHOS: 2011 FQNTO.
c o2010p RTARBQHOS: 2010 FQNTO
104. 5GHR HR:
=. @ SDRS NE SVN OQNONQSHNMR
>. @ SDRS NE SVN HMCDODMCDMS LD@MR
?. @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD LD@M
@. @ SDRS NE L@SBGDC O@HQR.
105. "M @OOQNOQH@SD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR:
=. F
2011
x F
2010
>. F
2011
y F
2010
?. Z
2011
x Z
2010
@. F
2011
> F
2010
106. 5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.0022. "S @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGD @OOQNOQH@SD BNMBKTRHNM HR
=. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2011 VGN BNMSQ@BSDC
MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD HR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2010 VGN BNMSQ@BSDC
MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD.
>. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2011 VGN
BNMSQ@BSDC MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD HR LNQD SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2010
VGN BNMSQ@BSDC MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 587
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?. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2011 VGN
BNMSQ@BSDC MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD HR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2010 VGN
BNMSQ@BSDC MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD.
@. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2011 VGN BNMSQ@BSDC
MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD HR LNQD SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2010 VGN BNMSQ@BSDC
MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD.
107. 3DRD@QBGDQR BNMCTBSDC @ RSTCX SN EHMC NTS HE SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD TRD NE D3D@CDQR AX CHEEDQDMS @FD FQNTOR.
3@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC O@QSHBHO@MSR VDQD CHUHCDC HMSN SVN @FD FQNTOR. *M SGD 16- SN 29-XD@Q-NKC FQNTO, 7% NE SGD 628 RTQUDXDC
TRD D3D@CDQR, VGHKD 11% NE SGD 2,309 O@QSHBHO@MSR 30 XD@QR NKC @MC NKCDQ TRD D3D@CDQR.
108. "CTKSR @FDC 18 XD@QR NKC @MC NKCDQ VDQD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ENQ @ RTQUDX NM NADRHSX. "CTKSR @QD BNMRHCDQDC NADRD HE
SGDHQ ANCX L@RR HMCDW (#.*) HR @S KD@RS 30. 5GD QDRD@QBGDQR V@MSDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD OQNONQSHNM NE VNLDM VGN @QD NADRD
HM SGD RNTSG HR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE RNTSGDQM LDM VGN @QD NADRD. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 10.27. 5DRS @S SGD
1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
,OG<?L QBI ;L? I<?M? 1;GJF? MCT?
,AJ 42,769 155,525
6KIAJ 67,169 248,775
2;<F? 10.27
109. 5VN BNLOTSDQ TRDQR VDQD CHRBTRRHMF S@AKDS BNLOTSDQR. " GHFGDQ OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD @FDR 16 SN 29 TRD S@AKDSR SG@M
SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD @FD 30 @MC NKCDQ. 2;<F? 10.28 CDS@HKR SGD MTLADQ NE S@AKDS NVMDQR ENQ D@BG @FD FQNTO. 5DRS @S SGD
1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
16X29 S?;L IF>M 30 S?;LM IF> ;H> IF>?L
.SJ = 3=>HAP 69 231
2=ILHA 2EVA 628 2,309
2;<F? 10.28
110. " FQNTO NE EQHDMCR CDA@SDC VGDSGDQ LNQD LDM TRD RL@QSOGNMDR SG@M VNLDM. 5GDX BNMRTKSDC @ QDRD@QBG RSTCX
NE RL@QSOGNMD TRD @LNMF @CTKSR. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX HMCHB@SD SG@S NE SGD 973 LDM Q@MCNLKX R@LOKDC, 379 TRD
RL@QSOGNMDR. 'NQ VNLDM, 404 NE SGD 1,304 VGN VDQD Q@MCNLKX R@LOKDC TRD RL@QSOGNMDR. 5DRS @S SGD 5% KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD.
111. 8GHKD GDQ GTRA@MC RODMS 2b GNTQR OHBJHMF NTS MDV ROD@JDQR, @ RS@SHRSHBH@M CDBHCDC SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD ODQBDMS NE
LDM VGN DMINX RGNOOHMF ENQ DKDBSQNMHB DPTHOLDMS HR GHFGDQ SG@M SGD ODQBDMS NE VNLDM VGN DMINX RGNOOHMF ENQ DKDBSQNMHB
DPTHOLDMS. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM V@R 4@STQC@X @ESDQMNNM RGNOODQR. 0TS NE 67 LDM, 24 R@HC SGDX DMINXDC SGD @BSHUHSX. &HFGS NE SGD
24 VNLDM RTQUDXDC BK@HLDC SN DMINX SGD @BSHUHSX. *MSDQOQDS SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX.
112. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ BGHKCQDMnR DCTB@SHNM@K BNLOTSDQ RNESV@QD BNRSR KDRR, NM @UDQ@FD, SG@M BGHKCQDMnR
DMSDQS@HMLDMS RNESV@QD. 5GHQSX-RHW DCTB@SHNM@K RNESV@QD SHSKDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC EQNL @ B@S@KNF. 5GD LD@M BNRS V@R
$31.14 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $4.69. 5GHQSX-EHUD DMSDQS@HMLDMS RNESV@QD SHSKDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC EQNL SGD R@LD
B@S@KNF. 5GD LD@M BNRS V@R $33.86 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $10.87. %DBHCD VGDSGDQ BGHKCQDMnR DCTB@SHNM@K RNESV@QD
BNRSR KDRR, NM @UDQ@FD, SG@M BGHKCQDMnR DMSDQS@HMLDMS RNESV@QD.
113. +N@M /FTXDM QDBDMSKX BK@HLDC SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BNKKDFD-@FD L@KDR VHSG @S KD@RS NMD OHDQBDC D@Q HR @R GHFG @R SGD
OQNONQSHNM NE BNKKDFD-@FD EDL@KDR. 4GD BNMCTBSDC @ RTQUDX HM GDQ BK@RRDR. 0TS NE 107 L@KDR, 20 G@C @S KD@RS NMD OHDQBDC D@Q.
0TS NE 92 EDL@KDR, 47 G@C @S KD@RS NMD OHDQBDC D@Q. %N XNT ADKHDUD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE L@KDR G@R QD@BGDC SGD OQNONQSHNM
NE EDL@KDR
114. 6RD SGD C@S@ RDSR ENTMC HM 2?LLC 4IA?F'M FIA <IIE (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17132/F;N?MN/) SN @MRVDQ SGHR
DWDQBHRD. *R SGD OQNONQSHNM NE Q@BD K@OR 5DQQH BNLOKDSDR RKNVDQ SG@M 130 RDBNMCR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE OQ@BSHBD K@OR RGD
BNLOKDSDR RKNVDQ SG@M 135 RDBNMCR
588 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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115. "5N #QD@JE@RS NQ /NS SN #QD@JE@RS" AX 3HBG@QC "XNQD
*M SGD "LDQHB@M RNBHDSX, AHQSGC@XR @QD NMD NE SGNRD C@XR SG@S DUDQXNMD KNNJR ENQV@QC SN. 1DNOKD NE CHEEDQDMS @FDR @MC ODDQ
FQNTOR F@SGDQ SN L@QJ SGD 18SG, 20SG, r, AHQSGC@XR. %TQHMF SGHR SHLD, NMD KNNJR A@BJ SN RDD VG@S GD NQ RGD G@R @BGHDUDC ENQ
SGD O@RS XD@Q @MC @KRN ENBTRDR @GD@C ENQ LNQD SN BNLD.
*E, AX @MX BG@MBD, * @L HMUHSDC SN NMD NE SGDRD O@QSHDR, LX DWODQHDMBD HR @KV@XR CHEEDQDMS. *MRSD@C NE C@MBHMF @QNTMC VHSG
LX EQHDMCR VGHKD SGD LTRHB HR ANNLHMF, * FDS B@QQHDC @V@X AX LDLNQHDR NE LX E@LHKX A@BJ GNLD HM ,DMX@. * QDLDLADQ SGD
FNNC SHLDR * G@C VHSG LX AQNSGDQR @MC RHRSDQ VGHKD VD CHC NTQ C@HKX QNTSHMD.
&UDQX LNQMHMF, * QDLDLADQ VD VDMS SN SGD RG@LA@ (F@QCDM) SN VDDC NTQ BQNOR. * QDLDLADQ NMD C@X @QFTHMF VHSG LX
AQNSGDQ @R SN VGX GD @KV@XR QDL@HMDC ADGHMC ITRS SN INHM TR @M GNTQ K@SDQ. *M GHR CDEDMRD, GD R@HC SG@S GD OQDEDQQDC V@HSHMF
ENQ AQD@JE@RS ADENQD GD B@LD SN VDDC. )D R@HC, o5GHR HR VGX * @KV@XR VNQJ LNQD GNTQR SG@M XNT FTXR!p
"MC RN, SN OQNUD GHL VQNMF NQ QHFGS, VD CDBHCDC SN FHUD HS @ SQX. 0MD C@X VD VDMS SN VNQJ @R TRT@K VHSGNTS AQD@JE@RS,
@MC QDBNQCDC SGD SHLD VD BNTKC VNQJ ADENQD FDSSHMF SHQDC @MC RSNOOHMF. 0M SGD MDWS C@X, VD @KK @SD AQD@JE@RS ADENQD FNHMF
SN VNQJ. 8D QDBNQCDC GNV KNMF VD VNQJDC @F@HM ADENQD FDSSHMF SHQDC @MC RSNOOHMF. 0E HMSDQDRS V@R NTQ LD@M HMBQD@RD HM
VNQJ SHLD. 5GNTFG MNS RTQD, LX AQNSGDQ HMRHRSDC SG@S HS V@R LNQD SG@M SVN GNTQR. 6RHMF SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 10.29, RNKUD NTQ
OQNAKDL.
5ILE BIOLM QCNB <L?;E@;MN 5ILE BIOLM QCNBION <L?;E@;MN
8 6
7 5
9 5
5 4
9 7
8 7
10 7
7 5
6 6
9 5
2;<F? 10.29
10.4 +;N=B?> IL .;CL?> 1;GJF?M
D"+EC-"(',: FEH ;79> E< J>; MEH: FHE8B;CI, KI; 7 IEBKJ?ED I>;;J JE :E J>; >OFEJ>;I?I J;IJ. ->; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J ?I <EKD:
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S2/76-21 S,))65) (,663://'1:.24+/'216)16/047162//%6)56/) . )B;7I; <;;B <H;; JE C7A; 9EF?;I E< J>; IEBKJ?ED I>;;JI.
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*E XNT @QD TRHMF @ 4STCDMS'R J-CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDLR, HMBKTCHMF ENQ O@HQDC C@S@, XNT L@X @RRTLD SG@S
SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. (8GDM TRHMF SGDRD SDRSR HM @ QD@K RHST@SHNM, XNT LTRS EHQRS OQNUD SG@S
@RRTLOSHNM, GNVDUDQ.)
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116. " ONVCDQ CHDS HR SDRSDC NM 49 ODNOKD, @MC @ KHPTHC CHDS HR SDRSDC NM 36 CHEEDQDMS ODNOKD. 0E HMSDQDRS HR VGDSGDQ SGD KHPTHC
CHDS XHDKCR @ GHFGDQ LD@M VDHFGS KNRR SG@M SGD ONVCDQ CHDS. 5GD ONVCDQ CHDS FQNTO G@C @ LD@M VDHFGS KNRR NE 42 ONTMCR
VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 12 ONTMCR. 5GD KHPTHC CHDS FQNTO G@C @ LD@M VDHFGS KNRR NE 45 ONTMCR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE 14 ONTMCR.
117. 5DM HMCHUHCT@KR VDMS NM @ KNVkE@S CHDS ENQ 12 VDDJR SN KNVDQ SGDHQ BGNKDRSDQNK. 5GD C@S@ @QD QDBNQCDC HM 2;<F? 10.30.
%N XNT SGHMJ SG@S SGDHQ BGNKDRSDQNK KDUDKR VDQD RHFMHEHB@MSKX KNVDQDC
1N;LNCHA =BIF?MN?LIF F?P?F #H>CHA =BIF?MN?LIF F?P?F
140 140
220 230
110 120
240 220
200 190
180 150
190 200
360 300
280 300
260 240
2;<F? 10.30
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. " MDV "*%4 OQDUDMSHNM CQTF V@R SQHDC NM @ FQNTO NE 224
)*7 ONRHSHUD O@SHDMSR. 'NQSX-EHUD O@SHDMSR CDUDKNODC "*%4 @ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR. *M @ BNMSQNK FQNTO NE 224 )*7 ONRHSHUD O@SHDMSR,
68 CDUDKNODC "*%4 @ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR. 8D V@MS SN SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD LDSGNC NE SQD@SLDMS QDCTBDR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE O@SHDMSR SG@S
CDUDKNO "*%4 @ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR NQ HE SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE SGD SQD@SDC FQNTO @MC SGD TMSQD@SDC FQNTO RS@X SGD R@LD.
-DS SGD RTARBQHOS J = SQD@SDC O@SHDMS @MC KJ = TMSQD@SDC O@SHDMS.
118. 5GD @OOQNOQH@SD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
=. !
0
: F
J
< F
KJ
@MC !
7
: F
J
y F
KJ
>. !
0
: F
J
x F
KJ
@MC !
7
: F
J
> F
KJ
?. !
0
: F
J
= F
KJ
@MC !
7
: F
J
w F
KJ
@. !
0
: F
J
= F
KJ
@MC !
7
: F
J
< F
KJ
119. *E SGD F-U@KTD HR 0.0062 VG@S HR SGD BNMBKTRHNM (TRD V = 0.05)
=. 5GD LDSGNC G@R MN DEEDBS.
>. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LDSGNC QDCTBDR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE )*7 ONRHSHUD O@SHDMSR VGN
CDUDKNO "*%4 @ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR.
?. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LDSGNC HMBQD@RDR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE )*7 ONRHSHUD O@SHDMSR VGN
CDUDKNO "*%4 @ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR.
@. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LDSGNC QDCTBDR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE )*7 ONRHSHUD O@SHDMSR VGN
CDUDKNO "*%4 @ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. "M DWODQHLDMS HR BNMCTBSDC SN RGNV SG@S AKNNC OQDRRTQD
B@M AD BNMRBHNTRKX QDCTBDC HM ODNOKD SQ@HMDC HM @ oAHNEDDCA@BJ DWDQBHRD OQNFQ@L.p 4HW RTAIDBSR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC
@MC AKNNC OQDRRTQD LD@RTQDLDMSR VDQD QDBNQCDC ADENQD @MC @ESDQ SGD SQ@HMHMF. 5GD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM AKNNC OQDRRTQDR V@R
590 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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B@KBTK@SDC (@ESDQ - ADENQD) OQNCTBHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF QDRTKSR: x
d
= u10.2 I
:
= 8.4. 6RHMF SGD C@S@, SDRS SGD GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD
AKNNC OQDRRTQD G@R CDBQD@RDC @ESDQ SGD SQ@HMHMF,
120. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR:
=. J
5
>. J
6
?. '(u10.2, 8.4)
@. /(u10.2,
8.4
6
)
121. *E V = 0.05, SGD F-U@KTD @MC SGD BNMBKTRHNM @QD
=. 0.0014; 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD AKNNC OQDRRTQD CDBQD@RDC @ESDQ SGD SQ@HMHMF.
>. 0.0014; 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD AKNNC OQDRRTQD HMBQD@RDC @ESDQ SGD SQ@HMHMF.
?. 0.0155; 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD AKNNC OQDRRTQD CDBQD@RDC @ESDQ SGD SQ@HMHMF.
@. 0.0155; 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD AKNNC OQDRRTQD HMBQD@RDC @ESDQ SGD SQ@HMHMF.
122. " FNKE HMRSQTBSNQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM CDSDQLHMHMF HE GDQ MDV SDBGMHPTD ENQ HLOQNUHMF OK@XDQRn FNKE RBNQDR HR DEEDBSHUD. 4GD
S@JDR ENTQ MDV RSTCDMSR. 4GD QDBNQCR SGDHQ 18-GNKD RBNQDR ADENQD KD@QMHMF SGD SDBGMHPTD @MC SGDM @ESDQ G@UHMF S@JDM GDQ BK@RR.
4GD BNMCTBSR @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS. 5GD C@S@ @QD @R ENKKNVR.
.F;S?L 1 .F;S?L 2 .F;S?L 3 .F;S?L 4
,A=J O?KNA >ABKNA ?H=OO 83 78 93 87
,A=J O?KNA =BPAN ?H=OO 80 80 86 86
2;<F? 10.31
5GD BNQQDBS CDBHRHNM HR:
=. 3DIDBS !
0
.
>. %N MNS QDIDBS SGD !
0
.
123. " KNB@K B@MBDQ RTOONQS FQNTO ADKHDUDR SG@S SGD DRSHL@SD ENQ MDV EDL@KD AQD@RS B@MBDQ B@RDR HM SGD RNTSG HR GHFGDQ HM
2013 SG@M HM 2012. 5GD FQNTO BNLO@QDC SGD DRSHL@SDR NE MDV EDL@KD AQD@RS B@MBDQ B@RDR AX RNTSGDQM RS@SD HM 2012 @MC HM
2013. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD HM 2;<F? 10.32.
1IONB?LH 1N;N?M 2012 2013
H=>=I= 3,450 3,720
NG=JO=O 2,150 2,280
%HKNE@= 15,540 15,710
&AKNCE= 6,970 7,310
*AJPQ?GU 3,160 3,300
+KQEOE=J= 3,320 3,630
,EOOEOOELLE 1,990 2,080
2;<F? 10.32
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 591
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1IONB?LH 1N;N?M 2012 2013
-KNPD "=NKHEJ= 7,090 7,430
.GH=DKI= 2,630 2,690
2KQPD "=NKHEJ= 3,570 3,580
3AJJAOOAA 4,680 5,070
3AT=O 15,050 14,980
5ENCEJE= 6,190 6,280
2;<F? 10.32
124. " SQ@UDKDQ V@MSDC SN JMNV HE SGD OQHBDR NE GNSDKR @QD CHEEDQDMS HM SGD SDM BHSHDR SG@S GD UHRHSR SGD LNRS NESDM. 5GD KHRS
NE SGD BHSHDR VHSG SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF GNSDK OQHBDR ENQ GHR SVN E@UNQHSD GNSDK BG@HMR HR HM 2;<F? 10.33. 5DRS @S SGD 1% KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD.
!CNC?M &S;NN 0?A?H=S JLC=?M CH >IFF;LM &CFNIH JLC=?M CH >IFF;LM
PH=JP= 107 169
!KOPKJ 358 289
"DE?=CK 209 299
#=HH=O 209 198
#AJRAN 167 169
(J@E=J=LKHEO 179 214
+KO JCAHAO 179 169
-AS 8KNG "EPU 625 459
/DEH=@AHLDE= 179 159
6=ODEJCPKJ, #" 245 239
2;<F? 10.33
125. " ONKHSHBH@M @RJDC GHR RS@EE SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD TMCDQDLOKNXLDMS Q@SD HM SGD MNQSGD@RS CDBQD@RDC EQNL 2011 SN
2012. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD HM 2;<F? 10.34.
592 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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,ILNB?;MN?LH 1N;N?M 2011 2012
"KJJA?PE?QP 17.3 16.4
#AH=S=NA 17.4 13.7
,=EJA 19.3 16.1
,=NUH=J@ 16.0 15.5
,=OO=?DQOAPPO 17.6 18.2
-AS '=ILODENA 15.4 13.5
-AS )ANOAU 19.2 18.7
-AS 8KNG 18.5 18.7
.DEK 18.2 18.8
/AJJOUHR=JE= 16.5 16.9
1DK@A (OH=J@ 20.7 22.4
5ANIKJP 14.7 12.3
6AOP 5ENCEJE= 15.5 17.3
2;<F? 10.34
0',%',% '2 2-%#2� : &-+#5-0)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D ;N;H9?I;I. HMCHB@SD VGHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF BGNHBDR ADRS HCDMSHEHDR SGD
GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
=. HMCDODMCDMS FQNTO LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @MC/NQ U@QH@MBDR JMNVM
>. HMCDODMCDMS FQNTO LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @MC/NQ U@QH@MBDR TMJMNVM
?. L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR
@. RHMFKD LD@M
A. SVN OQNONQSHNMR
B. RHMFKD OQNONQSHNM
126. " ONVCDQ CHDS HR SDRSDC NM 49 ODNOKD, @MC @ KHPTHC CHDS HR SDRSDC NM 36 CHEEDQDMS ODNOKD. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR @QD SVN ONTMCR @MC SGQDD ONTMCR, QDRODBSHUDKX. 0E HMSDQDRS HR VGDSGDQ SGD KHPTHC CHDS XHDKCR @ GHFGDQ LD@M VDHFGS
KNRR SG@M SGD ONVCDQ CHDS.
127. " MDV BGNBNK@SD A@Q HR S@RSD-SDRSDC NM BNMRTLDQR. 0E HMSDQDRS HR VGDSGDQ SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BGHKCQDM VGN KHJD SGD MDV
BGNBNK@SD A@Q HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE @CTKSR VGN KHJD HS.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 593
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128. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE &MFKHRG BNTQRDR S@JDM HM @ SVNkXD@Q SHLD ODQHNC AX L@KD @MC EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR HR ADKHDUDC
SN AD @ANTS SGD R@LD. "M DWODQHLDMS HR BNMCTBSDC @MC C@S@ @QD BNKKDBSDC EQNL MHMD L@KDR @MC 16 EDL@KDR.
129. " ENNSA@KK KD@FTD QDONQSDC SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE SNTBGCNVMR ODQ F@LD V@R EHUD. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE
SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE SNTBGCNVMR G@R CDBQD@RDC.
130. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE RSTCDMSR HM SGD $@KHENQMH@ RS@SD TMHUDQRHSX RXRSDL S@JD KNMFDQ SN FQ@CT@SD SG@M
RSTCDMSR DMQNKKDC HM OQHU@SD TMHUDQRHSHDR. 0MD GTMCQDC RSTCDMSR EQNL ANSG SGD $@KHENQMH@ RS@SD TMHUDQRHSX RXRSDL @MC OQHU@SD
TMHUDQRHSHDR @QD RTQUDXDC. 'QNL XD@QR NE QDRD@QBG, HS HR JMNVM SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @QD 1.5811 XD@QR @MC
NMD XD@Q, QDRODBSHUDKX.
131. "BBNQCHMF SN @ :8$" 3@OD $QHRHR $DMSDQ MDVRKDSSDQ, 75% NE Q@OD UHBSHLR JMNV SGDHQ @SS@BJDQR. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN
UDQHEX SGHR.
132. "BBNQCHMF SN @ QDBDMS RSTCX, 6.4. BNLO@MHDR G@UD @ LD@M L@SDQMHSX-KD@UD NE RHW VDDJR.
133. " QDBDMS CQTF RTQUDX RGNVDC @M HMBQD@RD HM TRD NE CQTFR @MC @KBNGNK @LNMF KNB@K GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR @R BNLO@QDC SN
SGD M@SHNM@K ODQBDMS. 4TOONRD SG@S @ RTQUDX NE 100 KNB@K XNTSGR @MC 100 M@SHNM@K XNTSGR HR BNMCTBSDC SN RDD HE SGD OQNONQSHNM
NE CQTF @MC @KBNGNK TRD HR GHFGDQ KNB@KKX SG@M M@SHNM@KKX.
134. " MDV 4"5 RSTCX BNTQRD HR SDRSDC NM 12 HMCHUHCT@KR. 1QD-BNTQRD @MC ONRS-BNTQRD RBNQDR @QD QDBNQCDC. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD
LD@M HMBQD@RD HM 4"5 RBNQDR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD BNKKDBSDC:
.L?-=IOLM? M=IL? .IMN-=IOLM? M=IL?
1 300
960 920
1010 1100
840 880
1100 1070
1250 1320
860 860
1330 1370
790 770
990 1040
1110 1200
740 850
2;<F? 10.35
135. 6MHUDQRHSX NE .HBGHF@M QDRD@QBGDQR QDONQSDC HM SGD #EKHD7B E< J>; '7J?ED7B C7D9;H "DIJ?JKJ; SG@S PTHSSHMF RLNJHMF HR
DRODBH@KKX ADMDEHBH@K ENQ SGNRD TMCDQ @FD 49. *M SGHR "LDQHB@M $@MBDQ 4NBHDSX RSTCX, SGD QHRJ (OQNA@AHKHSX) NE CXHMF NE KTMF
B@MBDQ V@R @ANTS SGD R@LD @R ENQ SGNRD VGN G@C MDUDQ RLNJDC.
594 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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136. -DRKDX &. 5@M HMUDRSHF@SDC SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM KDES-G@MCDCMDRR UR. QHFGS-G@MCDCMDRR @MC LNSNQ BNLODSDMBD HM
OQDRBGNNK BGHKCQDM. 3@MCNL R@LOKDR NE 41 KDES-G@MCDC OQDRBGNNK BGHKCQDM @MC 41 QHFGS-G@MCDC OQDRBGNNK BGHKCQDM VDQD
FHUDM RDUDQ@K SDRSR NE LNSNQ RJHKKR SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR DUHCDMBD NE @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD BGHKCQDM A@RDC NM SGHR
DWODQHLDMS. 5GD DWODQHLDMS OQNCTBDC SGD LD@MR @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR RGNVM 2;<F? 10.36. %DSDQLHMD SGD @OOQNOQH@SD
SDRS @MC ADRS CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SG@S SDRS.
+ABP-D=J@A@ 1ECDP-D=J@A@
2=ILHA OEVA 41 41
2=ILHA IA=J 97.5 98.1
2=ILHA OP=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJ 17.5 19.2
2;<F? 10.36
=. 5VN HMCDODMCDMS LD@MR, MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
>. 5VN HMCDODMCDMS LD@MR, 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM
?. .@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR, 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM
@. 5VN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR, MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
137. " FNKE HMRSQTBSNQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM CDSDQLHMHMF HE GDQ MDV SDBGMHPTD ENQ HLOQNUHMF OK@XDQRn FNKE RBNQDR HR DEEDBSHUD. 4GD
S@JDR ENTQ (4) MDV RSTCDMSR. 4GD QDBNQCR SGDHQ 18-GNKD RBNQDR ADENQD KD@QMHMF SGD SDBGMHPTD @MC SGDM @ESDQ G@UHMF S@JDM GDQ
BK@RR. 4GD BNMCTBSR @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS. 5GD C@S@ @QD @R 2;<F? 10.37.
.F;S?L 1 .F;S?L 2 .F;S?L 3 .F;S?L 4
,A=J O?KNA >ABKNA ?H=OO 83 78 93 87
,A=J O?KNA =BPAN ?H=OO 80 80 86 86
2;<F? 10.37
5GHR HR:
=. @ SDRS NE SVN HMCDODMCDMS LD@MR.
>. @ SDRS NE SVN OQNONQSHNMR.
?. @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD OQNONQSHNM.
@. @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD OQNONQSHNM.
0#$#0#,!#1
10.1 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB 3HEHIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIHM
%@S@ EQNL (Q@CT@SHMF &MFHMDDQ + $NLOTSDQ $@QDDQR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.FQ@CT@SHMFDMFHMDDQ.BNL
%@S@ EQNL &?9HEIE<J BEEAI>;B<.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR 4DM@SD VDARHSD, @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.4DM@SD.FNU (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o-HRS NE BTQQDMS 6MHSDC 4S@SDR 4DM@SNQR AX "FD.p 8HJHODCH@. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DM.VHJHODCH@.NQF/VHJH/
-HRS?NE?BTQQDMS?6MHSDC?4S@SDR?4DM@SNQR?AX?@FD (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o4DBSNQHMF AX *MCTRSQX (QNTOR.p /@RC@P. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.M@RC@P.BNL/L@QJDSR/A@QBG@QS-
RDBSNQR.@ROWO@FD=RDBSNQR&A@RD=HMCTRSQX (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o4SQHO $KTAR: 8GDQD 1QNRSHSTSHNM @MC 5Q@EEHBJHMF )@OODM.p 1QNRSHSTSHNM 3DRD@QBG @MC &CTB@SHNM, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
VVV.OQNRSHSTSHNMQDRD@QBG.BNL/1QNR7HNK1NRSSQ@T4SQDRR.GSLK (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o8NQKC 4DQHDR )HRSNQX.p #@RDA@KK-"KL@M@B, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.A@RDA@KK-@KL@M@B.BNL/VR/VRLDMT.RGSLK
(@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 595
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10.2 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB )HIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIHM
%@S@ EQNLSGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BDMRTR.FNU/OQNC/BDM2010/AQHDER/B2010AQ-02.OCE
)HMCTI@, 4@LDDQ. o4DWSHMF 3DRD@QBG @MC (DMCDQ %HEEDQDMBDR.p $XADQATKKHMF 3DRD@QBG $DMSDQ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://BXADQATKKXHMF.TR/AKNF/RDWSHMF-QDRD@QBG-@MC-FDMCDQ-CHEEDQDMBDR/ (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o4L@QS 1GNMD 6RDQR, #X SGD /TLADQR.p 7HRT@K.KX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://UHRT@K.KX/RL@QS-OGNMD-TRDQR-MTLADQR
(@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
4LHSG, "@QNM. o35% NE "LDQHB@M @CTKSR NVM @ 4L@QSOGNMD.p 1DV *MSDQMDS, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.ODVHMSDQMDS.NQF/]/LDCH@/'HKDR/3DONQSR/2011/1*1?4L@QSOGNMDR.OCE (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o4S@SD-4ODBHEHB 1QDU@KDMBD NE 0ADRHSX "LNMF"CTKRl6MHSDR 4S@SDR, 2007.p ..83< $%$. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/LLVQ/OQDUHDV/LLVQGSLK/LL5728@1.GSL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o5DW@R $QHLD 3@SDR 1960k1012.p '#*, 6MHENQL $QHLD 3DONQSR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S: GSSO://VVV.CHR@RSDQBDMSDQ.BNL/
BQHLD/SWBQHLD.GSL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
10.3 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIHM
%@S@ EQNL E:K97J?ED7B +;IEKH9;I, %DBDLADQ B@S@KNF.
%@S@ EQNL )HKSNM )NSDKR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.GHKSNM.BNL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL )X@SS )NSDKR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://GX@SS.BNL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL 4S@SHRSHBR, 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE )D@KSG @MC )TL@M 4DQUHBDR.
%@S@ EQNL 8GHSMDX &WGHAHS NM KN@M SN 4@M +NRD .TRDTL NE "QS.
%@S@ EQNL SGD "LDQHB@M $@MBDQ 4NBHDSX. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.B@MBDQ.NQF/HMCDW (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD $G@MBDKKNQnR 0EEHBD, $@KHENQMH@ $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFDR, /NUDLADQ 1994.
o4S@SD NE SGD 4S@SDR.p (@KKTO, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.F@KKTO.BNL/ONKK/125066/4S@SD-
4S@SDR.@ROWQDE=HMSDQ@BSHUD (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o8DRS /HKD 7HQTR.p $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/MBHCNC/CUAHC/
VDRSMHKD/HMCDW.GSL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1 SVN OQNONQSHNMR
3 L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR
5 RHMFKD LD@M
7 HMCDODMCDMS FQNTO LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @MC/NQ U@QH@MBDR TMJMNVM
9 SVN OQNONQSHNMR
11 HMCDODMCDMS FQNTO LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @MC/NQ U@QH@MBDR TMJMNVM
13 HMCDODMCDMS FQNTO LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @MC/NQ U@QH@MBDR TMJMNVM
15 SVN OQNONQSHNMR
17 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M @LNTMSR NE RTF@Q HM SGD SVN RNES CQHMJR.
19 LD@MR
21 SVN-S@HKDC
23 SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M KHED RO@MR NE VGHSDR @MC MNMVGHSDR
25 5GHR HR @ BNLO@QHRNM NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR VHSG TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
27 $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
29
@. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
A. F-U@KTD < 0.05
B. 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD @S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD SN RTOONQS SGD BK@HL SG@S KHED DWODBS@MBX HM SGD 1900R HR
CHEEDQDMS ADSVDDM VGHSDR @MC MNMVGHSDR.
596 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
r
s
i
o
n
31 5GD CHEEDQDMBD HM LD@M RODDCR NE SGD E@RSA@KK OHSBGDR NE SGD SVN OHSBGDQR
33 k2.46
35 "S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VD B@M QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS C@S@ SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M RODDC
NE 3NCQHFTDYnR E@RSA@KK HR E@RSDQ SG@M 8DRKDXnR.
37 4TARBQHOSR: 1 = 'NNC, 2 = /N 'NNC
!
0
: Z
1
x Z
2
!
7
: Z
1
> Z
2
39
$CAOL? 10.18
41 4TARBQHOSR: 1 = (@LL@, 2 = ;DS@
!
0
: Z
1
= Z
2
!
7
: Z
1
w Z
2
43 0.0062
45 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GD C@S@ RTOONQS SG@S SGD LDKSHMF ONHMS ENQ "KKNX ;DS@ HR
CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD LDKSHMF ONHMS NE "KKNX (@LL@.
47 )s
041
k )s
042
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE OGNMDR SG@S G@C RXRSDL E@HKTQDR VHSGHM SGD EHQRS DHFGS GNTQR NE NODQ@SHNM
VHSG 04
1
@MC 04
2
.
49 0.1008
51 OQNONQSHNMR
53 QHFGS-S@HKDC
55 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM OQNONQSHNMR (ODQBDMSR) NE SGD ONOTK@SHNMR SG@S @QD NE SVN NQ LNQD Q@BDR HM
/DU@C@ @MC /NQSG %@JNS@.
57 0TQ R@LOKD RHYDR @QD LTBG FQD@SDQ SG@M EHUD D@BG, RN VD TRD SGD MNQL@K ENQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGHR
GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
59 $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
61
@. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
A. F-U@KTD < @KOG@
B. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM (ODQBDMS) NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM
SG@S HR NE SVN NQ LNQD Q@BDR HM /DU@C@ HR RS@SHRSHB@KKX GHFGDQ SG@M SG@S HM /NQSG %@JNS@.
63 SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD RXRSDL E@HKTQDR
65 0.0067
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 597
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
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t
F
i
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a
l
V
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r
s
i
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n
67 8HSG @ F-U@KTD 0.0067, VD B@M QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GDQD HR DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN RTOONQS SG@S SGD RNESV@QD O@SBG HR
DEEDBSHUD HM QDCTBHMF SGD MTLADQ NE RXRSDL E@HKTQDR.
69 0.0021
71
$CAOL? 10.19
73 !
0
: Z
:
y 0 !
7
: Z
:
< 0
75 0.0699
77 8D CDBKHMD SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN RTOONQS SG@S SGD LDCHB@SHNM HR DEEDBSHUD.
79 4TARBQHOSR: 1: SVN-XD@Q BNKKDFDR; 2: ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFDR
@. !
0
: Z
1
y Z
2
A. !
7
: Z
1
< Z
2
B. X
1
X
2
HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M DMQNKKLDMSR NE SGD SVN-XD@Q BNKKDFDR @MC SGD ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFDR.
C. 4STCDMSnR-J
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: k0.2483
E. F-U@KTD: 0.4024
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M DMQNKKLDMS @S
ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFDR HR GHFGDQ SG@M @S SVN-XD@Q BNKKDFDR.
81 4TARBQHOSR: 1: LDBG@MHB@K DMFHMDDQHMF; 2: DKDBSQHB@K DMFHMDDQHMF
@. !
0
: R
1
y R
2
A. !
7
: R
1
< R
2
B. X
1
X
2
HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M DMSQX KDUDK R@K@QHDR NE LDBG@MHB@K DMFHMDDQR @MC DKDBSQHB@K DMFHMDDQR.
C. J
108
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: J = k0.82
E. F-U@KTD: 0.2066
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M DMSQX-KDUDK
R@K@QHDR NE LDBG@MHB@K DMFHMDDQR HR KNVDQ SG@M SG@S NE DKDBSQHB@K DMFHMDDQR.
83
@. !
0
: R
1
= R
2
A. !
7
: R
1
w R
2
B. X
1
X
2
HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M SHLDR ENQ BNLOKDSHMF @ K@O HM Q@BDR @MC HM OQ@BSHBDR.
C. J
20.32
598 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
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r
s
i
o
n
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: k4.70
E. F-U@KTD: 0.0001
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M SHLD ENQ
BNLOKDSHMF @ K@O HM Q@BDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SG@S HM OQ@BSHBDR.
85
@. !
0
: R
1
= R
2
A. !
7
: R
1
w R
2
B. HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M SHLDR ENQ BNLOKDSHMF @ K@O HM Q@BDR @MC HM OQ@BSHBDR.
C. J
40.94
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: k5.08
E. F-U@KTD: YDQN
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M SHLD ENQ
BNLOKDSHMF @ K@O HM Q@BDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SG@S HM OQ@BSHBDR.
87 4TARBQHOSR: 1 8DRSDQM 3DRDQUD %HUHRHNM (4); 2 &@RSDQM 3DRDQUD %HUHRHNM (")
89 B
91 5DRS: SVN HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKD LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR TMJMNVM. 3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: X
1
X
2
%HRSQHATSHNM: !
0
R: Z
1
= Z
2
!
7
: Z
1
< Z
2
5GD LD@M @FD NE DMSDQHMF OQNRSHSTSHNM HM $@M@C@ HR KNVDQ SG@M SGD LD@M @FD HM SGD
6MHSDC 4S@SDR.
$CAOL? 10.20
(Q@OG: KDES-S@HKDC F-U@KTD : 0.0157 %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 1%KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNLSGD R@LOKD
C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M @FD NE DMSDQHMF OQNRSHSTSHNM HM $@M@C@ HR KNVDQ SG@M SGD LD@M
@FD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR.
93 C
95 4TARBQHOSR: 1 = ANXR, 2 = FHQKR
@. !
0
: R
1
x R
2
A. !
7
: R
1
> R
2
B. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M @TSN HMRTQ@MBD BNRSR ENQ ANXR @MC FHQKR.
C. MNQL@K
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: P = 2.50
E. F-U@KTD: 0.0063
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 599
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
r
s
i
o
n
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M BNRS NE @TSN
HMRTQ@MBD ENQ SDDM@FD ANXR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SG@S ENQ FHQKR.
97 4TARBQHOSR: 1 = MNM-GXAQHC RDC@MR, 2 = GXAQHC RDC@MR
@. !
0
: R
1
y R
2
A. !
7
: R
1
< R
2
B. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M LHKDR ODQ F@KKNM NE MNM-GXAQHC RDC@MR @MC GXAQHC RDC@MR.
C. MNQL@K
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: 6.36
E. F-U@KTD: 0
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M LHKDR ODQ F@KKNM
NE MNM-GXAQHC RDC@MR HR KDRR SG@M SG@S NE GXAQHC RDC@MR.
99
@. !
0
: R
:
= 0
A. !
7
: R
:
< 0
B. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1
:
HR SGD @UDQ@FD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM GTRA@MCnR @MC VHEDnR R@SHRE@BSHNM KDUDK.
C. J
9
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: J = k1.86
E. F-U@KTD: 0.0479
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, ATS QTM @MNSGDQ SDRS.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GHR HR @ VD@J SDRS ADB@TRD @KOG@ @MC SGD F-U@KTD @QD BKNRD. )NVDUDQ, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD
SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HR MDF@SHUD.
101
@. !
0
: )
0
= )
B
A. !
7
: )
0
w )
B
B. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE VGHSD @MC AK@BJ RTHBHCD UHBSHLR, @FDC 15 SN 24.
C. MNQL@K ENQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: k0.1944
E. F-U@KTD: 0.8458
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE VGHSD
@MC AK@BJ EDL@KD RTHBHCD UHBSHLR, @FDC 15 SN 24, @QD CHEEDQDMS.
103 4TARBQHOSR: 1 = $@AQHKKN $NKKDFD, 2 = -@JD 5@GND $NKKDFD
@. !
0
: F
1
= F
2
A. !
7
: F
1
w F
2
B. 5GD Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE )HRO@MHB RSTCDMSR @S $@AQHKKN $NKKDFD @MC -@JD 5@GND
$NKKDFD.
C. MNQL@K ENQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: 4.29
E. F-U@KTD: 0.00002
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE )HRO@MHB RSTCDMSR @S $@AQHKKN $NKKDFD
@MC -@JD 5@GND $NKKDFD @QD CHEEDQDMS.
600 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
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r
s
i
o
n
105 @
107 5DRS: SVN HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKD OQNONQSHNMR. 3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: Fs
1
- Fs
2
%HRSQHATSHNM:
!
0
: F
1
= F
2
!
7
: F
1
w F
2
5GD OQNONQSHNM NE D3D@CDQ TRDQR HR CHEEDQDMS ENQ SGD 16- SN 29-XD@Q-NKC TRDQR EQNL SG@S NE SGD 30 @MC NKCDQ TRDQR.
(Q@OG: SVN-S@HKDC
$CAOL? 10.21
F-U@KTD : 0.0033 %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@,
SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE D3D@CDQ TRDQR 16 SN 29 XD@QR NKC HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD
OQNONQSHNM NE D3D@CDQ TRDQR 30 @MC NKCDQ.
109 5DRS: SVN HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKD OQNONQSHNMR 3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: Fc
1
u Fc
2
%HRSQHATSHNM: !
0
: F
1
= F
2
!
7
: F
1
> F
2
" GHFGDQ OQNONQSHNM NE S@AKDS NVMDQR @QD @FDC 16 SN 29 XD@QR NKC SG@M @QD 30 XD@QR NKC @MC NKCDQ. (Q@OG: QHFGS-
S@HKDC
$CAOL? 10.22
F-U@KTD: 0.2354 %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD !
0
. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR
MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S @ GHFGDQ OQNONQSHNM NE S@AKDS NVMDQR @QD @FDC 16 SN 29 XD@QR NKC SG@M @QD 30 XD@QR
NKC @MC NKCDQ.
111 4TARBQHOSR: 1: LDM; 2: VNLDM
@. !
0
: F
1
x F
2
A. !
7
: F
1
> F
2
B. P
1
P
2
HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE LDM @MC VNLDM VGN DMINX RGNOOHMF ENQ DKDBSQNMHB DPTHOLDMS.
C. MNQL@K ENQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: 0.22
E. F-U@KTD: 0.4133
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE LDM
VGN DMINX RGNOOHMF ENQ DKDBSQNMHB DPTHOLDMS HR LNQD SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE VNLDM.
113
@. !
0
: F
1
= F
2
A. !
7
: F
1
w F
2
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 601
D
R
A
F
T
:
N
o
t
F
i
n
a
l
V
e
r
s
i
o
n
B. P
1
P
2
HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE LDM @MC VNLDM SG@S G@UD @S KD@RS NMD OHDQBDC D@Q.
C. MNQL@K ENQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: k4.82
E. F-U@KTD: YDQN
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE L@KDR
@MC EDL@KDR VHSG @S KD@RS NMD OHDQBDC D@Q HR CHEEDQDMS.
115
@. !
0
: R
:
= 0
A. !
7
: R
:
> 0
B. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1
:
HR SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM VNQJ SHLDR NM C@XR VGDM D@SHMF AQD@JE@RS @MC NM C@XR VGDM MNS
D@SHMF AQD@JE@RS.
C. J
9
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: 5.1612
E. F-U@KTD: 0.0003
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM
VNQJ SHLDR NM C@XR VGDM D@SHMF AQD@JE@RS @MC NM C@XR VGDM MNS D@SHMF AQD@JE@RS G@R HMBQD@RDC.
117 F-U@KTD = 0.1353 "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LDCHB@SHNM KNVDQDC
BGNKDRSDQNK KDUDKR @ESDQ 12 VDDJR.
119 A
121 B
123 5DRS: SVN L@SBGDC O@HQR NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR (J-SDRS) 3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: X
d
%HRSQHATSHNM: J
12
!
0
: Z
:
= 0 !
7
: Z
:
> 0 5GD
LD@M NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR NE MDV EDL@KD AQD@RS B@MBDQ B@RDR HM SGD RNTSG ADSVDDM 2013 @MC 2012 HR FQD@SDQ SG@M YDQN. 5GD
DRSHL@SD ENQ MDV EDL@KD AQD@RS B@MBDQ B@RDR HM SGD RNTSG HR GHFGDQ HM 2013 SG@M HM 2012. (Q@OG: QHFGS-S@HKDC F-U@KTD: 0.0004
$CAOL? 10.23
%DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS !
0
$NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD V@R @ GHFGDQ DRSHL@SD NE MDV EDL@KD AQD@RS B@MBDQ B@RDR HM 2013 SG@M HM 2012.
125 5DRS: L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR (J-SDRS) %HEEDQDMBD C@S@: Zk0.9, k3.7, k3.2, k0.5, 0.6, k1.9, k0.5, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.7, k2.4,
1.8\ 3@MCNL7@QH@AKD: X
d
%HRSQHATSHNM: !
0
: Z
:
= 0 !
7
: Z
:
< 0 5GD LD@M NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR NE SGD Q@SD NE TMCDQDLOKNXLDMS
HM SGD MNQSGD@RSDQM RS@SDR ADSVDDM 2012 @MC 2011 HR KDRR SG@M YDQN. 5GD TMCDQDLOKNXLDMS Q@SD VDMS CNVM EQNL 2011 SN
2012. (Q@OG: KDES-S@HKDC.
602 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 10.24
F-U@KTD: 0.1207 %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS
RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD V@R @ CDBQD@RD HM SGD TMCDQDLOKNXLDMS Q@SDR NE SGD MNQSGD@RSDQM RS@SDR EQNL 2011
SN 2012.
127 D
129 C
131 E
133 D
135 D
137 C
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 603
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604 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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11 U 2&# !&'-1/3A0#
"'120'32'-,
$CAOL? 11.1 3DA ?DE-OMQ=NA @EOPNE>QPEKJ ?=J >A QOA@ PK BEJ@ NAH=PEKJODELO >APSAAJ PSK PDEJCO, HEGA CNK?ANU LNE?AO =P
@EBBANAJP OPKNAO. (?NA@EP: /APA/BHE?GN)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
#X SGD DMC NE SGHR BG@OSDQ, SGD RSTCDMS RGNTKC AD @AKD SN:
c *MSDQOQDS SGD BGH-RPT@QD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @R SGD R@LOKD RHYD BG@MFDR.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS BGH-RPT@QD FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS BGH-RPT@QD SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD GXONSGDRHR SDRSR.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS BGH-RPT@QD GNLNFDMDHSX GXONSGDRHR SDRSR.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS BGH-RPT@QD RHMFKD U@QH@MBD GXONSGDRHR SDRSR.
)@UD XNT DUDQ VNMCDQDC HE KNSSDQX MTLADQR VDQD DUDMKX CHRSQHATSDC NQ HE RNLD MTLADQR NBBTQQDC VHSG @ FQD@SDQ EQDPTDMBX
)NV @ANTS HE SGD SXODR NE LNUHDR ODNOKD OQDEDQQDC VDQD CHEEDQDMS @BQNRR CHEEDQDMS @FD FQNTOR 8G@S @ANTS HE @ BNEEDD
L@BGHMD V@R CHRODMRHMF @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD @LNTMS NE BNEEDD D@BG SHLD :NT BNTKC @MRVDQ SGDRD PTDRSHNMR AX
BNMCTBSHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 605
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:NT VHKK MNV RSTCX @ MDV CHRSQHATSHNM, NMD SG@S HR TRDC SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @MRVDQR SN RTBG PTDRSHNMR. 5GHR CHRSQHATSHNM HR
B@KKDC SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM.
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK KD@QM SGD SGQDD L@INQ @OOKHB@SHNMR NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM:
1. SGD FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS, VGHBG CDSDQLHMDR HE C@S@ EHS @ O@QSHBTK@Q CHRSQHATSHNM, RTBG @R HM SGD KNSSDQX DW@LOKD
2. SGD SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD, VGHBG CDSDQLHMDR HE DUDMSR @QD HMCDODMCDMS, RTBG @R HM SGD LNUHD DW@LOKD
3. SGD SDRS NE @ RHMFKD U@QH@MBD, VGHBG SDRSR U@QH@AHKHSX, RTBG @R HM SGD BNEEDD DW@LOKD
,-2#
5GNTFG SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM CDODMC NM B@KBTK@SNQR NQ BNLOTSDQR ENQ LNRS NE SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR, SGDQD HR @
S@AKD @U@HK@AKD (RDD SGD 2;<F?M CH NB? AJJ?H>CR). 5*-83+ @MC 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQ HMRSQTBSHNMR @QD HMBKTCDC HM SGD
SDWS.
-NNJ HM SGD RONQSR RDBSHNM NE @ MDVRO@ODQ NQ NM SGD *MSDQMDS ENQ RNLD RONQSR C@S@(A@RDA@KK @UDQ@FDR, A@RJDSA@KK RBNQDR,
FNKE SNTQM@LDMS RBNQDR, ENNSA@KK NCCR, RVHLLHMF SHLDR, @MC SGD KHJD). 1KNS @ GHRSNFQ@L @MC @ ANWOKNS TRHMF XNTQ C@S@.
4DD HE XNT B@M CDSDQLHMD @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S XNTQ C@S@ EHSR. )@UD @ CHRBTRRHNM VHSG SGD BK@RR @ANTS XNTQ
BGNHBD.
11.1 U $;=NM A<ION NB? !BC-1KO;L? "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD MNS@SHNM ENQ SGD 8=>-HFJ6G: 9>HIG>7JI>DC HR:
d f
2
VGDQD :< = CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL VGHBG CDODMCR NM GNV BGH-RPT@QD HR ADHMF TRDC. (*E XNT V@MS SN OQ@BSHBD B@KBTK@SHMF BGH-
RPT@QD OQNA@AHKHSHDR SGDM TRD :< = D - 1. 5GD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGD SGQDD L@INQ TRDR @QD D@BG B@KBTK@SDC CHEEDQDMSKX.)
'NQ SGD ]
2
CHRSQHATSHNM, SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M HR Z = :< @MC SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR = 2(d f ) .
5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR RGNVM @R ]
2
, ATS L@X AD @MX TOODQ B@RD KDSSDQ.
5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ @ BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG A CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HR SGD RTL NE A HMCDODMCDMS, RPT@QDC
RS@MC@QC MNQL@K U@QH@AKDR.
]
2
= (3
1
)
2
+ (3
2
)
2
+ ... + (3
J
)
2
1. 5GD BTQUD HR MNMRXLLDSQHB@K @MC RJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS.
2. 5GDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMS BGH-RPT@QD BTQUD ENQ D@BG :<.
$CAOL? 11.2
3. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ @MX SDRS HR @KV@XR FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN YDQN.
4. 8GDM :< > 90, SGD BGH-RPT@QD BTQUD @OOQNWHL@SDR SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 'NQ 1 ]
1,000
2
SGD LD@M, Z = :< = 1,000
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \ = 2(1,000) = 44.7. 5GDQDENQD, 1 ] '(1,000, 44.7), @OOQNWHL@SDKX.
5. 5GD LD@M, Z, HR KNB@SDC ITRS SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD OD@J.
606 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 11.3
11.2 U %II>H?MM-I@-$CN 2?MN
*M SGHR SXOD NE GXONSGDRHR SDRS, XNT CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD C@S@ ";>I" @ O@QSHBTK@Q CHRSQHATSHNM NQ MNS. 'NQ DW@LOKD, XNT L@X
RTRODBS XNTQ TMJMNVM C@S@ EHS @ AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. :NT TRD @ BGH-RPT@QD SDRS (LD@MHMF SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR
SDRS HR BGH-RPT@QD) SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR @ EHS NQ MNS. 1=: CJAA 6C9 I=: 6AI:GC6I: =NEDI=:H:H ;DG I=>H I:HI B6N 7: LG>II:C
>C H:CI:C8:H DG B6N 7: HI6I:9 6H :FJ6I>DCH DG >C:FJ6A>I>:H.
5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS HR:
k
(O E)
2
E
VGDQD:
c ( = D7H:GK:9 K6AJ:H (C@S@)
c E = :ME:8I:9 K6AJ:H (EQNL SGDNQX)
c A = SGD MTLADQ NE CHEEDQDMS C@S@ BDKKR NQ B@SDFNQHDR
1=: D7H:GK:9 K6AJ:H 6G: I=: 96I6 K6AJ:H 6C9 I=: :ME:8I:9 K6AJ:H 6G: I=: K6AJ:H NDJ LDJA9 :ME:8I ID <:I >; I=:
CJAA =NEDI=:H>H L:G: IGJ:. 5GDQD @QD D SDQLR NE SGD ENQL
(O E)
2
E
.
5GD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HR :< = (MTLADQ NE B@SDFNQHDR k 1).
1=: <DD9C:HH-D;-;>I I:HI >H 6ABDHI 6AL6NH G><=I-I6>A:9. *E SGD NARDQUDC U@KTDR @MC SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF DWODBSDC U@KTDR
@QD MNS BKNRD SN D@BG NSGDQ, SGDM SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB B@M FDS UDQX K@QFD @MC VHKK AD V@X NTS HM SGD QHFGS S@HK NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD
BTQUD.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 607
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,-2#
5GD DWODBSDC U@KTD ENQ D@BG BDKK MDDCR SN AD @S KD@RS EHUD HM NQCDQ ENQ XNT SN TRD SGHR SDRS.
$T=ILHA 11.1
"ARDMSDDHRL NE BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR EQNL L@SG BK@RRDR HR @ L@INQ BNMBDQM SN L@SG HMRSQTBSNQR ADB@TRD LHRRHMF BK@RR
@OOD@QR SN HMBQD@RD SGD CQNO Q@SD. 4TOONRD SG@S @ RSTCX V@R CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @BST@K RSTCDMS @ARDMSDDHRL
Q@SD ENKKNV E@BTKSX ODQBDOSHNM. 5GD E@BTKSX DWODBSDC SG@S @ FQNTO NE 100 RSTCDMSR VNTKC LHRR BK@RR @BBNQCHMF SN
SGD ENKKNVHMF BG@QS HM 2;<F? 11.1.
,OG<?L I@ ;<M?H=?M J?L N?LG #RJ?=N?> HOG<?L I@ MNO>?HNM
0_2 50
3_5 30
6_8 12
9_11 6
12+ 2
2;<F? 11.1
" Q@MCNL RTQUDX @BQNRR @KK L@SGDL@SHBR BNTQRDR V@R SGDM CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @BST@K MTLADQ (D7H:GK:9)
NE @ARDMBDR HM @ BNTQRD. 5GD BG@QS HM 2;<F? 11.2 CHROK@XR SGD QDRTKSR NE SG@S RTQUDX.
,OG<?L I@ ;<M?H=?M J?L N?LG A=NO;F HOG<?L I@ MNO>?HNM
0_2 35
3_5 40
6_8 20
9_11 1
12+ 4
2;<F? 11.2
%DSDQLHMD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR MDDCDC SN BNMCTBS @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS.
H
0
: 4STCDMS @ARDMSDDHRL ;>IH E@BTKSX ODQBDOSHNM.
5GD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR HR SGD NOONRHSD NE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
608 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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: 4STCDMS @ARDMSDDHRL 9D:H CDI ;>I E@BTKSX ODQBDOSHNM.
@. $@M XNT TRD SGD HMENQL@SHNM @R HS @OOD@QR HM SGD BG@QSR SN BNMCTBS SGD FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS
1IFONCIH 11.1
=. ,I. -KPE?A PD=P PDA ATLA?PA@ JQI>AN KB =>OAJ?AO BKN PDA "12+" AJPNU EO HAOO PD=J BERA (EP EO PSK).
"KI>EJA PD=P CNKQL SEPD PDA "9_11" CNKQL PK ?NA=PA JAS P=>HAO SDANA PDA JQI>AN KB OPQ@AJPO BKN A=?D
AJPNU =NA =P HA=OP BERA. 3DA JAS NAOQHPO =NA EJ 2;<F? 11.2 =J@ 2;<F? 11.3.
,OG<?L I@ ;<M?H=?M J?L N?LG #RJ?=N?> HOG<?L I@ MNO>?HNM
0_2 50
3_5 30
6_8 12
9+ 8
2;<F? 11.3
,OG<?L I@ ;<M?H=?M J?L N?LG A=NO;F HOG<?L I@ MNO>?HNM
0_2 35
3_5 40
6_8 20
9+ 5
2;<F? 11.4
A. 8G@S HR SGD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL (:<)
1IFONCIH 11.1
A. 5GDQD @QD ENTQ "BDKKR" NQ B@SDFNQHDR HM D@BG NE SGD MDV S@AKDR.
:< = MTLADQ NE BDKKR k 1 = 4 k 1 = 3
11.1 " E@BSNQX L@M@FDQ MDDCR SN TMCDQRS@MC GNV L@MX OQNCTBSR @QD CDEDBSHUD UDQRTR GNV L@MX @QD OQNCTBDC. 5GD
MTLADQ NE DWODBSDC CDEDBSR HR KHRSDC HM 2;<F? 11.5.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 609
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,OG<?L JLI>O=?> ,OG<?L >?@?=NCP?
0_100 5
101_200 6
201_300 7
301_400 8
401_500 10
2;<F? 11.5
" Q@MCNL R@LOKD V@R S@JDM SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @BST@K MTLADQ NE CDEDBSR. 2;<F? 11.6 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX.
,OG<?L JLI>O=?> ,OG<?L >?@?=NCP?
0_100 5
101_200 7
201_300 8
301_400 9
401_500 11
2;<F? 11.6
4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR MDDCDC SN BNMCTBS @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS, @MC RS@SD SGD CDFQDDR NE
EQDDCNL.
610 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$T=ILHA 11.2
&LOKNXDQR V@MS SN JMNV VGHBG C@XR NE SGD VDDJ DLOKNXDDR @QD @ARDMS HM @ EHUD-C@X VNQJ VDDJ. .NRS DLOKNXDQR
VNTKC KHJD SN ADKHDUD SG@S DLOKNXDDR @QD @ARDMS DPT@KKX CTQHMF SGD VDDJ. 4TOONRD @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 60
L@M@FDQR VDQD @RJDC NM VGHBG C@X NE SGD VDDJ SGDX G@C SGD GHFGDRS MTLADQ NE DLOKNXDD @ARDMBDR. 5GD QDRTKSR
VDQD CHRSQHATSDC @R HM 2;<F? 11.6. 'NQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM NE DLOKNXDDR, CN SGD C@XR ENQ SGD GHFGDRS MTLADQ NE
@ARDMBDR NBBTQ VHSG DPT@K EQDPTDMBHDR CTQHMF @ EHUD-C@X VNQJ VDDJ 5DRS @S @ 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
+IH>;S 2O?M>;S 5?>H?M>;S 2BOLM>;S $LC>;S
,OG<?L I@ A<M?H=?M 15 12 9 9 15
2;<F? 11.7 ";S I@ NB? 5??E #GJFIS??M Q?L? +IMN A<M?HN
1IFONCIH 11.2
5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
c !
