Suu +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
2""6 , 7 !"#!$ ,5 8#,&+,8.*$
%5 %21$* "9 #,)4!: *.*(*&!$
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BC?DE?BFA GH =IJ@A GH C?K<>@L
%0 Lvery person musL, ln Lhe exerclse of hls rlghLs and ln Lhe performance of hls duLles, acL wlLh [usLlce, glve everyone hls due, and observe honesLy and good falLh. (Att. 19, Ncc)
&"!*0 1hls prlnclple ls based upon Lhe famous maxlm soom jos sommo lojotlo (tbe obose of o tlqbt ls tbe qteotest posslble wtooq). (Atleqol v. cA C.k. No. 1264J7, Mot. 6, 2002)
%0 Nemo com oltetls Jettlmeoto locopletotl potest" or no one shall un[usLly enrlch hlmself aL Lhe expense of anoLher.
Coverage: Lhe arLlcle applles only lf: l. Someone acqulres or comes lnLo possesslon of someLhlng" whlch means dellvery or acqulslLlon of Lhlngs", and ll. AcqulslLlon ls undue and aL Lhe expense of anoLher whlch means wlLhouL any [usL or legal ground.
&"!*0 1he governmenL ls noL exempLed from Lhe prlnclple of un[usL enrlchmenL.
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CAMANP HGC JDOJ@> ADC?E<MAD>L
%0 Accloo lo kem vetso. lL ls an acLlon for recovery of whaL has been pald wlLhouL [usL cause.
&"!*0 1hls ls only a subsldlary acLlon.
&"!*0 MlsLake ls noL an essenLlal elemenL, as opposed Lo soluLlo lndeblLl where mlsLake ls an essenLlal elemenL. ltotectloo of nomoo ulqolty - Lvery person shall respecL Lhe dlgnlLy, personallLy, prlvacy and peace of mlnd of hls nelghbors and oLher persons.
%0 1. 1haL Lhe defendanL has been enrlched, 2. 1haL Lhe plalnLlff has suffered a loss, 3. 1haL Lhe enrlchmenL of Lhe defendanL ls wlLhouL [usL or legal ground 4. 1haL Lhe plalnLlff has no oLher acLlon based on conLracL, pooslconLracL, crlme or pooslJellct.
;0 /<AD M=P !""#$% #% &'( )'&*$ IA =R=?FAN GHL
%0 lL can only be avalled of lf Lhere ls no oLher remedy Lo enforce lL based on conLracL, poosl conLracL, crlme or pooslJellct.
%0 no. lf servlces were rendered by someone beneflLlng anoLher, lL does noL mean LhaL Lhe laLLer ls exempLed from lndemnlfylng Lhe former. 1he llablllLy wlll lle on pooslconLracL under ArLlcle 2146.
%0 ?es. LlablllLy wlLhouL laulL lncludes: a. SLrlcL LlablllLy - Lhere ls sLrlcL llablllLy lf one ls made lndependenL of faulL, negllgence or lnLenL afLer esLabllshlng cerLaln facLs speclfled by law. lL lncludes llablllLy for converslon and for ln[urles caused by anlmals, ulLrahazardous acLlvlLles and nulsance. b. roducL LlablllLy - ls Lhe law whlch governs Lhe llablllLy of manufacLurers and sellers for damages resulLlng from defecLlve producLs. (Apoloo, 1., 1otts ooJ uomoqes, 2005, 5ecooJ J.)
%0 A person who only exerclses hls legal rlghLs does no ln[ury. lf damages resulL from such exerclse of legal rlghLs, Lhe consequences musL be borne by Lhe ln[ured person alone. 1he law affords no remedy for damages resulLlng from an acL whlch does noL amounL Lo a legal ln[ury or wrong. Su1 1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $ !"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / % %+%'*(,+$ +4%,#0 LLS1L8 !A? ALAn L. lLC8LS ll -,+* +4%,#$ 9"# %+%'*(,+$0 kA8Ln !C? C. SA8uCC & !CPn PLn8? C. MLnuCZA -,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL -,+* +4%,#$ 9"# .%T"1! %&' '*$,)&0 LA8L LCulL M. MASACA?An & 1PLLnA C. MA81lnLZ
W8&0 1. vlsltots - Cwners of bulldlngs or premlses owe a duLy of care Lo vlslLors.
2. 1oletoteJ losessloo - 1he owner ls sLlll llable lf Lhe plalnLlff ls lnslde hls properLy by Lolerance or by lmplled permlsslon.
Common carrlers may be held llable for negllgence Lo persons who sLay ln Lhelr premlses even lf Lhey are noL passengers.
3. uocttloe of Atttoctlve Nolsooce
4. 5tote of Necesslty (Att. 4J2) - A slLuaLlon of presenL danger Lo legally proLecLed lnLeresLs, ln whlch Lhere ls no oLher remedy Lhan Lhe ln[urlng of anoLher's also legally proLecLed lnLeresL.
%0 no. Cenerally, laws provlde for Lhelr own sancLlons and meLhods of enforcemenL Lhereof. ArLlcle 20 applles only ln cases where Lhe law does noL provlde for lLs own sancLlon. Sald arLlcle provldes for a general sancLlon -lndemnlflcaLlon for damages. (lloeJo, 2004)
%0 Attlcle 20 speaks of Lhe general sancLlon for all oLher provlslons of law whlch do noL especlally provlde for Lhelr own sancLlon. Attlcle 21 on Lhe oLher hand, speaks of acL whlch ls legal buL ls conLrary Lo morals, good cusLom, publlc order or publlc pollcy and ls done wlLh lnLenL Lo ln[ure.
&"!*0 Any person who wlllfully causes loss or ln[ury Lo anoLher ln a manner LhaL ls conLrary Lo morals, good cusLoms or publlc pollcy shall compensaLe Lhe laLLer for Lhe damage. (Att. 21, Ncc)
%0 1. 1here ls an acL whlch ls legal, 2. buL whlch ls conLrary Lo morals, good cusLom, publlc order, or publlc pollcy, and 3. lL ls done wlLh lnLenL Lo ln[ure.
%0 lL becomes acLlonable lf Lhere are addlLlonal clrcumsLances such as: 1. Lhere was flnanclal damage, 2. soclal humlllaLlon was caused by Lo one of Lhe parLles, and, 3. where Lhere was moral seducLlon. (Apoloo, 1., 1otts ooJ uomoqes, 5ecooJ J., pJ51)
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
Su2 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
%0 1. Neqllqeot totts - lL lnvolves volunLary acLs or omlsslons whlch resulLs ln ln[ury Lo oLhers, wlLhouL lnLendlng Lo cause Lhe same.
2. loteotloool totts - 1he acLor deslres Lo cause Lhe consequences of hls acL or belleves Lhe consequences are subsLanLlally cerLaln Lo resulL Lherefrom.
3. 5ttlct lloblllty - 1he person