0
: 5GD @ARDMS C@XR NBBTQ VHSG DPT@K EQDPTDMBHDR, SG@S HR, SGDX EHS @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
c !
7
: 5GD @ARDMS C@XR NBBTQ VHSG TMDPT@K EQDPTDMBHDR, SG@S HR, SGDX CN MNS EHS @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
*E SGD @ARDMS C@XR NBBTQ VHSG DPT@K EQDPTDMBHDR, SGDM, NTS NE 60 @ARDMS C@XR (SGD SNS@K HM SGD R@LOKD: 15 + 12
+ 9 + 9 + 15 = 60), SGDQD VNTKC AD 12 @ARDMBDR NM .NMC@X, 12 NM 5TDRC@X, 12 NM 8DCMDRC@X, 12 NM 5GTQRC@X,
@MC 12 NM 'QHC@X. 5GDRD MTLADQR @QD SGD :ME:8I:9 (E) U@KTDR. 5GD U@KTDR HM SGD S@AKD @QD SGD D7H:GK:9 (() U@KTDR
NQ C@S@.
5GHR SHLD, B@KBTK@SD SGD ]
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB AX G@MC. .@JD @ BG@QS VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF GD@CHMFR @MC EHKK HM SGD
BNKTLMR:
c &WODBSDC (E) U@KTDR (12, 12, 12, 12, 12)
c 0ARDQUDC (() U@KTDR (15, 12, 9, 9, 15)
c (( k E)
c (( k E)
2
c
(O E)
2
E
/NV @CC (RTL) SGD K@RS BNKTLM. 5GD RTL HR SGQDD. 5GHR HR SGD ]
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB.
5N EHMC SGD F-U@KTD, B@KBTK@SD )(]
2
> 3). 5GHR SDRS HR QHFGS-S@HKDC. (6RD @ BNLOTSDQ NQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD
F-U@KTD. :NT RGNTKC FDS F-U@KTD = 0.5578.)
5GD :<I @QD SGD MTLADQ NE BDKKR k 1 = 5 k 1 = 4
1QDRR 2>6 D)*(. "QQNV CNVM SN M
2
568. 1QDRR E$*E(. &MSDQ (3,10299,4). 3NTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K
OK@BDR, XNT RGNTKC RDD 0.5578, VGHBG HR SGD O-U@KTD.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 611
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/DWS, BNLOKDSD @ FQ@OG KHJD SGD ENKKNVHMF NMD VHSG SGD OQNODQ K@ADKHMF @MC RG@CHMF. (:NT RGNTKC RG@CD SGD
QHFGS S@HK.)
$CAOL? 11.4
5GD CDBHRHNM HR MNS SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5%KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNLSGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD
SG@S SGD @ARDMS C@XR CN MNS NBBTQ VHSG DPT@K EQDPTDMBHDR.
5*-83+ @MC RNLD 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR CN MNS G@UD @ RODBH@K OQNFQ@L ENQ SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ SGD FNNCMDRR-NE-
EHS SDRS. 5GD MDWS DW@LOKD #R;GJF? 11.3 G@R SGD B@KBTK@SNQ HMRSQTBSHNMR. 5GD MDVDQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR G@UD
HM )*A* *E)*) SGD SDRS C:;2 G%F. 5N QTM SGD SDRS, OTS SGD NARDQUDC U@KTDR (SGD C@S@) HMSN @ EHQRS KHRS
@MC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR (SGD U@KTDR XNT DWODBS HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD) HMSN @ RDBNMC KHRS. 1QDRR )*A*
*E)*) @MC C:;2 G%F. &MSDQ SGD KHRS M@LDR ENQ SGD 0ARDQUDC KHRS @MC SGD &WODBSDC KHRS. &MSDQ SGD CDFQDDR
NE EQDDCNL @MC OQDRR 53<5E<3D7 NQ 6B3G. .@JD RTQD XNT BKD@Q @MX KHRSR ADENQD XNT RS@QS. 1D A:6G )>HIH
>C I=: 86A8JA6IDGH: (N HMSN )*A* ED* @MC @QQNV TO SN SGD KHRS M@LD @QD@ NE SGD O@QSHBTK@Q KHRS. 1QDRR
C"EA( @MC SGDM @QQNV CNVM. 5GD KHRS VHKK AD BKD@QDC. "KSDQM@SHUDKX, XNT B@M OQDRR )*A* @MC OQDRR 4 (ENQ
C<B";CD). &MSDQ SGD KHRS M@LD @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
612 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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11.2 5D@BGDQR V@MS SN JMNV VGHBG MHFGS D@BG VDDJ SGDHQ RSTCDMSR @QD CNHMF LNRS NE SGDHQ GNLDVNQJ. .NRS SD@BGDQR
SGHMJ SG@S RSTCDMSR CN GNLDVNQJ DPT@KKX SGQNTFGNTS SGD VDDJ. 4TOONRD @ Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE 49 RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC NM
VGHBG MHFGS NE SGD VDDJ SGDX CHC SGD LNRS GNLDVNQJ. 5GD QDRTKSR VDQD CHRSQHATSDC @R HM 2;<F? 11.8.
1OH>;S +IH>;S 2O?M>;S 5?>H?M>;S 2BOLM>;S $LC>;S 1;NOL>;S
-QI>AN KB
2PQ@AJPO
11 8 10 7 10 5 5
2;<F? 11.8
'QNLSGD ONOTK@SHNM NE RSTCDMSR, CN SGD MHFGSR ENQ SGD GHFGDRS MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR CNHMF SGD L@INQHSX NE SGDHQ GNLDVNQJ
NBBTQ VHSG DPT@K EQDPTDMBHDR CTQHMF @ VDDJ 8G@S SXOD NE GXONSGDRHR SDRS RGNTKC XNT TRD
$T=ILHA 11.3
0MD RSTCX HMCHB@SDR SG@S SGD MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR SG@S "LDQHB@M E@LHKHDR G@UD HR CHRSQHATSDC (SGHR HR SGD <>K:C
CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM) @R HM 2;<F? 11.9.
,OG<?L I@ 2?F?PCMCIHM .?L=?HN
0 10
1 16
2 55
3 11
4+ 8
2;<F? 11.9
5GD S@AKD BNMS@HMR DWODBSDC (E) ODQBDMSR.
" Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 600 E@LHKHDR HM SGD E@Q VDRSDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR QDRTKSDC HM SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 11.10.
,OG<?L I@ 2?F?PCMCIHM $L?KO?H=S
0 66
1 119
2IN;F = 600
2;<F? 11.10
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 613
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,OG<?L I@ 2?F?PCMCIHM $L?KO?H=S
2 340
3 60
4+ 15
2IN;F = 600
2;<F? 11.10
5GD S@AKD BNMS@HMR NARDQUDC (() EQDPTDMBX U@KTDR.
"S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, CNDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM "MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR" NE E@Q VDRSDQM 6MHSDC
4S@SDR E@LHKHDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD
1IFONCIH 11.3
5GHR OQNAKDL @RJR XNT SN SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD E@Q VDRSDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR E@LHKHDR CHRSQHATSHNM EHSR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE
SGD "LDQHB@M E@LHKHDR. 5GHR SDRS HR @KV@XR QHFGS-S@HKDC.
5GD EHQRS S@AKD BNMS@HMR DWODBSDC ODQBDMS@FDR. 5N FDS DWODBSDC (E) EQDPTDMBHDR, LTKSHOKX SGD ODQBDMS@FD AX
600. 5GD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBHDR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.10.
,OG<?L I@ 2?F?PCMCIHM .?L=?HN #RJ?=N?> $L?KO?H=S
0 10 (0.10)(600) = 60
1 16 (0.16)(600) = 96
2 55 (0.55)(600) = 330
3 11 (0.11)(600) = 66
KRAN 3 8 (0.08)(600) = 48
2;<F? 11.11
5GDQDENQD, SGD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBHDR @QD 60, 96, 330, 66, @MC 48. *M SGD 5* B@KBTK@SNQR, XNT B@M KDS SGD
B@KBTK@SNQ CN SGD L@SG. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HMRSD@C NE 60, DMSDQ 0.10*600.
!
0
: 5GD "MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR" CHRSQHATSHNM NE E@Q VDRSDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR E@LHKHDR HR SGD R@LD @R SGD "MTLADQ
NE SDKDUHRHNMR" CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM.
!
7
: 5GD "MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR" CHRSQHATSHNM NE E@Q VDRSDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR E@LHKHDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD
"MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR" CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM.
%HRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS:
4
2
VGDQD :< = (SGD MTLADQ NE BDKKR) k 1 = 5 k 1 = 4.
,-2#
:< w 600 k 1
6A8JA6I: I=: I:HI HI6I>HI>8: ]2 = 29.65
614 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$G6E=:
$CAOL? 11.5
-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD = )(]
2
> 29.65) = 0.000006
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ::
c V = 0.01
c F-U@KTD = 0.000006
4N, V > F-U@KTD.
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS !
E
.
5GHR LD@MR XNT QDIDBS SGD ADKHDE SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD E@Q VDRSDQM RS@SDR HR SGD R@LD @R SG@S NE SGD
"LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD.
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
"MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR" CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD E@Q VDRSDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNLSGD "MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR"
CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD.
1QDRR )*A* @MC E$*E(. .@JD RTQD SN BKD@Q KHRSR "1, "2, @MC "3 HE SGDX G@UD C@S@ HM SGDL (RDD SGD MNSD
@S SGD DMC NE #R;GJF? 11.2). *MSN "1, OTS SGD NARDQUDC EQDPTDMBHDR 66, 119, 349, 60, 15. *MSN "2, OTS
SGD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBHDR .10*600, .16*600, .55*600, .11*600, .08*600. "QQNV NUDQ SN KHRS "3
@MC TO SN SGD M@LD @QD@ ""3". &MSDQ ("1-"2)22/"2 @MC E$*E(. 1QDRR 2>6 '+*. 1QDRR 2>6 ")*
@MC @QQNV NUDQ SN #A*H. 1QDRR 5. :NT RGNTKC RDD "CE=" (E>D7B "3). 3NTMCDC SN 2 CDBHL@K OK@BDR,
XNT RGNTKC RDD 29.65. 1QDRR 2>6 D)*(. 1QDRR 7 NQ "QQNV CNVM SN 7:M2568 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. &MSDQ
(29.65,1E99,4). 3NTMCDC SN ENTQ OK@BDR, XNT RGNTKC RDD 5.77E-6 = .000006 (QNTMCDC SN RHW
CDBHL@K OK@BDR), VGHBG HR SGD O-U@KTD.
5GD MDVDQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR G@UD HM )*A* *E)*) SGD SDRS C:;2 G%F. 5N QTM SGD SDRS, OTS SGD NARDQUDC
U@KTDR (SGD C@S@) HMSN @ EHQRS KHRS @MC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR (SGD U@KTDR XNT DWODBS HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD)
HMSN @ RDBNMC KHRS. 1QDRR )*A* *E)*) @MC C:;2 G%F. &MSDQ SGD KHRS M@LDR ENQ SGD 0ARDQUDC KHRS @MC SGD
&WODBSDC KHRS. &MSDQ SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL @MC OQDRR 53<5E<3D7 NQ 6B3G. .@JD RTQD XNT BKD@Q @MX KHRSR
ADENQD XNT RS@QS.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 615
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11.3 5GD DWODBSDC ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD MTLADQ NE ODSR RSTCDMSR G@UD HM SGDHQ GNLDR HR CHRSQHATSDC (SGHR HR SGD FHUDM
CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD RSTCDMS ONOTK@SHNM NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR) @R HM 2;<F? 11.12.
,OG<?L I@ .?NM .?L=?HN
0 18
1 25
2 30
3 18
4+ 9
2;<F? 11.12
" Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 1,000 RSTCDMSR EQNL SGD &@RSDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR QDRTKSDC HM SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 11.13.
,OG<?L I@ .?NM $L?KO?H=S
0 210
1 240
2 320
3 140
4+ 90
2;<F? 11.13
"S SGD 1%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, CNDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM oMTLADQ NE ODSRp NE RSTCDMSR HM SGD &@RSDQM 6MHSDC
4S@SDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR RSTCDMS ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
$T=ILHA 11.4
4TOONRD XNT EKHO SVN BNHMR 100 SHLDR. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD 20 !!, 27 !-, 30 -!, @MC 23 --. "QD SGD BNHMR E@HQ 5DRS
@S @ 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
1IFONCIH 11.4
5GHR OQNAKDLB@M AD RDS TO @R @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS OQNAKDL. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD ENQ EKHOOHMF SVN E@HQ BNHMR HR Z!!, !-,
-!, --\. 0TS NE 100 EKHOR, XNT VNTKC DWODBS 25 !!, 25 !-, 25 -!, @MC 25 --. 5GHR HR SGD DWODBSDC CHRSQHATSHNM.
616 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5GD PTDRSHNM, ""QD SGD BNHMR E@HQ" HR SGD R@LD @R R@XHMF, "%NDR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD BNHMR (20 !!, 27 !-, 30
-!, 23 --) EHS SGD DWODBSDC CHRSQHATSHNM"
/6C9DB 36G>67A:: -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR HM NMD EKHO NE SGD SVN BNHMR. 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2.
(5GDQD @QD 0, 1, NQ 2 GD@CR HM SGD EKHO NE SVN BNHMR.) 5GDQDENQD, SGD CJB7:G D; 8:AAH >H I=G::. 4HMBD 1 = SGD MTLADQ
NE GD@CR, SGD NARDQUDC EQDPTDMBHDR @QD 20 (ENQ SVN GD@CR), 57 (ENQ NMD GD@C), @MC 23 (ENQ YDQN GD@CR NQ ANSG S@HKR).
5GD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBHDR @QD 25 (ENQ SVN GD@CR), 50 (ENQ NMD GD@C), @MC 25 (ENQ YDQN GD@CR NQ ANSG S@HKR). 5GHR SDRS
HR QHFGS-S@HKDC.
H
0
: 5GD BNHMR @QD E@HQ.
H
a
: 5GD BNHMR @QD MNS E@HQ.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI:
2
2
VGDQD :< = 3 k 1 = 2.
6A8JA6I: I=: I:HI HI6I>HI>8: ]
2
= 2.14
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 11.6
-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD = )(]
2
> 2.14) = 0.3430
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ::
c V = 0.05
c F-U@KTD = 0.3430
V < F-U@KTD.
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V < F-U@KTD, CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD BNHMR @QD MNS E@HQ.
1QDRR )*A* @MC E$*E(. .@JD RTQD XNT BKD@Q KHRSR "1, "2, @MC "3 HE SGDX G@UD C@S@ HM SGDL. *MSN "1, OTS SGD
NARDQUDC EQDPTDMBHDR 20, 57, 23. *MSN "2, OTS SGD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBHDR 25, 50, 25. "QQNV NUDQ SN KHRS "3
@MC TO SN SGD M@LD @QD@ ""3". &MSDQ ("1-"2)22/"2 @MC E$*E(. 1QDRR 2>6 '+*. 1QDRR 2>6 ")*
@MC @QQNV NUDQ SN #A*H. 1QDRR 5. :NT RGNTKC RDD "CE=".E>D7B "3. 3NTMCDC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR,
XNT RGNTKC RDD 2.14. 1QDRR 2>6 D)*(. "QQNV CNVM SN 7:M2568 (NQ OQDRR 7). 1QDRR E$*E(. &MSDQ
2.14,1E99,2). 3NTMCDC SN ENTQ OK@BDR, XNT RGNTKC RDD .3430, VGHBG HR SGD O-U@KTD.
5GD MDVDQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR G@UD HM )*A* *E)*) SGD SDRS C:;2 G%F. 5N QTM SGD SDRS, OTS SGD NARDQUDC
U@KTDR (SGD C@S@) HMSN @ EHQRS KHRS @MC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR (SGD U@KTDR XNT DWODBS HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD)
HMSN @ RDBNMC KHRS. 1QDRR )*A* *E)*) @MC C:;2 G%F. &MSDQ SGD KHRS M@LDR ENQ SGD 0ARDQUDC KHRS @MC SGD
&WODBSDC KHRS. &MSDQ SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL @MC OQDRR 53<5E<3D7 NQ 6B3G. .@JD RTQD XNT BKD@Q @MX KHRSR
ADENQD XNT RS@QS.
11.4 4STCDMSR HM @ RNBH@K RSTCHDR BK@RR GXONSGDRHYD SG@S SGD KHSDQ@BX Q@SDR @BQNRR SGD VNQKC ENQ DUDQX QDFHNM @QD
82%. 2;<F? 11.14 RGNVR SGD @BST@K KHSDQ@BX Q@SDR @BQNRR SGD VNQKC AQNJDM CNVM AX QDFHNM. 8G@S @QD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
@MC SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 617
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+"% 0?ACIH A>OFN *CN?L;=S 0;N? (%)
#ARAHKLA@ 1ACEKJO 99.0
"KIIKJSA=HPD KB (J@ALAJ@AJP 2P=PAO 99.5
-KNPDANJ BNE?= 67.3
2Q>-2=D=N=J BNE?= 62.5
+=PEJ IANE?= =J@ PDA "=NE>>A=J 91.0
$=OPANJ OE= 93.8
2KQPDANJ OE= 61.9
2KQPD-$=OPANJ OE= 91.9
6AOPANJ OE= 84.5
.?A=JE= 66.4
2;<F? 11.14
11.3 U 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
5DRSR NE HMCDODMCDMBD HMUNKUD TRHMF @ 8DCI>C<:C8N I67A: NE NARDQUDC (C@S@) U@KTDR.
5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ @ I:HI D; >C9:E:C9:C8: HR RHLHK@Q SN SG@S NE @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS:
(i j)
(O E)
2
E
VGDQD:
c ( = NARDQUDC U@KTDR
c E = DWODBSDC U@KTDR
c ? = SGD MTLADQ NE QNVR HM SGD S@AKD
c @ = SGD MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR HM SGD S@AKD
5GDQD @QD i j SDQLR NE SGD ENQL
(O E)
2
E
.
A I:HI D; >C9:E:C9:C8: 9:I:GB>C:H L=:I=:G ILD ;68IDGH 6G: >C9:E:C9:CI DG CDI. :NT EHQRS DMBNTMSDQDC SGD SDQL
HMCDODMCDMBD HM 1?=NCIH 3.. "R @ QDUHDV, BNMRHCDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKD.
618 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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,-2#
5GD DWODBSDC U@KTD ENQ D@BG BDKK MDDCR SN AD @S KD@RS EHUD HM NQCDQ ENQ XNT SN TRD SGHR SDRS.
$T=ILHA 11.5
4TOONRD A = @ RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNM HM SGD K@RS XD@Q @MC B = @ BDKK OGNMD TRDQ VGHKD CQHUHMF. *E A @MC B @QD
HMCDODMCDMS SGDM )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B). A "/% B HR SGD DUDMS SG@S @ CQHUDQ QDBDHUDC @ RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNM K@RS
XD@Q @MC @KRN TRDC @ BDKK OGNMD VGHKD CQHUHMF. 4TOONRD, HM @ RSTCX NE CQHUDQR VGN QDBDHUDC RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNMR
HM SGD K@RS XD@Q, @MC VGN TRDC BDKK OGNMD VGHKD CQHUHMF, SG@S 755 ODNOKD VDQD RTQUDXDC. 0TS NE SGD 755, 70 G@C @
RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNM @MC 685 CHC MNS; 305 TRDC BDKK OGNMDR VGHKD CQHUHMF @MC 450 CHC MNS.
-DS O = DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE CQHUDQR VGN TRDC @ BDKK OGNMD VGHKD CQHUHMF @MC QDBDHUDC RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNMR.
*E A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B). #X RTARSHSTSHNM,
y
755
=
70
755
305
755
4NKUD ENQ O: O =
(70)(305)
755
= 28.3
"ANTS 28 ODNOKD EQNL SGD R@LOKD @QD DWODBSDC SN TRD BDKK OGNMDR VGHKD CQHUHMF @MC SN QDBDHUD RODDCHMF
UHNK@SHNMR.
*M @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD, VD RS@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR HM VNQCR. 4HMBD SGD BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD
BNMRHRSR NE ILD ;68IDGH, SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR RS@SDR SG@S SGD E@BSNQR @QD >C9:E:C9:CI @MC SGD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR
RS@SDR SG@S SGDX @QD CDI >C9:E:C9:CI (9:E:C9:CI). *E VD CN @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD TRHMF SGD DW@LOKD, SGDM SGD
MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR:
!
0
: #DHMF @ BDKK OGNMD TRDQ VGHKD CQHUHMF @MC QDBDHUHMF @ RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNM @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
*E SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VDQD SQTD, VD VNTKC DWODBS @ANTS 28 ODNOKD SN TRD BDKK OGNMDR VGHKD CQHUHMF @MC SN
QDBDHUD @ RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNM.
1=: I:HI D; >C9:E:C9:C8: >H 6AL6NH G><=I-I6>A:9 ADB@TRD NE SGD B@KBTK@SHNM NE SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB. *E SGD
DWODBSDC @MC NARDQUDC U@KTDR @QD MNS BKNRD SNFDSGDQ, SGDM SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR UDQX K@QFD @MC V@X NTS HM SGD QHFGS
S@HK NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD BTQUD, @R HS HR HM @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS.
5GD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGD SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD HR:
:< = (MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR - 1)(MTLADQ NE QNVR - 1)
5GD ENKKNVHMF ENQLTK@ B@KBTK@SDR SGD :ME:8I:9 CJB7:G (E):
E =
(row total)(column total)
total number surveyed
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 619
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11.5 "R@LOKD NE 300 RSTCDMSR HR S@JDM. 0E SGD RSTCDMSR RTQUDXDC, 50 VDQD LTRHB RSTCDMSR, VGHKD 250 VDQD MNS. /HMDSX-
RDUDM VDQD NM SGD GNMNQ QNKK, VGHKD 203 VDQD MNS. *E VD @RRTLD ADHMF @ LTRHB RSTCDMS @MC ADHMF NM SGD GNMNQ QNKK @QD
HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR, VG@S HR SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE LTRHB RSTCDMSR VGN @QD @KRN NM SGD GNMNQ QNKK
$T=ILHA 11.6
*M @ UNKTMSDDQ FQNTO, @CTKSR 21 @MC NKCDQ UNKTMSDDQ EQNL NMD SN MHMD GNTQR D@BG VDDJ SN RODMC SHLD VHSG @
CHR@AKDC RDMHNQ BHSHYDM. 5GD OQNFQ@L QDBQTHSR @LNMF BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR, ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR, @MC
MNMRSTCDMSR. *M 2;<F? 11.15 HR @ H6BEA: NE SGD @CTKS UNKTMSDDQR @MC SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR SGDX UNKTMSDDQ ODQ VDDJ.
2SJ? I@ 4IFOHN??L 1X3 &IOLM 4X6 &IOLM 7X9 &IOLM 0IQ 2IN;F
"KIIQJEPU "KHHACA 2PQ@AJPO 111 96 48 255
%KQN-8A=N "KHHACA 2PQ@AJPO 96 133 61 290
-KJOPQ@AJPO 91 150 53 294
"KHQIJ 3KP=H 298 379 162 839
2;<F? 11.15 ,OG<?L I@ &IOLM 5ILE?> .?L 5??E <S 4IFOHN??L 2SJ? (-<M?LP?>) 3DA
P=>HA ?KJP=EJO I<M?LP?> (-) R=HQAO (@=P=).
*R SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR UNKTMSDDQDC >C9:E:C9:CI NE SGD SXOD NE UNKTMSDDQ
1IFONCIH 11.6
5GD D7H:GK:9 I67A: @MC SGD PTDRSHNM @S SGD DMC NE SGD OQNAKDL, "*R SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR UNKTMSDDQDC HMCDODMCDMS
NE SGD SXOD NE UNKTMSDDQ" SDKK XNT SGHR HR @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD. 5GD SVN E@BSNQR @QD CJB7:G D; =DJGH
KDAJCI::G:9 @MC INE: D; KDAJCI::G. 5GHR SDRS HR @KV@XR QHFGS-S@HKDC.
!
0
: 5GD MTLADQ NE GNTQR UNKTMSDDQDC HR >C9:E:C9:CI NE SGD SXOD NE UNKTMSDDQ.
!
7
: 5GD MTLADQ NE GNTQR UNKTMSDDQDC HR 9:E:C9:CI NM SGD SXOD NE UNKTMSDDQ.
5GD DWODBSDC QDRTKS @QD HM 2;<F? 11.15.
2SJ? I@ 4IFOHN??L 1-3 &IOLM 4-6 &IOLM 7-9 &IOLM
!IGGOHCNS !IFF?A? 1NO>?HNM 90.57 115.19 49.24
$IOL-7?;L !IFF?A? 1NO>?HNM 103.00 131.00 56.00
,IHMNO>?HNM 104.42 132.81 56.77
2;<F? 11.16 ,OG<?L I@ &IOLM 5ILE?> .?L 5??E <S 4IFOHN??L 2SJ?
(#RJ?=N?>) 3DA P=>HA ?KJP=EJO ?RJ?=N?> (E) R=HQAO (@=P=).
'NQ DW@LOKD, SGD B@KBTK@SHNM ENQ SGD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBX ENQ SGD SNO KDES BDKK HR
E =
(row total)(column total)
total number surveyed
=
(255)(298)
839
= 90.57
620 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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6A8JA6I: I=: I:HI HI6I>HI>8: ]
2
= 12.99 (B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ)
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI:
4
2
:< = (3 BNKTLMR k 1)(3 QNVR k 1) = (2)(2) = 4
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 11.7
-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD=)(]
2
> 12.99) = 0.0113
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: 4HMBD MN V HR FHUDM, @RRTLD V = 0.05. F-U@KTD = 0.0113. V > F-U@KTD.
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS !
0
. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGD E@BSNQR @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
MTLADQ NE GNTQR UNKTMSDDQDC @MC SGD SXOD NE UNKTMSDDQ @QD CDODMCDMS NM NMD @MNSGDQ.
'NQ SGD DW@LOKD HM 2;<F? 11.15, HE SGDQD G@C ADDM @MNSGDQ SXOD NE UNKTMSDDQ, SDDM@FDQR, VG@S VNTKC SGD
CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL AD
1QDRR SGD #A*(- JDX @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN ED*. 1QDRR 1:0A1. 1QDRR 3 E$*E( 3 E$*E(. &MSDQ SGD
S@AKD U@KTDR AX QNV EQNL 2;<F? 11.15. 1QDRR E$*E( @ESDQ D@BG. 1QDRR 2>6 '+*. 1QDRR )*A* @MC
@QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). "QQNV CNVM SN C:M2-*E)*. 1QDRR E$*E(. :NT RGNTKC RDD %4C7BF76:0A1 3>6
EH@75D76:0B1. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7. 1QDRR E$*E(. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR 12.9909 @MC SGD F-U@KTD
= 0.0113. %N SGD OQNBDCTQD @ RDBNMC SHLD, ATS @QQNV CNVM SN DB3G HMRSD@C NE 53<5E<3D7.
11.6 5GD #TQD@T NE -@ANQ 4S@SHRSHBR F@SGDQR C@S@ @ANTS DLOKNXLDMS HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. " R@LOKD HR S@JDM SN
B@KBTK@SD SGD MTLADQ NE 6.4. BHSHYDMR VNQJHMF HM NMD NE RDUDQ@K HMCTRSQX RDBSNQR NUDQ SHLD. 2;<F? 11.17 RGNVR SGD
QDRTKSR:
'H>OMNLS 1?=NIL 2000 2010 2020 2IN;F
-KJ=CNE?QHPQNA S=CA =J@ O=H=NU 13,243 13,044 15,018 41,305
&KK@O-LNK@Q?EJC, AT?HQ@EJC =CNE?QHPQNA 2,457 1,771 1,950 6,178
2ANRE?AO-LNKRE@EJC 10,786 11,273 13,068 35,127
CNE?QHPQNA, BKNAOPNU, BEODEJC, =J@ DQJPEJC 240 214 201 655
2;<F? 11.17
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 621
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'H>OMNLS 1?=NIL 2000 2010 2020 2IN;F
-KJ=CNE?QHPQNA OAHB-AILHKUA@ =J@ QJL=E@ B=IEHU SKNGAN 931 894 972 2,797
2A?KJ@=NU S=CA =J@ O=H=NU FK>O EJ =CNE?QHPQNA =J@
LNER=PA DKQOADKH@ EJ@QOPNEAO
14 11 11 36
2A?KJ@=NU FK>O =O = OAHB-AILHKUA@ KN QJL=E@ B=IEHU
SKNGAN
196 144 152 492
3KP=H 27,867 27,351 31,372 86,590
2;<F? 11.17
8D V@MS SN JMNV HE SGD BG@MFD HM SGD MTLADQ NE INAR HR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD BG@MFD HM XD@QR. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC
@KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @MC SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL.
622 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$T=ILHA 11.7
%D "MY@ $NKKDFD HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM @MWHDSX KDUDK @MC SGD MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK. "
Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 400 RSTCDMSR SNNJ @ SDRS SG@S LD@RTQDC @MWHDSX KDUDK @MC MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK. 2;<F?
11.18 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR. %D "MY@ $NKKDFD V@MSR SN JMNV HE @MWHDSX KDUDK @MC MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK @QD
HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
,??> NI 1O==??> CH
1=BIIF
&CAB
AHRC?NS
+?>-
BCAB
AHRC?NS
+?>COG
AHRC?NS
+?>-
FIQ
AHRC?NS
*IQ
AHRC?NS
0IQ
2IN;F
&CAB ,??> 35 42 53 15 10 155
+?>COG ,??> 18 48 63 33 31 193
*IQ ,??> 4 5 11 15 17 52
!IFOGH 2IN;F 57 95 127 63 58 400
2;<F? 11.18 ,??> NI 1O==??> CH 1=BIIF PM. AHRC?NS *?P?F
@. )NV L@MX GHFG @MWHDSX KDUDK RSTCDMSR @QD DWODBSDC SN G@UD @ GHFG MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK
1IFONCIH 11.7
@. 5GD BNKTLM SNS@K ENQ @ GHFG @MWHDSX KDUDK HR 57. 5GD QNV SNS@K ENQ GHFG MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK HR 155. 5GD
R@LOKD RHYD NQ SNS@K RTQUDXDC HR 400.
E =
(row total)(column total)
total surveyed
=
155 57
400
= 22.09
5GD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN G@UD @ GHFG @MWHDSX KDUDK @MC @ GHFG MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK HR @ANTS
22.
A. *E SGD SVN U@QH@AKDR @QD HMCDODMCDMS, GNV L@MX RSTCDMSR CN XNT DWODBS SN G@UD @ KNV MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK
@MC @ LDC-KNV KDUDK NE @MWHDSX
1IFONCIH 11.7
>. 3DA ?KHQIJ PKP=H BKN = IA@-HKS =JTEAPU HARAH EO 63. 3DA NKS PKP=H BKN = HKS JAA@ PK OQ??AA@ EJ O?DKKH
EO 52. 3DA O=ILHA OEVA KN PKP=H OQNRAUA@ EO 400.
B. E =
(row total)(column total)
total surveyed
= ????????
1IFONCIH 11.7
?. E =
(row total)(column total)
total surveyed
= 8.19
C. 5GD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN G@UD @ LDC-KNV @MWHDSX KDUDK @MC @ KNV MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK HR
@ANTS ????????.
1IFONCIH 11.7
@. 8
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 623
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11.7 3DEDQ A@BJ SN SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM 2LS 'N 1.6. )NV L@MX RDQUHBD OQNUHCHMF INAR @QD SGDQD DWODBSDC SN AD HM 2020
)NV L@MX MNM@FQHBTKSTQD V@FD @MC R@K@QX INAR @QD SGDQD DWODBSDC SN AD HM 2020
11.4 U 2?MN @IL &IGIA?H?CNS
5GD FNNCMDRRkNEkEHS SDRS B@M AD TRDC SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ @ ONOTK@SHNM EHSR @ FHUDM CHRSQHATSHNM, ATS HS VHKK MNS RTEEHBD SN CDBHCD
VGDSGDQ SVN ONOTK@SHNMR ENKKNV SGD R@LD TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM. " CHEEDQDMS SDRS, B@KKDC SGD I:HI ;DG =DBD<:C:>IN, B@M AD
TRDC SN CQ@V @ BNMBKTRHNM @ANTS VGDSGDQ SVN ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM. 5N B@KBTK@SD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ @ SDRS
ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX, ENKKNV SGD R@LD OQNBDCTQD @R VHSG SGD SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD.
,-2#
5GD DWODBSDC U@KTD ENQ D@BG BDKK MDDCR SN AD @S KD@RS EHUD HM NQCDQ ENQ XNT SN TRD SGHR SDRS.
&SJINB?M?M
!
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR @QD SGD R@LD.
!
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR @QD MNS SGD R@LD.
2?MN 1N;NCMNC=
6RD @
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB. *S HR BNLOTSDC HM SGD R@LD V@X @R SGD SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD.
"?AL??M I@ $L??>IG ((*)
:< = MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR - 1
0?KOCL?G?HNM
"KK U@KTDR HM SGD S@AKD LTRS AD FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN EHUD.
624 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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!IGGIH 3M?M
$NLO@QHMF SVN ONOTK@SHNMR. 'NQ DW@LOKD: LDM UR. VNLDM, ADENQD UR. @ESDQ, D@RS UR. VDRS. 5GD U@QH@AKD HR B@SDFNQHB@K
VHSG LNQD SG@M SVN ONRRHAKD QDRONMRD U@KTDR.
$T=ILHA 11.8
%N L@KD @MC EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE KHUHMF @QQ@MFDLDMSR 6RD @ KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 0.05. 4TOONRD SG@S 250 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC L@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR @MC 300 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC
EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC @ANTS SGDHQ KHUHMF @QQ@MFDLDMSR: CNQLHSNQX, @O@QSLDMS, VHSG O@QDMSR, NSGDQ.
5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.18. %N L@KD @MC EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE KHUHMF
@QQ@MFDLDMSR
"ILGCNILS AJ;LNG?HN 5CNB .;L?HNM -NB?L
+;F?M 72 84 49 45
$?G;F?M 91 86 88 35
2;<F? 11.19 "CMNLC<ONCIH I@ *CPCHA ALL;A?G?HNM @IL !IFF?A? +;F?M ;H>
!IFF?A? $?G;F?M
1IFONCIH 11.8
!
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE KHUHMF @QQ@MFDLDMSR ENQ L@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR HR SGD R@LD @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE KHUHMF
@QQ@MFDLDMSR ENQ EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR.
!
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE KHUHMF @QQ@MFDLDMSR ENQ L@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR HR MNS SGD R@LD @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE KHUHMF
@QQ@MFDLDMSR ENQ EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR.
!:<G::H D; #G::9DB (df):
:< = MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR k 1 = 4 k 1 = 3
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI:
3
2
6A8JA6I: I=: I:HI HI6I>HI>8: ]
2
= 10.1287 (B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ)
-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD = )(]
2
>10.1287) = 0.0175
1QDRR SGD #A*(- JDX @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN ED*. 1QDRR 1:0A1. 1QDRR 2 E$*E( 4 E$*E(. &MSDQ SGD S@AKD
U@KTDR AX QNV. 1QDRR E$*E( @ESDQ D@BG. 1QDRR 2>6 '+*. 1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). "QQNV
CNVM SN C:M2-*E)*. 1QDRR E$*E(. :NT RGNTKC RDD %4C7BF76:0A1 3>6 EH@75D76:0B1. "QQNV
CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7. 1QDRR E$*E(. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR 10.1287 @MC SGD F-U@KTD = 0.0175. %N SGD OQNBDCTQD
@ RDBNMC SHLD ATS @QQNV CNVM SN DB3G HMRSD@C NE 53<5E<3D7.
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: 4HMBD MN V HR FHUDM, @RRTLD V = 0.05. F-U@KTD = 0.0175. V > F-U@KTD.
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS !
0
. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD MNS SGD R@LD.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
CHRSQHATSHNMR NE KHUHMF @QQ@MFDLDMSR ENQ L@KD @MC EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR @QD MNS SGD R@LD.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 625
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/NSHBD SG@S SGD BNMBKTRHNM HR NMKX SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD MNS SGD R@LD. 8D B@MMNS TRD SGD SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX
SN CQ@V @MX BNMBKTRHNMR @ANTS GNV SGDX CHEEDQ.
11.8 %N E@LHKHDR @MC RHMFKDR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE B@QR 6RD @ KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 0.05. 4TOONRD SG@S 100
Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC E@LHKHDR @MC 200 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RHMFKDR VDQD @RJDC VG@S SXOD NE B@Q SGDX CQNUD: RONQS, RDC@M,
G@SBGA@BJ, SQTBJ, U@M/467. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.20. %N E@LHKHDR @MC RHMFKDR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM
NE B@QR 5DRS @S @ KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 0.05.
1JILN 1?>;H &;N=B<;=E 2LO=E 4;H/134
%=IEHU 5 15 35 17 28
2EJCHA 45 65 37 46 7
2;<F? 11.20
$T=ILHA 11.9
#NSG ADENQD @MC @ESDQ @ QDBDMS D@QSGPT@JD, RTQUDXR VDQD BNMCTBSDC @RJHMF UNSDQR VGHBG NE SGD SGQDD B@MCHC@SDR
SGDX OK@MMDC NM UNSHMF ENQ HM SGD TOBNLHMF BHSX BNTMBHK DKDBSHNM. )@R SGDQD ADDM @ BG@MFD RHMBD SGD D@QSGPT@JD
6RD @ KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 0.05. 2;<F? 11.20 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX. )@R SGDQD ADDM @ BG@MFD HM SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM NE UNSDQ OQDEDQDMBDR RHMBD SGD D@QSGPT@JD
.?L?T !BOHA 1N?P?HM
?@IL? 167 128 135
A@N?L 214 197 225
2;<F? 11.21
1IFONCIH 11.9
!
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE UNSDQ OQDEDQDMBDR V@R SGD R@LD ADENQD @MC @ESDQ SGD D@QSGPT@JD.
!
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE UNSDQ OQDEDQDMBDR V@R MNS SGD R@LD ADENQD @MC @ESDQ SGD D@QSGPT@JD.
!:<G::H D; #G::9DB (df):
:< = MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR k 1 = 3 k 1 = 2
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI:
2
2
6A8JA6I: I=: I:HI HI6I>HI>8: ]
2
= 3.2603 (B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ)
626 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD=)(]
2
> 3.2603) = 0.1959
1QDRR SGD #A*(- JDX @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN ED*. 1QDRR 1:0A1. 1QDRR 2 E$*E( 3 E$*E(. &MSDQ SGD S@AKD
U@KTDR AX QNV. 1QDRR E$*E( @ESDQ D@BG. 1QDRR 2>6 '+*. 1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). "QQNV
CNVM SN C:M2-*E)*. 1QDRR E$*E(. :NT RGNTKC RDD %4C7BF76:0A1 3>6 EH@75D76:0B1. "QQNV
CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7. 1QDRR E$*E(. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR 3.2603 @MC SGD F-U@KTD = 0.1959. %N SGD OQNBDCTQD
@ RDBNMC SHLD ATS @QQNV CNVM SN DB3G HMRSD@C NE 53<5E<3D7.
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: V = 0.05 @MC SGD F-U@KTD = 0.1959. V < F-U@KTD.
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V < F-U@KTD, CN MNS QDIDBS !
E
.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM NE UNSDQ OQDEDQDMBDR V@R MNS SGD R@LD ADENQD @MC @ESDQ SGD D@QSGPT@JD.
11.9 *UX -D@FTD RBGNNKR QDBDHUD L@MX @OOKHB@SHNMR, ATS NMKX RNLD B@M AD @BBDOSDC. "S SGD RBGNNKR KHRSDC HM
2;<F? 11.22, SVN SXODR NE @OOKHB@SHNMR @QD @BBDOSDC: QDFTK@Q @MC D@QKX CDBHRHNM.
AJJFC=;NCIH 2SJ? A==?JN?> LIQH !IFOG<C; !ILH?FF ";LNGIONB .?HH 7;F?
1ACQH=N 2,115 1,792 5,306 1,734 2,685 1,245
$=NHU #A?EOEKJ 577 627 1,228 444 1,195 761
2;<F? 11.22
8D V@MS SN JMNV HE SGD MTLADQ NE QDFTK@Q @OOKHB@SHNMR @BBDOSDC ENKKNVR SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM @R SGD MTLADQ NE D@QKX
@OOKHB@SHNMR @BBDOSDC. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR, SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB, RJDSBG SGD
FQ@OG NE SGD F-U@KTD, @MC CQ@V @ BNMBKTRHNM @ANTS SGD SDRS NE GNLNFDMDHSX.
11.5 U !IGJ;LCMIH 1OGG;LS I@ NB? !BC-1KO;L? 2?MNM
%II>H?MM-I@-$CN, 'H>?J?H>?H=? ;H> &IGIA?H?CNS
:NT G@UD RDDM SGD ]
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB TRDC HM SGQDD CHEEDQDMS BHQBTLRS@MBDR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF ATKKDSDC KHRS HR @ RTLL@QX SG@S VHKK
GDKO XNT CDBHCD VGHBG ]
2
SDRS HR SGD @OOQNOQH@SD NMD SN TRD.
c $DD9C:HH-D;-#>I: 6RD SGD FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ @ ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM "EHSR" @
JMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM. *M SGHR B@RD SGDQD VHKK AD @ RHMFKD PT@KHS@SHUD RTQUDX PTDRSHNM NQ @ RHMFKD NTSBNLD NE @M DWODQHLDMS
EQNL @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM. (NNCMDRR-NE-'HS HR SXOHB@KKX TRDC SN RDD HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR TMHENQL (@KK NTSBNLDR NBBTQ
VHSG DPT@K EQDPTDMBX), SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K, NQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR SGD R@LD @R @MNSGDQ ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @ JMNVM
CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
!
0
: 5GD ONOTK@SHNM EHSR SGD FHUDM CHRSQHATSHNM.
!
7
: 5GD ONOTK@SHNM CNDR MNS EHS SGD FHUDM CHRSQHATSHNM.
c &C9:E:C9:C8:: 6RD SGD SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ SVN U@QH@AKDR (E@BSNQR) @QD HMCDODMCDMS NQ CDODMCDMS.
*M SGHR B@RD SGDQD VHKK AD SVN PT@KHS@SHUD RTQUDX PTDRSHNMR NQ DWODQHLDMSR @MC @ BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD VHKK AD BNMRSQTBSDC.
5GD FN@K HR SN RDD HE SGD SVN U@QH@AKDR @QD TMQDK@SDC (HMCDODMCDMS) NQ QDK@SDC (CDODMCDMS). 5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 627
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GXONSGDRDR @QD:
!
0
: 5GD SVN U@QH@AKDR (E@BSNQR) @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
!
7
: 5GD SVN U@QH@AKDR (E@BSNQR) @QD CDODMCDMS.
c %DBD<:C:>IN: 6RD SGD SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX SN CDBHCD HE SVN ONOTK@SHNMR VHSG TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNMR G@UD SGD R@LD
CHRSQHATSHNM @R D@BG NSGDQ. *M SGHR B@RD SGDQD VHKK AD @ RHMFKD PT@KHS@SHUD RTQUDX PTDRSHNM NQ DWODQHLDMS FHUDM SN SVN
CHEEDQDMS ONOTK@SHNMR. 5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
!
0
: 5GD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR ENKKNV SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM.
!
7
: 5GD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD CHEEDQDMS CHRSQHATSHNMR.
11.6 U 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
" I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: K6G>6C8: @RRTLDR SG@S SGD TMCDQKXHMF CHRSQHATSHNM HR CDGB6A. 5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR @QD RS@SDC
HM SDQLR NE SGD EDEJA6I>DC K6G>6C8: (NQ ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM). 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR:
n - 1
s
2
2
VGDQD:
c D = SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@
c I
2
= R@LOKD U@QH@MBD
c \
2
= ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD
:NT L@X SGHMJ NE I @R SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HM SGHR SDRS. 5GD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HR :< = D - 1. A I:HI D; 6
H>C<A: K6G>6C8: B6N 7: G><=I-I6>A:9, A:;I-I6>A:9, DG ILD-I6>A:9. #R;GJF? 11.10 VHKK RGNV XNT GNV SN RDS TO SGD MTKK @MC
@KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR. 5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR BNMS@HM RS@SDLDMSR @ANTS SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD.
$T=ILHA 11.10
.@SG HMRSQTBSNQR @QD MNS NMKX HMSDQDRSDC HM GNV SGDHQ RSTCDMSR CN NM DW@LR, NM @UDQ@FD, ATS GNV SGD DW@L RBNQDR
U@QX. 5N L@MX HMRSQTBSNQR, SGD U@QH@MBD (NQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM) L@X AD LNQD HLONQS@MS SG@M SGD @UDQ@FD.
4TOONRD @ L@SG HMRSQTBSNQ ADKHDUDR SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ GHR EHM@K DW@L HR EHUD ONHMSR. 0MD NE GHR
ADRS RSTCDMSR SGHMJR NSGDQVHRD. 5GD RSTCDMS BK@HLR SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR LNQD SG@M EHUD ONHMSR. *E SGD
RSTCDMS VDQD SN BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS, VG@S VNTKC SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR AD
1IFONCIH 11.10
&UDM SGNTFG VD @QD FHUDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, VD B@M RDS TO SGD SDRS TRHMF SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD
@R ENKKNVR.
c !
0
: \
2
= 5
2
c !
7
: \
2
> 5
2
628 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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11.10 " 4$6#" HMRSQTBSNQ V@MSR SN QDBNQC SGD BNKKDBSHUD CDOSGR D@BG NE GHR RSTCDMSR CHUDR CTQHMF SGDHQ BGDBJNTS.
)D HR HMSDQDRSDC HM GNV SGD CDOSGR U@QX, DUDM SGNTFG DUDQXNMD RGNTKC G@UD ADDM @S SGD R@LD CDOSG. )D ADKHDUDR SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR SGQDD EDDS. )HR @RRHRS@MS SGHMJR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR KDRR SG@M SGQDD EDDS. *E SGD HMRSQTBSNQ VDQD
SN BNMCTBS @ SDRS, VG@S VNTKC SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR AD
$T=ILHA 11.11
8HSG HMCHUHCT@K KHMDR @S HSR U@QHNTR VHMCNVR, @ ONRS NEEHBD EHMCR SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ MNQL@KKX
CHRSQHATSDC V@HSHMF SHLDR ENQ BTRSNLDQR NM 'QHC@X @ESDQMNNM HR 7.2 LHMTSDR. 5GD ONRS NEEHBD DWODQHLDMSR VHSG @
RHMFKD, L@HM V@HSHMF KHMD @MC EHMCR SG@S ENQ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 25 BTRSNLDQR, SGD V@HSHMF SHLDR ENQ BTRSNLDQR
G@UD @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 3.5 LHMTSDR.
8HSG @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 5%, SDRS SGD BK@HL SG@S 6 H>C<A: A>C: 86JH:H ADL:G K6G>6I>DC 6BDC< L6>I>C<
I>B:H (H=DGI:G L6>I>C< I>B:H) ;DG 8JHIDB:GH.
1IFONCIH 11.11
4HMBD SGD BK@HL HR SG@S @ RHMFKD KHMD B@TRDR KDRR U@QH@SHNM, SGHR HR @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD U@QH@MBD. 5GD O@Q@LDSDQ HR SGD
ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD, \
2
, NQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \.
/6C9DB 36G>67A:: 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I, HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. -DS I = RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ
SGD V@HSHMF SHLDR.
c !
0
: \
2
= 7.2
2
c !
7
: \
2
< 7.2
2
5GD VNQC "A:HH" SDKKR XNT SGHR HR @ KDES-S@HKDC SDRS.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI:
24
2
, VGDQD:
c D = SGD MTLADQ NE BTRSNLDQR R@LOKDC
c :< = D k 1 = 25 k 1 = 24
6A8JA6I: I=: I:HI HI6I>HI>8:
2
=
(n 1)s
2
2
=
(25 1)(3.5)
2
7.2
2
= 5.67
VGDQD D = 25, I = 3.5, @MC \ = 7.2.
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 11.8
-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD = ) ( ]
2
< 5.67) = 0.000042
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ::
V = 0.05; F-U@KTD = 0.000042; V > F-U@KTD
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS !
0
. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S XNT QDIDBS \
2
= 7.2
2
. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, XNT CN
MNS SGHMJ SGD U@QH@SHNM HM V@HSHMF SHLDR HR 7.2 LHMTSDR; XNT SGHMJ SGD U@QH@SHNM HM V@HSHMF SHLDR HR KDRR.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S @
RHMFKD KHMD B@TRDR @ KNVDQ U@QH@SHNM @LNMF SGD V@HSHMF SHLDR DG VHSG @ RHMFKD KHMD, SGD BTRSNLDQ V@HSHMF SHLDR
U@QX KDRR SG@M 7.2 LHMTSDR.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 629
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*M 2>6 D)*(, TRD 7:M2568. 5GD RXMS@W HR (<?G7B, E@@7B, 68) ENQ SGD O@Q@LDSDQ KHRS. 'NQ
#R;GJF? 11.11, M2568(-1E99,5.67,24). 5GD F-U@KTD = 0.000042.
11.11 5GD '$$ BNMCTBSR AQN@CA@MC RODDC SDRSR SN LD@RTQD GNV LTBG C@S@ ODQ RDBNMC O@RRDR ADSVDDM @ BNMRTLDQnR
BNLOTSDQ @MC SGD HMSDQMDS. "R NE "TFTRS NE 2012, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE *MSDQMDS RODDCR @BQNRR *MSDQMDS 4DQUHBD
1QNUHCDQR (*41R) V@R 12.2 ODQBDMS. 4TOONRD @ R@LOKD NE 15 *41R @QD S@JDM, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 13.2. "M
@M@KXRS BK@HLR SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE RODDCR HR LNQD SG@M VG@S V@R QDONQSDC. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD
GXONSGDRDR, BNLOTSD SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL, SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG NE SGD F-U@KTD, @MC CQ@V @ BNMBKTRHNM.
5DRS @S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
630 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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11.1 *;< 1: !BC-1KO;L? %II>H?MM-I@-$CN
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK DU@KT@SD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDX EHS DHSGDQ SGD TMHENQL NQ DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNMR.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
(N SN XNTQ KNB@K RTODQL@QJDS. "RJ 30 ODNOKD @R SGDX KD@UD ENQ SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NM SGDHQ FQNBDQX QDBDHOSR. (0Q, @RJ
SGQDD B@RGHDQR ENQ SGD K@RS SDM @LNTMSR. #D RTQD SN HMBKTCD SGD DWOQDRR K@MD, HE HS HR NODM.)
,-2#
:NT L@X MDDC SN BNLAHMD SVN B@SDFNQHDR RN SG@S D@BG BDKK G@R @M DWODBSDC U@KTD NE @S KD@RS EHUD.
1. 3DBNQC SGD U@KTDR.
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 11.23
2. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD C@S@. .@JD EHUD SN RHW HMSDQU@KR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC ODMBHK. 4B@KD SGD
@WDR.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 631
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$CAOL? 11.9
3. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ????????
>. I = ????????
?. I
2
= ????????
3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
5DRS SN RDD HE FQNBDQX QDBDHOSR ENKKNV SGD TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
1. 6RHMF XNTQ KNVDRS @MC GHFGDRS U@KTDR, 1 ] . (???????, ???????)
2. %HUHCD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HMSN EHESGR.
3. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. KNVDRS U@KTD = ?????????
>. 20
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ?????????
?. 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ?????????
@. 60
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ?????????
A. 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ?????????
B. GHFGDRS U@KTD = ?????????
4. 'NQ D@BG EHESG, BNTMS SGD NARDQUDC MTLADQ NE QDBDHOSR @MC QDBNQC HS. 5GDM CDSDQLHMD SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE
QDBDHOSR @MC QDBNQC SG@S.
$C@NB -<M?LP?> #RJ?=N?>
1
OP
2
J@
3
N@
4
PD
5
PD
2;<F? 11.24
5. !
0
: ????????
6. !
7
: ????????
7. 8G@S CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS
632 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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8. 8GX CHC XNT BGNNRD SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM
9. $@KBTK@SD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB.
10. 'HMC SGD F-U@KTD.
11. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD N-@WHR. 4G@CD SGD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
$CAOL? 11.10
12. 4S@SD XNTQ CDBHRHNM.
13. 4S@SD XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
#RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
5DRS SN RDD HE FQNBDQX QDBDHOSR ENKKNV SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ
1
x
.
1. 6RHMF
1
x
2
= 2
d f
k
(O E)
2
E
FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS RS@SHRSHB VGDQD:
(: NARDQUDC U@KTDR
E: DWODBSDC U@KTDR
A: MTLADQ NE CHEEDQDMS C@S@ BDKKR NQ B@SDFNQHDR
:< = A u 1 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
11.3 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
3AOP KB (J@ALAJ@AJ?A
c 5GD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HR DPT@K SN (MTLADQ
NE BNKTLMR - 1)(MTLADQ NE QNVR - 1).
c 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR
(i j)
(O E)
2
E
VGDQD ( = NARDQUDC
U@KTDR, E = DWODBSDC U@KTDR, ? = SGD MTLADQ NE QNVR HM
SGD S@AKD, @MC @ = SGD MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR HM SGD S@AKD.
c *E SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD, SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ
E =
(row total)(column total)
total surveyed
.
11.4 2?MN @IL &IGIA?H?CNS
i j
(O E)
2
E
)NLNFDMDHSX SDRS RS@SHRSHB VGDQD: ( =
NARDQUDC U@KTDR
E = DWODBSDC U@KTDR
? = MTLADQ NE QNVR HM C@S@ BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD
@ = MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR HM C@S@ BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD
:< = (? u1)(@ u1) %DFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
11.6 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
2
=
(n 1) s
2
2
5DRS NE @ RHMFKD U@QH@MBD RS@SHRSHB
VGDQD:
D: R@LOKD RHYD
I: R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
\: ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
:< = D k 1 %DFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
3AOP KB = 2EJCHA 5=NE=J?A
c 6RD SGD SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD U@QH@SHNM.
c 5GD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HR SGD MTLADQ NE R@LOKDR k 1.
c 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR
(n 1) s
2
2
, VGDQD D = SGD SNS@K
MTLADQ NE C@S@, I
2
= R@LOKD U@QH@MBD, @MC \
2
=
ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD.
c 5GD SDRS L@X AD KDES-, QHFGS-, NQ SVN-S@HKDC.
.0A!2'!#
11.1 $;=NM A<ION NB? !BC-1KO;L? "CMNLC<ONCIH
1. *E SGD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ @ BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM HR 25, VG@S HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM
2. *E :< > 90, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR ?????????????. *E :< = 15, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR ????????????????.
3. 8GDM CNDR SGD BGH-RPT@QD BTQUD @OOQNWHL@SD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
4. 8GDQD HR Z KNB@SDC NM @ BGH-RPT@QD BTQUD
5. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SGD :< HR 90, 20, NQ SVN HM SGD FQ@OG
$CAOL? 11.13
638 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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11.2 %II>H?MM-I@-$CN 2?MN
D;J;HC?D; J>; 7FFHEFH?7J; J;IJ JE 8; KI;: ?D J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I.
6. "M @QBGDNKNFHRS HR B@KBTK@SHMF SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD EQDPTDMBX NE SGD MTLADQ NE @QSHE@BSR RGD EHMCR HM @ CHF RHSD. #@RDC NM
OQDUHNTR CHFR, SGD @QBGDNKNFHRS BQD@SDR @M DWODBSDC CHRSQHATSHNM AQNJDM CNVM AX FQHC RDBSHNMR HM SGD CHF RHSD. 0MBD SGD RHSD
G@R ADDM ETKKX DWB@U@SDC, RGD BNLO@QDR SGD @BST@K MTLADQ NE @QSHE@BSR ENTMC HM D@BG FQHC RDBSHNM SN RDD HE GDQ DWODBS@SHNM
V@R @BBTQ@SD.
7. "M DBNMNLHRS HR CDQHUHMF @ LNCDK SN OQDCHBS NTSBNLDR NM SGD RSNBJ L@QJDS. )D BQD@SDR @ KHRS NE DWODBSDC ONHMSR NM SGD
RSNBJ L@QJDS HMCDW ENQ SGD MDWS SVN VDDJR. "S SGD BKNRD NE D@BG C@XnR SQ@CHMF, GD QDBNQCR SGD @BST@K ONHMSR NM SGD HMCDW. )D
V@MSR SN RDD GNV VDKK GHR LNCDK L@SBGDC VG@S @BST@KKX G@OODMDC.
8. " ODQRNM@K SQ@HMDQ HR OTSSHMF SNFDSGDQ @ VDHFGS-KHESHMF OQNFQ@L ENQ GDQ BKHDMSR. 'NQ @ 90-C@X OQNFQ@L, RGD DWODBSR D@BG
BKHDMS SN KHES @ RODBHEHB L@WHLTL VDHFGS D@BG VDDJ. "R RGD FNDR @KNMF, RGD QDBNQCR SGD @BST@K L@WHLTL VDHFGSR GDQ BKHDMSR
KHESDC. 4GD V@MSR SN JMNV GNV VDKK GDQ DWODBS@SHNMR LDS VHSG VG@S V@R NARDQUDC.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: " SD@BGDQ OQDCHBSR SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE FQ@CDR NM
SGD EHM@K DW@L VHKK AD HM 2;<F? 11.27.
%L;>? .LIJILNCIH
0.25
! 0.30
" 0.35
# 0.10
2;<F? 11.27
5GD @BST@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @ BK@RR NE 20 HR HM 2;<F? 11.28.
%L;>? $L?KO?H=S
7
! 7
" 5
# 1
2;<F? 11.28
9. d f = ??????
10. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
11. ]
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB = ??????
12. F-U@KTD = ??????
13. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VG@S B@M XNT BNMBKTCD
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 639
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ D?D; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD QD@K. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD MTLADQ NE
"*%4 B@RDR QDONQSDC ENQ 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX HR AQNJDM CNVM AX DSGMHBHSX @R HM 2;<F? 11.29.
#NBHC=CNS ,OG<?L I@ !;M?M
6DEPA 2,229
'EOL=JE? 1,157
!H=?G/BNE?=J-IANE?=J 457
OE=J, /=?EBE? (OH=J@AN 232
3KP=H = 4,075
2;<F? 11.29
5GD ODQBDMS@FD NE D@BG DSGMHB FQNTO HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX HR @R HM 2;<F? 11.30.
#NBHC=CNS
.?L=?HN;A? I@ NIN;F =IOHNS
JIJOF;NCIH
,OG<?L ?RJ?=N?> (LIOH> NI NQI
>?=CG;F JF;=?M)
5BCN? 42.9% 3,464.18
&CMJ;HC= 26.7%
F;=E/A@LC=;H-
AG?LC=;H
2.6%
AMC;H, .;=C@C=
'MF;H>?L
27.8%
3KP=H = 100%
2;<F? 11.30
14. *E SGD DSGMHBHSHDR NE "*%4 UHBSHLR ENKKNVDC SGD DSGMHBHSHDR NE SGD SNS@K BNTMSX ONOTK@SHNM, EHKK HM SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE
B@RDR ODQ DSGMHB FQNTO.
);H<EHC 7 =EE:D;II-E<-<?J J;IJ JE :;J;HC?D; M>;J>;H J>; E99KHH;D9; E< A"D, 97I;I <EBBEMI J>; ;J>D?9?J?;I E< J>; =;D;H7B
FEFKB7J?ED E< ,7DJ7 CB7H7 CEKDJO.
15. !
0
: ???????
16. !
7
: ???????
17. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC, KDES-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
18. CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL = ???????
19. ]
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB = ???????
20. F-U@KTD = ???????
21. (Q@OG SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. .@QJ SGD LD@M @MC SDRS RS@SHRSHB. 4G@CD HM SGD QDFHNM
BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
640 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 11.14
-DS V = 0.05
%DBHRHNM: ????????????????
3D@RNM ENQ SGD %DBHRHNM: ????????????????
$NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR): ????????????????
22. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD O@SSDQM NE "*%4 B@RDR HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE DSGMHB FQNTOR HM
SGHR BNTMSX 8GX NQ VGX MNS
11.3 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
D;J;HC?D; J>; 7FFHEFH?7J; J;IJ JE 8; KI;: ?D J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I.
23. " OG@QL@BDTSHB@K BNLO@MX HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM @FD @MC OQDRDMS@SHNM NE RXLOSNLR ENQ @ BNLLNM
UHQ@K HMEDBSHNM. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD HR S@JDM NE 500 ODNOKD VHSG SGD HMEDBSHNM @BQNRR CHEEDQDMS @FD FQNTOR.
24. 5GD NVMDQ NE @ A@RDA@KK SD@L HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM OK@XDQ R@K@QHDR @MC SD@L VHMMHMF ODQBDMS@FD. )D
S@JDR @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 OK@XDQR EQNL CHEEDQDMS NQF@MHY@SHNMR.
25. " L@Q@SGNM QTMMDQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD AQ@MC NE RGNDR QTMMDQR VD@Q @MC SGDHQ QTM SHLDR. 4GD
S@JDR @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 50 QTMMDQR @MC QDBNQCR SGDHQ QTM SHLDR @R VDKK @R SGD AQ@MC NE RGNDR SGDX VDQD VD@QHMF.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: 5Q@MRHS 3@HKQN@CR HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM
SQ@UDK CHRS@MBD @MC SGD SHBJDS BK@RR OTQBG@RDC. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 200 O@RRDMFDQR HR S@JDM. 2;<F? 11.31 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR.
5GD Q@HKQN@C V@MSR SN JMNV HE @ O@RRDMFDQnR BGNHBD HM SHBJDS BK@RR HR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD CHRS@MBD SGDX LTRS SQ@UDK.
2L;P?FCHA "CMN;H=? 2BCL> =F;MM 1?=IH> =F;MM $CLMN =F;MM 2IN;F
1_100 IEHAO 21 14 6 41
101_200 IEHAO 18 16 8 42
201_300 IEHAO 16 17 15 48
301_400 IEHAO 12 14 21 47
401_500 IEHAO 6 6 10 22
3KP=H 73 67 60 200
2;<F? 11.31
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 641
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26. 4S@SD SGD GXONSGDRDR.
!
0
: ???????
!
7
: ???????
27. :< = ???????
28. )NV L@MX O@RRDMFDQR @QD DWODBSDC SN SQ@UDK ADSVDDM 201 @MC 300 LHKDR @MC OTQBG@RD RDBNMC-BK@RR SHBJDSR
29. )NV L@MX O@RRDMFDQR @QD DWODBSDC SN SQ@UDK ADSVDDM 401 @MC 500 LHKDR @MC OTQBG@RD EHQRS-BK@RR SHBJDSR
30. 8G@S HR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
31. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
32. 8G@S B@M XNT BNMBKTCD @S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I: "M @QSHBKD HM SGD /DV &MFK@MC +NTQM@K NE .DCHBHMD,
CHRBTRRDC @ RSTCX NM RLNJDQR HM $@KHENQMH@ @MC )@V@HH. *M NMD O@QS NE SGD QDONQS, SGD RDKE-QDONQSDC DSGMHBHSX @MC RLNJHMF
KDUDKR ODQ C@X VDQD FHUDM. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF @S LNRS SDM BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 9,886 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 2,745
/@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 12,831 -@SHMNR, 8,378 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR @MC 7,650 VGHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR
ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 6,514 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 3,062 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 4,932 -@SHMNR, 10,680 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC
9,877 VGHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 1,671 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 1,419 /@SHUD
)@V@HH@MR, 1,406 -@SHMNR, 4,715 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 6,062 VGHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF @S KD@RS 31 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ
C@X, SGDQD VDQD 759 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 788 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 800 -@SHMNR, 2,305 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 3,970 VGHSDR.
33. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD.
1GIECHA *?P?F
.?L ";S
A@LC=;H
AG?LC=;H
,;NCP?
&;Q;CC;H
*;NCHI
(;J;H?M?
AG?LC=;HM
5BCN? 2-2A*1
1-10
11-20
21-30
31+
2-2A*1
2;<F? 11.32 1GIECHA *?P?FM <S #NBHC=CNS (-<M?LP?>)
34. 4S@SD SGD GXONSGDRDR.
!
0
: ???????
!
7
: ???????
35. &MSDQ DWODBSDC U@KTDR HM 2;<F? 11.32. 3NTMC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
$@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF U@KTDR:
36. :< = ???????
37.
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB = ??????
38. F-U@KTD = ??????
39. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC, KDES-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS &WOK@HM VGX.
40. (Q@OG SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. .@QJ SGD LD@M @MC SDRS RS@SHRSHB. 4G@CD HM SGD QDFHNM
BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
642 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 11.15
4S@SD SGD CDBHRHNM @MC BNMBKTRHNM (HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD) ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF OQDBNMBDHUDC KDUDKR NE V.
41. V = 0.05
=. %DBHRHNM: ???????????????????
>. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD CDBHRHNM: ???????????????????
?. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD): ???????????????????
42. V = 0.01
=. %DBHRHNM: ???????????????????
>. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD CDBHRHNM: ???????????????????
?. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD): ???????????????????
11.4 2?MN @IL &IGIA?H?CNS
43. " L@SG SD@BGDQ V@MSR SN RDD HE SVN NE GDQ BK@RRDR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SDRS RBNQDR. 8G@S SDRS RGNTKC RGD TRD
44. 8G@S @QD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR ENQ #R?L=CM? 11.43
45. " L@QJDS QDRD@QBGDQ V@MSR SN RDD HE SVN CHEEDQDMS RSNQDR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE R@KDR SGQNTFGNTS SGD XD@Q. 8G@S
SXOD NE SDRS RGNTKC GD TRD
46. " LDSDNQNKNFHRS V@MSR SN JMNV HE &@RS @MC 8DRS "TRSQ@KH@ G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE RSNQLR. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS RGNTKC
RGD TRD
47. 8G@S BNMCHSHNM LTRS AD LDS SN TRD SGD SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: %N OQHU@SD OQ@BSHBD CNBSNQR @MC GNROHS@K CNBSNQR G@UD SGD
R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE VNQJHMF GNTQR 4TOONRD SG@S @ R@LOKD NE 100 OQHU@SD OQ@BSHBD CNBSNQR @MC 150 GNROHS@K CNBSNQR @QD
RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL @MC @RJDC @ANTS SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR @ VDDJ SGDX VNQJ. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.33.
20X30 30X40 40X50 50X60
/NER=PA /N=?PE?A 16 40 38 6
'KOLEP=H 8 44 59 39
2;<F? 11.33
48. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
49. :< = ???????
50. 8G@S HR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
51. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
52. 8G@S B@M XNT BNMBKTCD @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 643
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11.5 !IGJ;LCMIH 1OGG;LS I@ NB? !BC-1KO;L? 2?MNM %II>H?MM-I@-$CN, 'H>?J?H>?H=? ;H>
&IGIA?H?CNS
53. 8GHBG SDRS CN XNT TRD SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ @M NARDQUDC CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGD R@LD @R @M DWODBSDC CHRSQHATSHNM
54. 8G@S HR SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR ENQ SGD SXOD NE SDRS EQNL #R?L=CM? 11.53
55. 8GHBG SDRS VNTKC XNT TRD SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ SVN E@BSNQR G@UD @ QDK@SHNMRGHO
56. 8GHBG SDRS VNTKC XNT TRD SN CDBHCD HE SVN ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM
57. )NV @QD SDRSR NE HMCDODMCDMBD RHLHK@Q SN SDRSR ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX
58. )NV @QD SDRSR NE HMCDODMCDMBD CHEEDQDMS EQNL SDRSR ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX
11.6 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: "M @QBGDQnR RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ GHR GHSR HR RHW (C@S@ HR
LD@RTQDC HM CHRS@MBD EQNL SGD BDMSDQ NE SGD S@QFDS). "M NARDQUDQ BK@HLR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR KDRR.
59. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS RGNTKC AD TRDC
60. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
61. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC, KDES-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE GDHFGSR ENQ RSTCDMSR HM @ RBGNNK
HR 0.81. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 50 RSTCDMSR HR S@JDM, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE GDHFGSR NE SGD R@LOKD HR 0.96. " QDRD@QBGDQ
HM BG@QFD NE SGD RSTCX ADKHDUDR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE GDHFGSR ENQ SGD RBGNNK HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 0.81.
62. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS RGNTKC AD TRDC
63. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
64. :< = ????????
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD @UDQ@FD V@HSHMF SHLD HM @ CNBSNQnR NEEHBD U@QHDR. 5GD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE V@HSHMF SHLDR HM @ CNBSNQnR NEEHBD HR 3.4 LHMTSDR. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 30 O@SHDMSR HM SGD CNBSNQnR NEEHBD
G@R @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE V@HSHMF SHLDR NE 4.1 LHMTSDR. 0MD CNBSNQ ADKHDUDR SGD U@QH@MBD NE V@HSHMF SHLDR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M
NQHFHM@KKX SGNTFGS.
65. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS RGNTKC AD TRDC
66. 8G@S HR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
67. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
68. 8G@S B@M XNT BNMBKTCD @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK
&-+#5-0)
11.1 $;=NM A<ION NB? !BC-1KO;L? "CMNLC<ONCIH
D;9?:; M>;J>;H J>; <EBBEM?D= IJ7J;C;DJI 7H; JHK; EH <7BI;.
69. "R SGD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HMBQD@RDR, SGD FQ@OG NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM KNNJR LNQD @MC LNQD
RXLLDSQHB@K.
70. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM HR SVHBD SGD LD@M.
71. 5GD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM @QD SGD R@LD HE :< = 24.
11.2 %II>H?MM-I@-$CN 2?MN
FEH ;79> FHE8B;C, KI; 7 IEBKJ?ED I>;;J JE IEBL; J>; >OFEJ>;I?I J;IJ FHE8B;C. E JE J>; A33)1(-: (,663://'1:.24+/
'216)16/047157//%6)56/) . FEH J>; 9>?-IGK7H; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J. +EKD: ;NF;9J;: <H;GK;D9O JE JME :;9?C7B FB79;I.
72. " RHW-RHCDC CHD HR QNKKDC 120 SHLDR. 'HKK HM SGD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM. 5GDM, BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD
HE SGD CHD HR E@HQ. 5GD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 11.34 @QD SGD QDRTKS NE SGD 120 QNKKR.
644 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$;=? 4;FO? $L?KO?H=S #RJ?=N?> $L?KO?H=S
1 15
2 29
3 16
4 15
5 30
6 15
2;<F? 11.34
73. 5GD L@QHS@K RS@STR CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD 6.4. L@KD ONOTK@SHNM, @FDR 15 @MC NKCDQ, HR @R RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.35.
+;LCN;F 1N;NOM .?L=?HN #RJ?=N?> $L?KO?H=S
JARAN I=NNEA@ 31.3
I=NNEA@ 56.1
SE@KSA@ 2.5
@ERKN?A@/OAL=N=PA@ 10.1
2;<F? 11.35
4TOONRD SG@S @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 400 6.4. XNTMF @CTKS L@KDR, 18 SN 24 XD@QR NKC, XHDKCDC SGD ENKKNVHMF EQDPTDMBX
CHRSQHATSHNM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGHR @FD FQNTO NE L@KDR EHSR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD 6.4. @CTKS ONOTK@SHNM. $@KBTK@SD
SGD EQDPTDMBX NMD VNTKC DWODBS VGDM RTQUDXHMF 400 ODNOKD. 'HKK HM 2;<F? 11.36, QNTMCHMF SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
+;LCN;F 1N;NOM $L?KO?H=S
JARAN I=NNEA@ 140
I=NNEA@ 238
SE@KSA@ 2
@ERKN?A@/OAL=N=PA@ 20
2;<F? 11.36
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD BNKTLMR HM 2;<F? 11.37 BNMS@HM SGD 3@BD/&SGMHBHSX NE
6.4. 1TAKHB 4BGNNKR ENQ @ QDBDMS XD@Q, SGD ODQBDMS@FDR ENQ SGD "CU@MBDC 1K@BDLDMS &W@LHMDD 1NOTK@SHNM ENQ SG@S BK@RR, @MC
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 645
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SGD 0UDQ@KK 4STCDMS 1NOTK@SHNM. 4TOONRD SGD QHFGS BNKTLM BNMS@HMR SGD QDRTKS NE @ RTQUDX NE 1,000 KNB@K RSTCDMSR EQNL SG@S
XD@Q VGN SNNJ @M "1 &W@L.
0;=?/#NBHC=CNS
A. #R;GCH??
.IJOF;NCIH
-P?L;FF 1NO>?HN
.IJOF;NCIH
1OLP?S
$L?KO?H=S
OE=J, OE=J IANE?=J, KN /=?EBE?
(OH=J@AN
10.2% 5.4% 113
!H=?G KN BNE?=J-IANE?=J 8.2% 14.5% 94
'EOL=JE? KN +=PEJK 15.5% 15.9% 136
IANE?=J (J@E=J KN H=OG= -=PERA 0.6% 1.2% 10
6DEPA 59.4% 61.6% 604
-KP NALKNPA@/KPDAN 6.1% 1.4% 43
2;<F? 11.37
74. 1DQENQL @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD KNB@K QDRTKSR ENKKNV SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD 6.4. NUDQ@KK RSTCDMS
ONOTK@SHNM A@RDC NM DSGMHBHSX.
75. 1DQENQL @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD KNB@K QDRTKSR ENKKNV SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 6.4. "1 DW@LHMDD
ONOTK@SHNM, A@RDC NM DSGMHBHSX.
76. 5GD $HSX NE 4NTSG -@JD 5@GND, $", G@R @M "RH@M ONOTK@SHNM NE 1,419 ODNOKD, NTS NE @ SNS@K ONOTK@SHNM NE 23,609.
4TOONRD SG@S @ RTQUDX NE 1,419 RDKE-QDONQSDC "RH@MR HM SGD .@MG@SS@M, /:, @QD@ XHDKCDC SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 11.38. $NMCTBS @
FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD RDKE-QDONQSDC RTA-FQNTOR NE "RH@MR HM SGD .@MG@SS@M @QD@ EHS SG@S NE SGD -@JD 5@GND
@QD@.
0;=? *;E? 2;BI? $L?KO?H=S +;HB;NN;H $L?KO?H=S
OE=J (J@E=J 131 174
"DEJAOA 118 557
%EHELEJK 1,045 518
)=L=JAOA 80 54
*KNA=J 12 29
5EAPJ=IAOA 9 21
.PDAN 24 66
2;<F? 11.38
646 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 6$-" BNMCTBSDC @ RTQUDX NE LNQD SG@M 263,000 BNKKDFD
EQDRGLDM EQNL 385 BNKKDFDR HM E@KK 2005. 5GD QDRTKSR NE RSTCDMSR' DWODBSDC L@INQR AX FDMCDQ VDQD QDONQSDC HM ->; C>HED?9B;
E< !?=>;H E:K97J?ED (2/2/2006). 4TOONRD @ RTQUDX NE 5,000 FQ@CT@SHMF EDL@KDR @MC 5,000 FQ@CT@SHMF L@KDR V@R CNMD @R @
ENKKNV-TO K@RS XD@Q SN CDSDQLHMD VG@S SGDHQ @BST@K L@INQR VDQD. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM SGD S@AKDR ENQ #R?L=CM? 11.77 @MC
#R?L=CM? 11.78. 5GD RDBNMC BNKTLM HM D@BG S@AKD CNDR MNS @CC SN 100% ADB@TRD NE QNTMCHMF.
77. $NMCTBS @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @BST@K BNKKDFD L@INQR NE FQ@CT@SHMF EDL@KDR EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDHQ
DWODBSDC L@INQR.
+;DIL 5IG?H - #RJ?=N?> +;DIL 5IG?H - A=NO;F +;DIL
NPO & 'QI=JEPEAO 14.0% 670
!EKHKCE?=H 2?EAJ?AO 8.4% 410
!QOEJAOO 13.1% 685
$@Q?=PEKJ 13.0% 650
$JCEJAANEJC 2.6% 145
/DUOE?=H 2?EAJ?AO 2.6% 125
/NKBAOOEKJ=H 18.9% 975
2K?E=H 2?EAJ?AO 13.0% 605
3A?DJE?=H 0.4% 15
.PDAN 5.8% 300
4J@A?E@A@ 8.0% 420
2;<F? 11.39
78. $NMCTBS @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @BST@K BNKKDFD L@INQR NE FQ@CT@SHMF L@KDR EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDHQ
DWODBSDC L@INQR.
+;DIL +?H - #RJ?=N?> +;DIL +?H - A=NO;F +;DIL
NPO & 'QI=JEPEAO 11.0% 600
!EKHKCE?=H 2?EAJ?AO 6.7% 330
!QOEJAOO 22.7% 1130
$@Q?=PEKJ 5.8% 305
2;<F? 11.40
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 647
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+;DIL +?H - #RJ?=N?> +;DIL +?H - A=NO;F +;DIL
$JCEJAANEJC 15.6% 800
/DUOE?=H 2?EAJ?AO 3.6% 175
/NKBAOOEKJ=H 9.3% 460
2K?E=H 2?EAJ?AO 7.6% 370
3A?DJE?=H 1.8% 90
.PDAN 8.2% 400
4J@A?E@A@ 6.6% 340
2;<F? 11.40
+;7: J>; IJ7J;C;DJ 7D: :;9?:; M>;J>;H ?J ?I JHK; EH <7BI;.
79. *M @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS, SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR @QD SGD U@KTDR VD VNTKC DWODBS HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VDQD SQTD.
80. *M FDMDQ@K, HE SGD NARDQUDC U@KTDR @MC DWODBSDC U@KTDR NE @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS @QD MNS BKNRD SNFDSGDQ, SGDM SGD SDRS
RS@SHRSHB B@M FDS UDQX K@QFD @MC NM @ FQ@OG VHKK AD V@X NTS HM SGD QHFGS S@HK.
81. 6RD @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE GHFG RBGNNK OQHMBHO@KR ADKHDUD SG@S RSTCDMSR @QD @ARDMS DPT@KKX CTQHMF SGD VDDJ
NQ MNS.
82. 5GD SDRS SN TRD SN CDSDQLHMD HE @ RHW-RHCDC CHD HR E@HQ HR @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS.
83. *M @ FNNCMDRR-NE EHS SDRS, HE SGD F-U@KTD HR 0.0113, HM FDMDQ@K, CN MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
84. " R@LOKD NE 212 BNLLDQBH@K ATRHMDRRDR V@R RTQUDXDC ENQ QDBXBKHMF 1 BNLLNCHSX; @ BNLLNCHSX GDQD LD@MR @MX NMD
SXOD NE QDBXBK@AKD L@SDQH@K RTBG @R OK@RSHB NQ @KTLHMTL. 2;<F? 11.41 RGNVR SGD ATRHMDRR B@SDFNQHDR HM SGD RTQUDX, SGD
R@LOKD RHYD NE D@BG B@SDFNQX, @MC SGD MTLADQ NE ATRHMDRRDR HM D@BG B@SDFNQX SG@S QDBXBKD NMD BNLLNCHSX. #@RDC NM SGD
RSTCX, NM @UDQ@FD G@KE NE SGD ATRHMDRRDR VDQD DWODBSDC SN AD QDBXBKHMF NMD BNLLNCHSX. "R @ QDRTKS, SGD K@RS BNKTLM RGNVR
SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE ATRHMDRRDR HM D@BG B@SDFNQX SG@S QDBXBKD NMD BNLLNCHSX. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, ODQENQL
@ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD NARDQUDC MTLADQ NE ATRHMDRRDR SG@S QDBXBKD NMD BNLLNCHSX ENKKNVR SGD TMHENQL
CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR.
OMCH?MM
2SJ?
,OG<?L
CH =F;MM
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IH? =IGGI>CNS
#RJ?=N?> HOG<?L NB;N L?=S=F?
IH? =IGGI>CNS
.BBE?A 35 19 17.5
1AP=EH/
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48 27 24
%KK@/
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53 35 26.5
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,A@E?=H
52 21 26
2;<F? 11.41
648 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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'KPAH/,ETA@ 24 9 12
2;<F? 11.41
85. 2;<F? 11.42 BNMS@HMR HMENQL@SHNM EQNL @ RTQUDX @LNMF 499 O@QSHBHO@MSR BK@RRHEHDC @BBNQCHMF SN SGDHQ @FD FQNTOR. 5GD
RDBNMC BNKTLM RGNVR SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE NADRD ODNOKD ODQ @FD BK@RR @LNMF SGD RSTCX O@QSHBHO@MSR. 5GD K@RS BNKTLM BNLDR
EQNL @ CHEEDQDMS RSTCX @S SGD M@SHNM@K KDUDK SG@S RGNVR SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF ODQBDMS@FDR NE NADRD ODNOKD HM SGD R@LD @FD
BK@RRDR HM SGD 64". 1DQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD RTQUDX O@QSHBHO@MSR @QD
@ QDOQDRDMS@SHUD R@LOKD NE SGD 64" NADRD ONOTK@SHNM.
AA? !F;MM (7?;LM) -<?M? (.?L=?HN;A?) #RJ?=N?> 31A ;P?L;A? (.?L=?HN;A?)
20_30 75.0 32.6
31_40 26.5 32.6
41_50 13.6 36.6
51_60 21.9 36.6
61_70 21.0 39.7
2;<F? 11.42
11.3 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
FEH ;79> FHE8B;C, KI; 7 IEBKJ?ED I>;;J JE IEBL; J>; >OFEJ>;I?I J;IJ FHE8B;C. E JE J>; A33)1(-: (,663://'1:.24+/
'216)16/047157//%6)56/) <EH J>; 9>?-IGK7H; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J. +EKD: ;NF;9J;: <H;GK;D9O JE JME :;9?C7B FB79;I.
86. " QDBDMS CDA@SD @ANTS VGDQD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR RJHDQR ADKHDUD SGD RJHHMF HR ADRS OQNLOSDC SGD ENKKNVHMF RTQUDX. 5DRS
SN RDD HE SGD ADRS RJH @QD@ HR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD KDUDK NE SGD RJHDQ.
3.1. 1EC AL?; ?ACHH?L 'HN?LG?>C;N? A>P;H=?>
3=DKA 20 30 40
4P=D 10 30 60
"KHKN=@K 10 40 50
2;<F? 11.43
87. $@Q L@MTE@BSTQDQR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD RHYD NE B@Q @M HMCHUHCT@K CQHUDR @MC SGD
MTLADQ NE ODNOKD HM SGD CQHUDQnR E@LHKX (SG@S HR, VGDSGDQ B@Q RHYD @MC E@LHKX RHYD @QD HMCDODMCDMS). 5N SDRS SGHR, RTOONRD SG@S
800 B@Q NVMDQR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC VHSG SGD QDRTKSR HM 2;<F? 11.44. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 649
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$;GCFS 1CT? 1O< & !IGJ;=N +C>-MCT? $OFF-MCT? 4;H & 2LO=E
1 20 35 40 35
2 20 50 70 80
3_4 20 50 100 90
5+ 20 30 70 70
2;<F? 11.44
88. $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR L@X AD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDHQ L@INQR G@UD @MX DEEDBS NM RS@QSHMF R@K@QHDR @ESDQ FQ@CT@SHNM.
4TOONRD SG@S 300 QDBDMS FQ@CT@SDR VDQD RTQUDXDC @R SN SGDHQ L@INQR HM BNKKDFD @MC SGDHQ RS@QSHMF R@K@QHDR @ESDQ FQ@CT@SHNM.
2;<F? 11.45 RGNVR SGD C@S@. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD.
+;DIL < $50,000 $50,000 X $68,999 $69,000 +
$JCHEOD 5 20 5
$JCEJAANEJC 10 30 60
-QNOEJC 10 15 15
!QOEJAOO 10 20 30
/OU?DKHKCU 20 30 20
2;<F? 11.45
89. 4NLD SQ@UDK @FDMSR BK@HL SG@S GNMDXLNNM GNS RONSR U@QX @BBNQCHMF SN @FD NE SGD AQHCD. 4TOONRD SG@S 280 QDBDMS AQHCDR
VDQD HMSDQUHDVDC @R SN VGDQD SGDX RODMS SGDHQ GNMDXLNNMR. 5GD HMENQL@SHNM HR FHUDM HM 2;<F? 11.46. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE
HMCDODMCDMBD.
*I=;NCIH 20X29 30X39 40X49 50 ;H> IP?L
-E=C=N= %=HHO 15 25 25 20
/K?KJKO 15 25 25 10
$QNKLA 10 25 15 5
5ENCEJ (OH=J@O 20 25 15 5
2;<F? 11.46
90. " L@M@FDQ NE @ RONQSR BKTA JDDOR HMENQL@SHNM BNMBDQMHMF SGD L@HM RONQS HM VGHBG LDLADQR O@QSHBHO@SD @MC SGDHQ @FDR.
5N SDRS VGDSGDQ SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD @FD NE @ LDLADQ @MC GHR NQ GDQ BGNHBD NE RONQS, 643 LDLADQR NE SGD
RONQSR BKTA @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD.
650 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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1JILN 18 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 40 41 ;H> IP?L
N=?MQAP>=HH 42 58 30 46
PAJJEO 58 76 38 65
OSEIIEJC 72 60 65 33
2;<F? 11.47
91. " L@INQ ENNC L@MTE@BSTQDQ HR BNMBDQMDC SG@S SGD R@KDR ENQ HSR RJHMMX EQDMBG EQHDR G@UD ADDM CDBQD@RHMF. "R @ O@QS NE @
ED@RHAHKHSX RSTCX, SGD BNLO@MX BNMCTBSR QDRD@QBG HMSN SGD SXODR NE EQHDR RNKC @BQNRR SGD BNTMSQX SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD SXOD NE
EQHDR RNKC HR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD @QD@ NE SGD BNTMSQX. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD RSTCX @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.48. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE
HMCDODMCDMBD.
2SJ? I@ $LC?M ,ILNB?;MN 1IONB !?HNL;F 5?MN
OGEJJU BNEAO 70 50 20 25
?QNHU BNEAO 100 60 15 30
OPA=G BNEAO 20 40 10 10
2;<F? 11.48
92. "BBNQCHMF SN %@M -DM@QC, @M HMCDODMCDMS HMRTQ@MBD @FDMS HM SGD #TEE@KN, /.:. @QD@, SGD ENKKNVHMF HR @ AQD@JCNVM NE
SGD @LNTMS NE KHED HMRTQ@MBD OTQBG@RDC AX L@KDR HM SGD ENKKNVHMF @FD FQNTOR. )D HR HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD @FD NE SGD L@KD
@MC SGD @LNTMS NE KHED HMRTQ@MBD OTQBG@RDC @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR. $NMCTBS @ SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD.
AA? I@ +;F?M ,IH? < $200,000 $200,000X$400,000 $401,001X$1,000,000 $1,000,001+
20_29 40 15 40 0 5
30_39 35 5 20 20 10
40_49 20 0 30 0 30
50+ 40 30 15 15 10
2;<F? 11.49
93. 4TOONRD SG@S 600 SGHQSX-XD@Q-NKCR VDQD RTQUDXDC SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD KDUDK
NE DCTB@SHNM @M HMCHUHCT@K G@R @MC R@K@QX. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 651
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< $30,000 15 25 10 5
$30,000_$40,000 20 40 70 30
$40,000_$50,000 10 20 40 55
$50,000_$60,000 5 10 20 60
$60,000+ 0 5 10 150
2;<F? 11.50
+;7: J>; IJ7J;C;DJ 7D: :;9?:; M>;J>;H ?J ?I JHK; EH <7BI;.
94. 5GD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD HR DPT@K SN SGD R@LOKD RHYD LHMTR NMD.
95. 5GD SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD TRDR S@AKDR NE NARDQUDC @MC DWODBSDC C@S@ U@KTDR.
96. 5GD SDRS SN TRD VGDM CDSDQLHMHMF HE SGD BNKKDFD NQ TMHUDQRHSX @ RSTCDMS BGNNRDR SN @SSDMC HR QDK@SDC SN GHR NQ GDQ
RNBHNDBNMNLHB RS@STR HR @ SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD.
97. *M @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD, SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ HR DPT@K SN SGD QNV SNS@K LTKSHOKHDC AX SGD BNKTLM SNS@K CHUHCDC AX SGD
SNS@K RTQUDXDC.
98. "M HBD BQD@L L@JDQ ODQENQLR @ M@SHNMVHCD RTQUDX @ANTS E@UNQHSD EK@UNQR NE HBD BQD@L HM CHEEDQDMS FDNFQ@OGHB @QD@R
NE SGD 6.4. #@RDC NM 2;<F? 11.51, CN SGD MTLADQR RTFFDRS SG@S FDNFQ@OGHB KNB@SHNM HR HMCDODMCDMS NE E@UNQHSD HBD BQD@L
EK@UNQR 5DRS @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
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,E@SAOP 10 32 22 11 15 6 96
$=OP 8 31 27 8 15 7 96
2KQPD 15 28 30 8 15 6 102
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99. 2;<F? 11.52 OQNUHCDR @ QDBDMS RTQUDX NE SGD XNTMFDRS NMKHMD DMSQDOQDMDTQR VGNRD MDS VNQSG HR DRSHL@SDC @S NMD
LHKKHNM CNKK@QR NQ LNQD. 5GDHQ @FDR Q@MFD EQNL 17 SN 30. &@BG BDKK HM SGD S@AKD HKKTRSQ@SDR SGD MTLADQ NE DMSQDOQDMDTQR
VGN BNQQDRONMC SN SGD RODBHEHB @FD FQNTO @MC SGDHQ MDS VNQSG. "QD SGD @FDR @MC MDS VNQSG HMCDODMCDMS 1DQENQL @ SDRS NE
HMCDODMCDMBD @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
652 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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2;<F? 11.52
100. " 2013 ONKK HM $@KHENQMH@ RTQUDXDC ODNOKD @ANTS S@WHMF RTF@Q-RVDDSDMDC ADUDQ@FDR. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD OQDRDMSDC HM 2;<F?
11.53, @MC @QD BK@RRHEHDC AX DSGMHB FQNTO @MC QDRONMRD SXOD. "QD SGD ONKK QDRONMRDR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD O@QSHBHO@MSRn DSGMHB
FQNTO $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
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C=EJOP P=T 48 433 41 160 628
(J %=RKN KB P=T 54 234 24 147 459
-K KLEJEKJ 16 43 16 19 84
"KHQIJ 3KP=H 118 710 71 272 1171
2;<F? 11.53
11.4 2?MN @IL &IGIA?H?CNS
FEH ;79> MEH: FHE8B;C, KI; 7 IEBKJ?ED I>;;J JE IEBL; J>; >OFEJ>;I?I J;IJ FHE8B;C. E JE J>; A33)1(-: (,663://'1:.24+/
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101. " ORXBGNKNFHRS HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SDRSHMF VGDSGDQ SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE ODQRNM@KHSX SXODR ENQ ATRHMDRR
L@INQR @MC RNBH@K RBHDMBD L@INQR. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD RSTCX @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.54. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE GNLNFDMDHSX. 5DRS
@S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
-J?H !IHM=C?HNCIOM #RNLIP?LN AAL??;<F? ,?OLINC=
OMCH?MM 41 52 46 61 58
1I=C;F 1=C?H=? 72 75 63 80 65
2;<F? 11.54
102. %N LDM @MC VNLDM RDKDBS CHEEDQDMS AQD@JE@RSR 5GD AQD@JE@RSR NQCDQDC AX Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC LDM @MC VNLDM @S @
ONOTK@Q AQD@JE@RS OK@BD HR RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.55. $NMCTBS @ SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX @S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 653
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+?H 47 35 28 53
5IG?H 65 59 55 60
2;<F? 11.55
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NE EHRG B@TFGS HM &BGN -@JD. 0E SGD 191 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC EHRG B@TFGS HM (QDDM 7@KKDX -@JD, 105 VDQD Q@HMANV SQNTS, 27
VDQD NSGDQ SQNTS, 35 VDQD A@RR, @MC 24 VDQD B@SEHRG. 0E SGD 293 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC EHRG B@TFGS HM &BGN -@JD, 115 VDQD
Q@HMANV SQNTS, 58 VDQD NSGDQ SQNTS, 67 VDQD A@RR, @MC 53 VDQD B@SEHRG. 1DQENQL @ SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX @S @ 5% KDUDK NE
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104. *M 2007, SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR G@C 1.5 LHKKHNM GNLDRBGNNKDC RSTCDMSR, @BBNQCHMF SN SGD 6.4. /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ &CTB@SHNM
4S@SHRSHBR. *M 2;<F? 11.56 XNT B@M RDD SG@S O@QDMSR CDBHCD SN GNLDRBGNNK SGDHQ BGHKCQDM ENQ CHEEDQDMS QD@RNMR, @MC RNLD
QD@RNMR @QD Q@MJDC AX O@QDMSR @R LNQD HLONQS@MS SG@M NSGDQR. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD RTQUDX QDRTKSR RGNVM HM SGD S@AKD, HR SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM NE @OOKHB@AKD QD@RNMR SGD R@LD @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD LNRS HLONQS@MS QD@RNM 1QNUHCD XNTQ @RRDRRLDMS @S SGD
5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK. %HC XNT DWODBS SGD QDRTKS XNT NAS@HMDC
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1,321 309 1,630
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1,096 258 1,354
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1,257 540 1,797
"DEH@ D=O OLA?E=H JAA@O,
KPDAN PD=J LDUOE?=H KN
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315 55 370
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984 99 1,083
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485 216 701
"KHQIJ 3KP=H 5,458 1,477 6,935
2;<F? 11.56
105. 8GDM KNNJHMF @S DMDQFX BNMRTLOSHNM, VD @QD NESDM HMSDQDRSDC HM CDSDBSHMF SQDMCR NUDQ SHLD @MC GNV SGDX BNQQDK@SD
@LNMF CHEEDQDMS BNTMSQHDR. 5GD HMENQL@SHNM HM 2;<F? 11.57 RGNVR SGD @UDQ@FD DMDQFX TRD (HM TMHSR NE JF NE NHK DPTHU@KDMS
654 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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ODQ B@OHS@) HM SGD 64" @MC SGD INHMS &TQNOD@M 6MHNM BNTMSQHDR (&6) ENQ SGD RHW-XD@Q ODQHNC 2005 SN 2010. %N SGD DMDQFX TRD
U@KTDR HM SGDRD SVN @QD@R BNLD EQNL SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM 1DQENQL SGD @M@KXRHR @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
7?;L #OLIJ?;H 3HCIH 3HCN?> 1N;N?M 0IQ 2IN;F
2010 3,413 7,164 10,557
2009 3,302 7,057 10,359
2008 3,505 7,488 10,993
2007 3,537 7,758 11,295
2006 3,595 7,697 11,292
2005 3,613 7,847 11,460
"KHQIJ 3KP=H 45,011 20,965 65,976
2;<F? 11.57
106. 5GD *MRTQ@MBD *MRSHSTSD ENQ )HFGV@X 4@EDSX BNKKDBSR R@EDSX HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS @KK SXODR NE B@QR DUDQX XD@Q, @MC OTAKHRGDR
@ QDONQS NE 5NO 4@EDSX 1HBJR @LNMF @KK B@QR, L@JDR, @MC LNCDKR. 2;<F? 11.58 OQDRDMSR SGD MTLADQ NE 5NO 4@EDSX 1HBJR HM
RHW B@Q B@SDFNQHDR ENQ SGD SVN XD@QR 2009 @MC 2013. "M@KXYD SGD S@AKD C@S@ SN BNMBKTCD VGDSGDQ SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE B@QR SG@S
D@QMDC SGD 5NO 4@EDSX 1HBJR R@EDSX @V@QC G@R QDL@HMDC SGD R@LD ADSVDDM 2009 @MC 2013. %DQHUD XNTQ QDRTKSR @S SGD 5%
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
7?;L 9 !;L
2SJ?
1G;FF
+C>-
1CT?
*;LA?
1G;FF
134
+C>-1CT?
134
*;LA?
134
0IQ
2IN;F
2009 12 22 10 10 27 6 87
2013 31 30 19 11 29 4 124
!IFOGH 2IN;F 43 52 29 21 56 10 211
2;<F? 11.58
11.5 !IGJ;LCMIH 1OGG;LS I@ NB? !BC-1KO;L? 2?MNM %II>H?MM-I@-$CN, 'H>?J?H>?H=? ;H>
&IGIA?H?CNS
FEH ;79> MEH: FHE8B;C, KI; 7 IEBKJ?ED I>;;J JE IEBL; J>; >OFEJ>;I?I J;IJ FHE8B;C. E JE J>; A33)1(-: (,663://'1:.24+/
'216)16/9+2621//%6)56/#047157) <EH J>; 9>?-IGK7H; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J. +EKD: ;NF;9J;: <H;GK;D9O JE JME :;9?C7B FB79;I.
107. *R SGDQD @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR @MC SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE TMHUDQRHSX
RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR HM VG@S SDBGMNKNFX SGDX TRD NM SGDHQ GNLDVNQJ 0E RNLD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR,
43 TRDC @ BNLOTSDQ, 102 TRDC @ B@KBTK@SNQ VHSG ATHKS HM RS@SHRSHBR ETMBSHNMR, @MC 65 TRDC @ S@AKD EQNL SGD SDWSANNJ. 0E RNLD
Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC TMHUDQRHSX RSTCDMSR, 28 TRDC @ BNLOTSDQ, 33 TRDC @ B@KBTK@SNQ VHSG ATHKS HM RS@SHRSHBR ETMBSHNMR, @MC 40
TRDC @ S@AKD EQNL SGD SDWSANNJ. $NMCTBS @M @OOQNOQH@SD GXONSGDRHR SDRS TRHMF @ 0.05 KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
3D@C SGD RS@SDLDMS @MC CDBHCD VGDSGDQ HS HR SQTD NQ E@KRD.
108. *E :< = 2, SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ RG@OD SG@S QDLHMCR TR NE SGD DWONMDMSH@K.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 655
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11.6 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD @M @HQKHMD BK@HLR SG@S HSR EKHFGSR @QD BNMRHRSDMSKX
NM SHLD VHSG @M @UDQ@FD CDK@X NE @S LNRS 15 LHMTSDR. *S BK@HLR SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD CDK@X HR RN BNMRHRSDMS SG@S SGD U@QH@MBD HR MN
LNQD SG@M 150 LHMTSDR. %NTASHMF SGD BNMRHRSDMBX O@QS NE SGD BK@HL, @ CHRFQTMSKDC SQ@UDKDQ B@KBTK@SDR SGD CDK@XR ENQ GHR MDWS
25 EKHFGSR. 5GD @UDQ@FD CDK@X ENQ SGNRD 25 EKHFGSR HR 22 LHMTSDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15 LHMTSDR.
109. *R SGD SQ@UDKDQ CHROTSHMF SGD BK@HL @ANTS SGD @UDQ@FD NQ @ANTS SGD U@QH@MBD
110. " R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15 LHMTSDR HR SGD R@LD @R @ R@LOKD U@QH@MBD NE ?????????? LHMTSDR.
111. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC, KDES-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
112. !
0
: ??????????
113. :< = ????????
114. BGH-RPT@QD SDRS RS@SHRSHB = ????????
115. F-U@KTD = ????????
116. (Q@OG SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. .@QJ SGD LD@M @MC SDRS RS@SHRSHB. 4G@CD SGD F-U@KTD.
117. -DS V = 0.05
%DBHRHNM: ????????
$NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.): ????????
118. )NV CHC XNT JMNV SN SDRS SGD U@QH@MBD HMRSD@C NE SGD LD@M
119. *E @M @CCHSHNM@K SDRS VDQD CNMD NM SGD BK@HL NE SGD @UDQ@FD CDK@X, VGHBG CHRSQHATSHNM VNTKC XNT TRD
120. *E @M @CCHSHNM@K SDRS VDQD CNMD NM SGD BK@HL NE SGD @UDQ@FD CDK@X, ATS 45 EKHFGSR VDQD RTQUDXDC, VGHBG CHRSQHATSHNM
VNTKC XNT TRD
FEH ;79> MEH: FHE8B;C, KI; 7 IEBKJ?ED I>;;J JE IEBL; J>; >OFEJ>;I?I J;IJ FHE8B;C. E JE J>; A33)1(-: (,663://'1:.24+/
'216)16/9+2621//%6)56/#047157) <EH J>; 9>?-IGK7H; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J. +EKD: ;NF;9J;: <H;GK;D9O JE JME :;9?C7B FB79;I.
121. "OK@MS L@M@FDQ HR BNMBDQMDC GDQ DPTHOLDMS L@X MDDC QDB@KHAQ@SHMF. *S RDDLR SG@S SGD @BST@K VDHFGS NE SGD 15 NY. BDQD@K
ANWDR HS EHKKR G@R ADDM EKTBST@SHMF. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM RGNTKC AD @S LNRS 0.5 NY. *M NQCDQ SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD L@BGHMD
MDDCR SN AD QDB@KHAQ@SDC, 84 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ANWDR NE BDQD@K EQNL SGD MDWS C@XnR OQNCTBSHNM VDQD VDHFGDC. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE SGD 84 ANWDR V@R 0.54. %NDR SGD L@BGHMD MDDC SN AD QDB@KHAQ@SDC
122. $NMRTLDQR L@X AD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD BNRS NE @ O@QSHBTK@Q B@KBTK@SNQ U@QHDR EQNL RSNQD SN RSNQD. #@RDC NM
RTQUDXHMF 43 RSNQDR, VGHBG XHDKCDC @ R@LOKD LD@M NE $84 @MC @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $12, SDRS SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR FQD@SDQ SG@M $15.
123. *R@ADKK@, @M @BBNLOKHRGDC B6N ID BG:6@:GH QTMMDQ, BK@HLR SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ GDQ SHLD SN QTM SGD 7.5 LHKD
Q@BD HR @S LNRS SGQDD LHMTSDR. 5N SDRS GDQ BK@HL, 3TOHMCDQ KNNJR TO EHUD NE GDQ Q@BD SHLDR. 5GDX @QD 55 LHMTSDR, 61 LHMTSDR,
58 LHMTSDR, 63 LHMTSDR, @MC 57 LHMTSDR.
124. "HQKHMD BNLO@MHDR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD BNMRHRSDMBX NE SGD MTLADQ NE A@AHDR NM D@BG EKHFGS, RN SG@S SGDX G@UD @CDPT@SD
R@EDSX DPTHOLDMS. 5GDX @QD @KRN HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD U@QH@SHNM NE SGD MTLADQ NE A@AHDR. 4TOONRD SG@S @M @HQKHMD DWDBTSHUD
ADKHDUDR SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE A@AHDR NM EKHFGSR HR RHW VHSG @ U@QH@MBD NE MHMD @S LNRS. 5GD @HQKHMD BNMCTBSR @ RTQUDX. 5GD
QDRTKSR NE SGD 18 EKHFGSR RTQUDXDC FHUD @ R@LOKD @UDQ@FD NE 6.4 VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 3.9. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR
SDRS NE SGD @HQKHMD DWDBTSHUDnR ADKHDE.
125. 5GD MTLADQ NE AHQSGR ODQ VNL@M HM $GHM@ HR 1.6 CNVM EQNL 5.91 HM 1966. 5GHR EDQSHKHSX Q@SD G@R ADDM @SSQHATSDC SN SGD
K@V O@RRDC HM 1979 QDRSQHBSHMF AHQSGR SN NMD ODQ VNL@M. 4TOONRD SG@S @ FQNTO NE RSTCDMSR RSTCHDC VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE AHQSGR ODQ VNL@M V@R FQD@SDQ SG@M 0.75. 5GDX @RJDC 50 VNLDM @BQNRR $GHM@ SGD MTLADQ NE AHQSGR SGDX G@C G@C.
5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.59. %NDR SGD RSTCDMSRn RTQUDX HMCHB@SD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 0.75
# I@ <CLNBM $L?KO?H=S
0 5
1 30
2 10
2;<F? 11.59
656 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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# I@ <CLNBM $L?KO?H=S
3 5
2;<F? 11.59
126. "BBNQCHMF SN @M @UHC @PT@QHRS, SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE EHRG HM @ 20kF@KKNM S@MJ HR 10, VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN.
)HR EQHDMC, @KRN @M @PT@QHRS, CNDR MNS ADKHDUD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR SVN. 4GD BNTMSR SGD MTLADQ NE EHRG HM 15 NSGDQ
20kF@KKNM S@MJR. #@RDC NM SGD QDRTKSR SG@S ENKKNV, CN XNT SGHMJ SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SVN %@S@: 11;
10; 9; 10; 10; 11; 11; 10; 12; 9; 7; 9; 11; 10; 11
127. 5GD L@M@FDQ NE "'QDMBGHDR" HR BNMBDQMDC SG@S O@SQNMR @QD MNS BNMRHRSDMSKX QDBDHUHMF SGD R@LD @LNTMS NE 'QDMBG EQHDR
VHSG D@BG NQCDQ. 5GD BGDE BK@HLR SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ @ SDMkNTMBD NQCDQ NE EQHDR HR @S LNRS 1.5 NY., ATS SGD L@M@FDQ
SGHMJR SG@S HS L@X AD GHFGDQ. )D Q@MCNLKX VDHFGR 49 NQCDQR NE EQHDR, VGHBG XHDKCR @ LD@M NE 11 NY. @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE SVN NY.
128. :NT V@MS SN ATX @ RODBHEHB BNLOTSDQ. " R@KDR QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD L@MTE@BSTQDQ BK@HLR SG@S QDS@HK RSNQDR RDKK SGHR
BNLOTSDQ @S @M @UDQ@FD OQHBD NE $1,249 VHSG @ UDQX M@QQNV RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $25. :NT EHMC @ VDARHSD SG@S G@R @
OQHBD BNLO@QHRNM ENQ SGD R@LD BNLOTSDQ @S @ RDQHDR NE RSNQDR @R ENKKNVR: $1,299; $1,229.99; $1,193.08; $1,279; $1,224.95;
$1,229.99; $1,269.95; $1,249. $@M XNT @QFTD SG@S OQHBHMF G@R @ K@QFDQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SG@M BK@HLDC AX SGD L@MTE@BSTQDQ
6RD SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK. "R @ ONSDMSH@K ATXDQ, VG@S VNTKC AD SGD OQ@BSHB@K BNMBKTRHNM EQNL XNTQ @M@KXRHR
129. " BNLO@MX O@BJ@FDR @OOKDR AX VDHFGS. 0MD NE SGD VDHFGS FQ@CDR HR $K@RR " @OOKDR. $K@RR " @OOKDR G@UD @ LD@M
VDHFGS NE 150 F, @MC SGDQD HR @ L@WHLTL @KKNVDC VDHFGS SNKDQ@MBD NE 5% @ANUD NQ ADKNV SGD LD@M ENQ @OOKDR HM SGD R@LD
BNMRTLDQ O@BJ@FD. " A@SBG NE @OOKDR HR RDKDBSDC SN AD HMBKTCDC HM @ $K@RR " @OOKD O@BJ@FD. (HUDM SGD ENKKNVHMF @OOKD
VDHFGSR NE SGD A@SBG, CNDR SGD EQTHS BNLOKX VHSG SGD $K@RR " FQ@CD VDHFGS SNKDQ@MBD QDPTHQDLDMSR. $NMCTBS @M @OOQNOQH@SD
GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
(@) @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK
(A) @S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK
8DHFGSR HM RDKDBSDC @OOKD A@SBG (HM FQ@LR): 158; 167; 149; 169; 164; 139; 154; 150; 157; 171; 152; 161; 141; 166; 172;
0',%',% '2 2-%#2� : &-+#5-0)
130.
=. &WOK@HM VGX @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS @MC @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD @QD FDMDQ@KKX QHFGS-S@HKDC SDRSR.
>. *E XNT CHC @ KDES-S@HKDC SDRS, VG@S VNTKC XNT AD SDRSHMF
0#$#0#,!#1
11.1 $;=NM A<ION NB? !BC-1KO;L? "CMNLC<ONCIH
%@S@ EQNL )7H7:; &7=7P?D;.
o)*7/"*%4 &OHCDLHNKNFX 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX.p4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX 1TAKHB )D@KSG %DO@QSLDMS, .@X 2011.
11.2 %II>H?MM-I@-$CN 2?MN
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T
%@S@ EQNL SGD $NKKDFD #N@QC. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BNKKDFDAN@QC.BNL.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T, $TQQDMS 1NOTK@SHNM 3DONQSR.
.@, :., &.3. #DQSNMD, &.+. 4S@MDJ ***, (.8. 3DDC, +.3. )DADQS, /.-. $NGDM, 1.". .DQQH@L, *.4. 0BJDMD, o"RRNBH@SHNM
ADSVDDM &@SHMF 1@SSDQMR @MC 0ADRHSX HM @ 'QDD-KHUHMF 64 "CTKS 1NOTK@SHNM.p AC;H?97D #EKHD7B E< EF?:;C?EBE=O UNKTLD
158, MN. 1, O@FDR 85-92.
0FCDM, $XMSGH@ -., .@QF@QDS %. $@QQNKK, #QH@M ,. ,HS, ,@SGDQHMD .. 'KDF@K, o1QDU@KDMBD NE 0ADRHSX HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR,
2009k2010.p /$)4 %@S@ #QHDE MN. 82, +@MT@QX 2012. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/MBGR/C@S@/C@S@AQHDER/CA82.OCE
(@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013).
4SDUDMR, #@QA@Q@ +., o.TKSH-E@LHKX @MC $NLLDQBH@K 4NKHC 8@RSD @MC 3DBXBKHMF 4TQUDX.p "QKHMFSNM $NTMS, 7". "U@HK@AKD
NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.@QKHMFSNMU@.TR/CDO@QSLDMSR/&MUHQNMLDMS@K4DQUHBDR/48/EHKD84429.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 24,2013).
11.3 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
%H$@LHKN, .@QJ, .DQUHM 'HDKC, o.NRS $@KHENQMH@MR 4DD @ %HQDBS -HMJ@FD ADSVDDM 0ADRHSX @MC 4TF@QX 4NC@R. 5VN HM
5GQDD 7NSDQR 4TOONQS 5@WHMF 4TF@Q-4VDDSDMDC #DUDQ@FDR *E 1QNBDDCR @QD 5HDC SN *LOQNUHMF 4BGNNK /TSQHSHNM @MC 1GXRHB@K
"BSHUHSX 1QNFQ@LR.p 5GD 'HDKC 1NKK, QDKD@RDC 'DA. 14, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://EHDKC.BNL/EHDKCONKKNMKHMD/RTARBQHADQR/
3KR2436.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013).
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 657
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)@QQHR *MSDQ@BSHUD, o'@UNQHSD 'K@UNQ NE *BD $QD@L.p "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.RS@SHRSHBAQ@HM.BNL/E@UNQHSD-EK@UNQ-NE-HBD-
BQD@L (@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013)
o:NTMFDRS 0MKHMD &MSQDOQDMDTQR -HRS.p "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.RS@SHRSHBAQ@HM.BNL/XNTMFDRS-NMKHMD-DMSQDOQDMDTQ-KHRS
(@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013).
11.4 2?MN @IL &IGIA?H?CNS
%@S@ EQNL SGD *MRTQ@MBD *MRSHSTSD ENQ )HFGV@X 4@EDSX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.HHGR.NQF/HHGR/Q@SHMFR (@BBDRRDC .@X
24, 2013).
o&MDQFX TRD (JF NE NHK DPTHU@KDMS ODQ B@OHS@).p 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://C@S@.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF/
HMCHB@SNQ/&(.64&.1$"1.,(.0&/BNTMSQHDR (@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013).
o1@QDMS @MC '@LHKX *MUNKUDLDMS 4TQUDX NE 2007 /@SHNM@K )NTRDGNKC &CTB@SHNM 4TQUDX 1QNFQ@L (/)&4),p 6.4.
%DO@QSLDMS NE &CTB@SHNM, /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ &CTB@SHNM 4S@SHRSHBR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://MBDR.DC.FNU/OTARD@QBG/
OTARHMEN.@ROOTAHC=2009030 (@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013).
o1@QDMS @MC '@LHKX *MUNKUDLDMS 4TQUDX NE 2007 /@SHNM@K )NTRDGNKC &CTB@SHNM 4TQUDX 1QNFQ@L (/)&4),p 6.4.
%DO@QSLDMS NE &CTB@SHNM, /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ &CTB@SHNM 4S@SHRSHBR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://MBDR.DC.FNU/OTAR2009/
2009030?RTO.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013).
11.6 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
o"OOKD*MRHCDQ 1QHBD (THCDR.p "OOKD *MRHCDQ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://@OOKDHMRHCDQ.BNL/L@B?OQHBD?FTHCD (@BBDRRDC
.@X 14, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD 8NQKC #@MJ, +TMD 5, 2012.
1-*32'-,1
1 LD@M = 25 @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 7.0711
3 VGDM SGD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 90
5 :< = 2
7 @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS
9 3
11 2.04
13 8D CDBKHMD SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN RTFFDRS SG@S SGD NARDQUDC SDRS RBNQDR @QD
RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD DWODBSDC SDRS RBNQDR.
15 !
0
: SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE "*%4 B@RDR ENKKNVR SGD DSGMHBHSHDR NE SGD FDMDQ@K ONOTK@SHNM NE 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX.
17 QHFGS-S@HKDC
19 88,621
21 (Q@OG: $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
$NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR): 5GD L@JD-TO NE "*%4 B@RDR CNDR MNS EHS SGD DSGMHBHSHDR NE SGD FDMDQ@K
ONOTK@SHNM NE 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX.
23 @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD
25 @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD
27 8
29 6.6
31 0.0435
33
658 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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0BD@>C< ):K:A
-:G !6N
A;G>86C
AB:G>86C
+6I>K:
%6L6>>6C
)6I>CD
'6E6C:H:
AB:G>86CH
4=>I: 1DI6AH
1-10 9,886 2,745 12,831 8,378 7,650 41,490
11-20 6,514 3,062 4,932 10,680 9,877 35,065
21-30 1,671 1,419 1,406 4,715 6,062 15,273
31+ 759 788 800 2,305 3,970 8,622
1DI6AH 18,830 8,014 19,969 26,078 27,559 10,0450
167A: 11.60
35
0BD@>C< ):K:A -:G
!6N
A;G>86C
AB:G>86C
+6I>K:
%6L6>>6C
)6I>CD
'6E6C:H:
AB:G>86CH
4=>I:
1-10 7777.57 3310.11 8248.02 10771.29 11383.01
11-20 6573.16 2797.52 6970.76 9103.29 9620.27
21-30 2863.02 1218.49 3036.20 3965.05 4190.23
31+ 1616.25 687.87 1714.01 2238.37 2365.49
167A: 11.61
37 10,301.8
39 QHFGS
41
@. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
A. F-U@KTD < @KOG@
B. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S RLNJHMF KDUDK HR CDODMCDMS NM DSGMHB FQNTO.
43 SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX
45 SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX
47 "KK U@KTDR HM SGD S@AKD LTRS AD FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN EHUD.
49 3
51 0.00005
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 659
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53 @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS
55 @ SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD
57 "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX. 4@LOKD @MRVDQ: 5DRSR NE HMCDODMCDMBD @MC SDRSR ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX ANSG B@KBTK@SD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB SGD
R@LD V@X
(i j)
(O - E)
2
E
. *M @CCHSHNM, @KK U@KTDR LTRS AD FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN EHUD.
59 @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD U@QH@MBD
61 @ KDES-S@HKDC SDRS
63 !
0
: \
2
= 0.81
2
; !
7
: \
2
> 0.81
2
65 @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD U@QH@MBD
67 0.0542
69 SQTD
71 E@KRD
73
*6G>I6A 0I6IJH -:G8:CI "ME:8I:9 #G:FJ:C8N
MDUDQ L@QQHDC 31.3 125.2
L@QQHDC 56.1 224.4
VHCNVDC 2.5 10
CHUNQBDC/RDO@Q@SDC 10.1 40.4
167A: 11.62
@. 5GD C@S@ EHSR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
A. 5GD C@S@ CNDR MNS EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
B. 3
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 3
D. 19.27
E. 0.0002
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@ = 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS MTKK
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: %@S@ CNDR MNS EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
75
@. !
0
: 5GD KNB@K QDRTKSR ENKKNV SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD 6.4. "1 DW@LHMDD ONOTK@SHNM
A. !
7
: 5GD KNB@K QDRTKSR CN MNS ENKKNV SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD 6.4. "1 DW@LHMDD ONOTK@SHNM
B. :< = 5
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 5
D. BGH-RPT@QD SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 13.4
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0199
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM. G.
660 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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H. "KOG@ = 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS MTKK VGDM 7 = 0.05
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: -NB@K C@S@ CN MNS EHS SGD "1 &W@LHMDD %HRSQHATSHNM.
U. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS MTKK VGDM 7 = 0.01
UH. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S KNB@K C@S@ CN MNS ENKKNV SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD 6.4.
"1 DW@LHMDD CHRSQHATSHNM.
77
@. !
0
: 5GD @BST@K BNKKDFD L@INQR NE FQ@CT@SHMF EDL@KDR EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDHQ DWODBSDC L@INQR
A. !
7
: 5GD @BST@K BNKKDFD L@INQR NE FQ@CT@SHMF EDL@KDR CN MNS EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDHQ DWODBSDC L@INQR
B. :< = 10
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 10
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 11.48
E. F-U@KTD = 0.3211
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@ = 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS MTKK VGDM 7 = 0.05 @MC 7 = 0.01
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE @BST@K BNKKDFD L@INQR NE FQ@CT@SHMF
EDL@KDR EHSR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDHQ DWODBSDC L@INQR.
79 SQTD
81 SQTD
83 E@KRD
85
@. !
0
: 4TQUDXDC NADRD EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE DWODBSDC NADRD
A. !
7
: 4TQUDXDC NADRD CN MNS EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE DWODBSDC NADRD
B. :< = 4
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 4
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 54.01
E. F-U@KTD = 0
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
RTQUDXDC NADRD CN MNS EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE DWODBSDC NADRD.
87
@. !
0
: $@Q RHYD HR HMCDODMCDMS NE E@LHKX RHYD.
A. !
7
: $@Q RHYD HR CDODMCDMS NM E@LHKX RHYD.
B. :< = 9
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 9
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 15.8284
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0706
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S B@Q RHYD @MC E@LHKX RHYD
@QD CDODMCDMS.
89
@. !
0
: )NMDXLNNM KNB@SHNMR @QD HMCDODMCDMS NE AQHCDnR @FD.
A. !
7
: )NMDXLNNM KNB@SHNMR @QD CDODMCDMS NM AQHCDnR @FD.
B. :< = 9
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 9
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 661
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D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 15.7027
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0734
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S GNMDXLNNM KNB@SHNM @MC
AQHCD @FD @QD CDODMCDMS.
91
@. !
0
: 5GD SXODR NE EQHDR RNKC @QD HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD KNB@SHNM.
A. !
7
: 5GD SXODR NE EQHDR RNKC @QD CDODMCDMS NM SGD KNB@SHNM.
B. :< = 6
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 6
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB =18.8369
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0044
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SG@S SXODR NE EQHDR @MC KNB@SHNM @QD
CDODMCDMS.
93
@. !
0
: 4@K@QX HR HMCDODMCDMS NE KDUDK NE DCTB@SHNM.
A. !
7
: 4@K@QX HR CDODMCDMS NM KDUDK NE DCTB@SHNM.
B. :< = 12
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 12
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 255.7704
E. F-U@KTD = 0
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. "KOG@: 0.05
%DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
$NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S R@K@QX @MC KDUDK NE DCTB@SHNM @QD
CDODMCDMS.
95 SQTD
97 SQTD
99
@. !
0
: "FD HR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD XNTMFDRS NMKHMD DMSQDOQDMDTQRn MDS VNQSG.
A. !
7
: "FD HR CDODMCDMS NM SGD MDS VNQSG NE SGD XNTMFDRS NMKHMD DMSQDOQDMDTQR.
B. :< = 2
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 2
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 1.76
E. F-U@KTD 0.4144
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S @FD @MC MDS VNQSG ENQ SGD
XNTMFDRS NMKHMD DMSQDOQDMDTQR @QD CDODMCDMS.
101
@. !
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ ODQRNM@KHSX SXODR HR SGD R@LD ENQ ANSG L@INQR
A. !
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ ODQRNM@KHSX SXODR HR MNS SGD R@LD ENQ ANSG L@INQR
B. :< = 4
C. BGH-RPT@QD VHSG :< = 4
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 3.01
662 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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E. F-U@KTD = 0.5568
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE ODQRNM@KHSX SXODR HR CHEEDQDMS ENQ
ATRHMDRR @MC RNBH@K RBHDMBD L@INQR.
103
@. !
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ EHRG B@TFGS HR SGD R@LD HM (QDDM 7@KKDX -@JD @MC HM &BGN -@JD.
A. !
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ EHRG B@TFGS HR MNS SGD R@LD HM (QDDM 7@KKDX -@JD @MC HM &BGN -@JD.
B. 3
C. BGH-RPT@QD VHSG :< = 3
D. 11.75
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0083
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE EHRG B@TFGS HR CHEEDQDMS HM (QDDM 7@KKDX -@JD
@MC HM &BGN -@JD
105
@. !
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE @UDQ@FD DMDQFX TRD HM SGD 64" HR SGD R@LD @R HM &TQNOD ADSVDDM 2005 @MC 2010.
A. !
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE @UDQ@FD DMDQFX TRD HM SGD 64" HR MNS SGD R@LD @R HM &TQNOD ADSVDDM 2005 @MC 2010.
B. :< = 4
C. BGH-RPT@QD VHSG :< = 4
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 2.7434
E. F-U@KTD = 0.7395
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD DMDQFX TRD
U@KTDR HM SGD 64 @MC &6 @QD MNS CDQHUDC EQNL CHEEDQDMS CHRSQHATSHNMR ENQ SGD ODQHNC EQNL 2005 SN 2010.
107
@. !
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SDBGMNKNFX TRD HR SGD R@LD ENQ BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR @MC TMHUDQRHSX RSTCDMSR.
A. !
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SDBGMNKNFX TRD HR MNS SGD R@LD ENQ BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR @MC TMHUDQRHSX RSTCDMSR.
B. 2
C. BGH-RPT@QD VHSG :< = 2
D. 7.05
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0294
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SDBGMNKNFX TRD ENQ RS@SHRSHBR
GNLDVNQJ HR MNS SGD R@LD ENQ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR @S BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFDR @MC @S TMHUDQRHSHDR.
110 225
112 !
0
: \
2
x 150
114 36
116 $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
118 5GD BK@HL HR SG@S SGD U@QH@MBD HR MN LNQD SG@M 150 LHMTSDR.
120 @ 4STCDMS'R J- NQ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 663
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122
@. !
0
: \ = 15
A. !
7
: \ > 15
B. :< = 42
C. BGH-RPT@QD VHSG :< = 42
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 26.88
E. F-U@KTD = 0.9663
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@ = 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 15.
124
@. !
0
: \ x 3
A. !
7
: \ > 3
B. :< = 17
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 17
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 28.73
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0371
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGQDD.
126
@. !
0
: \ = 2
A. !
7
: \ w 2
B. :< = 14
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSHQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 14
D. BGH-RPT@QD SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 5.2094
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0346
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. "KOG@ = 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR CHEEDQDMS SG@M 2.
128 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR $34.29. !
0
: \
2
= 25
2
!
7
: \
2
> 25
2
:< = D k 1 = 7.
SDRS RS@SHRSHB: x
2
= x
7
2
=
(n 1)s
2
25
2
=
(8 1)(34.29)
2
25
2
= 13.169 ;
F-U@KTD: P
x
7
2
> 13.169
= 1 P
x
7
2
13.169
= 0.0681
"KOG@: 0.05
%DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
$NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD U@QH@MBD HR LNQD SG@M 625.
130
@. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR @KV@XR ONRHSHUD @MC HE SGD DWODBSDC @MC NARDQUDC U@KTDR @QD MNS BKNRD SNFDSGDQ, SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR
K@QFD @MC SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VHKK AD QDIDBSDC.
A. 5DRSHMF SN RDD HE SGD C@S@ EHSR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM oSNN VDKKp NQ HR SNN ODQEDBS.
664 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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12 U *',#A0 0#%0#11'-,
A," !-00#*A2'-,
$CAOL? 12.1 +EJA=N NACNAOOEKJ =J@ ?KNNAH=PEKJ ?=J DAHL UKQ @APANIEJA EB =J =QPK IA?D=JE?`O O=H=NU EO NAH=PA@ PK DEO
SKNG ATLANEAJ?A. (?NA@EP: )KODQ= 1KPDD==O)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
#X SGD DMC NE SGHR BG@OSDQ, SGD RSTCDMS RGNTKC AD @AKD SN:
c %HRBTRR A@RHB HCD@R NE KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM @MC BNQQDK@SHNM.
c $QD@SD @MC HMSDQOQDS @ KHMD NE ADRS EHS.
c $@KBTK@SD @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS.
c $@KBTK@SD @MC HMSDQOQDS NTSKHDQR.
1QNEDRRHNM@KR NESDM V@MS SN JMNV GNV SVN NQ LNQD MTLDQHB U@QH@AKDR @QD QDK@SDC. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HR SGDQD @ QDK@SHNMRGHO
ADSVDDM SGD FQ@CD NM SGD RDBNMC L@SG DW@L @ RSTCDMS S@JDR @MC SGD FQ@CD NM SGD EHM@K DW@L *E SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO, VG@S
HR SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO @MC GNV RSQNMF HR HS
*M @MNSGDQ DW@LOKD, XNTQ HMBNLD L@X AD CDSDQLHMDC AX XNTQ DCTB@SHNM, XNTQ OQNEDRRHNM, XNTQ XD@QR NE DWODQHDMBD, @MC
XNTQ @AHKHSX. 5GD @LNTMS XNT O@X @ QDO@HQ ODQRNM ENQ K@ANQ HR NESDM CDSDQLHMDC AX @M HMHSH@K @LNTMS OKTR @M GNTQKX EDD.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 665
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5GD SXOD NE C@S@ CDRBQHADC HM SGD DW@LOKDR HR 7>K6G>6I: C@S@ l "AH" ENQ SVN U@QH@AKDR. *M QD@KHSX, RS@SHRSHBH@MR TRD
BJAI>K6G>6I: C@S@, LD@MHMF L@MX U@QH@AKDR.
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK AD RSTCXHMF SGD RHLOKDRS ENQL NE QDFQDRRHNM, "KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM" VHSG NMD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD
(N). 5GHR HMUNKUDR C@S@ SG@S EHSR @ KHMD HM SVN CHLDMRHNMR. :NT VHKK @KRN RSTCX BNQQDK@SHNM VGHBG LD@RTQDR GNV RSQNMF SGD
QDK@SHNMRGHO HR.
12.1 U *CH?;L #KO;NCIHM
-HMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM ENQ SVN U@QH@AKDR HR A@RDC NM @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM VHSG NMD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD. 5GD DPT@SHNM G@R SGD ENQL:
y = a + bx
VGDQD 7 @MC 8 @QD BNMRS@MS MTLADQR.
5GD U@QH@AKD & >H I=: >C9:E:C9:CI K6G>67A:, 6C9 ' >H I=: 9:E:C9:CI K6G>67A:. 5XOHB@KKX, XNT BGNNRD @ U@KTD SN
RTARSHSTSD ENQ SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC SGDM RNKUD ENQ SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
$T=ILHA 12.1
5GD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKDR @QD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNMR.
y = 3 + 2x
y = 0.01 + 1.2x
12.1 *R SGD ENKKNVHMF @M DW@LOKD NE @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM
O = k0.125 k 3.5N
5GD FQ@OG NE @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM NE SGD ENQL O = 7 + 8N HR @ HIG6><=I A>C:. "MX KHMD SG@S HR MNS UDQSHB@K B@M AD CDRBQHADC
AX SGHR DPT@SHNM.
$T=ILHA 12.2
(Q@OG SGD DPT@SHNM O = k1 + 2N.
$CAOL? 12.2
666 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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12.2 *R SGD ENKKNVHMF @M DW@LOKD NE @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
$CAOL? 12.3
$T=ILHA 12.3
"@QNM'R 8NQC 1QNBDRRHMF 4DQUHBD ("814) CNDR VNQC OQNBDRRHMF. 5GD Q@SD ENQ RDQUHBDR HR $32 ODQ GNTQ OKTR @
$31.50 NMD-SHLD BG@QFD. 5GD SNS@K BNRS SN @ BTRSNLDQ CDODMCR NM SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR HS S@JDR SN BNLOKDSD SGD INA.
'HMC SGD DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD IDI6A 8DHI HM SDQLR NE SGD CJB7:G D; =DJGH QDPTHQDC SN BNLOKDSD SGD INA.
1IFONCIH 12.3
-DS N = SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR HS S@JDR SN FDS SGD INA CNMD.
-DS O = SGD SNS@K BNRS SN SGD BTRSNLDQ.
5GD $31.50 HR @ EHWDC BNRS. *E HS S@JDR N GNTQR SN BNLOKDSD SGD INA, SGDM (32)(N) HR SGD BNRS NE SGD VNQC
OQNBDRRHMF NMKX. 5GD SNS@K BNRS HR: O = 31.50 + 32N
12.3 &LL@nR &WSQDLD 4ONQSR GHQDR G@MF-FKHCHMF HMRSQTBSNQR @MC O@XR SGDL @ EDD NE $50 ODQ BK@RR @R VDKK @R $20 ODQ
RSTCDMS HM SGD BK@RR. 5GD SNS@K BNRS &LL@ O@XR CDODMCR NM SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR HM @ BK@RR. 'HMC SGD DPT@SHNM SG@S
DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K BNRS HM SDQLR NE SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR HM @ BK@RR.
1FIJ? ;H> #-'HN?L=?JN I@ ; *CH?;L #KO;NCIH
'NQ SGD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM O = 7 + 8N, 8 = RKNOD @MC 7 = O-HMSDQBDOS. 'QNL@KFDAQ@ QDB@KK SG@S SGD RKNOD HR @ MTLADQ SG@S CDRBQHADR
SGD RSDDOMDRR NE @ KHMD, @MC SGD O-HMSDQBDOS HR SGD O BNNQCHM@SD NE SGD ONHMS (0, 7) VGDQD SGD KHMD BQNRRDR SGD O-@WHR.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 667
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$CAOL? 12.4 3DNAA LKOOE>HA CN=LDO KB 0 = a + b/. (=) (B b > 0, PDA HEJA OHKLAO QLS=N@ PK PDA NECDP. (>) (B b = 0, PDA HEJA
EO DKNEVKJP=H. (?) (B b < 0, PDA HEJA OHKLAO @KSJS=N@ PK PDA NECDP.
$T=ILHA 12.4
4UDSK@M@ STSNQR SN L@JD DWSQ@ LNMDX ENQ BNKKDFD. 'NQ D@BG STSNQHMF RDRRHNM, RGD BG@QFDR @ NMD-SHLD EDD NE $25
OKTR $15 ODQ GNTQ NE STSNQHMF. " KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NE LNMDX 4UDSK@M@ D@QMR ENQ D@BG
RDRRHNM RGD STSNQR HR O = 25 + 15N.
8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR 8G@S HR SGD O-HMSDQBDOS @MC VG@S HR SGD RKNOD *MSDQOQDS SGDL
TRHMF BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
1IFONCIH 12.4
5GD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD (N) HR SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR 4UDSK@M@ STSNQR D@BG RDRRHNM. 5GD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD (O) HR
SGD @LNTMS, HM CNKK@QR, 4UDSK@M@ D@QMR ENQ D@BG RDRRHNM.
5GD O-HMSDQBDOS HR 25 (7 = 25). "S SGD RS@QS NE SGD STSNQHMF RDRRHNM, 4UDSK@M@ BG@QFDR @ NMD-SHLD EDD NE $25
(SGHR HR VGDM N = 0). 5GD RKNOD HR 15 (8 = 15). 'NQ D@BG RDRRHNM, 4UDSK@M@ D@QMR $15 ENQ D@BG GNTQ RGD STSNQR.
12.4 &SG@M QDO@HQR GNTRDGNKC @OOKH@MBDR KHJD CHRGV@RGDQR @MC QDEQHFDQ@SNQR. 'NQ D@BG UHRHS, GD BG@QFDR $25 OKTR $20
ODQ GNTQ NE VNQJ. " KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NE LNMDX &SG@M D@QMR ODQ UHRHS HR O = 25 + 20N.
8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR 8G@S HR SGD O-HMSDQBDOS @MC VG@S HR SGD RKNOD *MSDQOQDS SGDL TRHMF
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
668 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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12.2 U 1=;NN?L .FINM
#DENQD VD S@JD TO SGD CHRBTRRHNM NE KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM @MC BNQQDK@SHNM, VD MDDC SN DW@LHMD @ V@X SN CHROK@X SGD QDK@SHNM
ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR N @MC O. 5GD LNRS BNLLNM @MC D@RHDRS V@X HR @ H86II:G EADI. 5GD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKD HKKTRSQ@SDR @
RB@SSDQ OKNS.
$T=ILHA 12.5
*M &TQNOD @MC "RH@, L-BNLLDQBD HR ONOTK@Q. .-BNLLDQBD TRDQR G@UD RODBH@K LNAHKD OGNMDR SG@S VNQJ KHJD
DKDBSQNMHB V@KKDSR @R VDKK @R OQNUHCD OGNMD @MC *MSDQMDS RDQUHBDR. 6RDQR B@M CN DUDQXSGHMF EQNLO@XHMF ENQ O@QJHMF
SN ATXHMF @ 57 RDS NQ RNC@ EQNL @ L@BGHMD SN A@MJHMF SN BGDBJHMF RONQSR RBNQDR NM SGD *MSDQMDS. 'NQ SGD XD@QR
2000 SGQNTFG 2004, V@R SGDQD @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD XD@Q @MC SGD MTLADQ NE L-BNLLDQBD TRDQR $NMRSQTBS @
RB@SSDQ OKNS. -DS N = SGD XD@Q @MC KDS O = SGD MTLADQ NE L-BNLLDQBD TRDQR, HM LHKKHNMR.
x (S?;L) y (# I@ OM?LM)
2000 0.5
2002 20.0
2003 33.0
2004 47.0
2;<F? 12.1
(@) 3=>HA ODKSEJC PDA JQI>AN KB
I-?KIIAN?A QOANO (EJ IEHHEKJO) >U
UA=N.
(A) 2?=PPAN LHKP ODKSEJC PDA JQI>AN KB I-?KIIAN?A QOANO (EJ IEHHEKJO)
>U UA=N.
$CAOL? 12.5
5N BQD@SD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS:
1. &MSDQ XNTQ 9 C@S@ HMSN KHRS -1 @MC XNTQ : C@S@ HMSN KHRS -2.
2. 1QDRR 2MC 45"51-05 &/5&3 SN TRD 1KNS 1. 0M SGD HMOTS RBQDDM ENQ 1-05 1, GHFGKHFGS 0M @MC OQDRR &/5&3.
(.@JD RTQD SGD NSGDQ OKNSR @QD 0''.)
3. 'NQ 5:1&: GHFGKHFGS SGD UDQX EHQRS HBNM, VGHBG HR SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS, @MC OQDRR &/5&3.
4. 'NQ 9KHRS:, DMSDQ -1 &/5&3 @MC ENQ :KHRS: -2 &/5&3.
5. 'NQ .@QJ: HS CNDR MNS L@SSDQ VGHBG RXLANK XNT GHFGKHFGS, ATS SGD RPT@QD HR SGD D@RHDRS SN RDD. 1QDRR &/5&3.
6. .@JD RTQD SGDQD @QD MN NSGDQ DPT@SHNMR SG@S BNTKC AD OKNSSDC. 1QDRR : = @MC BKD@Q @MX DPT@SHNMR NTS.
7. 1QDRR SGD ;00. JDX @MC SGDM SGD MTLADQ 9 (ENQ LDMT HSDL ";NNL4S@S") ; SGD B@KBTK@SNQ VHKK EHS SGD VHMCNV SN
SGD C@S@. :NT B@M OQDRR 8*/%08 SN RDD SGD RB@KHMF NE SGD @WDR.
12.5 "LDKH@ OK@XR A@RJDSA@KK ENQ GDQ GHFG RBGNNK. 4GD V@MSR SN HLOQNUD SN OK@X @S SGD BNKKDFD KDUDK. 4GD MNSHBDR SG@S
SGD MTLADQ NE ONHMSR RGD RBNQDR HM @ F@LD FNDR TO HM QDRONMRD SN SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR RGD OQ@BSHBDR GDQ ITLO RGNS D@BG
VDDJ. 4GD QDBNQCR SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@:
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 669
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" (BIOLM JL;=NC=CHA DOGJ MBIN) # (JICHNM M=IL?> CH ; A;G?)
5 15
7 22
9 28
10 31
11 33
12 36
2;<F? 12.2
$NMRSQTBS @ RB@SSDQ OKNS @MC RS@SD HE VG@S "LDKH@ SGHMJR @OOD@QR SN AD SQTD.
" RB@SSDQ OKNS RGNVR SGD 9>G:8I>DC NE @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR. " BKD@Q CHQDBSHNM G@OODMR VGDM SGDQD HR
DHSGDQ:
c )HFG U@KTDR NE NMD U@QH@AKD NBBTQQHMF VHSG GHFG U@KTDR NE SGD NSGDQ U@QH@AKD NQ KNV U@KTDR NE NMD U@QH@AKD NBBTQQHMF
VHSG KNV U@KTDR NE SGD NSGDQ U@QH@AKD.
c )HFG U@KTDR NE NMD U@QH@AKD NBBTQQHMF VHSG KNV U@KTDR NE SGD NSGDQ U@QH@AKD.
:NT B@M CDSDQLHMD SGD HIG:C<I= NE SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO AX KNNJHMF @S SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS @MC RDDHMF GNV BKNRD SGD ONHMSR @QD
SN @ KHMD, @ ONVDQ ETMBSHNM, @M DWONMDMSH@K ETMBSHNM, NQ SN RNLD NSGDQ SXOD NE ETMBSHNM. 'NQ @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO SGDQD HR @M
DWBDOSHNM. $NMRHCDQ @ RB@SSDQ OKNS VGDQD @KK SGD ONHMSR E@KK NM @ GNQHYNMS@K KHMD OQNUHCHMF @ "ODQEDBS EHS." 5GD GNQHYNMS@K KHMD
VNTKC HM E@BS RGNV MN QDK@SHNMRGHO.
8GDM XNT KNNJ @S @ RB@SSDQOKNS, XNT V@MS SN MNSHBD SGD DK:G6AA E6II:GC @MC @MX 9:K>6I>DCH EQNL SGD O@SSDQM. 5GD
ENKKNVHMF RB@SSDQOKNS DW@LOKDR HKKTRSQ@SD SGDRD BNMBDOSR.
$CAOL? 12.6
$CAOL? 12.7
670 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 12.8
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ, VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM RB@SSDQ OKNSR SG@S RGNV @ KHMD@Q O@SSDQM. -HMD@Q O@SSDQMR @QD PTHSD BNLLNM. 5GD
KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO HR RSQNMF HE SGD ONHMSR @QD BKNRD SN @ RSQ@HFGS KHMD, DWBDOS HM SGD B@RD NE @ GNQHYNMS@K KHMD VGDQD SGDQD HR
MN QDK@SHNMRGHO. *E VD SGHMJ SG@S SGD ONHMSR RGNV @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO, VD VNTKC KHJD SN CQ@V @ KHMD NM SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS. 5GHR
KHMD B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC SGQNTFG @ OQNBDRR B@KKDC A>C:6G G:<G:HH>DC. )NVDUDQ, VD NMKX B@KBTK@SD @ QDFQDRRHNM KHMD HE NMD NE SGD
U@QH@AKDR GDKOR SN DWOK@HM NQ OQDCHBS SGD NSGDQ U@QH@AKD. *E N HR SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC O SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, SGDM
VD B@M TRD @ QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SN OQDCHBS O ENQ @ FHUDM U@KTD NE N
12.3 U 2B? 0?AL?MMCIH #KO;NCIH
%@S@ Q@QDKX EHS @ RSQ@HFGS KHMD DW@BSKX. 6RT@KKX, XNT LTRS AD R@SHREHDC VHSG QNTFG OQDCHBSHNMR. 5XOHB@KKX, XNT G@UD @ RDS NE C@S@
VGNRD RB@SSDQ OKNS @OOD@QR SN ";>I" @ RSQ@HFGS KHMD. 5GHR HR B@KKDC @ )>C: D; B:HI #>I DG ):6HI-0FJ6G:H )>C:.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 671
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*E XNT JMNV @ ODQRNM'R OHMJX (RL@KKDRS) EHMFDQ KDMFSG, CN XNT SGHMJ XNT BNTKC OQDCHBS SG@S ODQRNM'R GDHFGS $NKKDBS C@S@
EQNL XNTQ BK@RR (OHMJX EHMFDQ KDMFSG, HM HMBGDR). 5GD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, N, HR OHMJX EHMFDQ KDMFSG @MC SGD CDODMCDMS
U@QH@AKD, O, HR GDHFGS. 'NQ D@BG RDS NE C@S@, OKNS SGD ONHMSR NM FQ@OG O@ODQ. .@JD XNTQ FQ@OG AHF DMNTFG @MC JH: 6 GJA:G.
5GDM "AX DXD" CQ@V @ KHMD SG@S @OOD@QR SN "EHS" SGD C@S@. 'NQ XNTQ KHMD, OHBJ SVN BNMUDMHDMS ONHMSR @MC TRD SGDL SN EHMC
SGD RKNOD NE SGD KHMD. 'HMC SGD O-HMSDQBDOS NE SGD KHMD AX DWSDMCHMF XNTQ KHMD RN HS BQNRRDR SGD O-@WHR. 6RHMF SGD RKNODR @MC
SGD O-HMSDQBDOSR, VQHSD XNTQ DPT@SHNM NE "ADRS EHS." %N XNT SGHMJ DUDQXNMD VHKK G@UD SGD R@LD DPT@SHNM 8GX NQ VGX
MNS "BBNQCHMF SN XNTQ DPT@SHNM, VG@S HR SGD OQDCHBSDC GDHFGS ENQ @ OHMJX KDMFSG NE 2.5 HMBGDR
$T=ILHA 12.6
" Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 11 RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR OQNCTBDC SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@, VGDQD N HR SGD SGHQC DW@L RBNQD NTS NE 80,
@MC O HR SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD NTS NE 200. $@M XNT OQDCHBS SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD NE @ Q@MCNL RSTCDMS HE XNT JMNV
SGD SGHQC DW@L RBNQD
R (NBCL>
?R;G
M=IL?)
S (@CH;F
?R;G
M=IL?)
65 175
67 133
71 185
71 163
66 126
75 198
67 153
70 163
71 159
69 151
69 159
2;<F? 12.3
(@) 3=>HA ODKSEJC PDA O?KNAO KJ
PDA BEJ=H AT=I >=OA@ KJ O?KNAO
BNKI PDA PDEN@ AT=I.
(A) 2?=PPAN LHKP ODKSEJC PDA O?KNAO KJ PDA BEJ=H AT=I >=OA@ KJ O?KNAO
BNKI PDA PDEN@ AT=I.
$CAOL? 12.9
672 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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12.6 4$6#" CHUDQR G@UD L@WHLTL CHUD SHLDR SGDX B@MMNS DWBDDC VGDM FNHMF SN CHEEDQDMS CDOSGR. 5GD C@S@
HM 2;<F? 12.4 RGNV CHEEDQDMS CDOSGR VHSG SGD L@WHLTL CHUD SHLDR HM LHMTSDR. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD KD@RS
RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD @MC OQDCHBS SGD L@WHLTL CHUD SHLD ENQ 110 EDDS.
" (>?JNB CH @??N) # (G;RCGOG >CP? NCG?)
50 80
60 55
70 45
80 35
90 25
100 22
2;<F? 12.4
5GD SGHQC DW@L RBNQD, N, HR SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD, O, HR SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD. 8D VHKK OKNS
@ QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SG@S ADRS "EHSR" SGD C@S@. *E D@BG NE XNT VDQD SN EHS @ KHMD "AX DXD," XNT VNTKC CQ@V CHEEDQDMS KHMDR. 8D B@M
TRD VG@S HR B@KKDC @ A:6HI-HFJ6G:H G:<G:HH>DC A>C: SN NAS@HM SGD ADRS EHS KHMD.
$NMRHCDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF CH@FQ@L. &@BG ONHMS NE C@S@ HR NE SGD SGD ENQL (N, O) @MC D@BG ONHMS NESGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS TRHMF
KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM G@R SGD ENQL (N, S).
5GD S HR QD@C "' =6I" @MC HR SGD :HI>B6I:9 K6AJ: D; '. *S HR SGD U@KTD NE O NAS@HMDC TRHMF SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. *S HR MNS
FDMDQ@KKX DPT@K SN O EQNL C@S@.
$CAOL? 12.10
5GD SDQL O
0
k S
0
= X
0
HR B@KKDC SGD ":GGDG" DG G:H>9J6A. *S HR MNS @M DQQNQ HM SGD RDMRD NE @ LHRS@JD. 5GD 67HDAJI: K6AJ:
D; 6 G:H>9J6A LD@RTQDR SGD UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD ADSVDDM SGD @BST@K U@KTD NE O @MC SGD DRSHL@SDC U@KTD NE O. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, HS
LD@RTQDR SGD UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD ADSVDDM SGD @BST@K C@S@ ONHMS @MC SGD OQDCHBSDC ONHMS NM SGD KHMD.
*E SGD NARDQUDC C@S@ ONHMS KHDR @ANUD SGD KHMD, SGD QDRHCT@K HR ONRHSHUD, @MC SGD KHMD TMCDQDRSHL@SDR SGD @BST@K C@S@ U@KTD
ENQ O. *E SGD NARDQUDC C@S@ ONHMS KHDR ADKNV SGD KHMD, SGD QDRHCT@K HR MDF@SHUD, @MC SGD KHMD NUDQDRSHL@SDR SG@S @BST@K C@S@ U@KTD
ENQ O.
*M SGD CH@FQ@L HM $CAOL? 12.10, O
0
k S
0
= h
0
HR SGD QDRHCT@K ENQ SGD ONHMS RGNVM. )DQD SGD ONHMS KHDR @ANUD SGD KHMD @MC
SGD QDRHCT@K HR ONRHSHUD.
X = SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQ :EH>ADC
'NQ D@BG C@S@ ONHMS, XNT B@M B@KBTK@SD SGD QDRHCT@KR NQ DQQNQR, O
H
- S
H
= X
H
ENQ ? = 1, 2, 3, ..., 11.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 673
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&@BG [X[ HR @ UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD.
'NQ SGD DW@LOKD @ANTS SGD SGHQC DW@L RBNQDR @MC SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQDR ENQ SGD 11 RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR, SGDQD @QD 11 C@S@
ONHMSR. 5GDQDENQD, SGDQD @QD 11 X U@KTDR. *E XNTRPT@QD D@BG h @MC @CC, XNT FDS
(
1
)
2
+ (
2
)
2
+ ... + (
11
)
2
=
i = 1
11
2
5GHR HR B@KKDC SGD 0JB D; 0FJ6G:9 "GGDGH (00").
6RHMF B@KBTKTR, XNT B@M CDSDQLHMD SGD U@KTDR NE 7 @MC 8 SG@S L@JD SGD 00" @ LHMHLTL. 8GDM XNT L@JD SGD 00" @
LHMHLTL, XNT G@UD CDSDQLHMDC SGD ONHMSR SG@S @QD NM SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS. *S STQMR NTS SG@S SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS G@R SGD DPT@SHNM:
y
^
= a + bx
VGDQD a = y
b x
@MC b =
(x x
)(y y
)
(x x
)
2
.
5GD R@LOKD LD@MR NE SGD N U@KTDR @MC SGD O U@KTDR @QD x
@MC y
, y
) .
5GD RKNOD 8 B@M AD VQHSSDM @R b = r
s
y
s
x
VGDQD I
O
= SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD O U@KTDR @MC I
N
= SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE SGD N U@KTDR. H HR SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, VGHBG HR CHRBTRRDC HM SGD MDWS RDBSHNM.
*?;MN 1KO;L?M !LCN?LC; @IL ?MN $CN
5GD OQNBDRR NE EHSSHMF SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD HR B@KKDC A>C:6G G:<G:HH>DC. 5GD HCD@ ADGHMC EHMCHMF SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD HR A@RDC NM SGD
@RRTLOSHNM SG@S SGD C@S@ @QD RB@SSDQDC @ANTS @ RSQ@HFGS KHMD. 5GD BQHSDQH@ ENQ SGD ADRS EHS KHMD HR SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD RPT@QDC
DQQNQR (44&) HR LHMHLHYDC, SG@S HR, L@CD @R RL@KK @R ONRRHAKD. "MX NSGDQ KHMD XNT LHFGS BGNNRD VNTKC G@UD @ GHFGDQ 44&
SG@M SGD ADRS EHS KHMD. 5GHR ADRS EHS KHMD HR B@KKDC SGD A:6HI-HFJ6G:H G:<G:HH>DC A>C: .
,-2#
$NLOTSDQ ROQD@CRGDDSR, RS@SHRSHB@K RNESV@QD, @MC L@MX B@KBTK@SNQR B@M PTHBJKX B@KBTK@SD SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD @MC
BQD@SD SGD FQ@OGR. 5GD B@KBTK@SHNMR SDMC SN AD SDCHNTR HE CNMD AX G@MC. *MRSQTBSHNMR SN TRD SGD 5*-83, 5*-83+, @MC
5*-84+ B@KBTK@SNQR SN EHMC SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD @MC BQD@SD @ RB@SSDQOKNS @QD RGNVM @S SGD DMC NE SGHR RDBSHNM.
2&'0" #6A+ PM $',A* #6A+ #6A+.*#:
5GD FQ@OG NE SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS ENQ SGD SGHQC-DW@L/EHM@K-DW@L DW@LOKD HR @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 12.11
5GD KD@RS RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD (ADRS-EHS KHMD) ENQ SGD SGHQC-DW@L/EHM@K-DW@L DW@LOKD G@R SGD DPT@SHNM:
y
^
= 173.51 + 4.83x
674 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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0#+',"#0
3DLDLADQ, HS HR @KV@XR HLONQS@MS SN OKNS @ RB@SSDQ CH@FQ@L EHQRS. *E SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS HMCHB@SDR SG@S SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q
QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR, SGDM HS HR QD@RNM@AKD SN TRD @ ADRS EHS KHMD SN L@JD OQDCHBSHNMR ENQ O FHUDM N VHSGHM
SGD CNL@HM NE N-U@KTDR HM SGD R@LOKD C@S@, 7JI CDI C:8:HH6G>AN ;DG &-K6AJ:H DJIH>9: I=6I 9DB6>C. :NT BNTKC TRD SGD
KHMD SN OQDCHBS SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD ENQ @ RSTCDMS VGN D@QMDC @ FQ@CD NE 73 NM SGD SGHQC DW@L. :NT RGNTKC /05 TRD SGD
KHMD SN OQDCHBS SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD ENQ @ RSTCDMS VGN D@QMDC @ FQ@CD NE 50 NM SGD SGHQC DW@L, ADB@TRD 50 HR MNS VHSGHM
SGD CNL@HM NE SGD N-U@KTDR HM SGD R@LOKD C@S@, VGHBG @QD ADSVDDM 65 @MC 75.
3,"#012A,"',% 1*-.#
5GD RKNOD NE SGD KHMD, 8, CDRBQHADR GNV BG@MFDR HM SGD U@QH@AKDR @QD QDK@SDC. *S HR HLONQS@MS SN HMSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD NE SGD KHMD
HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD RHST@SHNM QDOQDRDMSDC AX SGD C@S@. :NT RGNTKC AD @AKD SN VQHSD @ RDMSDMBD HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD RKNOD HM OK@HM
&MFKHRG.
&+1"/-/"1A1&,+ ,# 1%" 0),-": 5GD RKNOD NE SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD SDKKR TR GNV SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD (O) BG@MFDR
ENQ DUDQX NMD TMHS HMBQD@RD HM SGD HMCDODMCDMS (N) U@QH@AKD, NM @UDQ@FD.
2&'0" #6A+ PM $',A* #6A+ #6A+.*#
4KNOD: 5GD RKNOD NE SGD KHMD HR 8 = 4.83.
*MSDQOQDS@SHNM: 'NQ @ NMD-ONHMS HMBQD@RD HM SGD RBNQD NM SGD SGHQC DW@L, SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD HMBQD@RDR AX 4.83 ONHMSR, NM
@UDQ@FD.
6RHMF SGD -HMD@Q 3DFQDRRHNM 5 5DRS: -HM3DF55DRS
1. *M SGD 45"5 KHRS DCHSNQ, DMSDQ SGD 9 C@S@ HM KHRS -1 @MC SGD : C@S@ HM KHRS -2, O@HQDC RN SG@S SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF (N,O)
U@KTDR @QD MDWS SN D@BG NSGDQ HM SGD KHRSR. (*E @ O@QSHBTK@Q O@HQ NE U@KTDR HR QDOD@SDC, DMSDQ HS @R L@MX SHLDR @R HS
@OOD@QR HM SGD C@S@.)
2. 0M SGD 45"5 5&454 LDMT, RBQNKK CNVM VHSG SGD BTQRNQ SN RDKDBS SGD -HM3DF55DRS. (#D B@QDETK SN RDKDBS
-HM3DF55DRS, @R RNLD B@KBTK@SNQR L@X @KRN G@UD @ CHEEDQDMS HSDL B@KKDC -HM3DF5*MS.)
3. 0M SGD -HM3DF55DRS HMOTS RBQDDM DMSDQ: 9KHRS: -1 ; :KHRS: -2 ; 'QDP: 1
4. 0M SGD MDWS KHMD, @S SGD OQNLOS W NQ [, GHFGKHFGS "w 0" @MC OQDRR &/5&3
5. -D@UD SGD KHMD ENQ "3DF&P:" AK@MJ
6. )HFGKHFGS $@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR &/5&3.
$CAOL? 12.12
5GD NTSOTS RBQDDM BNMS@HMR @ KNS NE HMENQL@SHNM. 'NQ MNV VD VHKK ENBTR NM @ EDV HSDLR EQNL SGD NTSOTS, @MC VHKK QDSTQM
K@SDQ SN SGD NSGDQ HSDLR.
5GD RDBNMC KHMD R@XR O = 7 + 8N. 4BQNKK CNVM SN EHMC SGD U@KTDR 7 = k173.513, @MC 8 = 4.8273; SGD DPT@SHNM NE SGD ADRS
EHS KHMD HR S = k173.51 + 4.83N
5GD SVN HSDLR @S SGD ANSSNL @QD H
2
= 0.43969 @MC H = 0.663. 'NQ MNV, ITRS MNSD VGDQD SN EHMC SGDRD U@KTDR; VD VHKK
CHRBTRR SGDL HM SGD MDWS SVN RDBSHNMR.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 675
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(Q@OGHMF SGD 4B@SSDQOKNS @MC 3DFQDRRHNM -HMD
1. 8D @QD @RRTLHMF XNTQ 9 C@S@ HR @KQD@CX DMSDQDC HM KHRS -1 @MC XNTQ : C@S@ HR HM KHRS -2
2. 1QDRR 2MC 45"51-05 &/5&3 SN TRD 1KNS 1
3. 0M SGD HMOTS RBQDDM ENQ 1-05 1, GHFGKHFGS ,C, @MC OQDRR &/5&3
4. 'NQ 5:1&: GHFGKHFGS SGD UDQX EHQRS HBNM VGHBG HR SGD RB@SSDQOKNS @MC OQDRR &/5&3
5. *MCHB@SD 9KHRS: -1 @MC :KHRS: -2
6. 'NQ .@QJ: HS CNDR MNS L@SSDQ VGHBG RXLANK XNT GHFGKHFGS.
7. 1QDRR SGD ;00. JDX @MC SGDM SGD MTLADQ 9 (ENQ LDMT HSDL ";NNL4S@S") ; SGD B@KBTK@SNQ VHKK EHS SGD VHMCNV SN
SGD C@S@
8. 5N FQ@OG SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD, OQDRR SGD ":=" JDX @MC SXOD SGD DPT@SHNM k173.5 + 4.839 HMSN DPT@SHNM :1. (5GD 9 JDX
HR HLLDCH@SDKX KDES NE SGD 45"5 JDX). 1QDRR ;00. 9 @F@HM SN FQ@OG HS.
9. 0OSHNM@K: *E XNT V@MS SN BG@MFD SGD UHDVHMF VHMCNV, OQDRR SGD 8*/%08JDX. &MSDQ XNTQ CDRHQDC VHMCNV TRHMF
9LHM, 9L@W, :LHM, :L@W
,-2#
"MNSGDQ V@X SN FQ@OG SGD KHMD @ESDQ XNT BQD@SD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS HR SN TRD -HM3DF55DRS.
1. .@JD RTQD XNT G@UD CNMD SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS. $GDBJ HS NM XNTQ RBQDDM.
2. (N SN -HM3DF55DRS @MC DMSDQ SGD KHRSR.
3. "S 3DF&P: OQDRR 7"34 @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN :-7"34. 1QDRR 1 ENQ 1:'TMBSHNM. 1QDRR 1 ENQ 1::1. 5GDM @QQNV CNVM
SN $@KBTK@SD @MC CN SGD B@KBTK@SHNM ENQ SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS.
4. 1QDRR : = (XNT VHKK RDD SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM).
5. 1QDRR (3"1). 5GD KHMD VHKK AD CQ@VM."
2B? !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN 4
#DRHCDR KNNJHMF @S SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS @MC RDDHMF SG@S @ KHMD RDDLR QD@RNM@AKD, GNV B@M XNT SDKK HE SGD KHMD HR @ FNNC OQDCHBSNQ
6RD SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS @R @MNSGDQ HMCHB@SNQ (ADRHCDR SGD RB@SSDQOKNS) NE SGD RSQDMFSG NE SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC
O.
5GD 8DGG:A6I>DC 8D:;;>8>:CI, #, CDUDKNODC AX ,@QK 1D@QRNM HM SGD D@QKX 1900R, HR MTLDQHB@K @MC OQNUHCDR @ LD@RTQD NE
RSQDMFSG @MC CHQDBSHNM NE SGD KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM ADSVDDM SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD N @MC SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD O.
5GD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR B@KBTK@SDC @R
r =
n(xy) (x)(y)
nx
2
(x)
2
ny
2
(y)
2
90
= 261.19
3DA BEJ=H-AT=I O?KNA EO LNA@E?PA@ PK >A 261.19. 3DA H=NCAOP PDA BEJ=H-AT=I O?KNA ?=J >A EO 200.
,-2#
5GD OQNBDRR NE OQDCHBSHMF HMRHCD NE SGD NARDQUDC N U@KTDR NARDQUDC HM SGD C@S@ HR B@KKDC >CI:GEDA6I>DC. 5GD
OQNBDRR NE OQDCHBSHMF NTSRHCD NE SGD NARDQUDC N U@KTDR NARDQUDC HM SGD C@S@ HR B@KKDC :MIG6EDA6I>DC.
12.11 %@S@ @QD BNKKDBSDC NM SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR ODQ VDDJ OQ@BSHBHMF @ LTRHB@K HMRSQTLDMS
@MC RBNQDR NM @ L@SG SDRS. 5GD KHMD NE ADRS EHS HR @R ENKKNVR:
S = 72.5 + 2.8N
8G@S VNTKC XNT OQDCHBS SGD RBNQD NM @ L@SG SDRS VNTKC AD ENQ @ RSTCDMS VGN OQ@BSHBDR @ LTRHB@K HMRSQTLDMS ENQ EHUD
GNTQR @ VDDJ
12.6 U -ONFC?LM
*M RNLD C@S@ RDSR, SGDQD @QD U@KTDR (D7H:GK:9 96I6 ED>CIH) B@KKDC DJIA>:GH. ,JIA>:GH 6G: D7H:GK:9 96I6 ED>CIH I=6I 6G: ;6G
;GDB I=: A:6HI HFJ6G:H A>C:. 5GDX G@UD K@QFD "DQQNQR", VGDQD SGD "DQQNQ" NQ QDRHCT@K HR SGD UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD EQNL SGD KHMD SN
SGD ONHMS.
0TSKHDQR MDDC SN AD DW@LHMDC BKNRDKX. 4NLDSHLDR, ENQ RNLD QD@RNM NQ @MNSGDQ, SGDX RGNTKC MNS AD HMBKTCDC HM SGD
@M@KXRHR NE SGD C@S@. *S HR ONRRHAKD SG@S @M NTSKHDQ HR @ QDRTKS NE DQQNMDNTR C@S@. 0SGDQ SHLDR, @M NTSKHDQ L@X GNKC U@KT@AKD
HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS SGD ONOTK@SHNM TMCDQ RSTCX @MC RGNTKC QDL@HM HMBKTCDC HM SGD C@S@. 5GD JDX HR SN DW@LHMD B@QDETKKX VG@S
B@TRDR @ C@S@ ONHMS SN AD @M NTSKHDQ.
#DRHCDR NTSKHDQR, @ R@LOKD L@X BNMS@HM NMD NQ @ EDV ONHMSR SG@S @QD B@KKDC >C;AJ:CI>6A ED>CIH. *MEKTDMSH@K ONHMSR @QD
NARDQUDC C@S@ ONHMSR SG@S @QD E@Q EQNL SGD NSGDQ NARDQUDC C@S@ ONHMSR HM SGD GNQHYNMS@K CHQDBSHNM. 5GDRD ONHMSR L@X G@UD @
AHF DEEDBS NM SGD RKNOD NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. 5N ADFHM SN HCDMSHEX @M HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS, XNT B@M QDLNUD HS EQNL SGD C@S@ RDS
@MC RDD HE SGD RKNOD NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD HR BG@MFDC RHFMHEHB@MSKX.
$NLOTSDQR @MC L@MX B@KBTK@SNQR B@M AD TRDC SN HCDMSHEX NTSKHDQR EQNLSGD C@S@. $NLOTSDQ NTSOTS ENQ QDFQDRRHNM @M@KXRHR
VHKK NESDM HCDMSHEX ANSG NTSKHDQR @MC HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMSR RN SG@S XNT B@M DW@LHMD SGDL.
'>?HNC@SCHA -ONFC?LM
8D BNTKC FTDRR @S NTSKHDQR AX KNNJHMF @S @ FQ@OG NE SGD RB@SSDQOKNS @MC ADRS EHS-KHMD. )NVDUDQ, VD VNTKC KHJD RNLD FTHCDKHMD
@R SN GNV E@Q @V@X @ ONHMS MDDCR SN AD HM NQCDQ SN AD BNMRHCDQDC @M NTSKHDQ. AH 6 GDJ<= GJA: D; I=JB7, L: 86C ;A6< 6CN
ED>CI I=6I >H AD86I:9 ;JGI=:G I=6C ILD HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH 67DK: DG 7:ADL I=: 7:HI-;>I A>C: 6H 6C DJIA>:G. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM TRDC HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR NQ DQQNQR.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 683
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8D B@M CN SGHR UHRT@KKX HM SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS AX CQ@VHMF @M DWSQ@ O@HQ NE KHMDR SG@S @QD SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD @MC
ADKNV SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD. "MX C@S@ ONHMSR SG@S @QD NTSRHCD SGHR DWSQ@ O@HQ NE KHMDR @QD EK@FFDC @R ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR. 0Q VD B@M CN
SGHR MTLDQHB@KKX AX B@KBTK@SHMF D@BG QDRHCT@K @MC BNLO@QHMF HS SN SVHBD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 0M SGD 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84+,
SGD FQ@OGHB@K @OOQN@BG HR D@RHDQ. 5GD FQ@OGHB@K OQNBDCTQD HR RGNVM EHQRS, ENKKNVDC AX SGD MTLDQHB@K B@KBTK@SHNMR. :NT VNTKC
FDMDQ@KKX MDDC SN TRD NMKX NMD NE SGDRD LDSGNCR.
$T=ILHA 12.12
*M SGD NBCL> ?R;G/@CH;F ?R;G ?R;GJF? (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17092/F;N?MN/#?F?G?HN-22) , XNT B@M
CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR @M NTSKHDQ NQ MNS. *E SGDQD HR @M NTSKHDQ, @R @M DWDQBHRD, CDKDSD HS @MC EHS SGD QDL@HMHMF C@S@ SN
@ MDV KHMD. 'NQ SGHR DW@LOKD, SGD MDV KHMD NTFGS SN EHS SGD QDL@HMHMF C@S@ ADSSDQ. 5GHR LD@MR SGD 00" RGNTKC AD
RL@KKDQ @MC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS NTFGS SN AD BKNRDQ SN 1 NQ k1.
1IFONCIH 12.12
%L;JBC=;F '>?HNC@C=;NCIH I@ -ONFC?LM
8HSG SGD 5*-83, 83+, 84+ FQ@OGHMF B@KBTK@SNQR, HS HR D@RX SN HCDMSHEX SGD NTSKHDQR FQ@OGHB@KKX @MC UHRT@KKX. *E
VD VDQD SN LD@RTQD SGD UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD EQNL @MX C@S@ ONHMS SN SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF ONHMS NM SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS @MC
SG@S CHRS@MBD VDQD DPT@K SN 2I NQ LNQD, SGDM VD VNTKC BNMRHCDQ SGD C@S@ ONHMS SN AD "SNN E@Q" EQNL SGD KHMD NE ADRS
EHS. 8D MDDC SN EHMC @MC FQ@OG SGD KHMDR SG@S @QD SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV @MC @ANUD SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. "MX
ONHMSR SG@S @QD NTSRHCD SGDRD SVN KHMDR @QD NTSKHDQR. 8D VHKK B@KK SGDRD KHMDR :2 @MC :3:
"R VD CHC VHSG SGD DPT@SHNM NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD @MC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, VD VHKK TRD SDBGMNKNFX SN
B@KBTK@SD SGHR RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ TR. 6RHMF SGD )>C/:<11:HI VHSG SGHR C@S@, RBQNKK CNVM SGQNTFG SGD NTSOTS
RBQDDMR SN EHMC $ = 16.412.
-HMD :2 = k173.5 + 4.83N k2(16.4) @MC KHMD :3 = k173.5 + 4.83N + 2(16.4)
VGDQD S = k173.5 + 4.83N HR SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS. :2 @MC :3 G@UD SGD R@LD RKNOD @R SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS.
(Q@OG SGD RB@SSDQOKNS VHSG SGD ADRS EHS KHMD HM DPT@SHNM :1, SGDM DMSDQ SGD SVN DWSQ@ KHMDR @R :2 @MC :3 HM SGD
":="DPT@SHNM DCHSNQ @MC OQDRR ;00. 9. :NT VHKK EHMC SG@S SGD NMKX C@S@ ONHMS SG@S HR MNS ADSVDDM KHMDR :2 @MC
:3 HR SGD ONHMS N = 65, O = 175. 0M SGD B@KBTK@SNQ RBQDDM HS HR ITRS A@QDKX NTSRHCD SGDRD KHMDR. 5GD NTSKHDQ HR SGD
RSTCDMS VGN G@C @ FQ@CD NE 65 NM SGD SGHQC DW@L @MC 175 NM SGD EHM@K DW@L; SGHR ONHMS HR ETQSGDQ SG@M SVN RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR @V@X EQNL SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD.
4NLDSHLDR @ ONHMS HR RN BKNRD SN SGD KHMDR TRDC SN EK@F NTSKHDQR NM SGD FQ@OG SG@S HS HR CHEEHBTKS SN SDKK HE SGD
ONHMS HR ADSVDDM NQ NTSRHCD SGD KHMDR. 0M @ BNLOTSDQ, DMK@QFHMF SGD FQ@OG L@X GDKO; NM @ RL@KK B@KBTK@SNQ RBQDDM,
YNNLHMF HM L@X L@JD SGD FQ@OG BKD@QDQ. /NSD SG@S VGDM SGD FQ@OG CNDR MNS FHUD @ BKD@Q DMNTFG OHBSTQD, XNT B@M
TRD SGD MTLDQHB@K BNLO@QHRNMR SN HCDMSHEX NTSKHDQR.
$CAOL? 12.18
684 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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12.12 *CDMSHEX SGD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQ HM SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR NQ DQQNQR HR
@OOQNWHL@SDKX 8.6.
$CAOL? 12.19
,OG?LC=;F '>?HNC@C=;NCIH I@ -ONFC?LM
*M 2;<F? 12.5, SGD EHQRS SVN BNKTLMR @QD SGD SGHQC-DW@L@MC EHM@K-DW@LC@S@. 5GD SGHQC BNKTLM RGNVR SGD OQDCHBSDC S U@KTDR
B@KBTK@SDC EQNL SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS: S = k173.5 + 4.83N. 5GD QDRHCT@KR, NQ DQQNQR, G@UD ADDM B@KBTK@SDC HM SGD ENTQSG BNKTLM
NE SGD S@AKD: NARDQUDC O U@KTDuOQDCHBSDC X U@KTD = O u S.
I HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE @KK SGD O u S = X U@KTDR VGDQD D = SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@ ONHMSR. *E D@BG QDRHCT@K HR
B@KBTK@SDC @MC RPT@QDC, @MC SGD QDRTKSR @QD @CCDC, VD FDS SGD 44&. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR HR B@KBTK@SDC EQNL
SGD 44& @R:
s =
SSE
n 2
,-2#
8D CHUHCD AX (D k 2) ADB@TRD SGD QDFQDRRHNM LNCDK HMUNKUDR SVN DRSHL@SDR.
3@SGDQ SG@M B@KBTK@SD SGD U@KTD NE I NTQRDKUDR, VD B@M EHMC I TRHMF SGD BNLOTSDQ NQ B@KBTK@SNQ. 'NQ SGHR DW@LOKD, SGD
B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM -HM3DF55DRS ENTMC I = 16.4 @R SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR 35; k17; 16; k6; k19; 9; 3; k1;
k10; k9; k1.
: ; = ; X =
65 175 140 175 _ 140 = 35
67 133 150 133 _ 150= _17
71 185 169 185 _ 169 = 16
2;<F? 12.5
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 685
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: ; = ; X =
71 163 169 163 _ 169 = _6
66 126 145 126 _ 145 = _19
75 198 189 198 _ 189 = 9
67 153 150 153 _ 150 = 3
70 163 164 163 _ 164 = _1
71 159 169 159 _ 169 = _10
69 151 160 151 _ 160 = _9
69 159 160 159 _ 160 = _1
2;<F? 12.5
8D @QD KNNJHMF ENQ @KK C@S@ ONHMSR ENQ VGHBG SGD QDRHCT@K HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 2I = 2(16.4) = 32.8 NQ KDRR SG@M k32.8. $NLO@QD
SGDRD U@KTDR SN SGD QDRHCT@KR HM BNKTLM ENTQ NE SGD S@AKD. 5GD NMKX RTBG C@S@ ONHMS HR SGD RSTCDMS VGN G@C @ FQ@CD NE 65 NM
SGD SGHQC DW@L @MC 175 NM SGD EHM@K DW@L; SGD QDRHCT@K ENQ SGHR RSTCDMS HR 35.
&IQ >I?M NB? IONFC?L ;@@?=N NB? <?MN @CN FCH??
/TLDQHB@KKX @MC FQ@OGHB@KKX, VD G@UD HCDMSHEHDC SGD ONHMS (65, 175) @R @M NTSKHDQ. 8D RGNTKC QD-DW@LHMD SGD C@S@ ENQ SGHR
ONHMS SN RDD HE SGDQD @QD @MX OQNAKDLR VHSG SGD C@S@. *E SGDQD HR @M DQQNQ, VD RGNTKC EHW SGD DQQNQ HE ONRRHAKD, NQ CDKDSD SGD C@S@.
*E SGD C@S@ HR BNQQDBS, VD VNTKC KD@UD HS HM SGD C@S@ RDS. 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL, VD VHKK RTOONRD SG@S VD DW@LHMDC SGD C@S@ @MC
ENTMC SG@S SGHR NTSKHDQ C@S@ V@R @M DQQNQ. 5GDQDENQD VD VHKK BNMSHMTD NM @MC CDKDSD SGD NTSKHDQ, RN SG@S VD B@M DWOKNQD GNV HS
@EEDBSR SGD QDRTKSR, @R @ KD@QMHMF DWODQHDMBD.
!IGJON? ; H?Q <?MN-@CN FCH? ;H> =ILL?F;NCIH =I?@@C=C?HN OMCHA NB? N?H L?G;CHCHA JICHNM:
0M SGD 5*-83, 5*-83+, 5*-84+ B@KBTK@SNQR, CDKDSD SGD NTSKHDQ EQNL -1 @MC -2. 6RHMF SGD -HM3DF55DRS, SGD MDV KHMD NE
ADRS EHS @MC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS @QD:
S = k355.19 + 7.39N @MC H = 0.9121
5GD MDV KHMD VHSG H = 0.9121 HR @ RSQNMFDQ BNQQDK@SHNM SG@M SGD NQHFHM@K (H = 0.6631) ADB@TRD H = 0.9121 HR BKNRDQ SN NMD.
5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGD MDV KHMD HR @ ADSSDQ EHS SN SGD SDM QDL@HMHMF C@S@ U@KTDR. 5GD KHMD B@M ADSSDQ OQDCHBS SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD
FHUDM SGD SGHQC DW@L RBNQD.
,OG?LC=;F '>?HNC@C=;NCIH I@ -ONFC?LM: !;F=OF;NCHA 5 ;H> $CH>CHA -ONFC?LM
+;HO;FFS
*E XNT CN MNS G@UD SGD ETMBSHNM -HM3DF55DRS, SGDM XNT B@M B@KBTK@SD SGD NTSKHDQ HM SGD EHQRS DW@LOKD AX CNHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF.
'HQRS, HFJ6G: :68= P' R *P
5GD RPT@QDR @QD 35
2
; 17
2
; 16
2
; 6
2
; 19
2
; 9
2
; 3
2
; 1
2
; 10
2
; 9
2
; 1
2
1=:C, 699 (HJB) 6AA I=: P' R *P HFJ6G:9 I:GBH TRHMF SGD ENQLTK@
i = 1
11
|
y
i
y
^
i
|
2
=
i = 1
11
i
2
(3DB@KK SG@S O
H
k S
H
= X
H
.)
= 35
2
+ 17
2
+ 16
2
+ 6
2
+ 19
2
+ 9
2
+ 3
2
+ 1
2
+ 10
2
+ 9
2
+ 1
2
= 2440 = 00". 5GD QDRTKS, 00" HR SGD 4TL NE 4PT@QDC &QQNQR.
+:MI, 86A8JA6I: $, I=: HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC D; 6AA I=: ' R * = - K6AJ:H L=:G: n = I=: IDI6A CJB7:G D; 96I6 ED>CIH.
5GD B@KBTK@SHNM HR s =
SSE
n 2
.
686 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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'NQ SGD SGHQC DW@L/EHM@K DW@L OQNAKDL, s =
2440
11 2
= 16.47 .
/DWS, LTKSHOKX I AX 1.9:
(1.9)(16.47) = 31.29
31.29 HR @KLNRS 2 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @V@X EQNL SGD LD@M NE SGD O k S U@KTDR.
*E VD VDQD SN LD@RTQD SGD UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD EQNL @MX C@S@ ONHMS SN SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF ONHMS NM SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS @MC
SG@S CHRS@MBD HR @S KD@RS 1.9I, SGDM VD VNTKC BNMRHCDQ SGD C@S@ ONHMS SN AD "SNN E@Q" EQNL SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS. 8D B@KK SG@S ONHMS
@ EDI:CI>6A DJIA>:G.
'NQ SGD DW@LOKD, HE @MX NE SGD [O k S[ U@KTDR @QD 6I A:6HI 31.29, SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF (N, O) C@S@ ONHMS HR @ ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQ.
'NQ SGD SGHQC DW@L/EHM@K DW@L OQNAKDL, @KK SGD [O k S['R @QD KDRR SG@M 31.29 DWBDOS ENQ SGD EHQRS NMD VGHBG HR 35.
35 > 31.29 5G@S HR, [O k S[ y (1.9)(R)
5GD ONHMS VGHBG BNQQDRONMCR SN [O k S[ = 35 HR (65, 175). 1=:G:;DG:, I=: 96I6 ED>CI (65,175) >H 6 EDI:CI>6A DJIA>:G. 'NQ
SGHR DW@LOKD, VD VHKK CDKDSD HS. (3DLDLADQ, VD CN MNS @KV@XR CDKDSD @M NTSKHDQ.)
,-2#
8GDM NTSKHDQR @QD CDKDSDC, SGD QDRD@QBGDQ RGNTKC DHSGDQ QDBNQC SG@S C@S@ V@R CDKDSDC, @MC VGX, NQ SGD QDRD@QBGDQ RGNTKC
OQNUHCD QDRTKSR ANSG VHSG @MC VHSGNTS SGD CDKDSDC C@S@. *E C@S@ HR DQQNMDNTR @MC SGD BNQQDBS U@KTDR @QD JMNVM (D.F.,
RSTCDMS NMD @BST@KKX RBNQDC @ 70 HMRSD@C NE @ 65), SGDM SGHR BNQQDBSHNM B@M AD L@CD SN SGD C@S@.
5GD MDWS RSDO HR SN BNLOTSD @ MDV ADRS-EHS KHMD TRHMF SGD SDM QDL@HMHMF ONHMSR. 5GD MDV KHMD NE ADRS EHS @MC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM
BNDEEHBHDMS @QD:
S = k355.19 + 7.39N @MC H = 0.9121
$T=ILHA 12.13
6RHMF SGHR MDV KHMD NE ADRS EHS (A@RDC NM SGD QDL@HMHMF SDM C@S@ ONHMSR HM SGD NBCL> ?R;G/@CH;F ?R;G ?R;GJF?
(BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17092/F;N?MN/##?F?G?HN-22) ), VG@S VNTKC @ RSTCDMS VGN QDBDHUDR @ 73 NM SGD
SGHQC DW@L DWODBS SN QDBDHUD NM SGD EHM@K DW@L *R SGHR SGD R@LD @R SGD OQDCHBSHNM L@CD TRHMF SGD NQHFHM@K KHMD
1IFONCIH 12.13
4OEJC PDA JAS HEJA KB >AOP BEP, 2 = _355.19 + 7.39(73) = 184.28. OPQ@AJP SDK O?KNA@ 73 LKEJPO KJ PDA
PDEN@ AT=I SKQH@ ATLA?P PK A=NJ 184 LKEJPO KJ PDA BEJ=H AT=I.
3DA KNECEJ=H HEJA LNA@E?PA@ 2 = _173.51 + 4.83(73) = 179.08 OK PDA LNA@E?PEKJ QOEJC PDA JAS HEJA SEPD
PDA KQPHEAN AHEIEJ=PA@ @EBBANO BNKI PDA KNECEJ=H LNA@E?PEKJ.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 687
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12.13 5GD C@S@ ONHMSR ENQ SGD FQ@OG EQNL SGD NBCL> ?R;G/@CH;F ?R;G ?R;GJF? (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/
G17092/F;N?MN/##?F?G?HN-22) @QD @R ENKKNVR: (1, 5), (2, 7), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12), (4, 13), (5, 18), (6, 19), (7, 12),
@MC (7, 21). 3DLNUD SGD NTSKHDQ @MC QDB@KBTK@SD SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS. 'HMC SGD U@KTD NE S VGDM N = 10.
688 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$T=ILHA 12.14
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 689
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5GD $NMRTLDQ 1QHBD *MCDW ($1*) LD@RTQDR SGD @UDQ@FD BG@MFD NUDQ SHLD HM SGD OQHBDR O@HC AX TQA@M BNMRTLDQR
ENQ BNMRTLDQ FNNCR @MC RDQUHBDR. 5GD $1* @EEDBSR MD@QKX @KK "LDQHB@MR ADB@TRD NE SGD L@MX V@XR HS HR TRDC.
0MD NE HSR AHFFDRS TRDR HR @R @ LD@RTQD NE HMEK@SHNM. #X OQNUHCHMF HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS OQHBD BG@MFDR HM SGD /@SHNM'R
DBNMNLX SN FNUDQMLDMS, ATRHMDRR, @MC K@ANQ, SGD $1* GDKOR SGDL SN L@JD DBNMNLHB CDBHRHNMR. 5GD 1QDRHCDMS,
$NMFQDRR, @MC SGD 'DCDQ@K 3DRDQUD #N@QC TRD SGD $1*'R SQDMCR SN ENQLTK@SD LNMDS@QX @MC EHRB@K ONKHBHDR. *M SGD
ENKKNVHMF S@AKD, N HR SGD XD@Q @MC O HR SGD $1*.
: ; : ;
1915 10.1 1969 36.7
1926 17.7 1975 49.3
1935 13.7 1979 72.6
1940 14.7 1980 82.4
1947 24.1 1986 109.6
1952 26.5 1991 130.7
1964 31.0 1999 166.6
2;<F? 12.6 ";N;
690 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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=. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQOKNS NE SGD C@S@.
>. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD. 8QHSD SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL S = 7 + 8N.
?. %Q@V SGD KHMD NM SGD RB@SSDQOKNS.
@. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
A. 8G@S HR SGD @UDQ@FD $1* ENQ SGD XD@Q 1990
1IFONCIH 12.14
=. 4DD $CAOL? 12.19.
>. S = k3204 + 1.662N HR SGD DPT@SHNM NE SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS.
?. H = 0.8694
@. 5GD MTLADQ NE C@S@ ONHMSR HR D = 14. 6RD SGD 95%$QHSHB@K 7@KTDR NE SGD 4@LOKD $NQQDK@SHNM $NDEEHBHDMS S@AKD
@S SGD DMC NE $G@OSDQ 12. D k 2 = 12. 5GD BNQQDRONMCHMF BQHSHB@K U@KTD HR 0.532. 4HMBD 0.8694 > 0.532, H HR
RHFMHEHB@MS.
S = k3204 + 1.662(1990) = 103.4 $1*
A. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ -HM3DF55DRS, VD EHMC SG@S I = 25.4 ; FQ@OGHMF SGD KHMDR :2 = k3204 + 1.6629 k 2(25.4)
@MC :3 = k3204 + 1.6629 + 2(25.4) RGNVR SG@S MN C@S@ U@KTDR @QD NTSRHCD SGNRD KHMDR, HCDMSHEXHMF MN NTSKHDQR.
(/NSD SG@S SGD XD@Q 1999 V@R UDQX BKNRD SN SGD TOODQ KHMD, ATS RSHKK HMRHCD HS.)
$CAOL? 12.20
,-2#
*M SGD DW@LOKD, MNSHBD SGD O@SSDQM NE SGD ONHMSR BNLO@QDC SN SGD KHMD. "KSGNTFG SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR
RHFMHEHB@MS, SGD O@SSDQM HM SGD RB@SSDQOKNS HMCHB@SDR SG@S @ BTQUD VNTKC AD @ LNQD @OOQNOQH@SD LNCDK SN TRD SG@M
@ KHMD. *M SGHR DW@LOKD, @ RS@SHRSHBH@M RGNTKC OQDEDQ SN TRD NSGDQ LDSGNCR SN EHS @ BTQUD SN SGHR C@S@, Q@SGDQ SG@M
LNCDK SGD C@S@ VHSG SGD KHMD VD ENTMC. *M @CCHSHNM SN CNHMF SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR, HS HR @KV@XR HLONQS@MS SN KNNJ @S
SGD RB@SSDQOKNS VGDM CDBHCHMF VGDSGDQ @ KHMD@Q LNCDK HR @OOQNOQH@SD.
*E XNT @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM RDDHMF LNQD XD@QR NE C@S@, UHRHS SGD #TQD@T NE -@ANQ 4S@SHRSHBR $1* VDARHSD
ESO://ESO.AKR.FNU/OTA/RODBH@K.QDPTDRSR/BOH/BOH@H.SWS; NTQ C@S@ HR S@JDM EQNLSGD BNKTLM DMSHSKDC ""MMT@K "UF." (SGHQC
BNKTLM EQNL SGD QHFGS). 'NQ DW@LOKD XNT BNTKC @CC LNQD BTQQDMS XD@QR NE C@S@. 5QX @CCHMF SGD LNQD QDBDMS XD@QR:
2004: $1* = 188.9; 2008: $1* = 215.3; 2011: $1* = 224.9. 4DD GNV HS @EEDBSR SGD LNCDK. ($GDBJ: S = k4436 +
2.295N; H = 0.9018. *R H RHFMHEHB@MS *R SGD EHS ADSSDQ VHSG SGD @CCHSHNM NE SGD MDV ONHMSR)
12.14 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD RGNVR DBNMNLHB CDUDKNOLDMS LD@RTQDC HM ODQ B@OHS@ HMBNLD 1$*/$.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 691
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7?;L .!',! 7?;L .!',!
1870 340 1920 1050
1880 499 1930 1170
1890 592 1940 1364
1900 757 1950 1836
1910 927 1960 2132
2;<F? 12.7
=. 8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR
>. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS.
?. 6RD QDFQDRRHNM SN EHMC SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS @MC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS.
@. *MSDQOQDS SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS.
A. *R SGDQD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR
B. 'HMC SGD BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM @MC HMSDQOQDS HS.
C. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM 8G@S CNDR HS LD@M
D. 6RD SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS SN DRSHL@SD 1$*/$ ENQ 1900, ENQ 2000.
E. %DSDQLHMD HE SGDQD @QD @MX NTSKHDQR.
95% !LCNC=;F 4;FO?M I@ NB? 1;GJF? !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN 2;<F?
"?AL??M I@ $L??>IG: 1 X 2 !LCNC=;F 4;FO?M: (+ ;H> X)
1 0.997
2 0.950
3 0.878
4 0.811
5 0.754
6 0.707
7 0.666
8 0.632
2;<F? 12.8
692 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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"?AL??M I@ $L??>IG: 1 X 2 !LCNC=;F 4;FO?M: (+ ;H> X)
9 0.602
10 0.576
11 0.555
12 0.532
13 0.514
14 0.497
15 0.482
16 0.468
17 0.456
18 0.444
19 0.433
20 0.423
21 0.413
22 0.404
23 0.396
24 0.388
25 0.381
26 0.374
27 0.367
28 0.361
29 0.355
2;<F? 12.8
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 693
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"?AL??M I@ $L??>IG: 1 X 2 !LCNC=;F 4;FO?M: (+ ;H> X)
30 0.349
40 0.304
50 0.273
60 0.250
70 0.232
80 0.217
90 0.205
100 0.195
2;<F? 12.8
694 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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12.1 0?AL?MMCIH ("CMN;H=? @LIG 1=BIIF)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK B@KBTK@SD @MC BNMRSQTBS SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK DU@KT@SD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR SN CDSDQLHMD HE SG@S QDK@SHNMRGHO HR RHFMHEHB@MS.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
6RD DHFGS LDLADQR NE XNTQ BK@RR ENQ SGD R@LOKD. $NKKDBS AHU@QH@SD C@S@ (CHRS@MBD @M HMCHUHCT@K KHUDR EQNL RBGNNK,
SGD BNRS NE RTOOKHDR ENQ SGD BTQQDMS SDQL).
1. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD.
"CMN;H=? @LIG M=BIIF !IMN I@ MOJJFC?M NBCM N?LG
2;<F? 12.9
2. 8GHBG U@QH@AKD RGNTKC AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC VGHBG RGNTKC AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD 8GX
3. (Q@OG oCHRS@MBDp UR. oBNRS.p 1KNS SGD ONHMSR NM SGD FQ@OG. -@ADK ANSG @WDR VHSG VNQCR. 4B@KD ANSG @WDR.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 695
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$CAOL? 12.21
AH;FST? NB? ";N;
&MSDQ XNTQ C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ. 8QHSD SGD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM, QNTMCHMF SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
1. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. 7 = ??????
>. 8 = ??????
?. BNQQDK@SHNM = ??????
@. D = ??????
A. DPT@SHNM: S = ??????
B. *R SGD BNQQDK@SHNM RHFMHEHB@MS 8GX NQ VGX MNS ("MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.)
2. 4TOOKX @M @MRVDQ ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF RDM@QHNR:
=. 'NQ @ ODQRNM VGN KHUDR DHFGS LHKDR EQNL B@LOTR, OQDCHBS SGD SNS@K BNRS NE RTOOKHDR SGHR SDQL:
>. 'NQ @ ODQRNM VGN KHUDR DHFGSX LHKDR EQNL B@LOTR, OQDCHBS SGD SNS@K BNRS NE RTOOKHDR SGHR SDQL:
3. 0AS@HM SGD FQ@OG NM XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ. 4JDSBG SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD.
$CAOL? 12.22
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIHM
1. "MRVDQ D@BG PTDRSHNM HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
=. %NDR SGD KHMD RDDL SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX
>. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNQQDK@SHNM HLOKX @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD CHRS@MBD @MC SGD BNRS
2. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR *E RN, VGHBG ONHMS HR @M NTSKHDQ
3. 4GNTKC SGD NTSKHDQ, HE HS DWHRSR, AD QDLNUDC 8GX NQ VGX MNS
696 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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12.2 0?AL?MMCIH (2?RN<IIE !IMN)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK B@KBTK@SD @MC BNMRSQTBS SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK DU@KT@SD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR SN CDSDQLHMD HE SG@S QDK@SHNMRGHO HR RHFMHEHB@MS.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
4TQUDX SDM SDWSANNJR. $NKKDBS AHU@QH@SD C@S@ (MTLADQ NE O@FDR HM @ SDWSANNJ, SGD BNRS NE SGD SDWSANNJ).
1. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD.
,OG<?L I@ J;A?M !IMN I@ N?RN<IIE
2;<F? 12.10
2. 8GHBG U@QH@AKD RGNTKC AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC VGHBG RGNTKC AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD 8GX
3. (Q@OG oO@FDRp UR. oBNRS.p 1KNS SGD ONHMSR NM SGD FQ@OG HM "AH;FST? NB? ";N;". -@ADK ANSG @WDR VHSG VNQCR.
4B@KD ANSG @WDR.
AH;FST? NB? ";N;
&MSDQ XNTQ C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ. 8QHSD SGD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM, QNTMCHMF SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
1. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. 7 = ??????
>. 8 = ??????
?. BNQQDK@SHNM = ??????
@. D = ??????
A. DPT@SHNM: O = ??????
B. *R SGD BNQQDK@SHNM RHFMHEHB@MS 8GX NQ VGX MNS ("MRVDQ HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.)
2. 4TOOKX @M @MRVDQ ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF RDM@QHNR:
=. 'NQ @ SDWSANNJ VHSG 400 O@FDR, OQDCHBS SGD BNRS.
>. 'NQ @ SDWSANNJ VHSG 600 O@FDR, OQDCHBS SGD BNRS.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 697
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3. 0AS@HM SGD FQ@OG NM XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ. 4JDSBG SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD.
$CAOL? 12.23
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIHM
1. "MRVDQ D@BG PTDRSHNM HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
=. %NDR SGD KHMD RDDL SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX
>. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNQQDK@SHNM HLOKX @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR @MC SGD BNRS
2. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR *E RN, VGHBG ONHMS(R) HR @M NTSKHDQ
3. 4GNTKC SGD NTSKHDQ, HE HS DWHRSR, AD QDLNUDC 8GX NQ VGX MNS
698 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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12.3 0?AL?MMCIH ($O?F #@@C=C?H=S)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK B@KBTK@SD @MC BNMRSQTBS SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK DU@KT@SD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR SN CDSDQLHMD HE SG@S QDK@SHNMRGHO HR RHFMHEHB@MS.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
6RD SGD LNRS QDBDMS "OQHK HRRTD NE $NMRTLDQ 3DONQSR. *S VHKK FHUD SGD SNS@K ETDK DEEHBHDMBX (HM LHKDR ODQ F@KKNM) @MC
VDHFGS (HM ONTMCR) NE MDV LNCDK B@QR VHSG @TSNL@SHB SQ@MRLHRRHNMR. 8D VHKK TRD SGHR C@S@ SN CDSDQLHMD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO,
HE @MX, ADSVDDM SGD ETDK DEEHBHDMBX NE @ B@Q @MC HSR VDHFGS.
1. 6RHMF XNTQ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ, Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS 20 B@QR EQNL SGD KHRS @MC QDBNQC SGDHQ VDHFGSR @MC ETDK
DEEHBHDMBX HMSN 2;<F? 12.11.
5?CABN $O?F #@@C=C?H=S
2;<F? 12.11
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 699
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5?CABN $O?F #@@C=C?H=S
2;<F? 12.11
2. 8GHBG U@QH@AKD RGNTKC AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC VGHBG RGNTKC AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD 8GX
3. #X G@MC, CN @ RB@SSDQOKNS NE oVDHFGSp UR. oETDK DEEHBHDMBXp. 1KNS SGD ONHMSR NM FQ@OG O@ODQ. -@ADK ANSG @WDR VHSG
VNQCR. 4B@KD ANSG @WDR @BBTQ@SDKX.
$CAOL? 12.24
AH;FST? NB? ";N;
&MSDQ XNTQ C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ. 8QHSD SGD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM, QNTMCHMF SN 4 CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
1. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. 7 = ??????
>. 8 = ??????
?. BNQQDK@SHNM = ??????
@. D = ??????
A. DPT@SHNM: S = ??????
2. 0AS@HM SGD FQ@OG NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD NM XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ. 4JDSBG SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD NM SGD R@LD @WDR @R XNTQ
RB@SSDQ OKNS.
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIHM
1. *R SGD BNQQDK@SHNM RHFMHEHB@MS &WOK@HM GNV XNT CDSDQLHMDC SGHR HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
2. *R SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO @ ONRHSHUD NMD NQ @ MDF@SHUD NMD &WOK@HM GNV XNT B@M SDKK @MC VG@S SGHR LD@MR HM SDQLR NE
VDHFGS @MC ETDK DEEHBHDMBX.
3. *M NMD NQ SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, VG@S HR SGD OQ@BSHB@K HMSDQOQDS@SHNM NE SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD HM SDQLR
NE ETDK DEEHBHDMBX @MC VDHFGS
700 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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4. 'NQ @ B@Q SG@S VDHFGR 4,000 ONTMCR, OQDCHBS HSR ETDK DEEHBHDMBX. *MBKTCD TMHSR.
5. $@M VD OQDCHBS SGD ETDK DEEHBHDMBX NE @ B@Q SG@S VDHFGR 10,000 ONTMCR TRHMF SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD &WOK@HM VGX
NQ VGX MNS.
6. "MRVDQ D@BG PTDRSHNM HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
=. %NDR SGD KHMD RDDL SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
>. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNQQDK@SHNM HLOKX @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM ETDK DEEHBHDMBX @MC VDHFGS NE @ B@Q *R SGHR
VG@S XNT DWODBSDC
7. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR *E RN, VGHBG ONHMS HR @M NTSKHDQ
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 701
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!I?@@C=C?HN I@ !ILL?F;NCIH
-ONFC?L
)#7 2#0+1
@ LD@RTQD CDUDKNODC AX ,@QK 1D@QRNM (D@QKX 1900R) SG@S FHUDR SGD RSQDMFSG NE @RRNBH@SHNM
ADSVDDM SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD; SGD ENQLTK@ HR:
r =
n xy ( x)( y)
[n x
2
( x)
2
][n y
2
( y)
2
]
VGDQD D HR SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@ ONHMSR. 5GD BNDEEHBHDMS B@MMNS AD LNQD SGDM 1 @MC KDRR SGDM k1. 5GD BKNRDQ SGD
BNDEEHBHDMS HR SN a1, SGD RSQNMFDQ SGD DUHCDMBD NE @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O.
@M NARDQU@SHNM SG@S CNDR MNS EHS SGD QDRS NE SGD C@S@
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
12.1 *CH?;L #KO;NCIHM
5GD LNRS A@RHB SXOD NE @RRNBH@SHNM HR @ KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM. 5GHR SXOD NE QDK@SHNMRGHO B@M AD CDEHMDC @KFDAQ@HB@KKX AX SGD
DPT@SHNMR TRDC, MTLDQHB@KKX VHSG @BST@K NQ OQDCHBSDC C@S@ U@KTDR, NQ FQ@OGHB@KKX EQNL @ OKNSSDC BTQUD. (-HMDR @QD BK@RRHEHDC
@R RSQ@HFGS BTQUDR.) "KFDAQ@HB@KKX, @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM SXOHB@KKX S@JDR SGD ENQL ' = m& + b, VGDQD m @MC b @QD BNMRS@MSR, & HR
SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, ' HR SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD. *M @ RS@SHRSHB@K BNMSDWS, @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM HR VQHSSDM HM SGD ENQL ' = a +
b&, VGDQD a @MC b @QD SGD BNMRS@MSR. 5GHR ENQL HR TRDC SN GDKO QD@CDQR CHRSHMFTHRG SGD RS@SHRSHB@K BNMSDWS EQNL SGD @KFDAQ@HB
BNMSDWS. *M SGD DPT@SHNM O = 7 + 8N, SGD BNMRS@MS 8 SG@S LTKSHOKHDR SGD & U@QH@AKD (8 HR B@KKDC @ BNDEEHBHDMS) HR B@KKDC @R SGD
HADE:. 5GD RKNOD CDRBQHADR SGD Q@SD NE BG@MFD ADSVDDM SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR; HM NSGDQ VNQCR, SGD Q@SD NE
BG@MFD CDRBQHADR SGD BG@MFD SG@S NBBTQR HM SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD HR BG@MFDC. *M SGD DPT@SHNM
O = 7 + 8N, SGD BNMRS@MS @ HR B@KKDC @R SGD O-HMSDQBDOS. (Q@OGHB@KKX, SGD O-HMSDQBDOS HR SGD O BNNQCHM@SD NE SGD ONHMS VGDQD SGD
FQ@OG NE SGD KHMD BQNRRDR SGD O @WHR. "S SGHR ONHMS N = 0.
5GD HADE: D; 6 A>C: HR @ U@KTD SG@S CDRBQHADR SGD Q@SD NE BG@MFD ADSVDDM SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR. 5GD
HADE: SDKKR TR GNV SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD (O) BG@MFDR ENQ DUDQX NMD TMHS HMBQD@RD HM SGD HMCDODMCDMS (N) U@QH@AKD, NM @UDQ@FD.
5GD '->CI:G8:EI HR TRDC SN CDRBQHAD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD VGDM SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD DPT@KR YDQN. (Q@OGHB@KKX, SGD RKNOD
HR QDOQDRDMSDC AX SGQDD KHMD SXODR HM DKDLDMS@QX RS@SHRSHBR.
12.2 1=;NN?L .FINM
4B@SSDQ OKNSR @QD O@QSHBTK@QKX GDKOETK FQ@OGR VGDM VD V@MS SN RDD HE SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO @LNMF C@S@ ONHMSR.
5GDX HMCHB@SD ANSG SGD CHQDBSHNM NE SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD N U@QH@AKDR @MC SGD O U@QH@AKDR, @MC SGD RSQDMFSG NE SGD
QDK@SHNMRGHO. 8D B@KBTK@SD SGD RSQDMFSG NE SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM @M HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC @ CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD TRHMF
KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM.
12.3 2B? 0?AL?MMCIH #KO;NCIH
" QDFQDRRHNM KHMD, NQ @ KHMD NE ADRS EHS, B@M AD CQ@VM NM @ RB@SSDQ OKNS @MC TRDC SN OQDCHBS NTSBNLDR ENQ SGD N @MC O U@QH@AKDR
HM @ FHUDM C@S@ RDS NQ R@LOKD C@S@. 5GDQD @QD RDUDQ@K V@XR SN EHMC @ QDFQDRRHNM KHMD, ATS TRT@KKX SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM
KHMD HR TRDC ADB@TRD HS BQD@SDR @ TMHENQL KHMD. 3DRHCT@KR, @KRN B@KKDC oDQQNQR,p LD@RTQD SGD CHRS@MBD EQNL SGD @BST@K U@KTD NE O
@MC SGD DRSHL@SDC U@KTD NE O. 5GD 4TL NE 4PT@QDC &QQNQR, VGDM RDS SN HSR LHMHLTL, B@KBTK@SDR SGD ONHMSR NM SGD KHMD NE ADRS
EHS. 3DFQDRRHNM KHMDR B@M AD TRDC SN OQDCHBS U@KTDR VHSGHM SGD FHUDM RDS NE C@S@, ATS RGNTKC MNS AD TRDC SN L@JD OQDCHBSHNMR
ENQ U@KTDR NTSRHCD SGD RDS NE C@S@.
5GD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS H LD@RTQDR SGD RSQDMFSG NE SGD KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM ADSVDDM N @MC O. 5GD U@QH@AKD H G@R SN AD
ADSVDDM k1 @MC +1. 8GDM H HR ONRHSHUD, SGD N @MC O VHKK SDMC SN HMBQD@RD @MC CDBQD@RD SNFDSGDQ. 8GDM H HR MDF@SHUD, N VHKK
HMBQD@RD @MC O VHKK CDBQD@RD, NQ SGD NOONRHSD, N VHKK CDBQD@RD @MC O VHKK HMBQD@RD. 5GD BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM H
2
, HR
DPT@K SN SGD RPT@QD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. 8GDM DWOQDRRDC @R @ ODQBDMS, H
2
QDOQDRDMSR SGD ODQBDMS NE U@QH@SHNM HM SGD
CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD O SG@S B@M AD DWOK@HMDC AX U@QH@SHNM HM SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD N TRHMF SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD.
12.4 2?MNCHA NB? 1CAHC@C=;H=? I@ NB? !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN
-HMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM HR @ OQNBDCTQD ENQ EHSSHMF @ RSQ@HFGS KHMD NE SGD ENQL S = 7 + 8N SN C@S@. 5GD BNMCHSHNMR ENQ QDFQDRRHNM @QD:
c )>C:6G *M SGD ONOTK@SHNM, SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO SG@S LNCDKR SGD @UDQ@FD U@KTD NE O ENQ CHEEDQDMS U@KTDR NE N.
c &C9:E:C9:CI 5GD QDRHCT@KR @QD @RRTLDC SN AD HMCDODMCDMS.
702 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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c +DGB6A 5GD O U@KTDR @QD CHRSQHATSDC MNQL@KKX ENQ @MX U@KTD NE N.
c "FJ6A K6G>6C8: 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD O U@KTDR HR DPT@K ENQ D@BG N U@KTD.
c /6C9DB 5GD C@S@ @QD OQNCTBDC EQNL @ VDKK-CDRHFMDC Q@MCNL R@LOKD NQ Q@MCNLHYDC DWODQHLDMS.
5GD RKNOD b @MC HMSDQBDOS a NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD DRSHL@SD SGD RKNOD W @MC HMSDQBDOS V NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM (SQTD)
QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. 5N DRSHL@SD SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE O, \, TRD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR, I.
s =
SEE
n 2
. 5GD U@QH@AKD [ (QGN) HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. 5N SDRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR !
0
: [ = >OFEJ>;I?P;:
L7BK;, TRD @ KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM S-SDRS. 5GD LNRS BNLLNM MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR !
0
: [ = 0 VGHBG HMCHB@SDR SGDQD HR MN KHMD@Q
QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 5GD 5*-83, 83+, 84, 84+ B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM -HM3DF55DRS B@M ODQENQL SGHR
SDRS (45"54 5&454 -HM3DF55DRS).
12.5 .L?>C=NCIH
"ESDQ CDSDQLHMHMF SGD OQDRDMBD NE @ RSQNMF BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS @MC B@KBTK@SHMF SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS, XNT B@M TRD SGD KD@RS
RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SN L@JD OQDCHBSHNMR @ANTS XNTQ C@S@.
12.6 -ONFC?LM
5N CDSDQLHMD HE @ ONHMS HR @M NTSKHDQ, CN NMD NE SGD ENKKNVHMF:
1. (JLQP PDA BKHHKSEJC AMQ=PEKJO EJPK PDA 3( 83, 83+,84, 84+:
y
1
= a + bx
y
2
= (2s)a + bx
y
3
= (2s)a + bx
VGDQD R HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR
*E @MX ONHMS HR @ANUD X
2
NQ ADKNV X
3
SGDM SGD ONHMS HR BNMRHCDQDC SN AD @M NTSKHDQ.
2. 6RD SGD QDRHCT@KR @MC BNLO@QD SGDHQ @ARNKTSD U@KTDR SN 1.9I VGDQD I HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR. *E SGD
@ARNKTSD U@KTD NE @MX QDRHCT@K HR FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 1.9I, SGDM SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF ONHMS HR @M NTSKHDQ.
3. /NSD: 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM -HM3DF55DRS (45"54 5&454 -HM3DF55DRS) B@KBTK@SDR I.
5N CDSDQLHMD HE @ ONHMS HR @M HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS, FQ@OG SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD VHSG SGD ONHMS HMBKTCDC, SGDM FQ@OG SGD KD@RS-
RPT@QDR KHMD VHSG SGD ONHMS DWBKTCDC. *E SGD FQ@OG BG@MFDR AX @ BNMRHCDQ@AKD @LNTMS, SGD ONHMS HR HMEKTDMSH@K.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
12.1 *CH?;L #KO;NCIHM
O = 7 + 8N VGDQD 7 HR SGD O-HMSDQBDOS @MC 8 HR SGD RKNOD. 5GD
U@QH@AKD N HR SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC O HR SGD CDODMCDMS
U@QH@AKD.
12.4 2?MNCHA NB? 1CAHC@C=;H=? I@ NB? !ILL?F;NCIH
!I?@@C=C?HN
-D@RS 4PT@QDR -HMD NQ -HMD NE #DRS 'HS:
y
^
= a + bx
VGDQD
7 = O-HMSDQBDOS
8 = RKNOD
4S@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR:
s =
SEE
n 2
.
VGDQD
44& = RTL NE RPT@QDC DQQNQR
D = SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@ ONHMSR
.0A!2'!#
12.1 *CH?;L #KO;NCIHM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. " U@B@SHNM QDRNQS QDMSR 4$6#" DPTHOLDMS SN BDQSHEHDC
CHUDQR. 5GD QDRNQS BG@QFDR @M TO-EQNMS EDD NE $25 @MC @MNSGDQ EDD NE $12.50 @M GNTQ.
1. 8G@S @QD SGD CDODMCDMS @MC HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR
2. 'HMC SGD DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K EDD HM SDQLR NE SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR SGD DPTHOLDMS HR QDMSDC.
3. (Q@OG SGD DPT@SHNM EQNL #R?L=CM? 12.2.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 703
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. " BQDCHS B@QC BNLO@MX BG@QFDR $10 VGDM @ O@XLDMS HR K@SD,
@MC $5 @ C@X D@BG C@X SGD O@XLDMS QDL@HMR TMO@HC.
4. 'HMC SGD DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K EDD HM SDQLR NE SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR SGD O@XLDMS HR K@SD.
5. (Q@OG SGD DPT@SHNM EQNL #R?L=CM? 12.4.
6. *R SGD DPT@SHNM O = 10 + 5N k 3N
2
KHMD@Q 8GX NQ VGX MNS
7. 8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF DPT@SHNMR @QD KHMD@Q
@. O = 6N + 8
A. O + 7 = 3N
B. O k N = 8N
2
C. 4O = 8
8. %NDR SGD FQ@OG RGNV @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
$CAOL? 12.25
2;<F? 12.12 BNMS@HMR QD@K C@S@ ENQ SGD EHQRS SVN CDB@CDR NE "*%4 QDONQSHMF.
7?;L # A'"1 =;M?M >C;AHIM?> # A'"1 >?;NBM
/NA-1981 91 29
1981 319 121
1982 1,170 453
1983 3,076 1,482
1984 6,240 3,466
1985 11,776 6,878
1986 19,032 11,987
1987 28,564 16,162
2;<F? 12.12 A>OFNM ;H> A>IF?M=?HNM IHFS, 3HCN?> 1N;N?M
704 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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1988 35,447 20,868
1989 42,674 27,591
1990 48,634 31,335
1991 59,660 36,560
1992 78,530 41,055
1993 78,834 44,730
1994 71,874 49,095
1995 68,505 49,456
1996 59,347 38,510
1997 47,149 20,736
1998 38,393 19,005
1999 25,174 18,454
2000 25,522 17,347
2001 25,643 17,402
2002 26,464 16,371
2IN;F 802,118 489,093
2;<F? 12.12 A>OFNM ;H> A>IF?M=?HNM IHFS, 3HCN?> 1N;N?M
9. 6RD SGD BNKTLMR "XD@Q" @MC "# "*%4 B@RDR CH@FMNRDC. 8GX HR oXD@Qp SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC o# "*%4 B@RDR
CH@FMNRDC.p SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD (HMRSD@C NE SGD QDUDQRD)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. " RODBH@KSX BKD@MHMF BNLO@MX BG@QFDR @M DPTHOLDMS EDD
@MC @M GNTQKX K@ANQ EDD. " KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NE SGD EDD SGD BNLO@MX BG@QFDR ENQ D@BG RDRRHNM
HR O = 50 + 100N.
10. 8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR
11. 8G@S HR SGD O-HMSDQBDOS @MC VG@S HR SGD RKNOD *MSDQOQDS SGDL TRHMF BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; GK;IJ?EDI. %TD SN DQNRHNM, @ QHUDQ RGNQDKHMD HR KNRHMF RDUDQ@K SGNTR@MC
ONTMCR NE RNHK D@BG XD@Q. " KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NE RNHK KNRS ODQ XD@Q HR O = 12,000N.
12. 8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR
13. )NV L@MX ONTMCR NE RNHK CNDR SGD RGNQDKHMD KNRD HM @ XD@Q
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 705
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14. 8G@S HR SGD O-HMSDQBDOS *MSDQOQDS HSR LD@MHMF.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD OQHBD NE @ RHMFKD HRRTD NE RSNBJ B@M EKTBST@SD SGQNTFGNTS
SGD C@X. " KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD OQHBD NE RSNBJ ENQ 4GHOLDMS &WOQDRR HR O = 15 k 1.5N VGDQD N HR SGD MTLADQ NE
GNTQR O@RRDC HM @M DHFGS-GNTQ C@X NE SQ@CHMF.
15. 8G@S @QD SGD RKNOD @MC O-HMSDQBDOS *MSDQOQDS SGDHQ LD@MHMF.
16. *E XNT NVMDC SGHR RSNBJ, VNTKC XNT V@MS @ ONRHSHUD NQ MDF@SHUD RKNOD 8GX
12.2 1=;NN?L .FINM
17. %NDR SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS @OOD@Q KHMD@Q 4SQNMF NQ VD@J 1NRHSHUD NQ MDF@SHUD
$CAOL? 12.26
18. %NDR SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS @OOD@Q KHMD@Q 4SQNMF NQ VD@J 1NRHSHUD NQ MDF@SHUD
$CAOL? 12.27
19. %NDR SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS @OOD@Q KHMD@Q 4SQNMF NQ VD@J 1NRHSHUD NQ MDF@SHUD
706 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 12.28
12.3 2B? 0?AL?MMCIH #KO;NCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE SDM OQNEDRRHNM@K @SGKDSDR OQNCTBDC SGD
ENKKNVHMF C@S@ VGDQD N HR SGD MTLADQ NE DMCNQRDLDMSR SGD OK@XDQ G@R @MC O HR SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX L@CD (HM LHKKHNMR NE
CNKK@QR).
: ; : ;
0 2 5 12
3 8 4 9
2 7 3 9
1 3 0 3
5 13 4 10
2;<F? 12.13
20. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
21. 6RD QDFQDRRHNM SN EHMC SGD DPT@SHNM ENQ SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS.
22. %Q@V SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS NM SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS.
23. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS 8G@S CNDR HS QDOQDRDMS
24. 8G@S HR SGD O-HMSDQBDOS NE SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS 8G@S CNDR HS QDOQDRDMS
25. 8G@S CNDR @M H U@KTD NE YDQN LD@M
26. 8GDM D = 2 @MC H = 1, @QD SGD C@S@ RHFMHEHB@MS &WOK@HM.
27. 8GDM D = 100 @MC H = -0.89, HR SGDQD @ RHFMHEHB@MS BNQQDK@SHNM &WOK@HM.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 707
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12.4 2?MNCHA NB? 1CAHC@C=;H=? I@ NB? !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN
28. 8GDM SDRSHMF SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, VG@S HR SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
29. 8GDM SDRSHMF SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, VG@S HR SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR
30. *E SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD HR 0.05 @MC SGD F-U@KTD HR 0.04, VG@S BNMBKTRHNM B@M XNT CQ@V
12.5 .L?>C=NCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. "M DKDBSQNMHBR QDS@HKDQ TRDC QDFQDRRHNM SN EHMC @ RHLOKD
LNCDK SN OQDCHBS R@KDR FQNVSG HM SGD EHQRS PT@QSDQ NE SGD MDV XD@Q (+@MT@QX SGQNTFG .@QBG). 5GD LNCDK HR FNNC ENQ 90 C@XR,
VGDQD N HR SGD C@X. 5GD LNCDK B@M AD VQHSSDM @R ENKKNVR:
S = 101.32 + 2.48N VGDQD S HR HM SGNTR@MCR NE CNKK@QR.
31. 8G@S VNTKC XNT OQDCHBS SGD R@KDR SN AD NM C@X 60
32. 8G@S VNTKC XNT OQDCHBS SGD R@KDR SN AD NM C@X 90
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. " K@MCRB@OHMF BNLO@MX HR GHQDC SN LNV SGD FQ@RR ENQ
RDUDQ@K K@QFD OQNODQSHDR. 5GD SNS@K @QD@ NE SGD OQNODQSHDR BNLAHMDC HR 1,345 @BQDR. 5GD Q@SD @S VGHBG NMD ODQRNM B@M LNV HR
@R ENKKNVR:
S = 1350 k 1.2N VGDQD N HR SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR @MC S QDOQDRDMSR SGD MTLADQ NE @BQDR KDES SN LNV.
33. )NV L@MX @BQDR VHKK AD KDES SN LNV @ESDQ 20 GNTQR NE VNQJ
34. )NV L@MX @BQDR VHKK AD KDES SN LNV @ESDQ 100 GNTQR NE VNQJ
35. )NV L@MX GNTQR VHKK HS S@JD SN LNV @KK NE SGD K@VMR (8GDM HR S = 0)
2;<F? 12.14 BNMS@HMR QD@K C@S@ ENQ SGD EHQRS SVN CDB@CDR NE "*%4 QDONQSHMF.
7?;L # A'"1 =;M?M >C;AHIM?> # A'"1 >?;NBM
/NA-1981 91 29
1981 319 121
1982 1,170 453
1983 3,076 1,482
1984 6,240 3,466
1985 11,776 6,878
1986 19,032 11,987
1987 28,564 16,162
1988 35,447 20,868
1989 42,674 27,591
1990 48,634 31,335
2;<F? 12.14 A>OFNM ;H> A>IF?M=?HNM IHFS, 3HCN?> 1N;N?M
708 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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1991 59,660 36,560
1992 78,530 41,055
1993 78,834 44,730
1994 71,874 49,095
1995 68,505 49,456
1996 59,347 38,510
1997 47,149 20,736
1998 38,393 19,005
1999 25,174 18,454
2000 25,522 17,347
2001 25,643 17,402
2002 26,464 16,371
2IN;F 802,118 489,093
2;<F? 12.14 A>OFNM ;H> A>IF?M=?HNM IHFS, 3HCN?> 1N;N?M
36. (Q@OG oXD@Qp UDQRTR o# "*%4 B@RDR CH@FMNRDCp (OKNS SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS). %N MNS HMBKTCD OQD-1981 C@S@.
37. 1DQENQL KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM. 8G@S HR SGD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM 3NTMC SN SGD MD@QDRS VGNKD MTLADQ.
38. 8QHSD SGD DPT@SHNMR:
=. -HMD@Q DPT@SHNM: ??????????
>. 7 = ????????
?. 8 = ????????
@. H = ????????
A. D = ????????
39. 4NKUD.
=. 8GDM N = 1985, S = ?????
>. 8GDM N = 1990, S =?????
?. 8GDM N = 1970, S =?????? 8GX CNDRMnS SGHR @MRVDQ L@JD RDMRD
40. %NDR SGD KHMD RDDL SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
41. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNQQDK@SHNM HLOKX @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SHLD (XD@QR) @MC SGD MTLADQ NE CH@FMNRDC "*%4 B@RDR
QDONQSDC HM SGD 6.4.
42. 1KNS SGD SVN FHUDM ONHMSR NM SGD ENKKNVHMF FQ@OG. 5GDM, BNMMDBS SGD SVN ONHMSR SN ENQL SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 709
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$CAOL? 12.29
0AS@HM SGD FQ@OG NM XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ.
43. 8QHSD SGD DPT@SHNM: S= ????????????
44. )@MC CQ@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD NM SGD FQ@OG SG@S RGNVR SGD EKNV NE SGD C@S@.
45. %NDR SGD KHMD RDDL SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
46. %N XNT SGHMJ @ KHMD@Q EHS HR ADRS 8GX NQ VGX MNS
47. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNQQDK@SHNM HLOKX @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SHLD (XD@QR) @MC SGD MTLADQ NE CH@FMNRDC "*%4 B@RDR
QDONQSDC HM SGD 6.4.
48. (Q@OG oXD@Qp UR. o# "*%4 B@RDR CH@FMNRDC.p %N MNS HMBKTCD OQD-1981. -@ADK ANSG @WDR VHSG VNQCR. 4B@KD ANSG @WDR.
49. &MSDQ XNTQ C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ. 5GD OQD-1981 C@S@ RGNTKC MNS AD HMBKTCDC. 8GX HR SG@S RN
8QHSD SGD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM, QNTMCHMF SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR:
50. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. 7 = ?????
>. 8 = ?????
?. BNQQDK@SHNM = ?????
@. D = ?????
12.6 -ONFC?LM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD RB@SSDQ OKNS RGNVR SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM GNTQR RODMS
RSTCXHMF @MC DW@L RBNQDR. 5GD KHMD RGNVM HR SGD B@KBTK@SDC KHMD NE ADRS EHS. 5GD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR 0.69.
$CAOL? 12.30
51. %N SGDQD @OOD@Q SN AD @MX NTSKHDQR
52. " ONHMS HR QDLNUDC, @MC SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS HR QDB@KBTK@SDC. 5GD MDV BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR 0.98. %NDR SGD ONHMS @OOD@Q
SN G@UD ADDM @M NTSKHDQ 8GX
710 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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53. 8G@S DEEDBS CHC SGD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQ G@UD NM SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS
54. "QD XNT LNQD NQ KDRR BNMEHCDMS HM SGD OQDCHBSHUD @AHKHSX NE SGD MDV KHMD NE ADRS EHS
55. 5GD 4TL NE 4PT@QDC &QQNQR ENQ @ C@S@ RDS NE 18 MTLADQR HR 49. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
56. 5GD 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM ENQ SGD 4TL NE 4PT@QDC &QQNQR ENQ @ C@S@ RDS HR 9.8. 8G@S HR SGD BTSNEE ENQ SGD UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD
SG@S @ ONHMS B@M AD EQNL SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS SN AD BNMRHCDQDC @M NTSKHDQ
&-+#5-0)
12.1 *CH?;L #KO;NCIHM
57. 'NQ D@BG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF RHST@SHNMR, RS@SD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
=. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE DKCDQKX CQHUDQR @QD HMUNKUDC HM LNQD LNSNQ UDGHBKD E@S@KHSHDR SG@M NSGDQ CQHUDQR.
5GD MTLADQ NE E@S@KHSHDR ODQ 100,000 CQHUDQR HR BNLO@QDC SN SGD @FD NE CQHUDQR.
>. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD VDDJKX FQNBDQX AHKK BG@MFDR A@RDC NM SGD MTLADQ NE E@LHKX LDLADQR.
?. *MRTQ@MBD BNLO@MHDR A@RD KHED HMRTQ@MBD OQDLHTLR O@QSH@KKX NM SGD @FD NE SGD @OOKHB@MS.
@. 6SHKHSX AHKKR U@QX @BBNQCHMF SN ONVDQ BNMRTLOSHNM.
A. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE @ GHFGDQ DCTB@SHNM QDCTBDR SGD BQHLD Q@SD HM @ ONOTK@SHNM.
58. 1HDBD-Q@SD RXRSDLR @QD VHCDKX CDA@SDC HMBDMSHUD O@XLDMS OK@MR. *M @ QDBDMS RSTCX NE KN@M NEEHBDQ DEEDBSHUDMDRR, SGD
ENKKNVHMF OHDBD-Q@SD RXRSDL V@R DW@LHMDC:
% KB
CK=H
NA=?DA@
<
80
80 100 120
(J?AJPERA
J/
=
$4,000 SEPD =J
=@@EPEKJ=H $125 =@@A@
LAN LAN?AJP=CA LKEJP
BNKI 81_99%
$6,500 SEPD =J =@@EPEKJ=H
$125 =@@A@ LAN
LAN?AJP=CA LKEJP BNKI
101_119%
$9,500 SEPD =J =@@EPEKJ=H
$125 =@@A@ LAN
LAN?AJP=CA LKEJP OP=NPEJC
=P 121%
2;<F? 12.15
*E @ KN@M NEEHBDQ L@JDR 95% NE GHR NQ GDQ FN@K, VQHSD SGD KHMD@Q ETMBSHNM SG@S @OOKHDR A@RDC NM SGD HMBDMSHUD OK@M S@AKD. *M
BNMSDWS, DWOK@HM SGD O-HMSDQBDOS @MC RKNOD.
12.2 1=;NN?L .FINM
59. 5GD (QNRR %NLDRSHB 1QNCTBS 1TQBG@RHMF 1NVDQ 1@QHSX HR @M HMCHB@SHNM NE @ BNTMSQXnR BTQQDMBX U@KTD BNLO@QDC SN
@MNSGDQ BNTMSQX. 2;<F? 12.16 RGNVR SGD (%1 111 NE $TA@ @R BNLO@QDC SN 64 CNKK@QR. $NMRSQTBS @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
7?;L !O<;YM ... 7?;L !O<;YM ...
1999 1,700 2006 4,000
2000 1,700 2007 11,000
2002 2,300 2008 9,500
2003 2,900 2009 9,700
2004 3,000 2010 9,900
2;<F? 12.16
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 711
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7?;L !O<;YM ... 7?;L !O<;YM ...
2005 3,500
2;<F? 12.16
60. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD RGNVR SGD ONUDQSX Q@SDR @MC BDKK OGNMD TR@FD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. $NMRSQTBS @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD
C@S@
7?;L .IP?LNS 0;N? !?FFOF;L 3M;A? J?L !;JCN;
2003 12.7 54.67
2005 12.6 74.19
2007 12 84.86
2009 12 90.82
2;<F? 12.17
61. %NDR SGD GHFGDQ BNRS NE STHSHNM SQ@MRK@SD HMSN GHFGDQ-O@XHMF INAR 5GD S@AKD KHRSR SGD SNO SDM BNKKDFDR A@RDC NM LHC-B@QDDQ
R@K@QX @MC SGD @RRNBH@SDC XD@QKX STHSHNM BNRSR. $NMRSQTBS @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
1=BIIF +C>-!;L??L 1;F;LS (CH NBIOM;H>M) 7?;LFS 2OCNCIH
/NEJ?APKJ 137 28,540
'=NRAU ,Q@@ 135 40,133
"=H3A?D 127 39,900
42 -=R=H ?=@AIU 122 0
6AOP /KEJP 120 0
,(3 118 42,050
+ADECD 4JERANOEPU 118 43,220
-84-/KHU 117 39,565
!=>OKJ "KHHACA 117 40,400
2P=JBKN@ 114 54,506
2;<F? 12.18
712 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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62. *E SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD HR 0.05 @MC SGD F-U@KTD HR 0.06, VG@S BNMBKTRHNM B@M XNT CQ@V
63. *E SGDQD @QD 15 C@S@ ONHMSR HM @ RDS NE C@S@, VG@S HR SGD MTLADQ NE CDFQDD NE EQDDCNL
12.3 2B? 0?AL?MMCIH #KO;NCIH
64. 8G@S HR SGD OQNBDRR SGQNTFG VGHBG VD B@M B@KBTK@SD @ KHMD SG@S FNDR SGQNTFG @ RB@SSDQ OKNS VHSG @ KHMD@Q O@SSDQM
65. &WOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR VGDM @ BNQQDK@SHNM G@R @M H
2
NE 0.72.
66. $@M @ BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM AD MDF@SHUD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
12.4 2?MNCHA NB? 1CAHC@C=;H=? I@ NB? !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN
67. *E SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD HR 0.05 @MC SGD F-U@KTD HR 0.06, VG@S BNMBKTRHNM B@M XNT CQ@V
68. *E SGDQD @QD 15 C@S@ ONHMSR HM @ RDS NE C@S@, VG@S HR SGD MTLADQ NE CDFQDD NE EQDDCNL
12.5 .L?>C=NCIH
69. 3DBDMSKX, SGD @MMT@K MTLADQ NE CQHUDQ CD@SGR ODQ 100,000 ENQ SGD RDKDBSDC @FD FQNTOR V@R @R ENKKNVR:
AA? ,OG<?L I@ "LCP?L "?;NBM J?L 100,000
17.5 38
22 36
29.5 24
44.5 20
64.5 18
80 28
2;<F? 12.19
=. 'NQ D@BG @FD FQNTO, OHBJ SGD LHCONHMS NE SGD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD N U@KTD. ('NQ SGD 75+ FQNTO, TRD 80.)
>. 6RHMF o@FDRp @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC o/TLADQ NE CQHUDQ CD@SGR ODQ 100,000p @R SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD,
L@JD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
?. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR (ADRSkEHS) KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
@. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
A. 1QDCHBS SGD MTLADQ NE CD@SGR ENQ @FDR 40 @MC 60.
B. #@RDC NM SGD FHUDM C@S@, HR SGDQD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM @FD NE @ CQHUDQ @MC CQHUDQ E@S@KHSX Q@SD
C. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
70. 2;<F? 12.20 RGNVR SGD KHED DWODBS@MBX ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K ANQM HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM BDQS@HM XD@QR.
7?;L I@ CLNB *C@? #RJ?=N;H=S
1930 59.7
1940 62.9
2;<F? 12.20
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 713
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7?;L I@ CLNB *C@? #RJ?=N;H=S
1950 70.2
1965 69.7
1973 71.4
1982 74.5
1987 75
1992 75.7
2010 78.7
2;<F? 12.20
=. %DBHCD VGHBG U@QH@AKD RGNTKC AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC VGHBG RGNTKC AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
>. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD NQCDQDC O@HQR.
?. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
@. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
A. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC KHED DWODBS@MBX ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K ANQM HM 1950 @MC ENQ NMD ANQM HM 1982.
B. 8GX @QDMnS SGD @MRVDQR SN O@QS D SGD R@LD @R SGD U@KTDR HM 2;<F? 12.20 SG@S BNQQDRONMC SN SGNRD XD@QR
C. 6RD SGD SVN ONHMSR HM O@QS D SN OKNS SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD NM XNTQ FQ@OG EQNL O@QS A.
D. #@RDC NM SGD C@S@, HR SGDQD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD XD@Q NE AHQSG @MC KHED DWODBS@MBX
E. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@
F. 6RHMF SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD, EHMC SGD DRSHL@SDC KHED DWODBS@MBX ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K ANQM HM 1850. %NDR SGD KD@RS
RPT@QDR KHMD FHUD @M @BBTQ@SD DRSHL@SD ENQ SG@S XD@Q &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
G. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
71. 5GD L@WHLTL CHRBNTMS U@KTD NE SGD &MSDQS@HMLDMS_ B@QC ENQ SGD o'HMD %HMHMFp RDBSHNM, &CHSHNM SDM, ENQ U@QHNTR O@FDR
HR FHUDM HM 2;<F? 12.21
.;A? HOG<?L +;RCGOG P;FO? ($)
4 16
14 19
25 15
32 17
43 19
57 15
2;<F? 12.21
714 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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.;A? HOG<?L +;RCGOG P;FO? ($)
72 16
85 15
90 17
2;<F? 12.21
=. %DBHCD VGHBG U@QH@AKD RGNTKC AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC VGHBG RGNTKC AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
>. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD NQCDQDC O@HQR.
?. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
@. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
A. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC L@WHLTL U@KTDR ENQ SGD QDRS@TQ@MSR NM O@FD SDM @MC NM O@FD 70.
B. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD QDRS@TQ@MSR FHUHMF SGD L@WHLTL U@KTD @QD OK@BDC HM SGD ADFHMMHMF NE SGD o'HMD %HMHMFp
RDBSHNM )NV CHC XNT @QQHUD @S XNTQ @MRVDQ
C. 4TOONRD SG@S SGDQD VDQD 200 O@FDR NE QDRS@TQ@MSR. 8G@S CN XNT DRSHL@SD SN AD SGD L@WHLTL U@KTD ENQ @ QDRS@TQ@MS
KHRSDC NM O@FD 200
D. *R SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD U@KHC ENQ O@FD 200 8GX NQ VGX MNS
E. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
72. 2;<F? 12.22 FHUDR SGD FNKC LDC@K SHLDR ENQ DUDQX NSGDQ 4TLLDQ 0KXLOHBR ENQ SGD VNLDMnR 100-LDSDQ EQDDRSXKD
(RVHLLHMF).
7?;L 2CG? (M?=IH>M)
1912 82.2
1924 72.4
1932 66.8
1952 66.8
1960 61.2
1968 60.0
1976 55.65
1984 55.92
1992 54.64
2000 53.8
2;<F? 12.22
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 715
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7?;L 2CG? (M?=IH>M)
2008 53.1
2;<F? 12.22
=. %DBHCD VGHBG U@QH@AKD RGNTKC AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC VGHBG RGNTKC AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
>. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
?. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N.
A. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R SGD CDBQD@RD HM SHLDR RHFMHEHB@MS
B. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC FNKC LDC@K SHLD ENQ 1932. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC SHLD ENQ 1984.
C. 8GX @QD SGD @MRVDQR EQNL O@QS E CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD BG@QS U@KTDR
D. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S @ KHMD HR SGD ADRS V@X SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
E. 6RD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD SN DRSHL@SD SGD FNKC LDC@K SHLD ENQ SGD MDWS 4TLLDQ 0KXLOHBR. %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S XNTQ
@MRVDQ HR QD@RNM@AKD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
73.
1N;N?
# F?NN?LM CH
H;G?
7?;L ?HN?L?> NB?
3HCIH
0;HE @IL ?HN?LCHA NB?
3HCIH
AL?; (MKO;L?
GCF?M)
H=>=I= 7 1819 22 52,423
"KHKN=@K 8 1876 38 104,100
'=S=EE 6 1959 50 10,932
(KS= 4 1846 29 56,276
,=NUH=J@ 8 1788 7 12,407
,EOOKQNE 8 1821 24 69,709
-AS )ANOAU 9 1787 3 8,722
.DEK 4 1803 17 44,828
2KQPD
"=NKHEJ=
13 1788 8 32,008
4P=D 4 1896 45 84,904
6EO?KJOEJ 9 1848 30 65,499
2;<F? 12.23
8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR HM @ RS@SD M@LD CDODMCR TONM SGD XD@Q SGD RS@SD DMSDQDC SGD 6MHNM.
=. %DBHCD VGHBG U@QH@AKD RGNTKC AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC VGHBG RGNTKC AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
>. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
716 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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?. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N.
A. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. 8G@S CNDR HS HLOKX @ANTS SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO
B. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR (SN SGD MD@QDRS HMSDFDQ) @ RS@SD VNTKC G@UD HE HS DMSDQDC SGD 6MHNM HM 1900.
'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR @ RS@SD VNTKC G@UD HE HS DMSDQDC SGD 6MHNM HM 1940.
C. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S @ KHMD HR SGD ADRS V@X SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
D. 6RD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD SN DRSHL@SD SGD MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR @ MDV RS@SD SG@S DMSDQR SGD 6MHNM SGHR XD@Q VNTKC G@UD.
$@M SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD AD TRDC SN OQDCHBS HS 8GX NQ VGX MNS
12.6 -ONFC?LM
74. 5GD GDHFGS (RHCDV@KJ SN QNNE) NE MNS@AKD S@KK ATHKCHMFR HM "LDQHB@ HR BNLO@QDC SN SGD MTLADQ NE RSNQHDR NE SGD ATHKCHMF
(ADFHMMHMF @S RSQDDS KDUDK).
&?CABN (CH @??N) 1NILC?M
1,050 57
428 28
362 26
529 40
790 60
401 22
380 38
1,454 110
1,127 100
700 46
2;<F? 12.24
=. 6RHMF oRSNQHDRp @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC oGDHFGSp @R SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, L@JD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
>. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR
?. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
@. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
A. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC GDHFGSR ENQ 32 RSNQHDR @MC ENQ 94 RSNQHDR.
B. #@RDC NM SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 12.24, HR SGDQD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQ NE RSNQHDR HM S@KK ATHKCHMFR
@MC SGD GDHFGS NE SGD ATHKCHMFR
C. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@ *E RN, VGHBG ONHMS(R)
D. 8G@S HR SGD DRSHL@SDC GDHFGS NE @ ATHKCHMF VHSG RHW RSNQHDR %NDR SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD FHUD @M @BBTQ@SD DRSHL@SD
NE GDHFGS &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
E. #@RDC NM SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD, @CCHMF @M DWSQ@ RSNQX HR OQDCHBSDC SN @CC @ANTS GNV L@MX EDDS SN @ ATHKCHMF
F. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
75. 0QMHSGNKNFHRSR, RBHDMSHRSR VGN RSTCX AHQCR, S@F RO@QQNV G@VJR HM 13 CHEEDQDMS BNKNMHDR SN RSTCX SGDHQ ONOTK@SHNM. 5GDX
F@SGDQ C@S@ ENQ SGD ODQBDMS NE MDV RO@QQNV G@VJR HM D@BG BNKNMX @MC SGD ODQBDMS NE SGNRD SG@S G@UD QDSTQMDC EQNLLHFQ@SHNM.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 717
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-:G8:CI G:IJGC:74; 66; 81; 52; 73; 62; 52; 45; 62; 46; 60; 46; 38
-:G8:CI C:L:5; 6; 8; 11; 12; 15; 16; 17; 18; 18; 19; 20; 20
=. &MSDQ SGD C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ @MC L@JD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS.
>. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQnR QDFQDRRHNM ETMBSHNM SN EHMC SGD DPT@SHNM NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. "CC SGHR SN XNTQ
RB@SSDQ OKNS EQNL O@QS @.
?. &WOK@HM HM VNQCR VG@S SGD RKNOD @MC X-HMSDQBDOS NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SDKK TR.
@. )NV VDKK CNDR SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD EHS SGD C@S@ &WOK@HM XNTQ QDRONMRD.
A. 8GHBG ONHMS G@R SGD K@QFDRS QDRHCT@K &WOK@HM VG@S SGD QDRHCT@K LD@MR HM BNMSDWS. *R SGHR ONHMS @M NTSKHDQ "M
HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS &WOK@HM.
B. "M DBNKNFHRS V@MSR SN OQDCHBS GNV L@MX AHQCR VHKK INHM @MNSGDQ BNKNMX NE RO@QQNV G@VJR SN VGHBG 70% NE SGD
@CTKSR EQNL SGD OQDUHNTR XD@Q G@UD QDSTQMDC. 8G@S HR SGD OQDCHBSHNM
76. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD RGNVR C@S@ NM @UDQ@FD ODQ B@OHS@ VHMD BNMRTLOSHNM @MC GD@QS CHRD@RD Q@SD HM @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE
10 BNTMSQHDR.
7?;LFS QCH?
=IHMOGJNCIH CH
FCN?LM
2.5 3.9 2.9 2.4 2.9 0.8 9.1 2.7 0.8 0.7
"?;NB @LIG B?;LN
>CM?;M?M
221 167 131 191 220 297 71 172 211 300
2;<F? 12.25
=. &MSDQ SGD C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ @MC L@JD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS.
>. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQnR QDFQDRRHNM ETMBSHNM SN EHMC SGD DPT@SHNM NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. "CC SGHR SN XNTQ
RB@SSDQ OKNS EQNL O@QS @.
?. &WOK@HM HM VNQCR VG@S SGD RKNOD @MC X-HMSDQBDOS NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SDKK TR.
@. )NV VDKK CNDR SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD EHS SGD C@S@ &WOK@HM XNTQ QDRONMRD.
A. 8GHBG ONHMS G@R SGD K@QFDRS QDRHCT@K &WOK@HM VG@S SGD QDRHCT@K LD@MR HM BNMSDWS. *R SGHR ONHMS @M NTSKHDQ "M
HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS &WOK@HM.
B. %N SGD C@S@ OQNUHCD BNMUHMBHMF DUHCDMBD SG@S SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD @LNTMS NE @KBNGNK
BNMRTLDC @MC SGD GD@QS CHRD@RD CD@SG Q@SD $@QQX NTS @M @OOQNOQH@SD SDRS @S @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 0.05 SN GDKO
@MRVDQ SGHR PTDRSHNM.
77. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD BNMRHRSR NE NMD RSTCDMS @SGKDSDnR SHLD (HM LHMTSDR) SN RVHL 2000 X@QCR @MC SGD RSTCDMSnR GD@QS Q@SD
(AD@SR ODQ LHMTSD) @ESDQ RVHLLHMF NM @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 10 C@XR:
1QCG 2CG? &?;LN 0;N?
34.12 144
35.72 152
34.72 124
34.05 140
34.13 152
35.73 146
2;<F? 12.26
718 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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1QCG 2CG? &?;LN 0;N?
36.17 128
35.57 136
35.37 144
35.57 148
2;<F? 12.26
=. &MSDQ SGD C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ @MC L@JD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS.
>. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQnR QDFQDRRHNM ETMBSHNM SN EHMC SGD DPT@SHNM NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. "CC SGHR SN XNTQ
RB@SSDQ OKNS EQNL O@QS @.
?. &WOK@HM HM VNQCR VG@S SGD RKNOD @MC X-HMSDQBDOS NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SDKK TR.
@. )NV VDKK CNDR SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD EHS SGD C@S@ &WOK@HM XNTQ QDRONMRD.
A. 8GHBG ONHMS G@R SGD K@QFDRS QDRHCT@K &WOK@HM VG@S SGD QDRHCT@K LD@MR HM BNMSDWS. *R SGHR ONHMS @M NTSKHDQ "M
HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS &WOK@HM.
78. " QDRD@QBGDQ HR HMUDRSHF@SHMF VGDSGDQ MNM-VGHSD LHMNQHSHDR BNLLHS @ CHROQNONQSHNM@SD MTLADQ NE GNLHBHCDR. )D TRDR
CDLNFQ@OGHB C@S@ EQNL %DSQNHS, .* SN BNLO@QD GNLHBHCD Q@SDR @MC SGD MTLADQ NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM SG@S @QD VGHSD L@KDR.
5BCN? +;F?M &IGC=C>? L;N? J?L 100,000 J?IJF?
558,724 8.6
538,584 8.9
519,171 8.52
500,457 8.89
482,418 13.07
465,029 14.57
448,267 21.36
432,109 28.03
416,533 31.49
401,518 37.39
387,046 46.26
2;<F? 12.27
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 719
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5BCN? +;F?M &IGC=C>? L;N? J?L 100,000 J?IJF?
373,095 47.24
359,647 52.33
2;<F? 12.27
=. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN BNMRSQTBS @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@. 8G@S RGNTKC SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD AD 8GX
>. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQnR QDFQDRRHNM ETMBSHNM SN EHMC SGD DPT@SHNM NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. "CC SGHR SN XNTQ
RB@SSDQ OKNS.
?. %HRBTRR VG@S SGD ENKKNVHMF LD@M HM BNMSDWS.
E. 5GD RKNOD NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM
EE. 5GD X-HMSDQBDOS NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM
EEE. 5GD BNQQDK@SHNM Q
ER. 5GD BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM Q2.
@. %N SGD C@S@ OQNUHCD BNMUHMBHMF DUHCDMBD SG@S SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQ NE VGHSD L@KDR HM
SGD ONOTK@SHNM @MC SGD GNLHBHCD Q@SD $@QQX NTS @M @OOQNOQH@SD SDRS @S @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 0.05 SN GDKO @MRVDQ
SGHR PTDRSHNM.
79.
1=BIIF +C>-!;L??L 1;F;LS (CH NBIOM;H>M) 7?;LFS 2OCNCIH
/NEJ?APKJ 137 28,540
'=NRAU ,Q@@ 135 40,133
"=H3A?D 127 39,900
42 -=R=H ?=@AIU 122 0
6AOP /KEJP 120 0
,(3 118 42,050
+ADECD 4JERANOEPU 118 43,220
-84-/KHU 117 39,565
!=>OKJ "KHHACA 117 40,400
2P=JBKN@ 114 54,506
2;<F? 12.28
6RHMF SGD C@S@ SN CDSDQLHMD SGD KHMD@Q-QDFQDRRHNM KHMD DPT@SHNM VHSG SGD NTSKHDQR QDLNUDC. *R SGDQD @ KHMD@Q BNQQDK@SHNM ENQ SGD
C@S@ RDS VHSG NTSKHDQR QDLNUDC +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ.
LCHA 'N 2IA?NB?L
94. 5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD HM @ E@LHKX SG@S QDBDHUDC VDKE@QD ENQ U@QHNTR XD@QR HR FHUDM HM 2;<F? 12.29.
720 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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7?;L 5?F@;L? @;GCFS MCT?
1969 4.0
1973 3.6
1975 3.2
1979 3.0
1983 3.0
1988 3.0
1991 2.9
2;<F? 12.29
=. 6RHMF oXD@Qp @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC oVDKE@QD E@LHKX RHYDp @R SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, CQ@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS
NE SGD C@S@.
>. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
?. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
@. 1HBJ SVN XD@QR ADSVDDM 1969 @MC 1991 @MC EHMC SGD DRSHL@SDC VDKE@QD E@LHKX RHYDR.
A. #@RDC NM SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 12.29, HR SGDQD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD XD@Q @MC SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE
ODNOKD HM @ VDKE@QD E@LHKX
B. 6RHMF SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD, DRSHL@SD SGD VDKE@QD E@LHKX RHYDR ENQ 1960 @MC 1995. %NDR SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD FHUD
@M @BBTQ@SD DRSHL@SD ENQ SGNRD XD@QR &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
C. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@
D. 8G@S HR SGD DRSHL@SDC @UDQ@FD VDKE@QD E@LHKX RHYD ENQ 1986 %NDR SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD FHUD @M @BBTQ@SD DRSHL@SD
ENQ SG@S XD@Q &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
E. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
81. 5GD ODQBDMS NE EDL@KD V@FD @MC R@K@QX VNQJDQR VGN @QD O@HC GNTQKX Q@SDR HR FHUDM HM 2;<F? 12.30 ENQ SGD XD@QR 1979
SN 1992.
7?;L .?L=?HN I@ QILE?LM J;C> BIOLFS L;N?M
1979 61.2
1980 60.7
1981 61.3
1982 61.3
1983 61.8
1984 61.7
2;<F? 12.30
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 721
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7?;L .?L=?HN I@ QILE?LM J;C> BIOLFS L;N?M
1985 61.8
1986 62.0
1987 62.7
1990 62.8
1992 62.9
2;<F? 12.30
=. 6RHMF oXD@Qp @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC oODQBDMSp @R SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, CQ@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
>. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
?. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
@. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
A. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC ODQBDMSR ENQ 1991 @MC 1988.
B. #@RDC NM SGD C@S@, HR SGDQD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD XD@Q @MC SGD ODQBDMS NE EDL@KD V@FD @MC R@K@QX D@QMDQR
VGN @QD O@HC GNTQKX Q@SDR
C. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@
D. 8G@S HR SGD DRSHL@SDC ODQBDMS ENQ SGD XD@Q 2050 %NDR SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD FHUD @M @BBTQ@SD DRSHL@SD ENQ SG@S
XD@Q &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
E. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD BNRS NE @ KD@CHMF KHPTHC K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS HM CHEEDQDMS
RHYDR HR FHUDM HM 2;<F? 12.31.
1CT? (IOH=?M) !IMN ($) !IMN J?L IOH=?
16 3.99
32 4.99
64 5.99
200 10.99
2;<F? 12.31
96.
=. 6RHMF oRHYDp @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC oBNRSp @R SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, CQ@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS.
>. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
?. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
@. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
A. *E SGD K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS VDQD RNKC HM @ 40-NTMBD RHYD, EHMC SGD DRSHL@SDC BNRS.
B. *E SGD K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS VDQD RNKC HM @ 90-NTMBD RHYD, EHMC SGD DRSHL@SDC BNRS.
C. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S @ KHMD HR SGD ADRS V@X SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
D. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD FHUDM C@S@
E. *R SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD U@KHC ENQ OQDCHBSHMF VG@S @ 300-NTMBD RHYD NE SGD K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS VNTKC XNT BNRS 8GX
NQ VGX MNS
722 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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F. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
83.
=. $NLOKDSD 2;<F? 12.31 ENQ SGD BNRS ODQ NTMBD NE SGD CHEEDQDMS RHYDR.
>. 6RHMF oRHYDp @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC oBNRS ODQ NTMBDp @R SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, CQ@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE
SGD C@S@.
?. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
A. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
B. *E SGD K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS VDQD RNKC HM @ 40-NTMBD RHYD, EHMC SGD DRSHL@SDC BNRS ODQ NTMBD.
C. *E SGD K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS VDQD RNKC HM @ 90-NTMBD RHYD, EHMC SGD DRSHL@SDC BNRS ODQ NTMBD.
D. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S @ KHMD HR SGD ADRS V@X SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
E. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD SGD C@S@
F. *R SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD U@KHC ENQ OQDCHBSHMF VG@S @ 300-NTMBD RHYD NE SGD K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS VNTKC BNRS ODQ NTMBD
8GX NQ VGX MNS
G. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
98. "BBNQCHMF SN @ EKXDQ AX @ 1QTCDMSH@K *MRTQ@MBD $NLO@MX QDOQDRDMS@SHUD, SGD BNRSR NE @OOQNWHL@SD OQNA@SD EDDR @MC S@WDR
ENQ RDKDBSDC MDS S@W@AKD DRS@SDR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
,?N 2;R;<F? #MN;N? ($) AJJLIRCG;N? .LI<;N? $??M ;H> 2;R?M ($)
600,000 30,000
750,000 92,500
1,000,000 203,000
1,500,000 438,000
2,000,000 688,000
2,500,000 1,037,000
3,000,000 1,350,000
2;<F? 12.32
=. %DBHCD VGHBG U@QH@AKD RGNTKC AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC VGHBG RGNTKC AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
>. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
?. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N.
A. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
B. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC SNS@K BNRS ENQ @ MDWS S@W@AKD DRS@SD NE $1,000,000. 'HMC SGD BNRS ENQ $2,500,000.
C. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S @ KHMD HR SGD ADRS V@X SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
D. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@
E. #@RDC NM SGDRD QDRTKSR, VG@S VNTKC AD SGD OQNA@SD EDDR @MC S@WDR ENQ @M DRS@SD SG@S CNDR MNS G@UD @MX @RRDSR
F. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
85. 5GD ENKKNVHMF @QD @CUDQSHRDC R@KD OQHBDR NE BNKNQ SDKDUHRHNMR @S "MCDQRNMnR.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 723
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1CT? (CH=B?M) 1;F? .LC=? ($)
9 147
20 197
27 297
31 447
35 1177
40 2177
60 2497
2;<F? 12.33
=. %DBHCD VGHBG U@QH@AKD RGNTKC AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC VGHBG RGNTKC AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
>. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
?. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
A. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
B. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC R@KD OQHBD ENQ @ 32 HMBG SDKDUHRHNM. 'HMC SGD BNRS ENQ @ 50 HMBG SDKDUHRHNM.
C. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S @ KHMD HR SGD ADRS V@X SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
D. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@
E. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
100. 2;<F? 12.34 RGNVR SGD @UDQ@FD GDHFGSR ENQ "LDQHB@M ANX R HM 1990.
AA? (S?;LM) &?CABN (=G)
>ENPD 50.8
2 83.8
3 91.4
5 106.6
7 119.3
10 137.1
14 157.5
2;<F? 12.34
724 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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=. %DBHCD VGHBG U@QH@AKD RGNTKC AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC VGHBG RGNTKC AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
>. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
?. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
A. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
B. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC @UDQ@FD GDHFGS ENQ @ NMD-XD@Q-NKC. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC @UDQ@FD GDHFGS ENQ @M DKDUDM-XD@Q-NKC.
C. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S @ KHMD HR SGD ADRS V@X SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
D. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@
E. 6RD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD SN DRSHL@SD SGD @UDQ@FD GDHFGS ENQ @ RHWSX-SVN-XD@Q-NKC L@M. %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S XNTQ
@MRVDQ HR QD@RNM@AKD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
F. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
87.
1N;N?
# F?NN?LM CH
H;G?
7?;L ?HN?L?> NB?
3HCIH
0;HEM @IL ?HN?LCHA NB?
3HCIH
AL?; (MKO;L?
GCF?M)
H=>=I= 7 1819 22 52,423
"KHKN=@K 8 1876 38 104,100
'=S=EE 6 1959 50 10,932
(KS= 4 1846 29 56,276
,=NUH=J@ 8 1788 7 12,407
,EOOKQNE 8 1821 24 69,709
-AS )ANOAU 9 1787 3 8,722
.DEK 4 1803 17 44,828
2KQPD
"=NKHEJ=
13 1788 8 32,008
4P=D 4 1896 45 84,904
6EO?KJOEJ 9 1848 30 65,499
2;<F? 12.35
8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD Q@MJHMF NE @ RS@SD @MC SGD @QD@ NE SGD RS@SD.
=. 8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR
>. 8G@S CN XNT SGHMJ SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS VHKK KNNJ KHJD .@JD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
?. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
A. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. 8G@S CNDR HS HLOKX @ANTS SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO
B. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC @QD@R ENQ "K@A@L@ @MC ENQ $NKNQ@CN. "QD SGDX BKNRD SN SGD @BST@K @QD@R
C. 6RD SGD SVN ONHMSR HM O@QS E SN OKNS SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD NM XNTQ FQ@OG EQNL O@QS A.
D. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S @ KHMD HR SGD ADRS V@X SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
E. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 725
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F. 6RD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD SN DRSHL@SD SGD @QD@ NE @ MDV RS@SD SG@S DMSDQR SGD 6MHNM. $@M SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD AD
TRDC SN OQDCHBS HS 8GX NQ VGX MNS
G. %DKDSD o)@V@HHp @MC RTARSHSTSD o"K@RJ@p ENQ HS. "K@RJ@ HR SGD ENQSX-MHMSG, RS@SD VHSG @M @QD@ NE 656,424 RPT@QD
LHKDR.
H. $@KBTK@SD SGD MDV KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD.
I. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC @QD@ ENQ "K@A@L@. *R HS BKNRDQ SN SGD @BST@K @QD@ VHSG SGHR MDV KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD NQ VHSG SGD
OQDUHNTR NMD SG@S HMBKTCDC )@V@HH 8GX CN XNT SGHMJ SG@SnR SGD B@RD
J. %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S, HM FDMDQ@K, MDVDQ RS@SDR @QD K@QFDQ SG@M SGD NQHFHM@K RS@SDR
0#$#0#,!#1
12.1 *CH?;L #KO;NCIHM
%@S@ EQNL SGD $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM.
%@S@ EQNL SGD /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ )*7, 45%, @MC 5# 1QDUDMSHNM.
12.5 .L?>C=NCIH
%@S@ EQNL SGD $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM.
%@S@ EQNL SGD /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ )*7, 45%, @MC 5# 1QDUDMSHNM.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BDMRTR.FNU/BNLODMCH@/RS@S@A/B@SR/
SQ@MRONQS@SHNM/LNSNQ?UDGHBKD?@BBHCDMSR?@MC?E@S@KHSHDR.GSLK
%@S@ EQNL SGD /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ )D@KSG 4S@SHRSHBR.
12.6 -ONFC?LM
%@S@ EQNL SGD )NTRD 8@XR @MC .D@MR $NLLHSSDD, SGD )D@KSG @MC )TL@M 4DQUHBDR %DO@QSLDMS.
%@S@ EQNL .HBQNRNES #NNJRGDKE.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE -@ANQ, SGD #TQD@T NE -@ANQ 4S@SHRSHBR.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 1GXRHBH@MnR )@MCANNJ, 1990.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE -@ANQ, SGD #TQD@T NE -@ANQ 4S@SHRSHBR.
1-*32'-,1
1 CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: EDD @LNTMS; HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: SHLD
3
$CAOL? 12.31
5
726 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$CAOL? 12.32
7 O = 6N + 8, 4O = 8, @MC O + 7 = 3N @QD @KK KHMD@Q DPT@SHNMR.
9 5GD MTLADQ NE "*%4 B@RDR CDODMCR NM SGD XD@Q. 5GDQDENQD, XD@Q ADBNLDR SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC SGD MTLADQ NE
"*%4 B@RDR HR SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
11 5GD O-HMSDQBDOS HR 50 (7 = 50). "S SGD RS@QS NE SGD BKD@MHMF, SGD BNLO@MX BG@QFDR @ NMD-SHLD EDD NE $50 (SGHR HR VGDM N =
0). 5GD RKNOD HR 100 (8 = 100). 'NQ D@BG RDRRHNM, SGD BNLO@MX BG@QFDR $100 ENQ D@BG GNTQ SGDX BKD@M.
13 12,000 ONTMCR NE RNHK
15 5GD RKNOD HR k1.5 (8 = k1.5). 5GHR LD@MR SGD RSNBJ HR KNRHMF U@KTD @S @ Q@SD NE $1.50 ODQ GNTQ. 5GD O-HMSDQBDOS HR $15 (7 =
15). 5GHR LD@MR SGD OQHBD NE RSNBJ ADENQD SGD SQ@CHMF C@X V@R $15.
17 5GD C@S@ @OOD@Q SN AD KHMD@Q VHSG @ RSQNMF, ONRHSHUD BNQQDK@SHNM.
19 5GD C@S@ @OOD@Q SN G@UD MN BNQQDK@SHNM.
21 S = 2.23 + 1.99N
23 5GD RKNOD HR 1.99 (8 = 1.99). *S LD@MR SG@S ENQ DUDQX DMCNQRDLDMS CD@K @ OQNEDRRHNM@K OK@XDQ FDSR, GD FDSR @M @UDQ@FD NE
@MNSGDQ $1.99 LHKKHNM HM O@X D@BG XD@Q.
25 *S LD@MR SG@S SGDQD HR MN BNQQDK@SHNM ADSVDDM SGD C@S@ RDSR.
27 :DR, SGDQD @QD DMNTFG C@S@ ONHMSR @MC SGD U@KTD NE Q HR RSQNMF DMNTFG SN RGNV SG@S SGDQD HR @ RSQNMF MDF@SHUD BNQQDK@SHNM
ADSVDDM SGD C@S@ RDSR.
29 !
7
: [ w 0
31 $250,120
33 1,326 @BQDR
35 1,125 GNTQR, NQ VGDM N = 1,125
37 $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
39
@. 8GDM N = 1985, S = 25,52
A. 8GDM N = 1990, S = 34,275
B. 8GDM N = 1970, S = k725 8GX CNDRMnS SGHR @MRVDQ L@JD RDMRD 5GD Q@MFD NE N U@KTDR V@R 1981 SN 2002; SGD XD@Q
1970 HR MNS HM SGHR Q@MFD. 5GD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM CNDR MNS @OOKX, ADB@TRD OQDCHBSHMF ENQ SGD XD@Q 1970 HR DWSQ@ONK@SHNM,
VGHBG QDPTHQDR @ CHEEDQDMS OQNBDRR. "KRN, @ MDF@SHUD MTLADQ CNDR MNS L@JD RDMRD HM SGHR BNMSDWS, VGDQD VD @QD
OQDCHBSHMF "*%4 B@RDR CH@FMNRDC.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 727
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41 "KRN, SGD BNQQDK@SHNM H = 0.4526. *E H HR BNLO@QDC SN SGD U@KTD HM SGD 95% $QHSHB@K 7@KTDR NE SGD 4@LOKD $NQQDK@SHNM
$NDEEHBHDMS 5@AKD, ADB@TRD H > 0.423, H HR RHFMHEHB@MS, @MC XNT VNTKC SGHMJ SG@S SGD KHMD BNTKC AD TRDC ENQ OQDCHBSHNM. #TS SGD
RB@SSDQ OKNS HMCHB@SDR NSGDQVHRD.
43 y
^
= 3,448,225 + 1750N
45 5GDQD V@R @M HMBQD@RD HM "*%4 B@RDR CH@FMNRDC TMSHK 1993. 'QNL 1993 SGQNTFG 2002, SGD MTLADQ NE "*%4 B@RDR
CH@FMNRDC CDBKHMDC D@BG XD@Q. *S HR MNS @OOQNOQH@SD SN TRD @ KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SN EHS SN SGD C@S@.
47 4HMBD SGDQD HR MN KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM ADSVDDM XD@Q @MC # NE "*%4 B@RDR CH@FMNRDC, HS HR MNS @OOQNOQH@SD SN B@KBTK@SD @
KHMD@Q BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. 8GDM SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM @MC HS HR @OOQNOQH@SD SN B@KBTK@SD @ BNQQDK@SHNM, VD B@MMNS
R@X SG@S NMD U@QH@AKD oB@TRDRp SGD NSGDQ U@QH@AKD.
49 8D CNMnS JMNV HE SGD OQD-1981 C@S@ V@R BNKKDBSDC EQNL @ RHMFKD XD@Q. 4N VD CNMnS G@UD @M @BBTQ@SD N U@KTD ENQ SGHR
EHFTQD. 3DFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM: S (#"*%4 $@RDR) = k3,448,225 + 1749.777 (XD@Q)
D:;;>8>:CIH
*MSDQBDOS k3,448,225
1 7@QH@AKD 1 1,749.777
167A: 12.36
51 :DR, SGDQD @OOD@QR SN AD @M NTSKHDQ @S (6, 58).
53 5GD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQ EK@SSDMDC SGD RKNOD NE SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS ADB@TRD HS V@R ADKNV SGD C@S@ RDS. *S L@CD SGD KHMD NE ADRS
EHS KDRR @BBTQ@SD HR @ OQDCHBSNQ ENQ SGD C@S@.
55 I = 1.75
57
@. HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: @FD; CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: E@S@KHSHDR
A. HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: # NE E@LHKX LDLADQR; CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: FQNBDQX AHKK
B. HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: @FD NE @OOKHB@MS; CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: HMRTQ@MBD OQDLHTL
C. HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: ONVDQ BNMRTLOSHNM; CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: TSHKHSX
D. HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: GHFGDQ DCTB@SHNM (XD@QR); CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: BQHLD Q@SDR
59 $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
61 'NQ FQ@OG: BGDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM. /NSD SG@S STHSHNM HR SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC R@K@QX HR SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
63 13
65 *S LD@MR SG@S 72% NE SGD U@QH@SHNM HM SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD (O) B@M AD DWOK@HMDC AX SGD U@QH@SHNM HM SGD HMCDODMCDMS
U@QH@AKD (N).
67 8D CN MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q
QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O ADB@TRD SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR MNS RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL YDQN.
69
728 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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@.
A<: +JB7:G D; !G>K:G !:6I=H E:G 100,000
16k19 38
20k24 36
25k34 24
35k54 20
55k74 18
75+ 28
167A: 12.37
A. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
B. S = 35.5818045 k 0.19182491N
C. H = k0.57874
'NQ ENTQ :< @MC @KOG@ = 0.05, SGD -HM3DF55DRS FHUDR F-U@KTD = 0.2288 RN VD CN MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR; SGDQD HR
MNS @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM CD@SGR @MC @FD.
6RHMF SGD S@AKD NE BQHSHB@K U@KTDR ENQ SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, VHSG ENTQ :<, SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD HR 0.811. 5GD BNQQDK@SHNM
BNDEEHBHDMS H = k0.57874 HR MNS KDRR SG@M k0.811, RN VD CN MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
D. HE @FD = 40, S (CD@SGR) = 35.5818045 k 0.19182491(40) = 27.9
HE @FD = 60, S (CD@SGR) = 35.5818045 k 0.19182491(60) = 24.1
E. 'NQ DMSHQD C@S@RDS, SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ENQ SGD @FDR TO SN @FD 74. 5GD NKCDRS @FD FQNTO RGNVR @M HMBQD@RD HM
CD@SGR EQNL SGD OQHNQ FQNTO, VGHBG HR MNS BNMRHRSDMS VHSG SGD XNTMFDQ @FDR.
F. RKNOD = k0.19182491
71
@. 8D VNMCDQ HE SGD ADSSDQ CHRBNTMSR @OOD@Q D@QKHDQ HM SGD ANNJ RN VD RDKDBS O@FD @R 1 @MC CHRBNTMS @R 2.
A. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
B. S = 17.21757 k 0.01412N
C. H = k 0.2752
'NQ RDUDM :< @MC @KOG@ = 0.05, TRHMF -HM3DF55DRS F-U@KTD = 0.4736 RN VD CN MNS QDIDBS; SGDQD HR @ MNS @ RHFMHEHB@MS
KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM O@FD @MC CHRBNTMS.
6RHMF SGD S@AKD NE BQHSHB@K U@KTDR ENQ SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, VHSG RDUDM :<, SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD HR 0.666. 5GD
BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS N? = k0.2752 HR MNS KDRR SG@M 0.666 RN VD CN MNS QDIDBS.
D. O@FD 10: 17.08 O@FD 70: 16.23
E. 5GDQD HR MNS @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q BNQQDK@SHNM RN HS @OOD@QR SGDQD HR MN QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD O@FD @MC SGD @LNTMS NE
SGD CHRBNTMS.
F. O@FD 200: 14.39
G. /N, TRHMF SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM SN OQDCHBS ENQ O@FD 200 HR DWSQ@ONK@SHNM.
H. RKNOD = k0.01412
"R SGD O@FD MTLADQ HMBQD@RDR AX NMD O@FD, SGD CHRBNTMS CDBQD@RDR AX $0.01412
73
@. :D@Q HR SGD HMCDODMCDMS NQ N U@QH@AKD; SGD MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR HR SGD CDODMCDMS NQ O U@QH@AKD.
A. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
B. MN
C. S = 47.03 k 0.0216N
D. k0.4280
E. 6; 5
F. /N, SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO CNDR MNS @OOD@Q SN AD KHMD@Q; SGD BNQQDK@SHNM HR MNS RHFMHEHB@MS.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 729
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G. BTQQDMS XD@Q: 2013: 3.55 NQ ENTQ KDSSDQR; SGHR HR MNS @M @OOQNOQH@SD TRD NE SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD. *S HR DWSQ@ONK@SHNM.
75 @. @MC A. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM. B. 5GD RKNOD NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD HR -0.3179 VHSG @ X-HMSDQBDOS NE 32.966. *M BNMSDWS,
SGD X-HMSDQBDOS HMCHB@SDR SG@S VGDM SGDQD @QD MN QDSTQMHMF RO@QQNV G@VJR, SGDQD VHKK AD @KLNRS 31% MDV RO@QQNV G@VJR,
VGHBG CNDRMnS L@JD RDMRD RHMBD HE SGDQD @QD MN QDSTQMHMF AHQCR, SGDM SGD MDV ODQBDMS@FD VNTKC G@UD SN AD 100% (SGHR
HR @M DW@LOKD NE VGX VD CN MNS DWSQ@ONK@SD). 5GD RKNOD SDKKR TR SG@S ENQ D@BG ODQBDMS@FD HMBQD@RD HM QDSTQMHMF AHQCR, SGD
ODQBDMS@FD NE MDV AHQCR HM SGD BNKNMX CDBQD@RDR AX 0.3179%. C. *E VD DW@LHMD Q2, VD RDD SG@S NMKX 50.238%NE SGD U@QH@SHNM
HM SGD ODQBDMS NE MDV AHQCR HR DWOK@HMDC AX SGD LNCDK @MC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, Q = 0.71 NMKX HMCHB@SDR @ RNLDVG@S
RSQNMF BNQQDK@SHNM ADSVDDM QDSTQMHMF @MC MDV ODQBDMS@FDR. D. 5GD NQCDQDC O@HQ (66, 6) FDMDQ@SDR SGD K@QFDRS QDRHCT@K NE 6.0.
5GHR LD@MR SG@S VGDM SGD NARDQUDC QDSTQM ODQBDMS@FD HR 66%, NTQ NARDQUDC MDV ODQBDMS@FD, 6%, HR @KLNRS 6% KDRR SG@M
SGD OQDCHBSDC MDV U@KTD NE 11.98%. *E VD QDLNUD SGHR C@S@ O@HQ, VD RDD NMKX @M @CITRSDC RKNOD NE -0.2723 @MC @M @CITRSDC
HMSDQBDOS NE 30.606. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, DUDM SGNTFG SGHR C@S@ FDMDQ@SDR SGD K@QFDRS QDRHCT@K, HS HR MNS @M NTSKHDQ, MNQ HR SGD C@S@
O@HQ @M HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS. E. *E SGDQD @QD 70% QDSTQMHMF AHQCR, VD VNTKC DWODBS SN RDD X = -0.2723(70) + 30.606 = 0.115 NQ
11.5% MDV AHQCR HM SGD BNKNMX.
77
@. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
A. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
B. 8D G@UD @ RKNOD NE k1.4946 VHSG @ O-HMSDQBDOS NE 193.88. 5GD RKNOD, HM BNMSDWS, HMCHB@SDR SG@S ENQ D@BG @CCHSHNM@K LHMTSD
@CCDC SN SGD RVHL SHLD, SGD GD@QS Q@SD VHKK CDBQD@RD AX 1.5 AD@SR ODQ LHMTSD. *E SGD RSTCDMS HR MNS RVHLLHMF @S @KK,
SGD O-HMSDQBDOS HMCHB@SDR SG@S GHR GD@QS Q@SD VHKK AD 193.88 AD@SR ODQ LHMTSD. 8GHKD SGD RKNOD G@R LD@MHMF (SGD KNMFDQ HS
S@JDR SN RVHL 2,000 LDSDQR, SGD KDRR DEENQS SGD GD@QS OTSR NTS), SGD O-HMSDQBDOS CNDR MNS L@JD RDMRD. *E SGD @SGKDSD HR MNS
RVHLLHMF (QDRSHMF), SGDM GHR GD@QS Q@SD RGNTKC AD UDQX KNV.
C. 4HMBD NMKX 1.5% NE SGD GD@QS Q@SD U@QH@SHNM HR DWOK@HMDC AX SGHR QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM, VD LTRS BNMBKTCD SG@S SGHR
@RRNBH@SHNM HR MNS DWOK@HMDC VHSG @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO.
D. 5GD ONHMS (34.72, 124) FDMDQ@SDR SGD K@QFDRS QDRHCT@K NE k11.82. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S NTQ NARDQUDC GD@QS Q@SD HR @KLNRS 12
AD@SR KDRR SG@M NTQ OQDCHBSDC Q@SD NE 136 AD@SR ODQ LHMTSD. 8GDM SGHR ONHMS HR QDLNUDC, SGD RKNOD ADBNLDR 1.6914 VHSG
SGD X-HMSDQBDOS BG@MFHMF SN 83.694. 8GHKD SGD KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM HR RSHKK UDQX VD@J, VD RDD SG@S SGD QDLNUDC C@S@ O@HQ
B@M AD BNMRHCDQDC @M HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS HM SGD RDMRD SG@S SGD O-HMSDQBDOS ADBNLDR LNQD LD@MHMFETK.
79 *E VD QDLNUD SGD SVN RDQUHBD @B@CDLHDR (SGD STHSHNM HR $0.00), VD BNMRSQTBS @ MDV QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM NE O = k0.0009W
+ 160 VHSG @ BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS NE 0.71397 @MC @ BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM NE 0.50976. 5GHR @KKNVR TR SN R@X SGDQD HR
@ E@HQKX RSQNMF KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM ADSVDDM STHSHNM BNRSR @MC R@K@QHDR HE SGD RDQUHBD @B@CDLHDR @QD QDLNUDC EQNL SGD C@S@ RDS.
81
@. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM.
A. XDR
B. S = u266.8863+0.1656W
C. 0.9448; :DR
D. 62.8233; 62.3265
E. XDR
F. XDR; (1987, 62.7)
G. 72.5937; MN
H. RKNOD = 0.1656.
"R SGD XD@Q HMBQD@RDR AX NMD, SGD ODQBDMS NE VNQJDQR O@HC GNTQKX Q@SDR SDMCR SN HMBQD@RD AX 0.1656.
730 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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83
@.
0>O: (DJC8:H) DHI ($) 8:CIH/DO
16 3.99 24.94
32 4.99 15.59
64 5.99 9.36
200 10.99 5.50
167A: 12.38
A. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
B. 5GDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ENQ SGD RHYDR 16 SGQNTFG 64, ATS SG@S KHMD@Q SQDMC CNDR MNS BNMSHMTD SN SGD 200-NY RHYD.
C. S = 20.2368 k 0.0819W
D. H = k0.8086
E. 40-NY: 16.96 BDMSR/NY
F. 90-NY: 12.87 BDMSR/NY
G. 5GD QDK@SHNMRGHO HR MNS KHMD@Q; SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD HR MNS @OOQNOQH@SD.
H. MN NTSKHDQR
I. /N, XNT VNTKC AD DWSQ@ONK@SHMF. 5GD 300-NY RHYD HR NTSRHCD SGD Q@MFD NE N.
J. RKNOD = k0.08194; ENQ D@BG @CCHSHNM@K NTMBD HM RHYD, SGD BNRS ODQ NTMBD CDBQD@RDR AX 0.082 BDMSR.
85
@. 4HYD HR N, SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, OQHBD HR O, SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
A. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
B. 5GD QDK@SHNMRGHO CNDR MNS @OOD@Q SN AD KHMD@Q.
C. S = k745.252 + 54.75569N
D. H = 0.8944, XDR HS HR RHFMHEHB@MS
E. 32-HMBG: $1006.93, 50-HMBG: $1992.53
F. /N, SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO CNDR MNS @OOD@Q SN AD KHMD@Q. )NVDUDQ, H HR RHFMHEHB@MS.
G. XDR, SGD 60-HMBG 57
H. 'NQ D@BG @CCHSHNM@K HMBG, SGD OQHBD HMBQD@RDR AX $54.76
87
@. -DS Q@MJ AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC @QD@ AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
A. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
B. 5GDQD @OOD@QR SN AD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO, VHSG NMD NTSKHDQ.
C. S (@QD@) = 24177.06 + 1010.478N
D. H = 0.50047, H HR MNS RHFMHEHB@MS RN SGDQD HR MN QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR.
E. "K@A@L@: 46407.576 $NKNQ@CN: 62575.224
F. "K@A@L@ DRSHL@SD HR BKNRDQ SG@M $NKNQ@CN DRSHL@SD.
G. *E SGD NTSKHDQ HR QDLNUDC, SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO.
H. 5GDQD HR NMD NTSKHDQ ()@V@HH).
I. Q@MJ 51: 75711.4; MN
J.
AA676B6 7 1819 22 52,423
$NKNQ@CN 8 1876 38 104,100
167A: 12.39
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AA676B6 7 1819 22 52,423
"K@RJ@ 6 1959 51 656,424
*NV@ 4 1846 29 56,276
.@QXK@MC 8 1788 7 12,407
.HRRNTQH 8 1821 24 69,709
/DV +DQRDX 9 1787 3 8,722
0GHN 4 1803 17 44,828
4NTSG $@QNKHM@ 13 1788 8 32,008
6S@G 4 1896 45 84,904
8HRBNMRHM 9 1848 30 65,499
167A: 12.39
K. S = k87065.3 + 7828.532W
L. "K@A@L@: 85,162.404; SGD OQHNQ DRSHL@SD V@R BKNRDQ. "K@RJ@ HR @M NTSKHDQ.
M. XDR, VHSG SGD DWBDOSHNM NE )@V@HH
732 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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13 U $ "'120'32'-, A,"
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$CAOL? 13.1 .JA-S=U -.5 EO QOA@ PK IA=OQNA EJBKNI=PEKJ BNKI OARAN=H CNKQLO.
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c *MSDQOQDS SGD F OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @R SGD MTLADQ NE FQNTOR @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD BG@MFD.
c %HRBTRR SVN TRDR ENQ SGD F CHRSQHATSHNM: NMD-V@X "/07" @MC SGD SDRS NE SVN U@QH@MBDR.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS NMD-V@X "/07".
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR NE SVN U@QH@MBDR.
.@MX RS@SHRSHB@K @OOKHB@SHNMR HM ORXBGNKNFX, RNBH@K RBHDMBD, ATRHMDRR @CLHMHRSQ@SHNM, @MC SGD M@STQ@K RBHDMBDR HMUNKUD RDUDQ@K
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ANCHDR NE V@SDQ. " RNBHNKNFHRS HR HMSDQDRSDC HM JMNVHMF HE SGD @LNTMS NE HMBNLD @ ODQRNM D@QMR U@QHDR @BBNQCHMF SN GHR NQ GDQ
TOAQHMFHMF. " BNMRTLDQ KNNJHMF ENQ @ MDV B@Q LHFGS BNLO@QD SGD @UDQ@FD F@R LHKD@FD NE RDUDQ@K LNCDKR.
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FQNTO LD@MR. 5GD SDRS @BST@KKX TRDR K6G>6C8:H SN GDKO CDSDQLHMD HE SGD LD@MR @QD DPT@K NQ MNS. *M NQCDQ SN ODQENQL @ NMD-
V@X "/07" SDRS, SGDQD @QD EHUD A@RHB 6HHJBEI>DCH SN AD ETKEHKKDC:
1. &@BG ONOTK@SHNM EQNL VGHBG @ R@LOKD HR S@JDM HR @RRTLDC SN AD MNQL@K.
2. "KK R@LOKDR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @MC HMCDODMCDMS.
3. 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR @QD @RRTLDC SN G@UD :FJ6A HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH (DG K6G>6C8:H).
4. 5GD E@BSNQ HR @ B@SDFNQHB@K U@QH@AKD.
5. 5GD QDRONMRD HR @ MTLDQHB@K U@QH@AKD.
2B? ,OFF ;H> AFN?LH;NCP? &SJINB?M?M
5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR RHLOKX SG@S @KK SGD FQNTO ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR @QD SGD R@LD. 5GD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR HR SG@S @S KD@RS
NMD O@HQ NE LD@MR HR CHEEDQDMS. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGDQD @QD A FQNTOR:
!
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= ... = Z
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5GD FQ@OGR, @ RDS NE ANW OKNSR QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE U@KTDR VHSG SGD FQNTO LD@MR HMCHB@SDC AX @ GNQHYNMS@K
KHMD SGQNTFG SGD ANW, GDKO HM SGD TMCDQRS@MCHMF NE SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS. *M SGD EHQRS FQ@OG (QDC ANW OKNSR), !
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@MC SGD SGQDD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD. 5GD U@QH@MBD NE SGD BNLAHMDC C@S@ HR
@OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD @R SGD U@QH@MBD NE D@BG NE SGD ONOTK@SHNMR.
*E SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR E@KRD, SGDM SGD U@QH@MBD NE SGD BNLAHMDC C@S@ HR K@QFDQ VGHBG HR B@TRDC AX SGD CHEEDQDMS LD@MR
@R RGNVM HM SGD RDBNMC FQ@OG (FQDDM ANW OKNSR).
$CAOL? 13.2 (=) H0 EO PNQA. HH IA=JO =NA PDA O=IA; PDA @EBBANAJ?AO =NA @QA PK N=J@KI R=NE=PEKJ. (>) H0 EO JKP PNQA. HH
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@MC NMD ENQ SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ.
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5GD RBNOD NE SG@S CDQHU@SHNM HR ADXNMC SGD KDUDK NE SGHR BNTQRD.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD F G6I>D, SVN DRSHL@SDR NE SGD U@QH@MBD @QD L@CD.
1. 36G>6C8: 7:IL::C H6BEA:H: "M DRSHL@SD NE \
2
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SGD CHEEDQDMS R@LOKD RHYDR. 5GD U@QH@MBD HR @KRN B@KKDC K6G>6I>DC 9J: ID IG:6IB:CI DG :MEA6>C:9 K6G>6I>DC.
2. 36G>6C8: L>I=>C H6BEA:H: "M DRSHL@SD NE \
2
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SGD K6G>6I>DC 9J: ID :GGDG DG JC:MEA6>C:9 K6G>6I>DC.
c ,,
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c ,,
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= SGD RTL NE RPT@QDR SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD U@QH@SHNM VHSGHM R@LOKDR SG@S HR CTD SN BG@MBD.
5N EHMC @ "RTL NE RPT@QDR" LD@MR SN @CC SNFDSGDQ RPT@QDC PT@MSHSHDR SG@S, HM RNLD B@RDR, L@X AD VDHFGSDC. 8D TRDC
RTL NE RPT@QDR SN B@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD U@QH@MBD @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HM "?M=LCJNCP? 1N;NCMNC=M.
&, LD@MR " B:6C HFJ6G:." &,
ADSVDDM
HR SGD U@QH@MBD ADSVDDM FQNTOR, @MC &,
VHSGHM
HR SGD U@QH@MBD VHSGHM FQNTOR.
6A8JA6I>DC D; 0JB D; 0FJ6G:H 6C9 *:6C 0FJ6G:
c A = SGD MTLADQ NE CHEEDQDMS FQNTOR
c D
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@
)
c N = NMD U@KTD: tN = tI
@
c 4TL NE RPT@QDR NE @KK U@KTDR EQNL DUDQX FQNTO BNLAHMDC: tN
2
c #DSVDDM FQNTO U@QH@AHKHSX: ,,
SNS@K
= tN
2
k
x
2
n
c 5NS@K RTL NE RPT@QDR: tN
2
k
2
n
c &WOK@HMDC U@QH@SHNM: RTL NE RPT@QDR QDOQDRDMSHMF U@QH@SHNM @LNMF SGD CHEEDQDMS R@LOKDR: ,,
ADSVDDM
=
(sj)
2
n
j
(s
j
)
2
n
c 6MDWOK@HMDC U@QH@SHNM: RTL NE RPT@QDR QDOQDRDMSHMF U@QH@SHNM VHSGHM R@LOKDR CTD SN BG@MBD:
SS
within
= SS
total
SS
between
c :<'R ENQ CHEEDQDMS FQNTOR (:<'R ENQ SGD MTLDQ@SNQ): :< = A k 1
c &PT@SHNM ENQ DQQNQR VHSGHM R@LOKDR (:<'R ENQ SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ): :<
VHSGHM
= D k A
c .D@M RPT@QD (U@QH@MBD DRSHL@SD) DWOK@HMDC AX SGD CHEEDQDMS FQNTOR: &,
ADSVDDM
=
SS
between
d f
between
c .D@M RPT@QD (U@QH@MBD DRSHL@SD) SG@S HR CTD SN BG@MBD (TMDWOK@HMDC): &,
VHSGHM
=
SS
within
d f
within
&,
ADSVDDM
@MC &,
VHSGHM
B@M AD VQHSSDM @R ENKKNVR:
c MS
between
=
SS
between
d f
between
=
SS
between
k 1
c MS
within
=
SS
within
d f
within
=
SS
within
n k
5GD NMD-V@X "/07" SDRS CDODMCR NM SGD E@BS SG@S &,
ADSVDDM
B@M AD HMEKTDMBDC AX ONOTK@SHNM CHEEDQDMBDR @LNMF
LD@MR NE SGD RDUDQ@K FQNTOR. 4HMBD &,
VHSGHM
BNLO@QDR U@KTDR NE D@BG FQNTO SN HSR NVM FQNTO LD@M, SGD E@BS SG@S FQNTO
LD@MR LHFGS AD CHEEDQDMS CNDR MNS @EEDBS &,
VHSGHM
.
5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR R@XR SG@S @KK FQNTOR @QD R@LOKDR EQNL ONOTK@SHNMR G@UHMF SGD R@LD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD
@KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR R@XR SG@S @S KD@RS SVN NE SGD R@LOKD FQNTOR BNLD EQNL ONOTK@SHNMR VHSG CHEEDQDMS MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR.
*E SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD, &,
ADSVDDM
@MC &,
VHSGHM
RGNTKC ANSG DRSHL@SD SGD R@LD U@KTD.
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 735
D
R
A
F
T
:
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o
t
F
i
n
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l
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n
,-2#
5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR R@XR SG@S @KK SGD FQNTO ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR @QD DPT@K. 5GD GXONSGDRHR NE DPT@K LD@MR HLOKHDR SG@S
SGD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD SGD R@LD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, ADB@TRD HS HR @RRTLDC SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNMR @QD MNQL@K @MC SG@S SGDX
G@UD DPT@K U@QH@MBDR.
F-0;NCI IL F 1N;NCMNC=
F =
MS
between
MS
within
*E &,
ADSVDDM
@MC &,
VHSGHM
DRSHL@SD SGD R@LD U@KTD (ENKKNVHMF SGD ADKHDE SG@S !
0
HR SQTD), SGDM SGD F-Q@SHN RGNTKC AD
@OOQNWHL@SDKX DPT@K SN NMD. .NRSKX, ITRS R@LOKHMF DQQNQR VNTKC BNMSQHATSD SN U@QH@SHNMR @V@X EQNL NMD. "R HS STQMR NTS,
&,
ADSVDDM
BNMRHRSR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD OKTR @ U@QH@MBD OQNCTBDC EQNL SGD CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD R@LOKDR. &,
VHSGHM
HR @M DRSHL@SD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD. 4HMBD U@QH@MBDR @QD @KV@XR ONRHSHUD, HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR E@KRD, &,
ADSVDDM
VHKK
FDMDQ@KKX AD K@QFDQ SG@M &,
VHSGHM
.5GDM SGD F-Q@SHN VHKK AD K@QFDQ SG@M NMD. )NVDUDQ, HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM DEEDBS HR RL@KK, HS HR
MNS TMKHJDKX SG@S &,
VHSGHM
VHKK AD K@QFDQ HM @ FHUDM R@LOKD.
5GD ENQDFNHMF B@KBTK@SHNMR VDQD CNMD VHSG FQNTOR NE CHEEDQDMS RHYDR. *E SGD FQNTOR @QD SGD R@LD RHYD, SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR
RHLOKHEX RNLDVG@S @MC SGD F-Q@SHN B@M AD VQHSSDM @R:
F-0;NCI $ILGOF; QB?H NB? ALIOJM ;L? NB? M;G? MCT?
F =
n s
x
2
s
2
pooled
SDANA ...
c D = SGD R@LOKD RHYD
c :<
MTLDQ@SNQ
= A k 1
c :<
CDMNLHM@SNQ
= D k A
c I
2
ONNKDC = SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD U@QH@MBDR (ONNKDC U@QH@MBD)
c s
x
2
= SGD U@QH@MBD NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR
%@S@ @QD SXOHB@KKX OTS HMSN @ S@AKD ENQ D@RX UHDVHMF. 0MD-8@X "/07" QDRTKSR @QD NESDM CHROK@XDC HM SGHR L@MMDQ AX
BNLOTSDQ RNESV@QD.
736 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
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F
T
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a
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V
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1IOL=? I@
4;LC;NCIH
1OG I@
1KO;L?M (SS)
"?AL??M I@
$L??>IG ((*)
+?;H 1KO;L? (MS) F
%=?PKN
(!APSAAJ)
SS(%=?PKN) # _ 1
MS(%=?PKN) =
SS(%=?PKN)/(# _ 1)
F =
MS(%=?PKN)/MS($NNKN)
$NNKN
(6EPDEJ)
SS($NNKN) & _ #
MS($NNKN) =
SS($NNKN)/(& _ #)
3KP=H SS(3KP=H) & _ 1
2;<F? 13.1
$T=ILHA 13.1
5GQDD CHEEDQDMS CHDS OK@MR @QD SN AD SDRSDC ENQ LD@M VDHFGS KNRR. 5GD DMSQHDR HM SGD S@AKD @QD SGD VDHFGS KNRRDR ENQ
SGD CHEEDQDMS OK@MR. 5GD NMD-V@X "/07" QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 13.2.
.F;H 1: 1
1
= 4 .F;H 2: 1
2
= 3 .F;H 3: 1
3
= 3
5 3.5 8
4.5 7 4
4 3.5
3 4.5
2;<F? 13.2
I
1
= 16.5, I
2
=15, I
3
= 15.7
'NKKNVHMF @QD SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR MDDCDC SN EHKK HM SGD NMD-V@X "/07" S@AKD. 5GD S@AKD HR TRDC SN BNMCTBS @
GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
SS(between) =
(s
j
)
2
n
j
s
j
2
n
=
s
1
2
4
+
s
2
2
3
+
s
3
2
3
(s
1
+ s
2
+ s
3
)
2
10
VGDQD D
1
= 4, D
2
= 3, D
3
= 3 @MC D = D
1
+ D
2
+ D
3
= 10
=
(16.5)
2
4
+
(15)
2
3
+
(5.5)
2
3
(16.5 + 15 + 15.5)
2
10
SS(between) = 2.2458
S(total) = x
2
2
n
=
5
2
+ 4.5
2
+ 4
2
+ 3
2
+ 3.5
2
+ 7
2
+ 4.5
2
+ 8
2
+ 4
2
+ 3.5
2
2
s
2
pooled
.
'HQRS, B@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC R@LOKD U@QH@MBD NE D@BG FQNTO.
2IGGS'M .F;HNM 2;L;'M .F;HNM ,C=E'M .F;HNM
1;GJF? +?;H 24.2 25.4 24.4
1;GJF? 4;LC;H=? 11.7 18.3 16.3
2;<F? 13.10
/DWS, B@KBTK@SD SGD U@QH@MBD NE SGD SGQDD FQNTO LD@MR ($@KBTK@SD SGD U@QH@MBD NE 24.2, 25.4, @MC 24.4).
36G>6C8: D; I=: <GDJE B:6CH = 0.413 = s
x
2
5GDM &,
8;JM;;D
= ns
x
2
= (5)(0.413) VGDQD D = 5 HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD (MTLADQ NE OK@MSR D@BG BGHKC FQDV).
$@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M NE SGD SGQDD R@LOKD U@QH@MBDR ($@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M NE 11.7, 18.3, @MC 16.3). *:6C D; I=:
H6BEA: K6G>6C8:H = 15.433 = $
2
!led
5GDM &,
M?J>?D
= I
2
FEEB;:
= 15.433.
5GD F RS@SHRSHB (NQ F Q@SHN) HR F =
MS
between
MS
within
=
ns
x
2
s
2
pooled
=
(5)(0.413)
15.433
= 0.134
746 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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5GD :<I ENQ SGD MTLDQ@SNQ = SGD MTLADQ NE FQNTOR k 1 = 3 k 1 = 2.
5GD :<I ENQ SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ = SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE R@LOKDR k SGD MTLADQ NE FQNTOR = 15 k 3 = 12
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR F
2,12
@MC SGD F RS@SHRSHB HR F = 0.134
5GD F-U@KTD HR )(F > 0.134) = 0.8759.
!:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V = 0.03 @MC SGD F-U@KTD = 0.8759, CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
. (8GX)
DC8AJH>DC: 8HSG @ 3%KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNLSGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGD DUHCDMBD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS SN BNMBKTCD
SG@S SGD LD@M GDHFGSR NE SGD AD@M OK@MSR @QD CHEEDQDMS.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD:
*1QDRR 2>6 D)*(
*"QQNV CNVM SN F568(@MC OQDRR E$*E(.
*&MSDQ 0.134, E99, 2, 12)
*1QDRR E$*E(
5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.8759.
13.4 "MNSGDQ ENTQSG FQ@CDQ @KRN FQDV AD@M OK@MSR, ATS SGHR SHLD HM @ IDKKX-KHJD L@RR. 5GD GDHFGSR VDQD (HM HMBGDR) 24,
28, 25, 30, @MC 32. %N @ NMD-V@X "/07" SDRS NM SGD ENTQ FQNTOR. "QD SGD GDHFGSR NE SGD AD@M OK@MSR CHEEDQDMS 6RD SGD
R@LD LDSGNC @R RGNVM HM #R;GJF? 13.4.
'QNLSGD BK@RR, BQD@SD ENTQ FQNTOR NE SGD R@LD RHYD @R ENKKNVR: LDM TMCDQ 22, LDM @S KD@RS 22, VNLDM TMCDQ 22, VNLDM
@S KD@RS 22. )@UD D@BG LDLADQ NE D@BG FQNTO QDBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE RS@SDR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR GD NQ RGD G@R UHRHSDC.
3TM @M "/07" SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE RS@SDR UHRHSDC HM SGD ENTQ FQNTOR @QD SGD R@LD. 5DRS @S @ 1%
KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD. 6RD NMD NE SGD MIFONCIH MB??NM (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G47153/F;N?MN/) .
13.4 U 2?MN I@ 2QI 4;LC;H=?M
"MNSGDQ NE SGD TRDR NE SGD F CHRSQHATSHNM HR SDRSHMF SVN U@QH@MBDR. *S HR NESDM CDRHQ@AKD SN BNLO@QD SVN U@QH@MBDR Q@SGDQ
SG@M SVN @UDQ@FDR. 'NQ HMRS@MBD, BNKKDFD @CLHMHRSQ@SNQR VNTKC KHJD SVN BNKKDFD OQNEDRRNQR FQ@CHMF DW@LR SN G@UD SGD R@LD
U@QH@SHNM HM SGDHQ FQ@CHMF. *M NQCDQ ENQ @ KHC SN EHS @ BNMS@HMDQ, SGD U@QH@SHNM HM SGD KHC @MC SGD BNMS@HMDQ RGNTKC AD SGD R@LD. "
RTODQL@QJDS LHFGS AD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD U@QH@AHKHSX NE BGDBJ-NTS SHLDR ENQ SVN BGDBJDQR.
*M NQCDQ SN ODQENQL @ F SDRS NE SVN U@QH@MBDR, HS HR HLONQS@MS SG@S SGD ENKKNVHMF @QD SQTD:
1. 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR EQNL VGHBG SGD SVN R@LOKDR @QD CQ@VM @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
2. 5GD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR @QD HMCDODMCDMS NE D@BG NSGDQ.
6MKHJD LNRS NSGDQ SDRSR HM SGHR ANNJ, SGD F SDRS ENQ DPT@KHSX NE SVN U@QH@MBDR HR UDQX RDMRHSHUD SN CDUH@SHNMR EQNL
MNQL@KHSX. *E SGD SVN CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD MNS MNQL@K, SGD SDRS B@M FHUD GHFGDQ F-U@KTDR SG@M HS RGNTKC, NQ KNVDQ NMDR, HM V@XR
SG@S @QD TMOQDCHBS@AKD. .@MX SDWSR RTFFDRS SG@S RSTCDMSR MNS TRD SGHR SDRS @S @KK, ATS HM SGD HMSDQDRS NE BNLOKDSDMDRR VD HMBKTCD
HS GDQD.
4TOONRD VD R@LOKD Q@MCNLKX EQNL SVN HMCDODMCDMS MNQL@K ONOTK@SHNMR. -DS
1
2
@MC
2
2
AD SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBDR
@MC s
1
2
@MC s
2
2
AD SGD R@LOKD U@QH@MBDR. -DS SGD R@LOKD RHYDR AD D
1
@MC D
2
. 4HMBD VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM BNLO@QHMF SGD SVN
R@LOKD U@QH@MBDR, VD TRD SGD F Q@SHN:
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 747
D
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A
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F
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F =
(s
1
)
2
(
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
(
2
)
2
(s
1
)
2
(
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
(
2
)
2
=
(s
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
.
,-2#
5GD F Q@SHN BNTKC @KRN AD
(s
2
)
2
(s
1
)
2
. *S CDODMCR NM !
7
@MC NM VGHBG R@LOKD U@QH@MBD HR K@QFDQ.
*E SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD DPT@K U@QH@MBDR, SGDM s
1
2
@MC s
2
2
@QD BKNRD HM U@KTD @MC F =
(s
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
HR BKNRD SN NMD. #TS HE
SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBDR @QD UDQX CHEEDQDMS, s
1
2
@MC s
2
2
SDMC SN AD UDQX CHEEDQDMS, SNN. $GNNRHMF s
1
2
@R SGD K@QFDQ R@LOKD
U@QH@MBD B@TRDR SGD Q@SHN
(s
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
SN AD FQD@SDQ SG@M NMD. *E s
1
2
@MC s
2
2
@QD E@Q @O@QS, SGDM F =
(s
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
HR @ K@QFD MTLADQ.
5GDQDENQD, HE F HR BKNRD SN NMD, SGD DUHCDMBD E@UNQR SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR (SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBDR @QD DPT@K). #TS HE
F HR LTBG K@QFDQ SG@M NMD, SGDM SGD DUHCDMBD HR @F@HMRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. A I:HI D; ILD K6G>6C8:H B6N 7: A:;I, G><=I, DG
ILD-I6>A:9.
$T=ILHA 13.5
5VN BNKKDFD HMRSQTBSNQR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDQD HR @MX U@QH@SHNM HM SGD V@X SGDX FQ@CD L@SG DW@LR.
5GDX D@BG FQ@CD SGD R@LD RDS NE 30 DW@LR. 5GD EHQRS HMRSQTBSNQ'R FQ@CDR G@UD @ U@QH@MBD NE 52.3. 5GD RDBNMC
HMRSQTBSNQ'R FQ@CDR G@UD @ U@QH@MBD NE 89.9. 5DRS SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD EHQRS HMRSQTBSNQ'R U@QH@MBD HR RL@KKDQ. (*M LNRS
BNKKDFDR, HS HR CDRHQ@AKD ENQ SGD U@QH@MBDR NE DW@L FQ@CDR SN AD MD@QKX SGD R@LD @LNMF HMRSQTBSNQR.) 5GD KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD HR 10%.
1IFONCIH 13.5
-DS 1 @MC 2 AD SGD RTARBQHOSR SG@S HMCHB@SD SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC HMRSQTBSNQ, QDRODBSHUDKX.
D
1
= D
2
= 30.
!
0
:
1
2
=
2
2
@MC !
7
:
1
2
<
2
2
6A8JA6I: I=: I:HI HI6I>HI>8: #X SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR (
1
2
=
2
2
) , SGD F RS@SHRSHB HR:
F =
(s
1
)
2
(
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
(
2
)
2
=
(s
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
=
52.3
89.9
= 0.5818
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: F
29,29
VGDQD D
1
k 1 = 29 @MC D
2
k 1 = 29.
$G6E=: 1=>H I:HI >H A:;I I6>A:9.
748 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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%Q@V SGD FQ@OG K@ADKHMF @MC RG@CHMF @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
$CAOL? 13.7
-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD = )(F < 0.5818) = 0.0753
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: V = 0.10 V > F-U@KTD.
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS !
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: 8HSG @ 10% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S
SGD U@QH@MBD HM FQ@CDR ENQ SGD EHQRS HMRSQTBSNQ HR RL@KKDQ.
1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). "QQNV CNVM SN D:2-)3=@F*7CD. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV SN )D3DC
@MC OQDRR E$*E(. 'NQ )H1, >1, )H2, @MC >2, DMSDQ (52.3) , 30, (89.9) , @MC 30. 1QDRR E$*E( @ESDQ
D@BG. "QQNV SN L1: @MC <L2. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. F = 0.5818
@MC F-U@KTD = 0.0753. %N SGD OQNBDCTQD @F@HM @MC SQX DB3G HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7.
13.5 5GD /DV:NQJ $GNQ@K 4NBHDSX CHUHCDR L@KD RHMFDQR TO HMSN ENTQ B@SDFNQHDR EQNLGHFGDRS UNHBDR SN KNVDRS: 5DMNQ1,
5DMNQ2, #@RR1, #@RR2. *M SGD S@AKD @QD GDHFGSR NE SGD LDM HM SGD 5DMNQ1 @MC #@RR2 FQNTOR. 0MD RTRODBSR SG@S S@KKDQ LDM
VHKK G@UD KNVDQ UNHBDR, @MC SG@S SGD U@QH@MBD NE GDHFGS L@X FN TO VHSG SGD KNVDQ UNHBDR @R VDKK. %N VD G@UD FNNC
DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD U@QH@MBD NE SGD GDHFGSR NE RHMFDQR HM D@BG NE SGDRD SVN FQNTOR (5DMNQ1 @MC #@RR2) @QD CHEEDQDMS
2?HIL1 ;MM2 2?HIL 1 ;MM 2 2?HIL 1 ;MM 2
69 72 67 72 68 67
72 75 70 74 67 70
71 67 65 70 64 70
66 75 72 66 69
76 74 70 68 72
2;<F? 13.11
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 749
D
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2?HIL1 ;MM2 2?HIL 1 ;MM 2 2?HIL 1 ;MM 2
74 72 68 75 71
71 72 64 68 74
66 74 73 70 75
68 72 66 72
2;<F? 13.11
750 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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13.1 -H?-5;S A,-4A
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNMCTBS @ RHLOKD NMD-V@X "/07" SDRS HMUNKUHMF SGQDD U@QH@AKDR.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
1. 3DBNQC SGD OQHBD ODQ ONTMC NE DHFGS EQTHSR, DHFGS UDFDS@AKDR, @MC DHFGS AQD@CR HM XNTQ KNB@K RTODQL@QJDS.
$LOCNM 4?A?N;<F?M L?;>M
2;<F? 13.12
2. &WOK@HM GNV XNT BNTKC SQX SN BNKKDBS SGD C@S@ Q@MCNLKX.
AH;FST? NB? ";N; ;H> !IH>O=N ; &SJINB?MCM 2?MN
1. $NLOTSD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. 'QTHS:
E. x
= ??????
EE. s
x
= ??????
EEE. D = ??????
>. 7DFDS@AKDR:
E. x
= ??????
EE. s
x
= ??????
EEE. D = ??????
?. #QD@C:
E. x
= ??????
EE. s
x
= ??????
EEE. D = ??????
2. 'HMC SGD ENKKNVHMF:
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 751
D
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A
F
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F
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=. :<(DKC) = ??????
>. :<(:;DEC) = ??????
3. 4S@SD SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS.
4. 5DRS RS@SHRSHB: F = ??????
5. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGHR RHST@SHNM. $-&"3-:, K@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR @MC RG@CD SGD QDFHNM(R)
BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
6. F-U@KTD = ??????
7. 5DRS @S V = 0.05. 4S@SD XNTQ CDBHRHNM @MC BNMBKTRHNM.
8. =. %DBHRHNM: 8GX CHC XNT L@JD SGHR CDBHRHNM
>. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD).
?. #@RDC NM SGD QDRTKSR NE XNTQ RSTCX, HR SGDQD @ MDDC SN HMUDRSHF@SD @MX NE SGD ENNC FQNTORn OQHBDR 8GX NQ VGX
MNS
752 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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AH;FSMCM I@ 4;LC;H=?
-H?-5;S A,-4A
4;LC;H=?
)#7 2#0+1
@KRN QDEDQQDC SN @R "/07", HR @ LDSGNC NE SDRSHMF VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD LD@MR NE SGQDD NQ LNQD
ONOTK@SHNMR @QD DPT@K. 5GD LDSGNC HR @OOKHB@AKD HE:
c @KK ONOTK@SHNMR NE HMSDQDRS @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
c SGD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD DPT@K RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
c R@LOKDR (MNS MDBDRR@QHKX NE SGD R@LD RHYD) @QD Q@MCNLKX @MC HMCDODMCDMSKX RDKDBSDC EQNL D@BG ONOTK@SHNM.
5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ @M@KXRHR NE U@QH@MBD HR SGD F-Q@SHN.
@ LDSGNC NE SDRSHMF VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD LD@MR NE SGQDD NQ LNQD ONOTK@SHNMR @QD DPT@K; SGD LDSGNC HR
@OOKHB@AKD HE:
c @KK ONOTK@SHNMR NE HMSDQDRS @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
c SGD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD DPT@K RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
c R@LOKDR (MNS MDBDRR@QHKX NE SGD R@LD RHYD) @QD Q@MCNLKX @MC HMCDODMCDMSKX RDKDBSDC EQNL D@BG ONOTK@SHNM.
5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ @M@KXRHR NE U@QH@MBD HR SGD F-Q@SHN.
LD@M NE SGD RPT@QDC CDUH@SHNMR EQNL SGD LD@M; SGD RPT@QD NE SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 'NQ @ RDS NE C@S@, @
CDUH@SHNM B@M AD QDOQDRDMSDC @R N k x
(s
j
)
2
n
j
s
j
2
n
SS
total
= x
2
2
n
SS
within
= SS
total
SS
between
:<
ADSVDDM
= :<(DKC) = A k 1
:<
VHSGHM
= :<(:;DEC) = D k A
&,
ADSVDDM
=
SS
between
d f
between
&,
VHSGHM
=
SS
within
d f
within
F =
MS
between
MS
within
F Q@SHN VGDM SGD FQNTOR @QD SGD R@LD RHYD: F =
ns
x
2
s
2
pooled
.D@M NE SGD F CHRSQHATSHNM: R =
d f (num)
d f (denom) 1
VGDQD:
c A = SGD MTLADQ NE FQNTOR
c D
@
= SGD RHYD NE SGD @
J>
FQNTO
c I
@
= SGD RTL NE SGD U@KTDR HM SGD @
J>
FQNTO
c D = SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE @KK U@KTDR (NARDQU@SHNMR)
BNLAHMDC
c N = NMD U@KTD (NMD NARDQU@SHNM) EQNL SGD C@S@
c s
x
2
= SGD U@QH@MBD NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR
c s
2
pooled
= SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD U@QH@MBDR (ONNKDC
U@QH@MBD)
13.4 2?MN I@ 2QI 4;LC;H=?M
F G@R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM F ] F(D
1
k 1, D
2
k 1)
F =
s
1
2
1
2
s
2
2
2
2
*E \
1
= \
2
, SGDM F =
s
1
2
s
2
2
.0A!2'!#
13.1 -H?-5;S A,-4A
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GDQD @QD EHUD A@RHB @RRTLOSHNMR SG@S LTRS AD ETKEHKKDC HM
NQCDQ SN ODQENQL @ NMD-V@X "/07" SDRS. 8G@S @QD SGDX
1. 8QHSD NMD @RRTLOSHNM.
2. 8QHSD @MNSGDQ @RRTLOSHNM.
3. 8QHSD @ SGHQC @RRTLOSHNM.
4. 8QHSD @ ENTQSG @RRTLOSHNM.
5. 8QHSD SGD EHM@K @RRTLOSHNM.
6. 4S@SD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR ENQ @ NMD-V@X "/07" SDRS HE SGDQD @QD ENTQ FQNTOR.
7. 4S@SD SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR ENQ @ NMD-V@X "/07" SDRS HE SGDQD @QD SGQDD FQNTOR.
8. 8GDM CN XNT TRD @M "/07" SDRS
754 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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13.2 2B? $ "CMNLC<ONCIH ;H> NB? $-0;NCI
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I. (QNTOR NE LDM EQNL SGQDD CHEEDQDMS @QD@R NE SGD BNTMSQX
@QD SN AD SDRSDC ENQ LD@M VDHFGS. 5GD DMSQHDR HM SGD S@AKD @QD SGD VDHFGSR ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMS FQNTOR. 5GD NMD-V@X "/07"
QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 13.13.
%LIOJ 1 %LIOJ 2 %LIOJ 3
216 202 170
198 213 165
240 284 182
187 228 197
176 210 201
2;<F? 13.13
9. 8G@S HR SGD 4TL NE 4PT@QDR '@BSNQ
10. 8G@S HR SGD 4TL NE 4PT@QDR &QQNQ
11. 8G@S HR SGD :< ENQ SGD MTLDQ@SNQ
12. 8G@S HR SGD :< ENQ SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ
13. 8G@S HR SGD .D@M 4PT@QD '@BSNQ
14. 8G@S HR SGD .D@M 4PT@QD &QQNQ
15. 8G@S HR SGD F RS@SHRSHB
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I. (HQKR EQNL ENTQ CHEEDQDMS RNBBDQ SD@LR @QD SN AD SDRSDC ENQ
LD@M FN@KR RBNQDC ODQ F@LD. 5GD DMSQHDR HM SGD S@AKD @QD SGD FN@KR ODQ F@LD ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMS SD@LR. 5GD NMD-V@X "/07"
QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 13.14.
2?;G 1 2?;G 2 2?;G 3 2?;G 4
1 2 0 3
2 3 1 4
0 2 1 4
3 4 0 3
2 4 0 2
2;<F? 13.14
16. 8G@S HR ,,
8;JM;;D
19. 8G@S HR ,,
M?J>?D
1
5
@. N
5,
(0.01)(0.99)
500
1
3
x =
1
3
$TAN?EOA 14.51
c 40% NE ETKK-SHLD RSTCDMSR SNNJ 4 XD@QR SN FQ@CT@SD
c 30% NE ETKK-SHLD RSTCDMSR SNNJ 5 XD@QR SN FQ@CT@SD
c 20% NE ETKK-SHLD RSTCDMSR SNNJ 6 XD@QR SN FQ@CT@SD
c 10% NE ETKK-SHLD RSTCDMSR SNNJ 7 XD@QR SN FQ@CT@SD
5GD DWODBSDC SHLD ENQ ETKK-SHLD RSTCDMSR SN FQ@CT@SD HR:
=. 4 XD@QR
>. 4.5 XD@QR
?. 5 XD@QR
@. 5.5 XD@QR
$TAN?EOA 14.52
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF CHRSQHATSHNMR HR CDRBQHADC AX SGD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKD
.@MX ODNOKD B@M QTM @ RGNQS CHRS@MBD NE TMCDQ SVN LHKDR, ATS @R SGD CHRS@MBD HMBQD@RDR, EDVDQ ODNOKD B@M QTM SG@S E@Q.
=. AHMNLH@K
>. TMHENQL
?. DWONMDMSH@K
@. MNQL@K
$TAN?EOA 14.53
784 "'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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F
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5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD SN AQTRG NMDnR SDDSG HR FDMDQ@KKX SGNTFGS SN AD DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE
3
4
LHMTSDR. 'HMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ODQRNM AQTRGDR GHR NQ GDQ SDDSG KDRR SG@M
3
4
LHMTSDR.
=. 0.5
>.
3
4
?. 0.43
@. 0.63
$TAN?EOA 14.54
8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM @BBTQ@SDKX CDRBQHADR SGD ENKKNVHMF RHST@SHNM
5GD BG@MBD SG@S @ SDDM@FD ANX QDFTK@QKX FHUDR GHR LNSGDQ @ JHRR FNNCMHFGS HR @ANTS 20%. 'NTQSDDM SDDM@FD ANXR @QD
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE SDDM@FD ANXR SG@S QDFTK@QKX FHUD SGDHQ LNSGDQ @ JHRR FNNCMHFGS.
=. B(14,0.20)
>. )(2.8)
?. '(2.8,2.24)
@. ENF
1
0.20
$TAN?EOA 14.55
" 2008 QDONQS NM SDBGMNKNFX TRD RS@SDR SG@S @OOQNWHL@SDKX 20% NE 6.4. GNTRDGNKCR G@UD MDUDQ RDMS @M D-L@HK. 4TOONRD
SG@S VD RDKDBS @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE ENTQSDDM 6.4. GNTRDGNKCR. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE GNTRDGNKCR HM @ 2008 R@LOKD NE 14
GNTRDGNKCR SG@S G@UD MDUDQ RDMS @M DL@HK
=. B(14,0.20)
>. )(2.8)
?. '(2.8,2.24)
@. ENF
1
0.20
!B;JN?L 8
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD SG@S @ R@LOKD NE 15 Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM ODNOKD VDQD
OTS NM @ RODBH@K VDHFGS KNRR CHDS. 5GD @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KNRS, HM ONTMCR, ENKKNVR @M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M DPT@K
SN 12 ONTMCR @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM DPT@K SN SGQDD ONTMCR. "RRTLD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD VDHFGS KNRR HR MNQL@K.
$TAN?EOA 14.56
5N EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KNRS AX 15 ODNOKD HR MN LNQD SG@M 14 ONTMCR, SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD
RGNTKC AD:
=. MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN KNRS VDHFGS NM SGD RODBH@K VDHFGS KNRR CHDS.
>. SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN VDQD NM SGD CHDS.
?. SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KNRS AX 15 ODNOKD NM SGD RODBH@K VDHFGS KNRR CHDS.
@. SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KNRS AX 15 ODNOKD NM SGD RODBH@K VDHFGS KNRR CHDS.
$TAN?EOA 14.57
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX @RJDC ENQ HM SGD #R?L=CM? 14.56.
$TAN?EOA 14.58
'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KNRS AX 15 ODNOKD.
.I?D= J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD SHLD NE NBBTQQDMBD NE SGD EHQRS @BBHCDMS CTQHMF
QTRG-GNTQ SQ@EEHB @S @ L@INQ HMSDQRDBSHNM HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM SGD SGQDD GNTQ HMSDQU@K 4 O.L. SN 7 O.L. -DS 1 = SGD
@LNTMS NE SHLD (GNTQR) HS S@JDR ENQ SGD EHQRS @BBHCDMS SN NBBTQ.
$TAN?EOA 14.59
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD NE NBBTQQDMBD HR VHSGHM SGD EHQRS G@KE-GNTQ NQ SGD K@RS GNTQ NE SGD ODQHNC EQNL 4 SN 7
O.L.
=. B@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC EQNL SGD HMENQL@SHNM FHUDM
>.
1
6
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2
@.
1
3
$TAN?EOA 14.60
5GD 20
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NBBTQR @ESDQ GNV L@MX GNTQR
=. 0.20
>. 0.60
?. 0.50
@. 1
$TAN?EOA 14.61
"RRTLD 3@LNM G@R JDOS SQ@BJ NE SGD SHLDR ENQ SGD EHQRS @BBHCDMSR SN NBBTQ ENQ 40 CHEEDQDMS C@XR. -DS C = SGD SNS@K BTLTK@SHUD
SHLD. 5GDM C ENKKNVR VGHBG CHRSQHATSHNM
=. .(0,3)
>. ENF(13)
?. '(60, 5.477)
@. '(1.5, 0.01875)
$TAN?EOA 14.62
6RHMF SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R?L=CM? 14.61, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SNS@K SHLD ENQ @KK EHQRS @BBHCDMSR SN NBBTQ HR LNQD SG@M
43 GNTQR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ O@QDMS LTRS V@HS ENQ GHR BGHKCQDM
SN BKD@M SGDHQ QNNLR HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC HM SGD SHLD HMSDQU@K EQNL NMD SN 15 C@XR.
$TAN?EOA 14.63
)NV KNMF LTRS @ O@QDMS DWODBS SN V@HS ENQ GHR BGHKCQDM SN BKD@M SGDHQ QNNLR
=. DHFGS C@XR
>. SGQDD C@XR
?. 14 C@XR
@. RHW C@XR
$TAN?EOA 14.64
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ O@QDMS VHKK V@HS LNQD SG@M RHW C@XR FHUDM SG@S SGD O@QDMS G@R @KQD@CX V@HSDC LNQD SG@M SGQDD
C@XR
=. 0.5174
>. 0.0174
?. 0.7500
@. 0.2143
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 5VDMSX ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR @S @ KNB@K BNLLTMHSX
BNKKDFD KHUD HM VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE SGD B@LOTR. 5GHQSX ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR @S SGD R@LD BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD QDBDHUD RNLD
JHMC NE EHM@MBH@K @HC. 0E SGNRD VGN KHUD VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE SGD B@LOTR, 75% QDBDHUD RNLD JHMC NE EHM@MBH@K @HC.
$TAN?EOA 14.65
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM RSTCDMS @S SGD KNB@K BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD CNDR MNS KHUD VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE SGD
B@LOTR.
=. 80%
>. 20%
?. 30%
@. B@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC
$TAN?EOA 14.66
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM RSTCDMS @S SGD KNB@K BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD KHUDR VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE SGD B@LOTR NQ
QDBDHUDR RNLD JHMC NE EHM@MBH@K @HC.
=. 50%
>. 35%
?. 27.5%
786 "'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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@. 75%
$TAN?EOA 14.67
"QD KHUHMF HM RSTCDMS GNTRHMF VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE SGD B@LOTR @MC QDBDHUHMF RNLD JHMC NE EHM@MBH@K @HC LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
=. XDR
>. MN
?. B@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC
$TAN?EOA 14.68
5GD HMSDQDRS Q@SD BG@QFDC NM SGD EHM@MBH@K @HC HR ??????? C@S@.
=. PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD
>. PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
?. PT@KHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD
@. PT@KHS@SHUD
$TAN?EOA 14.69
5GD ENKKNVHMF HMENQL@SHNM HR @ANTS SGD RSTCDMSR VGN QDBDHUD EHM@MBH@K @HC @S SGD KNB@K BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD.
c 1RS PT@QSHKD = $250
c 2MC PT@QSHKD = $700
c 3QC PT@QSHKD = $1200
5GDRD @LNTMSR @QD ENQ SGD RBGNNK XD@Q. *E @ R@LOKD NE 200 RSTCDMSR HR S@JDM, GNV L@MX @QD DWODBSDC SN QDBDHUD $250 NQ
LNQD
=. 50
>. 250
?. 150
@. B@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: )(A) = 0.2, )(B) = 0.3; A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
$TAN?EOA 14.70
)(A "/% B) = ??????
=. 0.5
>. 0.6
?. 0
@. 0.06
$TAN?EOA 14.71
)(A 03 B) = ???????
=. 0.56
>. 0.5
?. 0.44
@. 1
$TAN?EOA 14.72
*E ! @MC D @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR, )(!) = 0.25, )(D) = 0.15, SGDM )(![D).
=. 1
>. 0
?. 0.40
@. 0.0375
!B;JN?L 9
$TAN?EOA 14.73
3DADBB@ @MC .@SS @QD 14 XD@Q NKC SVHMR. .@SSnR GDHFGS HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M ENQ 14 XD@Q NKC ANXRn
GDHFGS. 3DADBB@nR GDHFGS HR 0.10 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M ENQ 14 XD@Q NKC FHQKRn GDHFGS. *MSDQOQDS SGHR.
=. .@SS HR 2.1 HMBGDR RGNQSDQ SG@M 3DADBB@.
>. 3DADBB@ HR UDQX S@KK BNLO@QDC SN NSGDQ 14 XD@Q NKC FHQKR.
?. 3DADBB@ HR S@KKDQ SG@M .@SS.
@. .@SS HR RGNQSDQ SG@M SGD @UDQ@FD 14 XD@Q NKC ANX.
"'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7 787
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$TAN?EOA 14.74
$NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD *10 C@S@ (RDD 2;<F? I@ !IHN?HNM (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G47129/1.1/#QA2612) , 14.
"OODMCHW, ";N; 1?NM (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G47132/F;N?MN/#QA2613) ).
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: /HMDSX GNLDNVMDQR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE DRSHL@SDR
SGDX NAS@HMDC ADENQD G@UHMF SGDHQ GNLDR ETLHF@SDC. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE DRSHL@SDR.
R 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
1 0.3
2 0.2
4 0.4
5 0.1
2;<F? 14.4
$TAN?EOA 14.75
$NLOKDSD SGD BTLTK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM.
$TAN?EOA 14.76
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$TAN?EOA 14.83
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$TAN?EOA 14.84
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$TAN?EOA 14.85
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$TAN?EOA 14.87
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$TAN?EOA 14.88
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$TAN?EOA 14.89
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$TAN?EOA 14.90
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$TAN?EOA 14.91
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$TAN?EOA 14.92
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>. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X
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$TAN?EOA 14.93
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>. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X HR MNQL@K VHSG SGD R@LD LD@M ATS @ K@QFDQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: " FQNTO NE RSTCDMSR LD@RTQDC SGD KDMFSGR NE @KK SGD
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RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.25 HMBGDR. 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 16 EHUD-ONTMC A@FR NE A@AX B@QQNSR.
$TAN?EOA 14.94
4S@SD SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X
, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD KDMFSGR NE A@AX B@QQNSR HM 16 EHUD-ONTMC A@FR. X
] ??????
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$TAN?EOA 14.96
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$TAN?EOA 15.231
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8G@S VNTKC HS LD@M HE SGD J-RS@SHRSHB G@C ADDM 4.56, @MC VG@S VNTKC G@UD ADDM XNTQ CDBHRHNM HM SG@S B@RD
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$TAN?EOA 15.234
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. /@SHNM@KKX, @ANTS 66 ODQBDMS NE GHFG RBGNNK FQ@CT@SDR DMQNKK
HM GHFGDQ DCTB@SHNM. :NT ODQENQL@ BGH-RPT@QD FNNCMDRR NE EHS SDRS SN RDD HE SGHR R@LD OQNONQSHNM @OOKHDR SN XNTQ GHFG RBGNNKnR
LNRS QDBDMS FQ@CT@SHMF BK@RR NE 200. :NTQ MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SG@S SGD M@SHNM@K CHRSQHATSHNM @KRN @OOKHDR SN XNTQ GHFG RBGNNK.
$TAN?EOA 15.235
8G@S @QD SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQR NE RSTCDMSR EQNL XNTQ GHFG RBGNNK FQ@CT@SHMF BK@RR DMQNKKDC @MC MNS DMQNKKDC HM GHFGDQ
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'HKK NTS SGD QDRS NE SGHR S@AKD.
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$TAN?EOA 15.238
8G@S HR SGD BGH-RPT@QD SDRS RS@SHRSHB @MC SGD F-U@KTD. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VG@S CN XNT BNMBKTCD
$TAN?EOA 15.239
'NQ @ BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG 92 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL, SGD BTQUD ?????????????.
$TAN?EOA 15.240
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11.3: 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
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HMCDODMCDMBD ENQ SGD C@S@ HM SGHR S@AKD, VGHBG CHROK@XR C@S@ @ANTS BDKK OGNMD NVMDQRGHO ENQ EQDRGL@M @MC RDMHNQR @S @ GHFG
RBGNNK. :NTQ MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SG@S BDKK OGNMD NVMDQRGHO HR HMCDODMCDMS NE BK@RR RS@MCHMF.
$TAN?EOA 15.241
$NLOTSD SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR ENQ SGD BDKKR.
!?FF = 7?M !?FF = ,I
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$TAN?EOA 15.243
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$TAN?EOA 15.244
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O@QSHBHO@MSRn DSGMHB FQNTO $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
#NBHC= %LIOJ 9 0?MJIHM? 2SJ? $;PIL -JJIM? ,I -JCHCIH 0IQ 2IN;F
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#NBHC= %LIOJ 9 0?MJIHM? 2SJ? $;PIL -JJIM? ,I -JCHCIH 0IQ 2IN;F
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$TAN?EOA 15.247
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LTBG U@QH@SHNM HM EQDRGL@M BNKKDFD (1" HR MNS DWOK@HMDC AX GHFG RBGNNK (1"
$TAN?EOA 15.268
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$TAN?EOA 15.269
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$TAN?EOA 15.270
*M @ R@LOKD NE 30 B@RDR, SVN U@QH@AKDR G@UD @ BNQQDK@SHNM NE 0.33. %N @ J-SDRS SN RDD HE SGHR QDRTKS HR RHFMHEHB@MS @S SGD V = 0.05
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$NLO@QHMF SVN OQNCTBSR, NMD VHSG SGQDD FQ@LR NE EHADQ ODQ RDQUHMF @MC NMD VHSG RHW FQ@LR NE EHADQ ODQ RDQUHMF, VG@S HR SGD
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$TAN?EOA 15.275
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5GD KD@RS RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD ENQ @ C@S@ RDS HR y
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8G@S @QD SGD EHUD A@RHB @RRTLOSHNMR SN AD LDS HE XNT V@MS SN CN @ NMD-V@X "/07"
$TAN?EOA 15.279
:NT @QD BNMCTBSHMF @ NMD-V@X "/07" BNLO@QHMF SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE ENTQ CQTFR HM KNVDQHMF AKNNC OQDRRTQD HM
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$TAN?EOA 15.281
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>. 5VN LD@RTQDLDMSR @QD CQ@VM EQNL SGD R@LD O@HQ NE HMCHUHCT@KR NQ NAIDBSR.
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@. *23
$TAN?EOA 15.314
*M @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS, SGD F-U@KTD HR
=. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M NTSBNLD NE SGD C@S@ VHKK G@OODM OTQDKX AX BG@MBD VGDM SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD.
>. B@KKDC SGD OQDBNMBDHUDC @KOG@.
?. BNLO@QDC SN ADS@ SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ SN QDIDBS NQ MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
@. "MRVDQ BGNHBDR " @MC # @QD ANSG SQTD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: " BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD NEEDQR BK@RRDR 6 C@XR @ VDDJ:
.NMC@X SGQNTFG 4@STQC@X. .@QH@ BNMCTBSDC @ RSTCX NE SGD RSTCDMSR HM GDQ BK@RRDR SN CDSDQLHMD GNV L@MX C@XR ODQ VDDJ
SGD RSTCDMSR VGN @QD HM GDQ BK@RRDR BNLD SN B@LOTR ENQ BK@RRDR. *M D@BG NE GDQ 5 BK@RRDR RGD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC 10 RSTCDMSR
@MC @RJDC SGDL GNV L@MX C@XR SGDX BNLD SN B@LOTR ENQ BK@RRDR. &@BG NE GDQ BK@RRDR @QD SGD R@LD RHYD. 5GD QDRTKSR NE GDQ
RTQUDX @QD RTLL@QHYDC HM 2;<F? 15.11.
,OG<?L I@ ";SM IH
!;GJOM
$L?KO?H=S
0?F;NCP?
$L?KO?H=S
!OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP?
$L?KO?H=S
1 2
2 12 .24
2;<F? 15.11
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 831
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!;GJOM
$L?KO?H=S
0?F;NCP?
$L?KO?H=S
!OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP?
$L?KO?H=S
3 10 .20
4 .98
5 0
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2;<F? 15.11
$TAN?EOA 15.315
$NLAHMDC VHSG BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF, VG@S NSGDQ R@LOKHMF SDBGMHPTD CHC .@QH@ TRD
=. RHLOKD Q@MCNL
>. RXRSDL@SHB
?. BKTRSDQ
@. RSQ@SHEHDC
$TAN?EOA 15.316
)NV L@MX RSTCDMSR BNLD SN B@LOTR ENQ BK@RRDR ENTQ C@XR @ VDDJ
=. 49
>. 25
?. 30
@. 13
$TAN?EOA 15.317
8G@S HR SGD 60
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD SGHR C@S@
=. 2
>. 3
?. 4
@. 5
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD SGD QDRTKSR NE @ Q@MCNL RTQUDX
NE 110 3DRDQUHRSR B@KKDC SN @BSHUD CTSX SN HMBQD@RD RDBTQHSX @S $@KHENQMH@ @HQONQSR.
,OG<?L I@ "?J?H>?HNM $L?KO?H=S
0 11
1 27
2 33
3 20
4 19
2;<F? 15.12
$TAN?EOA 15.318
832 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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$NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M MTLADQ NE CDODMCDMSR NE 3DRDQUHRSR B@KKDC SN @BSHUD CTSX
SN HMBQD@RD RDBTQHSX @S $@KHENQMH@ @HQONQSR.
=. (1.85, 2.32)
>. (1.80, 2.36)
?. (1.97, 2.46)
@. (1.92, 2.50)
$TAN?EOA 15.319
5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @ANUD LD@MR:
=. 'HUD ODQBDMS NE BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR BNMRSQTBSDC SGHR V@X VHKK MNS BNMS@HM SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM @UD@FD MTLADQ NE
CDODMCDMSR.
>. 8D @QD 95% BNMEHCDMS SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M MTLADQ NE CDODMCDMSR E@KKR HM SGD HMSDQU@K.
?. #NSG NE SGD @ANUD @MRVDQ BGNHBDR @QD BNQQDBS.
@. /NMD NE SGD @ANUD.
$TAN?EOA 15.320
1 ] .(4, 10). 'HMC SGD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
=. 0.3000
>. 3
?. 5.8
@. 6.1
$TAN?EOA 15.321
*E 1 ] ENO(0.8), SGDM )(N < Z) = ??????????
=. 0.3679
>. 0.4727
?. 0.6321
@. B@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC
$TAN?EOA 15.322
5GD KHEDSHLD NE @ BNLOTSDQ BHQBTHS AN@QC HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 2,500 GNTQR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 60
GNTQR. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM AN@QC VHKK K@RS @S LNRS 2,560 GNTQR
=. 0.8413
>. 0.1587
?. 0.3461
@. 0.6539
$TAN?EOA 15.323
"RTQUDX NE 123 QDRDQUHRSR B@KKDC SN @BSHUD CTSX @R @ QDRTKS NE SGD 4DOSDLADQ 11, 2001, @SS@BJR V@R BNMCTBSDC SN CDSDQLHMD SGD
OQNONQSHNM SG@S VDQD L@QQHDC. &HFGSX-RHW QDONQSDC ADHMF L@QQHDC. $NMRSQTBS @ 98%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM NE QDRDQUHRSR B@KKDC SN @BSHUD CTSX SG@S @QD L@QQHDC.
=. (0.6030, 0.7954)
>. (0.6181, 0.7802)
?. (0.5927, 0.8057)
@. (0.6312, 0.7672)
$TAN?EOA 15.324
8HMMHMF SHLDR HM 26 LHKD L@Q@SGNMR QTM AX VNQKC BK@RR QTMMDQR @UDQ@FD 145 LHMTSDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 14
LHMTSDR. " R@LOKD NE SGD K@RS SDM L@Q@SGNM VHMMHMF SHLDR HR BNKKDBSDC. -DS N = LD@M VHMMHMF SHLDR ENQ SDM L@Q@SGNMR. 5GD
CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ N HR:
=. N
145,
14
10
>. N(145,14)
?. t
9
@. t
10
$TAN?EOA 15.325
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 833
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4TOONRD SG@S 1GH #DS@ ,@OO@ GNMNQR SGD SNO NMD ODQBDMS NE BNKKDFD @MC TMHUDQRHSX RDMHNQR. "RRTLD SG@S FQ@CD ONHMS LD@MR
((1") @S @ BDQS@HM BNKKDFD @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ 2.5 LD@M @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.5. 8G@S VNTKC AD SGD
LHMHLTL (1" MDDCDC SN ADBNLD @ LDLADQ NE 1GH #DS@ ,@OO@ @S SG@S BNKKDFD
=. 3.99
>. 1.34
?. 3.00
@. 3.66
$TAN?EOA 15.326
5GD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD KHUHMF NM "LDQHB@M E@QLR G@R CDBKHMDC RSD@CHKX CTQHMF SGD 20
SG
BDMSTQX. )DQD @QD C@S@ NM SGD E@QL
ONOTK@SHNM (HM LHKKHNMR NE ODQRNMR) EQNL 1935 SN 1980.
7?;L 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980
.IJOF;NCIH 32.1 30.5 24.4 23.0 19.1 15.6 12.4 9.7 8.9 7.2
2;<F? 15.13
5GD KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM HR y
^
= 1166.93 k 0.5868N. 8G@S V@R SGD DWODBSDC E@QL ONOTK@SHNM (HM LHKKHNMR NE ODQRNMR)
ENQ 1980
=. 7.2
>. 5.1
?. 6.0
@. 8.0
$TAN?EOA 15.327
*M KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM, VGHBG HR SGD ADRS ONRRHAKD ,,E
=. 13.46
>. 18.22
?. 24.05
@. 16.33
$TAN?EOA 15.328
*M QDFQDRRHNM @M@KXRHR, HE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR BKNRD SN NMD VG@S B@M AD R@HC @ANTS SGD ADRS EHS KHMD
=. *S HR @ GNQHYNMS@K KHMD. 5GDQDENQD, VD B@M MNS TRD HS.
>. 5GDQD HR @ RSQNMF KHMD@Q O@SSDQM. 5GDQDENQD, HS HR LNRS KHJDKX @ FNNC LNCDK SN AD TRDC.
?. 5GD BNDEEHBHDMS BNQQDK@SHNM HR BKNRD SN SGD KHLHS. 5GDQDENQD, HS HR G@QC SN L@JD @ CDBHRHNM.
@. 8D CN MNS G@UD SGD DPT@SHNM. 5GDQDENQD, VD B@MMNS R@X @MXSGHMF @ANTS HS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: " RSTCX NE SGD B@QDDQ OK@MR NE XNTMF VNLDM @MC LDM RDMS
PTDRSHNMM@HQDR SN @KK 722 LDLADQR NE SGD RDMHNQ BK@RR HM SGD $NKKDFD NE #TRHMDRR "CLHMHRSQ@SHNM @S SGD 6MHUDQRHSX NE *KKHMNHR.
0MD PTDRSHNM @RJDC VGHBG L@INQ VHSGHM SGD ATRHMDRR OQNFQ@L SGD RSTCDMS G@C BGNRDM. )DQD @QD SGD C@S@ EQNL SGD RSTCDMSR
VGN QDRONMCDC.
$?G;F? +;F?
A==IOHNCHA 68 56
A>GCHCMNL;NCIH 91 40
2;<F? 15.14 #KAO PDA @=P= OQCCAOP PD=P
PDANA EO = NAH=PEKJODEL >APSAAJ PDA
CAJ@AN KB OPQ@AJPO =J@ PDAEN ?DKE?A KB
I=FKN?
834 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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#=IHIGC=M 5 6
$CH;H=? 61 59
2;<F? 15.14 #KAO PDA @=P= OQCCAOP PD=P
PDANA EO = NAH=PEKJODEL >APSAAJ PDA
CAJ@AN KB OPQ@AJPO =J@ PDAEN ?DKE?A KB
I=FKN?
$TAN?EOA 15.329
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR:
=. Chi
2
8
.
>. Chi
2
3
.
?. t
721
.
@. N(0, 1) .
$TAN?EOA 15.330
5GD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE EDL@KD VGN BGNNRD EHM@MBD HR:
=. 37.
>. 61.
?. 60.
@. 70.
$TAN?EOA 15.331
5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.0127 @MC SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD HR 0.05. 5GD BNMBKTRHNM SN SGD SDRS HR:
=. SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD BGNHBD NE L@INQ @MC SGD FDMCDQ NE SGD RSTCDMS @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS NE
D@BG NSGDQ.
>. SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD BGNHBD NE L@INQ @MC SGD FDMCDQ NE SGD RSTCDMS @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS NE
D@BG NSGDQ.
?. SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S RSTCDMSR EHMC DBNMNLHBR UDQX G@QC.
@. SGDQD HR HM RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S LNQD EDL@KDR OQDEDQ @CLHMHRSQ@SHNM SG@M L@KDR.
$TAN?EOA 15.332
"M @FDMBX QDONQSDC SG@S SGD VNQJ ENQBD M@SHNMVHCD HR BNLONRDC NE 10% OQNEDRRHNM@K, 10% BKDQHB@K, 30% RJHKKDC, 15%
RDQUHBD, @MC 35% RDLHRJHKKDC K@ANQDQR. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 4@M +NRD QDRHCDMSR HMCHB@SDC 15 OQNEDRRHNM@K, 15 BKDQHB@K,
40 RJHKKDC, 10 RDQUHBD, @MC 20 RDLHRJHKKDC K@ANQDQR. "S V = 0.10 CNDR SGD VNQJ ENQBD HM 4@M +NRD @OOD@Q SN AD BNMRHRSDMS VHSG
SGD @FDMBX QDONQS ENQ SGD M@SHNM 8GHBG JHMC NE SDRS HR HS
=. $GH
2
FNNCMDRR NE EHS
>. $GH
2
SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD
?. *MCDODMCDMS FQNTOR OQNONQSHNMR
@. 6M@AKD SN CDSDQLHMD
15.6 U .L;=NC=? $CH;F #R;G 2
$TAN?EOA 15.333
" RSTCX V@R CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD SGD OQNONQSHNM NE SDDM@FDQR SG@S NVM @ B@Q. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE SDDM@FDQR SG@S NVM
@ B@Q HR SGD:
=. RS@SHRSHB.
>. O@Q@LDSDQ.
?. ONOTK@SHNM.
@. U@QH@AKD.
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 835
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I:
P;FO? @L?KO?H=S
0 1
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2 7
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2;<F? 15.15
$TAN?EOA 15.334
5GD ANW OKNS ENQ SGD C@S@ HR:
$CAOL? 15.8
$TAN?EOA 15.335
*E RHW VDQD @CCDC SN D@BG U@KTD NE SGD C@S@ HM SGD S@AKD, SGD 15
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGD MDV KHRS NE U@KTDR HR:
=. RHW
>. NMD
?. RDUDM
@. DHFGS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD SG@S SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ CQNTFGS HM @MX HMCDODMCDMS
XD@Q HR 20%. 0TS NE SGNRD XD@QR HM VGHBG @ CQNTFGS NBBTQR, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE V@SDQ Q@SHNMHMF HR SDM ODQBDMS. )NVDUDQ, HM @MX
XD@Q, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE V@SDQ Q@SHNMHMF HR EHUD ODQBDMS.
$TAN?EOA 15.336
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE ANSG @ CQNTFGS @MC V@SDQ Q@SHNMHMF NBBTQQHMF
836 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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>. 0.01
?. 0.02
@. 0.30
$TAN?EOA 15.337
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF HR SQTD
=. %QNTFGS @MC V@SDQ Q@SHNMHMF @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
>. %QNTFGS @MC V@SDQ Q@SHNMHMF @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR.
?. /NMD NE SGD @ANUD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD SG@S @ RTQUDX XHDKCDC SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@:
A?H>?L ;JJF? JOGJECH J?=;H
BAI=HA 40 10 30
I=HA 20 30 10
2;<F? 15.16 $;PILCN? .C?
$TAN?EOA 15.338
4TOONRD SG@S NMD HMCHUHCT@K HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNMnR E@UNQHSD OHD HR @OOKD NQ SGD ODQRNM HR L@KD
HR ?????.
=.
40
60
>.
60
140
?.
120
140
@.
100
140
$TAN?EOA 15.339
4TOONRD !
0
HR: '@UNQHSD OHD @MC FDMCDQ @QD HMCDODMCDMS. 5GD F-U@KTD HR ??????.
=. v 0
>. 1
?. 0.05
@. B@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: -DSnR R@X SG@S SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M @CTKS V@SBGDR SGD MDVR
@S KD@RS NMBD ODQ VDDJ HR 0.60. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 14 ODNOKD. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN V@SBG SGD MDVR @S
KD@RS NMBD ODQ VDDJ.
$TAN?EOA 15.340
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR HR '"-4&
=. 1 ] B(14 0.60)
>. 5GD U@KTDR ENQ N @QD: Z1 ,2 ,3 ,... ,14\.
?. Z = 8.4
@. )(1 = 5) = 0.0408
$TAN?EOA 15.341
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS RHW @CTKSR V@SBG SGD MDVR @S KD@RS NMBD ODQ VDDJ.
=.
6
14
>. 0.8499
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 837
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@. 0.6429
$TAN?EOA 15.342
5GD ENKKNVHMF GHRSNFQ@L HR LNRS KHJDKX SN AD @ QDRTKS NE R@LOKHMF EQNL VGHBG CHRSQHATSHNM
$CAOL? 15.9
=. BGH-RPT@QD VHSG :< = 6
>. DWONMDMSH@K
?. TMHENQL
@. AHMNLH@K
$TAN?EOA 15.343
5GD @FDR NE B@LOTR C@X @MC DUDMHMF RSTCDMSR HR JMNVM SN AD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. " R@LOKD NE RHW B@LOTR C@X @MC DUDMHMF
RSTCDMSR QDONQSDC SGDHQ @FDR (HM XD@QR) @R: Z18, 35, 27, 45, 20, 20\. 8G@S HR SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGD 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
NE SGD SQTD @UDQ@FD @FD
=. 11.2
>. 22.3
?. 17.5
@. 8.7
$TAN?EOA 15.344
*E @ MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD G@R R = 0 @MC \ = 1, SGDM 97.5% NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@KTDR KHD @ANUD:
=. k1.96.
>. 1.96.
?. 1.
@. k1.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD @LNTMS NE LNMDX @ BTRSNLDQ RODMCR HM NMD SQHO SN SGD
RTODQL@QJDS HR JMNVM SN G@UD @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 4TOONRD SGD @UDQ@FD @LNTMS NE LNMDX @ BTRSNLDQ RODMCR HM NMD
SQHO SN SGD RTODQL@QJDS HR $72.
$TAN?EOA 15.345
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD BTRSNLDQ RODMCR KDRR SG@M $72 HM NMD SQHO SN SGD RTODQL@QJDS
=. 0.6321
>. 0.5000
838 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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@. 1
$TAN?EOA 15.346
)NV LTBG LNMDX @KSNFDSGDQ VNTKC XNT DWODBS SGD MDWS EHUD BTRSNLDQR SN RODMC HM NMD SQHO SN SGD RTODQL@QJDS (HM CNKK@QR)
=. 72
>.
72
2
5
?. 5184
@. 360
$TAN?EOA 15.347
*E XNT V@MS SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE LNMDX 50 BTRSNLDQR RODMC HM NMD SQHO SN SGD RTODQL@QJDS HR KDRR
SG@M $60, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD HR:
=. '(72, 72)
>. N
72,
72
50
?. ENF(72)
@. Exp
1
72
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD @LNTMS NE SHLD HS S@JDR @ ENTQSG FQ@CDQ SN B@QQX NTS
SGD SQ@RG HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC HM SGD HMSDQU@K EQNL NMD SN SDM LHMTSDR.
$TAN?EOA 15.348
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM ENTQSG FQ@CDQ S@JDR LNQD SG@M RDUDM LHMTSDR SN S@JD NTS SGD SQ@RG
=.
3
9
>.
7
9
?.
3
10
@.
7
10
$TAN?EOA 15.349
8GHBG FQ@OG ADRS RGNVR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM ENTQSG FQ@CDQ S@JDR LNQD SG@M RHW LHMTSDR SN S@JD NTS SGD
SQ@RG FHUDM SG@S GD NQ RGD G@R @KQD@CX S@JDM LNQD SG@M SGQDD LHMTSDR
$CAOL? 15.10
$TAN?EOA 15.350
8D RGNTKC DWODBS @ ENTQSG FQ@CDQ SN S@JD GNV L@MX LHMTSDR SN S@JD NTS SGD SQ@RG
=. 4.5
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 839
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?. 5
@. 10
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: "S SGD ADFHMMHMF NE SGD PT@QSDQ, SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD @
RSTCDMS V@HSR HM KHMD @S SGD B@LOTR B@EDSDQH@ HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE EHUD LHMTSDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE
1.5 LHMTSDR.
$TAN?EOA 15.351
8G@S HR SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE V@HSHMF SHLDR (HM LHMTSDR)
=. 1.28
>. 90
?. 7.47
@. 6.92
$TAN?EOA 15.352
5GD LDCH@M V@HSHMF SHLD (HM LHMTSDR) ENQ NMD RSTCDMS HR:
=. 5.
>. 50.
?. 2.5.
@. 1.5.
$TAN?EOA 15.353
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD V@HS SHLD ENQ SDM RSTCDMSR HR @S LNRS 5.5 LHMTSDR.
=. 0.6301
>. 0.8541
?. 0.3694
@. 0.1459
$TAN?EOA 15.354
" R@LOKD NE 80 RNESV@QD DMFHMDDQR HM 4HKHBNM 7@KKDX HR S@JDM @MC HS HR ENTMC SG@S 20% NE SGDL D@QM @OOQNWHL@SDKX $50,000
ODQ XD@Q. " ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE DMFHMDDQR HM 4HKHBNM 7@KKDX VGN D@QM $50,000 ODQ XD@Q HR:
=. 16.
>. 0.2.
?. 1.
@. 0.95.
$TAN?EOA 15.355
*E )(3 < P
V
) = 0.1587 VGDQD 3 ] '(0, 1), SGDM V HR DPT@K SN:
=. k1.
>. 0.1587.
?. 0.8413.
@. 1.
$TAN?EOA 15.356
" OQNEDRRNQ SDRSDC 35 RSTCDMSR SN CDSDQLHMD SGDHQ DMSDQHMF RJHKKR. "S SGD DMC NE SGD SDQL, @ESDQ BNLOKDSHMF SGD BNTQRD, SGD
R@LD SDRS V@R @CLHMHRSDQDC SN SGD R@LD 35 RSTCDMSR SN RSTCX SGDHQ HLOQNUDLDMS. 5GHR VNTKC AD @ SDRS NE:
=. HMCDODMCDMS FQNTOR.
>. SVN OQNONQSHNMR.
?. L@SBGDC O@HQR, CDODMCDMS FQNTOR.
@. DWBKTRHUD FQNTOR.
$TAN?EOA 15.357
" L@SG DW@L V@R FHUDM SN @KK SGD SGHQC FQ@CD BGHKCQDM @SSDMCHMF "#$ 4BGNNK. 5VN Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE RBNQDR VDQD S@JDM.
840 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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%CLFM 60 86 7
2;<F? 15.17
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF BNQQDBSKX CDRBQHADR SGD QDRTKSR NE @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE SGD BK@HL, o5GDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM
SGD LD@M RBNQDR NAS@HMDC AX SGHQC FQ@CD FHQKR @MC ANXR @S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBDp
=. %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M RBNQDR.
>. %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M RBNQDR.
?. 3DIDBS !
0
. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR MN CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M RBNQDR.
@. 3DIDBS !
0
. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M RBNQDR.
$TAN?EOA 15.358
*M @ RTQUDX NE 80 L@KDR, 45 G@C OK@XDC @M NQF@MHYDC RONQS FQNVHMF TO. 0E SGD 70 EDL@KDR RTQUDXDC, 25 G@C OK@XDC @M
NQF@MHYDC RONQS FQNVHMF TO. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ L@KDR HR GHFGDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ EDL@KDR.
5GD BNQQDBS BNMBKTRHNM HR SG@S:
=. SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS HMENQL@SHNM SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ L@KDR HR SGD R@LD @R SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ EDL@KDR.
>. SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS HMENQL@SHNM SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ L@KDR HR MNS SGD R@LD @R SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ EDL@KDR.
?. SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ L@KDR HR GHFGDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ EDL@KDR.
@. MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM SN L@JD @ BNMBKTRHNM.
$TAN?EOA 15.359
'QNL O@RS DWODQHDMBD, @ RS@SHRSHBR SD@BGDQ G@R ENTMC SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD RBNQD NM @ LHCSDQL HR 81 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE
5.2. 5GHR SDQL, @ BK@RR NE 49 RSTCDMSR G@C @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 5 NM SGD LHCSDQL. %N SGD C@S@ HMCHB@SD SG@S VD RGNTKC QDIDBS
SGD SD@BGDQnR BK@HL SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 5.2 6RD V = 0.05.
=. :DR
>. /N
?. /NS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM FHUDM SN RNKUD SGD OQNAKDL
$TAN?EOA 15.360
5GQDD KN@CHMF L@BGHMDR @QD ADHMF BNLO@QDC. 5DM R@LOKDR VDQD S@JDM ENQ D@BG L@BGHMD. .@BGHMD * SNNJ @M @UDQ@FD NE
31 LHMTSDR SN KN@C O@BJ@FDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN LHMTSDR. .@BGHMD ** SNNJ @M @UDQ@FD NE 28 LHMTSDR SN KN@C
O@BJ@FDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.5 LHMTSDR. .@BGHMD *** SNNJ @M @UDQ@FD NE 29 LHMTSDR SN KN@C O@BJ@FDR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE NMD LHMTSD. 'HMC SGD F-U@KTD VGDM SDRSHMF SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD KN@CHMF SHLDR @QD SGD R@LD.
=. F-U@KTD HR BKNRD SN YDQN
>. F-U@KTD HR BKNRD SN NMD
?. MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM FHUDM SN RNKUD SGD OQNAKDL
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: " BNQONQ@SHNM G@R NEEHBDR HM CHEEDQDMS O@QSR NE SGD BNTMSQX.
*S G@R F@SGDQDC SGD ENKKNVHMF HMENQL@SHNM BNMBDQMHMF SGD MTLADQ NE A@SGQNNLR @MC SGD MTLADQ NE DLOKNXDDR @S RDUDM RHSDR:
,OG<?L I@ ?GJFIS??M : 650 730 810 900 102 107 1150
,OG<?L I@ <;NBLIIGM ; 40 50 54 61 82 110 121
2;<F? 15.18
$TAN?EOA 15.361
*R SGD BNQQDK@SHNM ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQ NE DLOKNXDDR @MC SGD MTLADQ NE A@SGQNNLR RHFMHEHB@MS
=. :DR
>. /N
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?. /NS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM SN @MRVDQ PTDRSHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.362
5GD KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM HR:
=. S = 0.0094 u 79.96N
>. S = 79.96 + 0.0094N
?. S = 79.96 u 0.0094N
@. S = u 0.0094 + 79.96N
$TAN?EOA 15.363
*E @ RHSD G@R 1,150 DLOKNXDDR, @OOQNWHL@SDKX GNV L@MX A@SGQNNLR RGNTKC HS G@UD
=. 69
>. 91
?. 91,954
@. 8D RGNTKC MNS AD DRSHL@SHMF GDQD.
$TAN?EOA 15.364
4TOONRD SG@S @ R@LOKD NE RHYD SDM V@R BNKKDBSDC, VHSG x
= ?????
>. I = ?????
?. 'HQRS PT@QSHKD = ?????
@. .DCH@M = ?????
A. 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ?????
???? 8G@S U@KTD HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M
???? 8G@S U@KTD HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M
???? $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L CHROK@XHMF XNTQ C@S@.
???? *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, CDRBQHAD SGD RG@OD NE XNTQ FQ@OG.
???? %N XNT MNSHBD @MX ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR *E RN, VG@S U@KTDR @QD SGDX 4GNV XNTQ VNQJ HM GNV XNT TRDC SGD ONSDMSH@K
NTSKHDQ ENQLTK@ SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD U@KTDR LHFGS AD NTSKHDQR.
???? $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS CHROK@XHMF XNTQ C@S@.
???? %NDR SGD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD C@S@ @OOD@Q SN AD BNMBDMSQ@SDC SNFDSGDQ NQ ROQD@C @O@QS &WOK@HM GNV XNT CDSDQLHMDC
SGHR.
???? -NNJHMF @S ANSG SGD GHRSNFQ@L @MC SGD ANW OKNS, CHRBTRR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE XNTQ C@S@.
AMMCAHG?HN !B?=EFCMN
:NT MDDC SN STQM HM SGD ENKKNVHMF SXODC @MC RS@OKDC O@BJDS, VHSG O@FDR HM SGD ENKKNVHMF NQCDQ:
:::: !IP?L MB??N: J=IA, ?H=OO PEIA, =J@ J=IA KB UKQN OPQ@U
:::: 1OGG;LS J;A?: 3DEO ODKQH@ ?KJP=EJ L=N=CN=LDO SNEPPAJ SEPD ?KILHAPA OAJPAJ?AO. (P ODKQH@ EJ?HQ@A
=JOSANO PK =HH PDA MQAOPEKJO =>KRA. (P ODKQH@ =HOK EJ?HQ@A OP=PAIAJPO @AO?NE>EJC PDA LKLQH=PEKJ QJ@AN OPQ@U, PDA
O=ILHA, = L=N=IAPAN KN L=N=IAPANO >AEJC OPQ@EA@, =J@ PDA OP=PEOPE? KN OP=PEOPE?O LNK@Q?A@.
:::: 30* BKN @=P=, EB UKQN @=P= =NA BNKI PDA 6KNH@ 6E@A 6A>
:::: !B;LN I@ >;N;, @L?KO?H=S, L?F;NCP? @L?KO?H=S, ;H> =OGOF;NCP? L?F;NCP? @L?KO?H=S
"'/3$1 17 W //$-#(7 # 849
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17.2 U %LIOJ .LID?=N: !IHNCHOIOM "CMNLC<ONCIHM ;H>
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1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -<D?=NCP?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNKKDBS @ R@LOKD NE BNMSHMTNTR C@S@.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK @SSDLOS SN EHS SGD C@S@ R@LOKD SN U@QHNTR CHRSQHATSHNM LNCDKR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK U@KHC@SD SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL.
'HMNLO=NCIHM
"R XNT BNLOKDSD D@BG S@RJ ADKNV, BGDBJ HS NEE. "MRVDQ @KK PTDRSHNMR HM XNTQ RTLL@QX.
.;LN ': 1;GJFCHA
???? %DBHCD VG@S 8DCI>CJDJH C@S@ XNT @QD FNHMF SN RSTCX. ()DQD @QD SVN DW@LOKDR, ATS XNT L@X /05 TRD SGDL: SGD @LNTMS
NE LNMDX @ RSTCDMS RODMS NM BNKKDFD RTOOKHDR SGHR SDQL, NQ SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD CHRS@MBD SDKDOGNMD B@KK K@RSR.)
???? %DRBQHAD XNTQ R@LOKHMF SDBGMHPTD HM CDS@HK. 6RD BKTRSDQ, RSQ@SHEHDC, RXRSDL@SHB, NQ RHLOKD Q@MCNL (TRHMF @ Q@MCNL
MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ) R@LOKHMF. %N MNS TRD BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF. 8G@S LDSGNC CHC XNT TRD 8GX CHC XNT OHBJ SG@S LDSGNC
???? $NMCTBS XNTQ RTQUDX. (@SGDQ 6I A:6HI 150 E>:8:H D; 8DCI>CJDJH, FJ6CI>I6I>K: 96I6.
???? %DEHMD (HM VNQCR) SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ XNTQ C@S@. 1 = ???????
???? $QD@SD SVN KHRSR NE XNTQ C@S@: (1) TMNQCDQDC C@S@, (2) HM NQCDQ NE RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS.
???? 'HMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM (QNTMCDC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR).
=. x
= ??????
>. I = ??????
???? $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE XNTQ C@S@ BNMS@HMHMF EHUD SN SDM HMSDQU@KR NE DPT@K VHCSG. 5GD GHRSNFQ@L RGNTKC AD @
QDOQDRDMS@SHUD CHROK@X NE XNTQ C@S@. -@ADK @MC RB@KD HS.
.;LN '': .IMMC<F? "CMNLC<ONCIHM
???? 4TOONRD SG@S 1 ENKKNVDC SGD ENKKNVHMF SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 4DS TO D@BG CHRSQHATSHNM TRHMF SGD @OOQNOQH@SD
HMENQL@SHNM EQNL XNTQ C@S@.
???? 6MHENQL: 1 ] . ???????????? 6RD SGD KNVDRS @MC GHFGDRS U@KTDR @R 7 @MC 8.
???? /NQL@K: 1 ] ' ???????????? 6RD x
+ (1.75)I
???? %DSDQLHMD SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR (+F) QNTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
,-2#
RF =
frequency
total number surveyed
=. +F(1 < A) = ??????
>. +F(1 > A) = ??????
?. +F(1 = A) = ??????
,-2#
:NT RGNTKC G@UD NMD O@FD ENQ SGD TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM, NMD O@FD ENQ SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM, @MC NMD O@FD ENQ SGD
MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
850 "'/3$1 17 W //$-#(7 #
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???? 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM: 1 ] ?????????
???? %Q@V @ FQ@OG ENQ D@BG NE SGD SGQDD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. -@ADK SGD @WDR @MC L@QJ SGDL @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
???? 'HMC SGD ENKKNVHMF SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR (QNTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR).
=. )(1 < A) = ??????
>. )(1 > A) = ??????
?. )(1 = A) = ??????
???? $NLO@QD SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR SN SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR. "QD SGD U@KTDR BKNRD
???? %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD C@S@ EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM VDKK +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ AX BNLO@QHMF SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR SN SGD QDK@SHUD
EQDPTDMBHDR, @MC SGD GHRSNFQ@LR SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K FQ@OGR.
.;LN ''': !*2 #RJ?LCG?HNM
?????? 'QNL XNTQ NQHFHM@K C@S@ (ADENQD NQCDQHMF), TRD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN OHBJ 40 R@LOKDR NE RHYD EHUD. 'NQ D@BG
R@LOKD, B@KBTK@SD SGD @UDQ@FD.
?????? 0M @ RDO@Q@SD O@FD, @SS@BGDC SN SGD RTLL@QX, HMBKTCD SGD 40 R@LOKDR NE RHYD EHUD, @KNMF VHSG SGD 40 R@LOKD @UDQ@FDR.
?????? -HRS SGD 40 @UDQ@FDR HM NQCDQ EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS.
?????? %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, X
, HM VNQCR. X
= ???????????????
?????? 4S@SD SGD @OOQNWHL@SD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE X
. X
] ??????????????
?????? #@RD SGHR NM SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM EQNL XNTQ NQHFHM@K C@S@.
?????? $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L CHROK@XHMF XNTQ C@S@. 6RD EHUD SN RHW HMSDQU@KR NE DPT@K VHCSG. -@ADK @MC RB@KD HS.
$@KBTK@SD SGD U@KTD k
(@M X
< k
) = ???????
>. +F( X
> k
) = ???????
?. +F( X
= k
) = ???????
'HMC SGD ENKKNVHMF SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR (QNTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR).
=. )( X
< k
) = ???????
>. )( X
> k
) = ???????
?. )( X
= k
) = ???????
?????? %Q@V SGD FQ@OG NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE X .
?????? $NLO@QD SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR. "QD SGD U@KTDR BKNRD
?????? %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD C@S@ NE @UDQ@FDR EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE X
NQ P QDOQDRDMSR.
@. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS.
A. 8G@S HR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
B. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD *M NMD NQ SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S SGD F-U@KTD LD@MR ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL.
C. 6RD SGD OQDUHNTR HMENQL@SHNM SN RJDSBG @ OHBSTQD NE SGHR RHST@SHNM. $-&"3-:, K@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR @MC
RG@CD SGD QDFHNM(R) BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
$CAOL? 18.1
D. *MCHB@SD SGD BNQQDBS CDBHRHNM (oQDIDBSp NQ oCN MNS QDIDBSp SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR), SGD QD@RNM ENQ HS, @MC VQHSD @M @OOQNOQH@SD
BNMBKTRHNM, TRHMF 8DBEA:I: H:CI:C8:H.
E. "KOG@: ???????
EE. %DBHRHNM: ???????
EEE. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: ???????
ER. $NMBKTRHNM: ???????
E. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M NQ OQNONQSHNM. *MBKTCD @ RJDSBG NE SGD FQ@OG NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
-@ADK SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD @MC SGD KNVDQ @MC TOODQ ANTMCR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
$CAOL? 18.2
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$K@RR 5HLD: ??????????????????????????
/@LD: ?????????????????????????????????????
=. !
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@. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS.
A. 8G@S HR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
B. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD *M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S SGD O-U@KTD LD@MR ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL.
C. 6RD SGD OQDUHNTR HMENQL@SHNM SN RJDSBG @ OHBSTQD NE SGHR RHST@SHNM. )"A/)5 K@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR @MC
RG@CD SGD QDFHNM(R) BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
$CAOL? 18.3
D. *MCHB@SD SGD BNQQDBS CDBHRHNM (oQDIDBSp NQ oCN MNS QDIDBSp SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR), SGD QD@RNM ENQ HS, @MC VQHSD @M @OOQNOQH@SD
BNMBKTRHNM, TRHMF 8DBEA:I: H:CI:C8:H.
=. "KOG@: ???????
>. %DBHRHNM: ???????
?. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: ???????
@. $NMBKTRHNM: ???????
E. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM GNV XNT CDSDQLHMDC VGHBG CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD.
18.3 U 2B? !BC-1KO;L? "CMNLC<ONCIH
$K@RR 5HLD: ??????????????????????????
/@LD: ????????????????????????????????????
=. !
0
: ???????
>. !
7
: ???????
?. 8G@S @QD SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
@. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS.
A. 8G@S HR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
B. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD *M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S SGD F-U@KTD LD@MR ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL.
C. 6RD SGD OQDUHNTR HMENQL@SHNM SN RJDSBG @ OHBSTQD NE SGHR RHST@SHNM. A:6GAN K@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR @MC RG@CD
SGD QDFHNM(R) BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
856 "'/3$1 18 W //$-#(7 $
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$CAOL? 18.4
D. *MCHB@SD SGD BNQQDBS CDBHRHNM (oQDIDBSp NQ oCN MNS QDIDBSp SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR) @MC VQHSD @OOQNOQH@SD BNMBKTRHNMR, TRHMF
8DBEA:I: H:CI:C8:H.
E. "KOG@: ???????
EE. %DBHRHNM: ???????
EEE. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: ???????
ER. $NMBKTRHNM: ???????
18.4 U $ "CMNLC<ONCIH ;H> -H?-5;S A,-4A
$K@RR 5HLD: ??????????????????????????
/@LD: ????????????????????????????????????
=. !
0
: ???????
>. !
7
: ???????
?. :<(D) = ?????? :<(:) = ???????
@. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS.
A. 8G@S HR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
B. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
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858 "'/3$1 18 W //$-#(7 $
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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19 U A..#,"'6 $
19.1 U #HAFCMB .BL;M?M 5LCNN?H +;NB?G;NC=;FFS
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2;<F? 19.1
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5B?H NB? #HAFCMB M;SM: 'HN?LJL?N NBCM ;M:
X EO JKP 4. X f 4
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860 "'/3$1 19 W //$-#(7 %
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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X ~ Exp(m)
f (x) = me
mx
m > 0, x 0
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58. 12.99
59. B.
1
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61. B. '(60, 5.477)
62. 0.9990
63. @. DHFGS C@XR
64. B. 0.7500
65. @. 80%
66. A. 35%
67. A. MN
68. A. PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
69. B. 150
70. C. 0.06
71. B. 0.44
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70
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88.
77
100
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91. '(180, 16.43)
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134. 8.4
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136. C. #HMNLH@K
137. 0.3669
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6. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
4@LOKD "MRVDQ: "MX RNKTSHNM HM VGHBG XNT TRD C@S@ EQNL SGD DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM HR @BBDOS@AKD. 'NQ HMRS@MBD, @ OQNEDRRNQ
LHFGS B@KBTK@SD SGD @UDQ@FD DW@L RBNQD ENQ GDQ BK@RR: ADB@TRD SGD RBNQDR NE @KK LDLADQR NE SGD BK@RR VDQD TRDC HM SGD
B@KBTK@SHNM, SGD @UDQ@FD HR @ O@Q@LDSDQ.
7. A
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 883
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8. @
9.
# I@ S?;LM $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
< 5 25 0.25 0.25
5_10 30 0.30 0.55
> 10 45 0.45 1.00
2;<F? 21.2
10. 0.75
11. 0.55
12. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
4@LOKD "MRVDQ: 0MD ONRRHAHKHSX HR SN NAS@HM SGD BK@RR QNRSDQ @MC @RRHFM D@BG RSTCDMS @ MTLADQ EQNL 1 SN 200. 5GDM TRD @
Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ NQ S@AKD NE Q@MCNL MTLADQ SN FDMDQ@SD 30 MTLADQR ADSVDDM 1 @MC 200, @MC RDKDBS SGD RSTCDMSR
L@SBGHMF SGD Q@MCNL MTLADQR. *S VNTKC @KRN AD @BBDOS@AKD SN VQHSD D@BG RSTCDMSnR M@LD NM @ B@QC, RGTEEKD SGDL HM @ ANW,
@MC CQ@V 30 M@LDR @S Q@MCNL.
13. 0MD ONRRHAHKHSX VNTKC AD SN NAS@HM @ QNRSDQ NE RSTCDMSR DMQNKKDC HM SGD BNKKDFD, HMBKTCHMF SGD BK@RR RS@MCHMF ENQ D@BG
RSTCDMS. 5GDM XNT VNTKC CQ@V @ OQNONQSHNM@SD Q@MCNL R@LOKD EQNL VHSGHM D@BG BK@RR (ENQ HMRS@MBD, HE 30 ODQBDMS NE SGD
RSTCDMSR HM SGD BNKKDFD @QD EQDRGL@M, SGDM 30 ODQBDMS NE XNTQ R@LOKD VNTKC AD CQ@VM EQNL SGD EQDRGL@M BK@RR).
14. 'NQ SGD EHQRS ODQRNM OHBJDC, SGD BG@MBD NE @MX HMCHUHCT@K ADHMF RDKDBSDC HR NMD HM 150. 'NQ SGD RDBNMC ODQRNM, HS HR
NMD HM 149, ENQ SGD SGHQC HS HR NMD HM 148, @MC RN NM. 'NQ SGD 30SG ODQRNM RDKDBSDC, SGD BG@MBD NE RDKDBSHNM HR NMD HM 121.
15. @
16. /N. 5GDQD @QD @S KD@RS SVN BG@MBDR ENQ AH@R. 'HQRS, SGD UHDVDQR NE SGHR O@QSHBTK@Q OQNFQ@L L@X MNS AD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD
NE "LDQHB@M ENNSA@KK E@MR @R @ VGNKD. 4DBNMC, SGD R@LOKD VHKK AD RDKE-RDKDBSDC, ADB@TRD ODNOKD G@UD SN L@JD @ OGNMD B@KK
HM NQCDQ SN S@JD O@QS, @MC SGNRD ODNOKD @QD OQNA@AKX MNS QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD "LDQHB@M ENNSA@KK E@M ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD.
17. 5GDRD QDRTKSR (84 ODQBDMS HM NMD R@LOKD, 86 ODQBDMS HM SGD NSGDQ) @QD OQNA@AKX CTD SN R@LOKHMF U@QH@AHKHSX. &@BG
QDRD@QBGDQ CQDV @ CHEEDQDMS R@LOKD NE BGHKCQDM, @MC XNT VNTKC MNS DWODBS SGDL SN FDS DW@BSKX SGD R@LD QDRTKS, @KSGNTFG XNT
VNTKC DWODBS SGD QDRTKSR SN AD RHLHK@Q, @R SGDX @QD HM SGHR B@RD.
18. /N. 5GD HLOQNUDLDMS BNTKC @KRN AD CTD SN RDKE-RDKDBSHNM: NMKX LNSHU@SDC RSTCDMSR VDQD VHKKHMF SN RHFM SGD BNMSQ@BS,
@MC SGDX VNTKC G@UD CNMD VDKK DUDM HM @ RBGNNK VHSG 6.5 GNTQ C@XR. #DB@TRD ANSG BG@MFDR VDQD HLOKDLDMSDC @S SGD R@LD
SHLD, HS HR MNS ONRRHAKD SN RDO@Q@SD NTS SGDHQ HMEKTDMBD.
19. "S KD@RS SVN @RODBSR NE SGHR ONKK @QD SQNTAKDRNLD. 5GD EHQRS HR SG@S HS V@R BNMCTBSDC AX @ FQNTO VGN VNTKC ADMDEHS AX
SGD QDRTKSl@KLNMC R@KDR @QD KHJDKX SN HMBQD@RD HE ODNOKD ADKHDUD SG@S D@SHMF @KLNMCR VHKK L@JD SGDL G@OOHDQ. 5GD RDBNMC HR
SG@S SGHR ONKK ENTMC SG@S @KLNMC BNMRTLOSHNM @MC KHED R@SHRE@BSHNM @QD BNQQDK@SDC, ATS CNDR MNS DRS@AKHRG SG@S D@SHMF @KLNMCR
B@TRDR R@SHRE@BSHNM. *S HR DPT@KKX ONRRHAKD, ENQ HMRS@MBD, SG@S ODNOKD VHSG GHFGDQ HMBNLDR @QD LNQD KHJDKX SN D@S @KLNMCR, @MC
@QD @KRN LNQD R@SHREHDC VHSG SGDHQ KHUDR.
20. :NT V@MS SGD R@LOKD NE ODNOKD VGN S@JD O@QS HM @ RTQUDX SN AD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM EQNL VGHBG SGDX
@QD CQ@VM. 1DNOKD VGN QDETRD SN S@JD O@QS HM @ RTQUDX NESDM G@UD CHEEDQDMS UHDVR SG@M SGNRD VGN CN O@QSHBHO@SD, @MC RN DUDM
@ Q@MCNL R@LOKD L@X OQNCTBD AH@RDC QDRTKSR HE @ K@QFD ODQBDMS@FD NE SGNRD RDKDBSDC QDETRD SN O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ RTQUDX.
1.3: $L?KO?H=S, $L?KO?H=S 2;<F?M, ;H> *?P?FM I@ +?;MOL?G?HN
21. 13.2
1.4: #RJ?LCG?HN;F "?MCAH ;H> #NBC=M
22.
=. ONOTK@SHNM: @KK BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR
>. R@LOKD: SGD 100 BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR HM SGD RSTCX
?. DWODQHLDMS@K TMHSR: D@BG HMCHUHCT@K BNKKDFD RSTCDMS VGN O@QSHBHO@SDC
@. DWOK@M@SNQX U@QH@AKD: SGD RHYD NE SGD S@AKDV@QD
A. SQD@SLDMS: S@AKDV@QD SG@S HR 20 ODQBDMS RL@KKDQ SG@M MNQL@K
B. QDRONMRD U@QH@AKD: SGD @LNTMS NE ENNC D@SDM
23. 5GDQD @QD L@MX KTQJHMF U@QH@AKDR SG@S BNTKC HMEKTDMBD SGD NARDQUDC CHEEDQDMBDR HM SDRS RBNQDR. 1DQG@OR SGD ANXR,
NM @UDQ@FD, G@UD S@JDM LNQD L@SG BNTQRDR SG@M SGD FHQKR, @MC SGD FHQKR G@UD S@JDM LNQD &MFKHRG BK@RRDR SG@M SGD ANXR.
1DQG@OR SGD ANXR G@UD ADDM DMBNTQ@FDC AX SGDHQ E@LHKHDR @MC SD@BGDQR SN OQDO@QD ENQ @ B@QDDQ HM L@SG @MC RBHDMBD, @MC SGTR
884 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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G@UD OTS LNQD DEENQS HMSN RSTCXHMF L@SG, VGHKD SGD FHQKR G@UD ADDM DMBNTQ@FDC SN OQDO@QD ENQ EHDKCR KHJD BNLLTMHB@SHNM
@MC ORXBGNKNFX SG@S @QD LNQD ENBTRDC NM K@MFT@FD TRD. " RSTCX CDRHFM VNTKC G@UD SN BNMSQNK ENQ SGDRD @MC NSGDQ ONSDMSH@K
KTQJHMF U@QH@AKDR (@MXSGHMF SG@S BNTKC DWOK@HM SGD NARDQUDC CHEEDQDMBD HM SDRS RBNQDR, NSGDQ SG@M SGD FDMDSHB DWOK@M@SHNM) HM
NQCDQ SN CQ@V @ RBHDMSHEHB@KKX RNTMC BNMBKTRHNM @ANTS FDMDSHB CHEEDQDMBDR.
24. 5N TRD Q@MCNL @RRHFMLDMS, XNT VNTKC G@UD SN AD @AKD SN @RRHFM ODNOKD SN DHSGDQ RLNJD NQ MNS RLNJD. #DB@TRD
RLNJHMF G@R L@MX G@QLETK DEEDBSR, SGHR VNTKC MNS AD @M DSGHB@K DWODQHLDMS. *MRSD@C, VD RSTCX ODNOKD VGN G@UD BGNRDM SN
RLNJD, @MC BNLO@QD SGDL SN NSGDQR VGN G@UD BGNRDM MNS SN RLNJD, @MC SQX SN BNMSQNK ENQ SGD NSGDQ V@XR SGNRD SVN FQNTOR
L@X CHEEDQ (KTQJHMF U@QH@AKDR).
25. 4NTQBDR NE AH@R HMBKTCD SGD E@BS SG@S MNS DUDQXNMD G@R @ SDKDOGNMD, SG@S BDKK OGNMD MTLADQR @QD NESDM MNS KHRSDC HM
OTAKHRGDC CHQDBSNQHDR, @MC SG@S @M HMCHUHCT@K LHFGS MNS AD @S GNLD @S SGD SHLD NE SGD OGNMD B@KK; @KK SGDRD E@BSNQR L@JD HS
KHJDKX SG@S SGD QDRONMCDMSR SN SGD RTQUDX VHKK MNS AD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD.
26. 3DRD@QBG RTAIDBSR RGNTKC MNS AD BNDQBDC HMSN O@QSHBHO@SHNM, @MC NEEDQHMF DWSQ@ BQDCHS HM DWBG@MFD ENQ O@QSHBHO@SHNM
BNTKC AD BNMRSQTDC @R BNDQBHNM. *M @CCHSHNM, SGHR LDSGNC VHKK QDRTKS HM @ UNKTMSDDQ R@LOKD, VGHBG B@MMNS AD @RRTLDC SN AD
QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD.
2.1: 1N?G-;H> *?;@ %L;JBM (1N?GJFINM), *CH? %L;JBM, ;H> ;L %L;JBM
27. 5GD U@KTD 740 HR @M NTSKHDQ, ADB@TRD SGD DW@LR VDQD FQ@CDC NM @ RB@KD NE 0 SN 100, @MC 740 HR E@Q NTSRHCD SG@S Q@MFD.
*S L@X AD @ C@S@ DMSQX DQQNQ, VHSG SGD @BST@K RBNQD ADHMF 74, RN SGD OQNEDRRNQ RGNTKC BGDBJ SG@S DW@L @F@HM SN RDD VG@S SGD
@BST@K RBNQD V@R.
28.
1N?G *?;@
6 2 4 5 5 8
7 0 2 2 4 5 5 5 6 8 8
8 1 3 3 4 5 7 8
9 2 5 8 8
10 0 0
2;<F? 21.3
29. .NRS RBNQDR NM SGHR DW@L VDQD HM SGD Q@MFD NE 70k89, VHSG @ EDV RBNQHMF HM SGD 60k69 Q@MFD, @MC @ EDV HM SGD
90k100 Q@MFD.
2.2: &CMNIAL;GM, $L?KO?H=S .IFSAIHM, ;H> 2CG? 1?LC?M %L;JBM
30. RF =
7
35
= 0.2
31. 5GD Q@MFD VHKK AD 0.5k1.5, @MC SGD BDMSQ@K ONHMS VHKK AD 1.
32. 3@MFD 1.5k2.5, BDMSQ@K ONHMS 2; Q@MFD 2.5k3.5, BDMSQ@K ONHMS 3; Q@MFD 3.5k4.5, BDMSQ@K ONHMS 4; Q@MFD 4.5k5.5., BDMSQ@K
ONHMS 5.
33. 5GD A@Q EQNL 3.5 SN 4.5, VHSG @ BDMSQ@K ONHMS NE 4, VHKK AD S@KKDRS; HSR GDHFGS VHKK AD MHMD, ADB@TRD SGDQD @QD MHMD
RSTCDMSR S@JHMF ENTQ BNTQRDR.
34. 5GD GHRSNFQ@L HR @ ADSSDQ BGNHBD, ADB@TRD HMBNLD HR @ BNMSHMTNTR U@QH@AKD.
35. " A@Q FQ@OG HR SGD ADSSDQ BGNHBD, ADB@TRD SGHR C@S@ HR B@SDFNQHB@K Q@SGDQ SG@M BNMSHMTNTR.
2.3: +?;MOL?M I@ NB? *I=;NCIH I@ NB? ";N;
36. :NTQ C@TFGSDQ RBNQDC ADSSDQ SG@M 80 ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR HM GDQ FQ@CD NM L@SG @MC ADSSDQ SG@M 76 ODQBDMS NE SGD
RSTCDMSR HM QD@CHMF. #NSG RBNQDR @QD UDQX FNNC, @MC OK@BD GDQ HM SGD TOODQ PT@QSHKD, ATS GDQ L@SG RBNQD HR RKHFGSKX ADSSDQ HM
QDK@SHNM SN GDQ ODDQR SG@M GDQ QD@CHMF RBNQD.
37. :NT G@C @M TMTRT@KKX KNMF V@HS SHLD, VGHBG HR A@C: 82 ODQBDMS NE O@SHDMSR G@C @ RGNQSDQ V@HS SHLD SG@M XNT, @MC
NMKX 18 ODQBDMS G@C @ KNMFDQ V@HS SHLD.
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 885
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2.4: IR .FINM
38. 5
39. 3
40. 7
41. 5GD LDCH@M HR 86, @R QDOQDRDMSDC AX SGD UDQSHB@K KHMD HM SGD ANW.
42. 5GD EHQRS PT@QSHKD HR 80, @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD HR 92, @R QDOQDRDMSDC AX SGD KDES @MC QHFGS ANTMC@QHDR NE SGD ANW.
43. "*+ = 92 k 80 = 12
44. 3@MFD = 100 k 75 = 25
2.5: +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
45. )@KE SGD QTMMDQR VGN EHMHRGDC SGD L@Q@SGNM Q@M @ SHLD E@RSDQ SG@M 3:35:04, @MC G@KE Q@M @ SHLD RKNVDQ SG@M 3:35:04. :NTQ
SHLD HR E@RSDQ SG@M SGD LDCH@M SHLD, RN XNT CHC ADSSDQ SG@M LNQD SG@M G@KE NE SGD QTMMDQR HM SGHR Q@BD.
46. 61.5, NQ $61,500
47. 49.25 NQ $49,250
48. 5GD LDCH@M, ADB@TRD SGD LD@M HR CHRSNQSDC AX SGD GHFG U@KTD NE NMD GNTRD.
2.6: 1E?QH?MM ;H> NB? +?;H, +?>C;H, ;H> +I>?
49. B
50. @
51. 5GDX VHKK @KK AD E@HQKX BKNRD SN D@BG NSGDQ.
2.7: +?;MOL?M I@ NB? 1JL?;> I@ NB? ";N;
52. .D@M: 15
4S@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM: 4.3
=
10 + 11 + 15 + 15 + 17 + 22
6
= 18
s =
x x
2
n 1
=
94
5
= 4.3
53. 18 + (2)(4.3) = 26.6
54. 13.7 HR NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ADKNV SGD LD@M NE SGHR C@S@, ADB@TRD 18 k 4.3 = 13.7
55. z =
95 85
5
= 2.0
4TR@MnR P-RBNQD V@R 2.0, LD@MHMF RGD RBNQDC SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD BK@RR LD@M ENQ SGD EHM@K DW@L.
3.1: 2?LGCHIFIAS
56. P(B) =
25
90
= 0.28
57. %Q@VHMF @ QDC L@QAKD HR LNQD KHJDKX.
P(R) =
50
80
= 0.62
P(Y) =
15
80
= 0.19
58. )(F "/% ,)
59. )(E[&)
3.2: 'H>?J?H>?HN ;H> +ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
60. )(A "/% B) = (0.3)(0.5) = 0.15
61. )(C 03 D) = 0.18 + 0.03 = 0.21
3.3: 2QI ;MC= 0OF?M I@ .LI<;<CFCNS
62. /N, SGDX B@MMNS AD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD, ADB@TRD SGDX @CC TO SN LNQD SG@M 300. 5GDQDENQD, RNLD RSTCDMSR LTRS EHS HMSN
SVN NQ LNQD B@SDFNQHDR (D.F., ANSG FNHMF SN BNKKDFD @MC VNQJHMF ETKK SHLD).
63. )(A @MC B) = ()(B[A))()(A)) = (0.85)(0.70) = 0.595
64. /N. *E SGDX VDQD HMCDODMCDMS, )(B) VNTKC AD SGD R@LD @R )(B[A). 8D JMNV SGHR HR MNS SGD B@RD, ADB@TRD )(B) =
0.70 @MC )(B[A) = 0.85.
886 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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3.4: !IHNCHA?H=S 2;<F?M
65.
&IHIL LIFF ,I BIHIL LIFF 2IN;F
2PQ@U =P HA=OP 15 DKQNO/SAAG 482 200 682
2PQ@U HAOO PD=J 15 DKQNO/SAAG 125 193 318
3KP=H 607 393 1,000
2;<F? 21.4
66. P(honor roll|study at least 15 hours word per week) =
482
1000
= 0.482
67. P(studies less than 15 hours word per week) =
125 + 193
1000
= 0.318
68. -DS )(,) = RSTCX @S KD@RS 15 GNTQR ODQ VDDJ
-DS )(!) = L@JDR SGD GNMNQ QNKK
'QNL SGD S@AKD, )(,) = 0.682, )(!) = 0.607, @MC )(, "/% !) =0.482.
*E )(,) @MC )(!) VDQD HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM )(, "/% !) VNTKC DPT@K ()(,))()(!)).
)NVDUDQ, ()(,))()(!)) = (0.682)(0.607) = 0.414, VGHKD )(, "/% !) = 0.482.
5GDQDENQD, )(,) @MC )(!) @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
3.5: 2L?? ;H> 4?HH "C;AL;GM
69.
$CAOL? 21.1
70.
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 887
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$CAOL? 21.2
21.3 U .L;=NC=? 2?MN 2
.LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH (."$) @IL ; "CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?
71. 5GD CNL@HM NE 1 = Z&MFKHRG, .@SGDL@SHBR,r.=, H.D., @ KHRS NE @KK SGD L@INQR NEEDQDC @S SGD TMHUDQRHSX, OKTR oTMCDBK@QDC.p
72. 5GD CNL@HM NE 2 = Z0, 1, 2, r\, H.D., SGD HMSDFDQR EQNL 0 SN SGD TOODQ KHLHS NE BK@RRDR @KKNVDC AX SGD TMHUDQRHSX.
73. 5GD CNL@HM NE 3 = @MX @LNTMS NE LNMDX EQNL 0 TOV@QCR.
74. #DB@TRD SGDX B@M S@JD @MX U@KTD VHSGHM SGDHQ CNL@HM, @MC SGDHQ U@KTD ENQ @MX O@QSHBTK@Q B@RD HR MNS JMNVM TMSHK SGD
RTQUDX HR BNLOKDSDC.
75. /N, ADB@TRD SGD CNL@HM NE 3 HMBKTCDR NMKX ONRHSHUD MTLADQR (XNT B@MnS RODMC @ MDF@SHUD @LNTMS NE LNMDX).
1NRRHAKX SGD U@KTD k7 HR @ C@S@ DMSQX DQQNQ, NQ @ RODBH@K BNCD SN HMCHB@SDC SG@S SGD RSTCDMS CHC MNS @MRVDQ SGD PTDRSHNM.
76. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSHDR LTRS RTL SN 1.0, @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR NE D@BG DUDMS LTRS AD ADSVDDM 0 @MC 1, HMBKTRHUD.
77. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ANNJR BGDBJDC NTS AX @ O@SQNM.
78. )(N > 2) = 0.10 + 0.05 = 0.15
79. )(N y 0) = 1 k 0.20 = 0.80
80. )(N x 3) = 1 k 0.05 = 0.95
81. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSHDR VNTKC RTL SN 1.10, @MC SGD SNS@K OQNA@AHKHSX HM @ CHRSQHATSHNM LTRS @KV@XR DPT@K 1.0.
82. x
1
10
= 0.4
5.2: 2B? 3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
117. P(2 < x < 5) = (5 2)
1
10
= 0.3
118. 1 ] .(0, 15)
119. f (x) =
1
b a
ENQ (a x b) so f (x) =
1
30
ENQ (0 x 30)
120. =
a + b
2
=
0 + 30
5
= 15.0
=
(b a)
2
12
=
(30 0)
2
12
= 8.66
121. P(x < 10) = (10)
1
30
= 0.33
5.3: 2B? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
122. 1 G@R @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ C @MC LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
1
m
. *M SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM,
SGDQD VHKK AD @ QDK@SHUDKX K@QFD MTLADQR NE RL@KK U@KTDR, VHSG U@KTDR ADBNLHMF KDRR BNLLNM @R SGDX ADBNLD K@QFDQ.
123. = =
1
m
=
1
10
= 0.1
124. <(N) = 0.2;
k0.2N
VGDQD N y 0.
6.1: 2B? 1N;H>;L> ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
125. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE 100 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15.
126. 1 ] '(0,1)
127. z =
x
RN z =
112 109
4.5
= 0.67
128. z =
x
RN z =
100 109
4.5
= 2.00
129. z =
105 109
4.5
= 0.89
5GHR FHQK HR RGNQSDQ SG@M @UDQ@FD ENQ GDQ @FD, AX 0.89 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
130. 109 + (1.5)(4.5) = 115.75 BL
131. 8D DWODBS @ANTS 68 ODQBDMS NE SGD GDHFGSR NE FHQKR NE @FD EHUD XD@QR @MC YDQN LNMSGR SN AD ADSVDDM 104.5 BL @MC
113.5 BL.
132. 8D DWODBS 99.7 ODQBDMS NE SGD GDHFGSR HM SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM SN AD ADSVDDM 95.5 BL @MC 122.5 BL, ADB@TRD SG@S Q@MFD
QDOQDRDMSR SGD U@KTDR SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD @MC ADKNV SGD LD@M.
6.2: 3MCHA NB? ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
133. :DR, ADB@TRD ANSG MO @MC MP @QD FQD@SDQ SG@M EHUD.
DF = (500)(0.20) = 100 @MC DG = 500(0.80) = 400
890 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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134. = np = (500)(0.20) = 100
= npq = 500(0.20)(0.80) = 8.94
135. 'HESX ODQBDMS, ADB@TRD HM @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, G@KE SGD U@KTDR KHD @ANUD SGD LD@M.
136. 5GD QDRTKSR NE NTQ R@LOKD VDQD SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M, RTFFDRSHMF HS HR TMKHJDKX SG@S 20 ODQBDMS
NE SGD KNSSN SHBJDSR @QD VHMMDQR, @R BK@HLDC AX SGD CHRSQHATSNQ, @MC SG@S SGD SQTD ODQBDMS NE VHMMDQR HR KNVDQ. "OOKXHMF SGD
&LOHQHB@K 3TKD, *E SG@S BK@HL VDQD SQTD, VD VNTKC DWODBS SN RDD @ QDRTKS SGHR E@Q ADKNV SGD LD@M NMKX @ANTS 2.5 ODQBDMS NE
SGD SHLD.
7.1: 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1;GJF? +?;HM (AP?L;A?M)
137. 5GD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL RS@SDR SG@S HE R@LOKDR NE RTEEHBHDMS RHYD CQ@VM EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE R@LOKD
LD@MR VHKK AD MNQL@K, DUDM HE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR MNS MNQL@K.
138. 5GD R@LOKD RHYD NE 30 HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD HM SGHR DW@LOKD SN @OOKX SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL. 5GHR SGDNQDL = RS@SDR
SG@S ENQ R@LOKDR NE RTEEHBHDMS RHYD CQ@VM EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM, SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@M VHKK @OOQN@BG
MNQL@KHSX, QDF@QCKDRR NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM EQNL VGHBG SGD R@LOKDR VDQD CQ@VM.
139. :NT VNTKC MNS DWODBS D@BG R@LOKD SN G@UD @ LD@M NE 50, ADB@TRD NE R@LOKHMF U@QH@AHKHSX. )NVDUDQ, XNT VNTKC
DWODBS SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR SN BKTRSDQ @QNTMC 50, VHSG @M @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, RN
SG@S U@KTDR BKNRD SN 50 @QD LNQD BNLLNM SG@M U@KTDR ETQSGDQ QDLNUDC EQNL 50.
140. X
x
,
x
n
141. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC TRHMF SGD ENQLTK@
x
n
16
50
. 5GD BNQQDBS U@KTD ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR
HR SGDQDENQD 2.26.
142. 5GD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M HR @MNSGDQ M@LD ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD
R@LOKD LD@M. (HUDM R@LOKDR NE RHYD M CQ@VM EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM VHSG RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \
N
, SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M
HR
x
n
.
143. 1 ] '(75, 0.45)
144. :NTQ EQHDMC ENQFNS SN CHUHCD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM AX SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE D.
145. z =
x
x
=
76 75
4.5
= 2.2
146. z =
x
x
=
74.7 75
4.5
= 0.67
147. 75 + (1.5)(0.45) = 75.675
148. 5GD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M VHKK AD K@QFDQ, ADB@TRD XNT VHKK AD CHUHCHMF AX @ RL@KKDQ MTLADQ. 5GD RS@MC@QC
DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M ENQ R@LOKDR NE RHYD D = 50 HR:
x
n
=
4.5
50
= 0.64
149. :NT VNTKC DWODBS SGHR Q@MFD SN HMBKTCD U@KTDR TO SN NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @ANUD NQ ADKNV SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD
LD@MR. *M SGHR B@RD:
70 +
9
60
= 71.16 @MC 70
9
60
= 68.84 RN XNT VNTKC DWODBS 68 ODQBDMS NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR SN AD ADSVDDM 68.84 @MC
71.16.
150. 70 +
9
100
= 70.9 @MC 70
9
100
= 69.1 RN XNT VNTKC DWODBS 68 ODQBDMS NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR SN AD ADSVDDM
69.1 @MC 70.9. /NSD SG@S SGHR HR @ M@QQNVDQ HMSDQU@K CTD SN SGD HMBQD@RDC R@LOKD RHYD.
7.2: 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1OGM
151. 'NQ @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1, SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD T1 VHKK SDMC SN ADBNLD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC @R SGD RHYD M NE SGD R@LOKDR
TRDC SN BNLOTSD SGD RTL HMBQD@RDR.
152. #NSG QTKDR RS@SD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE @ PT@MSHSX (SGD LD@M NQ SGD RTL) B@KBTK@SDC NM R@LOKDR CQ@VM EQNL @
ONOTK@SHNM VHKK SDMC SN G@UD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, @R SGD R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR, QDF@QCKDRR NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE ONOTK@SHNM
EQNL VGHBG SGD R@LOKDR @QD CQ@VM.
153. X N
n
x
, ( n)(
x
)
RN X N(4000, 28.3)
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 891
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t
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n
154.5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR 0.50, ADB@TRD 5,000 HR SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE RTLR NE RHYD 40 EQNL SGHR
ONOTK@SHNM. 4TLR NE Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR BNLOTSDC EQNL @ R@LOKD NE RTEEHBHDMS RHYD @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC, @MC HM @ MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM, G@KE SGD U@KTDR KHD ADKNV SGD LD@M.
155. 6RHMF SGD DLOHQHB@K QTKD, XNT VNTKC DWODBS 95 ODQBDMS NE SGD U@KTDR SN AD VHSGHM SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD
LD@M. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR ENQ @ R@LOKD RTL: ( n)(
x
) =
40
40
(7) = 4955.7
157. 5000 + (2.2)
40
(7) = 5097.4
7.3: 3MCHA NB? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
158. 5GD K@V NE K@QFD MTLADQR R@XR SG@S @R R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR, SGD R@LOKD LD@M SDMCR SN FDS MD@QDQ @MC MD@QDQ SN SGD
ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
159. :NT VNTKC DWODBS SGD LD@M EQNL @ R@LOKD NE RHYD 100 SN AD MD@QDQ SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, ADB@TRD SGD K@V NE
K@QFD MTLADQR R@XR SG@S @R R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR, SGD R@LOKD LD@M SDMCR SN @OOQN@BG SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@.
160. 1 ] '(0.10, 0.20)
161. X
x
,
x
n
N(0.15, 0.003)
162. X N((n)(
x
), ( n)(
x
)) so X N(9.0, 0.23)
21.4 U .L;=NC=? 2?MN 3
8.1: !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L>
"?PC;NCIH )HIQH, ,ILG;F
163.
n
=
4
30
= 0.73
164. MNQL@K
165. 0.025 NQ 2.5%; " 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K BNMS@HMR 95%NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX, @MC DWBKTCDR EHUD ODQBDMS, @MC SGD EHUD
ODQBDMS DWBKTCDC HR ROKHS DUDMKX ADSVDDM SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ S@HKR NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
166. P-RBNQD = 1.96; EBM = z
2
= (1.96)(0.73) = 1.4308
167. 41 a 1.43 = (39.57, 42.43); 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM ;HMSDQU@K, @MRVDQ HR (40.74, 41.26. "MRVDQR CHEEDQ CTD
SN QNTMCHMF.
168. 5GD P-U@KTD ENQ @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR 1.645, RN EB& = 1.645(0.73) = 1.20085.
5GD 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR 41 a 1.20 = (39.80, 42.20).
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM ;HMSDQU@K @MRVDQ HR (40.78, 41.23). "MRVDQR CHEEDQ CTD SN QNTMCHMF.
169. 5GD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE LD@RTQDLDMS HR:
n
=
4
50
= 0.57
EBM = z
2
= (1.96)(0.57) = 1.12
5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR 41 a 1.12 = (39.88, 42.12).
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM ;HMSDQU@K @MRVDQ HR (40.84, 41.16). "MRVDQR CHEEDQ CTD SN QNTMCHMF.
170. 5GD 99% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, ADB@TRD HS HMBKTCDR @KK ATS NMD ODQBDMS NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K VHKK AD M@QQNVDQ, ADB@TRD HS DWBKTCDR EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
8.2: !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
3HEHIQH, 1NO>?HNYM N
171. 5GD J-CHRSQHATSHNM VHKK G@UD LNQD OQNA@AHKHSX HM HSR S@HKR (oSGHBJDQ S@HKRp) @MC KDRR OQNA@AHKHSX MD@Q SGD LD@M NE SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM (oRGNQSDQ HM SGD BDMSDQp).
172. #NSG CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD RXLLDSQHB@K @MC BDMSDQDC @S YDQN.
173. :< = D k 1 = 20 k 1 = 19
892 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
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174. :NT B@M FDS SGD J-U@KTD EQNL @ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD NQ @ B@KBTK@SNQ. *M SGHR B@RD, ENQ @ J-CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG 19 CDFQDDR NE
EQDDCNL, @MC @ 95% SVN-RHCDC BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, SGD U@KTD HR 2.093, H.D.,
t
2
= 2.093. 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM HR HMU5(0.975, 19).
175. EBM = t
2
s
n
= (2.093)
0.3
20
= 0.140
98.4 a 0.14 = (98.26, 98.54).
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 5HMSDQU@K @MRVDQ HR (98.26, 98.54).
176. t
2
= 2.861. 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM HR HMU5(0.995, 19).
EBM = t
2
s
n
= (2.861)
0.3
20
= 0.192
98.4 a 0.19 = (98.21, 98.59). 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 5HMSDQU@K @MRVDQ HR (98.21, 98.59).
177. :< = D k 1 = 30 k 1 = 29. t
2
= 2.045
EBM = z
t
s
n
= (2.045)
0.3
30
= 0.112
98.4 a 0.11 = (98.29, 98.51). 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 5HMSDQU@K @MRVDQ HR (98.29, 98.51).
8.3: !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIH
178. p =
280
500
= 0.56
q = 1 p = 1 0.56 = 0.44
s =
pq
n
=
0.56(0.44)
500
= 0.0222
179. #DB@TRD XNT @QD TRHMF SGD MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K, z
2
= 1.96 .
$@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM (EB)):
EBP = z a
2
pq
n
= 1.96(0.222) = 0.0435
$@KBTK@SD SGD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K:
0.56 a 0.0435 = (0.5165, 0.6035).
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 1-1QNO;HMS @MRVDQ HR (0.5165, 0.6035).
180. z
2
= 1.64
EBP = z a
2
pq
n
= 1.64(0.0222) = 0.0364
0.56 a 0.03 = (0.5236, 0.5964). 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 1-1QNO;HMS @MRVDQ HR (0.5235, 0.5965)
181. z
2
= 2.58
EBP = z a
2
pq
n
= 2.58(0.0222) = 0.0573
0.56 a 0.05 = (0.5127, 0.6173).
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 1-1QNO;HMS @MRVDQ HR (0.5028, 0.6172).
182. EB) = 0.04 (ADB@TRD 4% = 0.04)
z
2
= 1.96 ENQ @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
n =
z
2
pq
EBP
2
=
1.96
2
(0.5)(0.5)
0.04
2
=
0.9604
0.0016
= 600.25
:NT MDDC 601 RTAIDBSR (QNTMCHMF TOV@QC EQNL 600.25).
183. n =
n
2
pq
EBP
2
=
1.96
2
(0.6)(0.4)
0.04
2
=
0.9220
0.0016
= 576.24
:NT MDDC 577 RTAIDBSR (QNTMCHMF TOV@QC EQNL 576.24).
184. n =
n
2
pq
EBP
2
=
1.96
2
(0.5)(0.5)
0.03
2
=
0.9604
0.0009
= 1067.11
:NT MDDC 1,068 RTAIDBSR (QNTMCHMF TOV@QC EQNL 1,067.11).
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 893
D
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9.1: ,OFF ;H> AFN?LH;N? &SJINB?M?M
185. !
0
: F = 0.58
!
7
: F w 0.58
186. !
0
: F y 0.58
!
7
: F < 0.58
187. !
0
: Z y $268,000
!
7
: Z < $268,000
188. !
7
: Z w 107
189. !
7
: F y 0.25
9.2: -ON=IG?M ;H> NB? 2SJ? ' ;H> 2SJ? '' #LLILM
190. @ 5XOD * DQQNQ
191. @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ
192. 1NVDQ = 1 k W = 1 k )(5XOD ** DQQNQ).
193. 5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SG@S SGD O@SHDMS CNDR MNS G@UD B@MBDQ. " 5XOD * DQQNQ VNTKC AD CDSDBSHMF B@MBDQ VGDM HS
HR MNS OQDRDMS. " 5XOD ** DQQNQ VNTKC AD MNS CDSDBSHMF B@MBDQ VGDM HS HR OQDRDMS. " 5XOD ** DQQNQ HR LNQD RDQHNTR, ADB@TRD
E@HKTQD SN CDSDBS B@MBDQ BNTKC JDDO @ O@SHDMS EQNL QDBDHUHMF @OOQNOQH@SD SQD@SLDMS.
194. 5GD RBQDDMHMF SDRS G@R @ SDM ODQBDMS OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 5XOD * DQQNQ, LD@MHMF SG@S SDM ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, HS VHKK
CDSDBS 5# VGDM HS HR MNS OQDRDMS.
195. 5GD RBQDDMHMF SDRS G@R @ 20 ODQBDMS OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ, LD@MHMF SG@S 20 ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, HS VHKK E@HK
SN CDSDBS 5# VGDM HS HR HM E@BS OQDRDMS.
196. &HFGSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, SGD RBQDDMHMF SDRS VHKK CDSDBS 5# VGDM HS HR @BST@KKX OQDRDMS.
9.3: "CMNLC<ONCIH ,??>?> @IL &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA
197. 5GD 4STCDMSnR J-SDRS.
198. 5GD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM NQ P-SDRS.
199. 5GD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG Z = F @MC \ =
pq
n
200. J
24
. :NT TRD SGD J-CHRSQHATSHNM ADB@TRD XNT CNMnS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC SGD CDFQDDR NE
EQDDCNL @QD 24 ADB@TRD :< = D k 1.
201. X
~N
0.95,
0.051
100
#DB@TRD XNT JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC G@UD @ K@QFD R@LOKD, XNT B@M TRD SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
9.4: 0;L? #P?HNM, NB? 1;GJF?, "?=CMCIH, ;H> !IH=FOMCIH
202. '@HK SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, ADB@TRD V x F
203. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, ADB@TRD V y F.
204. !
0
: Z y 29.0p
!
7
: Z < 29.0p
205. J
19
. #DB@TRD XNT CN MNS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, TRD SGD J-CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
@QD 19, ADB@TRD :< = D k 1.
206. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR k4.4721 @MC SGD F-U@KTD HR 0.00013 TRHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 55&45.
207. 8HSG V = 0.05, QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
208. 8HSG V = 0.05, SGD F-U@KTD HR @KLNRS YDQN TRHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 55&45 RN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
9.5: A>>CNCIH;F 'H@ILG;NCIH ;H> $OFF &SJINB?MCM 2?MN #R;GJF?M
209. 5GD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD HR EHUD ODQBDMS.
210. SVN-S@HKDC
211. NMD-S@HKDC
212. !
0
: F = 0.8
!
7
: F w 0.8
213. :NT VHKK TRD SGD MNQL@K SDRS ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM ADB@TRD DF @MC DG @QD ANSG FQD@SDQ SG@M EHUD.
10.1: !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB 3HEHIQH
.IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIHM
214. 5GDX @QD L@SBGDC (O@HQDC), ADB@TRD XNT HMSDQUHDVDC L@QQHDC BNTOKDR.
215. 5GDX @QD HMCDODMCDMS, ADB@TRD O@QSHBHO@MSR VDQD @RRHFMDC @S Q@MCNL SN SGD FQNTOR.
216. 5GDX @QD L@SBGDC (O@HQDC), ADB@TRD XNT BNKKDBSDC C@S@ SVHBD EQNL D@BG HMCHUHCT@K.
894 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
D
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217. d =
x
1
x
2
s
pooled
=
4.8 4.2
1.6
= 0.375
5GHR HR @ RL@KK DEEDBS RHYD, ADB@TRD 0.375 E@KKR ADSVDDM $NGDMnR RL@KK (0.2) @MC LDCHTL (0.5) DEEDBS RHYDR.
218. d =
x
1
x
2
s
pooled
=
5.2 4.2
1.6
= 0.625
5GD DEEDBS RHYD HR 0.625. #X $NGDMnR RS@MC@QC, SGHR HR @ LDCHTL DEEDBS RHYD, ADB@TRD HS E@KKR ADSVDDM SGD LDCHTL (0.5) @MC
K@QFD (0.8) DEEDBS RHYDR.
219. F-U@KTD < 0.01.
220. :NT VHKK NMKX QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HE XNT FDS @ U@KTD RHFMHEHB@MSKX ADKNV SGD GXONSGDRHYDC LD@M NE 110.
10.2: !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB )HIQH
.IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIHM
221. X
1
X
2
, H.D., SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM @LNTMS RODMS NM SDWSANNJR ENQ SGD SVN FQNTOR.
222. !
0
: X
1
X
2
x 0
!
7
: X
1
X
2
> 0
5GHR BNTKC @KRN AD VQHSSDM @R:
!
0
: X
1
X
2
!
7
: X
1
> X
2
223. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 2-4@LO5SDRS, QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR
RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RBHDMBD RSTCDMSR RODMC LNQD NM SDWSANNJR SG@M SGD GTL@MHSHDR RSTCDMSR.
224. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 2-4@LO5SDRS, QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR
RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RBHDMBD RSTCDMSR RODMC LNQD NM SDWSANNJR SG@M SGD GTL@MHSHDR RSTCDMSR.
10.3: !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIHM
225. !
0
: F
A
= F
B
!
7
: F
A
w F
B
226. p
c
=
x
A
+ x
A
n
A
+ n
A
=
65 + 78
100 + 100
= 0.715
227. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 2-1QNO;5DRS, SGD O-U@KTD = 0.0417. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 3%
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE GNTRDGNKCR HM
SGD SVN BNLLTMHSHDR SG@S G@UD B@AKD RDQUHBD.
228. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 2-1QNO;5DRS, SGD F-U@KTD = 0.0417. %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 1%
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE GNTRDGNKCR
HM SGD SVN BNLLTMHSHDR SG@S G@UD B@AKD RDQUHBD.
10.4: +;N=B?> IL .;CL?> 1;GJF?M
229. !
0
: x
d
0
!
7
: x
d
< 0
230. J = k 4.5644
231. :< = 30 k 1 = 29.
232. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 55&45, SGD F-U@KTD = 0.00004 RN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 5% KDUDK, SGDQD
HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD O@QSHBHO@MSR KNRS VDHFGS, NM @UDQ@FD.
233. " ONRHSHUD J-RS@SHRSHB VNTKC LD@M SG@S O@QSHBHO@MSR, NM @UDQ@FD, F@HMDC VDHFGS NUDQ SGD RHW LNMSGR.
11.1: $;=NM A<ION NB? !BC-1KO;L? "CMNLC<ONCIH
234. Z = :< = 20
= 2(d f ) = 40 = 6.32
11.2: %II>H?MM-I@-$CN 2?MN
235. &MQNKKDC = 200(0.66) = 132. /NS DMQNKKDC = 200(0.34) = 68
236.
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 895
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-<M?LP?> (-) #RJ?=N?> (#) - X # (- X #)2
(O E)
2
z
$JNKHHA@ 145 132 145 _ 132 = 13 169
169
132
= 1.280
-KP AJNKHHA@ 55 68 55 _ 68 = _13 169
169
68
= 2.485
2;<F? 21.7
237. :< = D k 1 = 2 k 1 = 1.
238. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM $GH-RPT@QD (0' k 5DRS (HM 45"5 5&454), SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR 3.7656 @MC SGD O-U@KTD
HR 0.0523. %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 5%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S GHFG
RBGNNK LNRS QDBDMS FQ@CT@SHMF BK@RR CHRSQHATSHNM NE DMQNKKDC @MC MNS DMQNKKDC CNDR MNS EHS SG@S NE SGD M@SHNM@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
239. @OOQNWHL@SDR SGD MNQL@K
240. RJDVDC QHFGS
11.3: 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
241.
!?FF = 7?M !?FF = ,I 2IN;F
%NAODI=J
250(300)
500
= 150
250(200)
500
= 100
250
2AJEKN
250(300)
500
= 150
250(200)
500
= 100
250
3KP=H 300 200 500
2;<F? 21.8
242.
(100 150)
2
150
= 16.67
(150 100)
2
100
= 25
(200 100)
2
150
= 16.67
(50 100)
2
100
= 25
243. $GH-RPT@QD = 16.67 + 25 + 16.67 + 25 = 83.34.
:< = (H k 1)(9 k 1) = 1
244. F-U@KTD = )($GH-RPT@QD, 83.34) = 0
3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
:NT BNTKC @KRN TRD SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 45"5 5&454 $GH-4PT@QD k 5DRS.
11.4: 2?MN I@ &IGIA?H?CNS
245. 5GD S@AKD G@R EHUD QNVR @MC SVN BNKTLMR. :< = (H k 1)(9 k 1) = (4)(1) = 4.
896 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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11.5: !IGJ;LCMIH 1OGG;LS I@ NB? !BC-1KO;L? 2?MNM: %II>H?MM-I@-$CN,
'H>?J?H>?H=? ;H> &IGIA?H?CNS
246. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM (45"5 5&454) $GH-RPT@QD 5DRS, SGD F-U@KTD = 0. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 5%
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ONKK QDRONMRDR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD O@QSHBHO@MSRn DSGMHB
FQNTO.
247. 5GD DWODBSDC U@KTD NE D@BG BDKK LTRS AD @S KD@RS EHUD.
248. !
0
: 5GD U@QH@AKDR @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
!
7
: 5GD U@QH@AKDR @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
249. !
0
: 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM.
!
7
: 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR CN MNS G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM.
11.6: 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
250. !
0
: \
2
x 5
!
7
: \
2
> 5
21.5 U .L;=NC=? 2?MN 4
12.1 *CH?;L #KO;NCIHM
251. D. ", #, @MC $.
"KK SGQDD @QD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNMR NE SGD ENQL O = CN + 8.
252. -DS O = SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE GNTQR QDPTHQDC, @MC N SGD RPT@QD ENNS@FD, LD@RTQDC HM TMHSR NE 1,000. 5GD DPT@SHNM HR:
O = N + 4
253. -DS O = SGD SNS@K O@XLDMS, @MC N SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR HM @ BK@RR. 5GD DPT@SHNM HR: O = 100(N) + 2,000
254. -DS O = SGD SNS@K BNRS NE @SSDMC@MBD, @MC N SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR DMQNKKDC. 5GD DPT@SHNM HR: O = 3,000(N) + 500
12.2: 1FIJ? ;H> 7-CHN?L=?JN I@ ; *CH?;L #KO;NCIH
255. 5GD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD HR SGD GNTQR VNQJDC NM @ B@Q. 5GD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD HR SGD SNS@K K@ANQ BG@QFDR SN EHW @ B@Q.
256. -DS O = SGD SNS@K BG@QFD, @MC N SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR QDPTHQDC. 5GD DPT@SHNM HR: O = 55N + 75
5GD RKNOD HR 55 @MC SGD HMSDQBDOS HR 75.
257. O = 55(3.5) + 75 = 267.50
258. #DB@TRD SGD HMSDQBDOS HR HMBKTCDC HM ANSG DPT@SHNMR, VGHKD XNT @QD NMKX HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM BNRSR, XNT
CN MNS MDDC SN HMBKTCD SGD HMSDQBDOS HM SGD RNKTSHNM. 5GD CHEEDQDMBD HM MTLADQ NE GNTQR QDPTHQDC HR: 6.3 k 2.4 = 3.9.
.TKSHOKX SGHR CHEEDQDMBD AX SGD BNRS ODQ GNTQ: 55(3.9) = 214.5.
5GD CHEEDQDMBD HM BNRS ADSVDDM SGD SVN INAR HR $214.50.
12.3: 1=;NN?L .FINM
259. 5GD 1 @MC 2 U@QH@AKDR G@UD @ RSQNMF KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO. 5GDRD U@QH@AKDR VNTKC AD FNNC B@MCHC@SDR ENQ @M@KXRHR VHSG
KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM.
260. 5GD 1 @MC 2 U@QH@AKDR G@UD @ RSQNMF MDF@SHUD KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO. 5GDRD U@QH@AKDR VNTKC AD FNNC B@MCHC@SDR ENQ
@M@KXRHR VHSG KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM.
261. 5GDQD HR MN BKD@Q KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD 1 @MC 2 U@QH@AKDR, RN SGDX @QD MNS FNNC B@MCHC@SDR ENQ KHMD@Q
QDFQDRRHNM.
262. 5GD 1 @MC 2 U@QH@AKDR G@UD @ RSQNMF ONRHSHUD QDK@SHNMRGHO, ATS HS HR BTQUHKHMD@Q Q@SGDQ SG@M KHMD@Q. 5GDRD U@QH@AKDR
@QD MNS FNNC B@MCHC@SDR ENQ KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM.
12.4: 2B? 0?AL?MMCIH #KO;NCIH
263. r
s
y
s
x
= 0.73
9.6
4.0
= 1.752 1.75
264. a = y
b x
145,
14
10
325. C. 3.66
326. A. 5.1
327. @. 13.46
328. A. 5GDQD HR @ RSQNMF KHMD@Q O@SSDQM. 5GDQDENQD, HS HR LNRS KHJDKX @ FNNC LNCDK SN AD TRDC.
329. A. Chi
2
3
.
330. C. 70
331. A. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD BGNHBD NE L@INQ @MC SGD FDMCDQ NE SGD RSTCDMS @QD MNS
HMCDODMCDMS NE D@BG NSGDQ.
332. @. Chi
2
FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS
21.7 U .L;=NC=? $CH;F #R;G 2
1IFONCIHM
333. A. O@Q@LDSDQ.
334. @.
335. B. RDUDM
336. B. 0.02
337. B. MNMD NE SGD @ANUD
338. C.
100
140
339. @. v 0
340. A. 5GD U@KTDR ENQ N @QD: Z1, 2, 3,..., 14\
341. B. 0.9417.
342. C. AHMNLH@K
343. C. 8.7
900 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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344. @. k1.96
345. @. 0.6321
346. C. 360
347. A. N
72,
72
50
348. @.
3
9
349. C.
350. A. 5.5
351. C. 6.92
352. @. 5
353. A. 0.8541
354. A. 0.2
355. @. k1.
356. B. L@SBGDC O@HQR, CDODMCDMS FQNTOR.
357. C. 3DIDBS !
0
. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M RBNQDR.
358. B. SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ L@KDR HR GHFGDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ EDL@KDR.
359. A. MN
360. A. F-U@KTD HR BKNRD SN 1.
361. A. /N
362. B. y
^
= 79.96N k 0.0094
363. C. 8D RGNTKC MNS AD DRSHL@SHMF GDQD.
364. @.
365. @. 5GD F-U@KTD HR > 0.10. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS HMENQL@SHNM SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNS TMHENQL.
366. B. 5GD SDRS HR SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD CHEEDQDMS FQNTOR G@UD SGD R@LD LD@MR.
1-*32'-,1
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 901
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902 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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22 U A..#,"'6 '
1-*32'-,1
"'/3$1 22 W //$-#(7 ( 903
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',"#6
1SG<IFM
], 506
A
=>OKHQPA R=HQA KB = NAOE@Q=H, 673
=HPANJ=PERA DULKPDAOEO, 500
J=HUOEO KB 5=NE=J?A, 753
NA= PK PDA HABP, 373
NA= PK PDA NECDP, 373
=OOQILPEKJ, 505
=RAN=CA, 13
RAN=CA, 52, 424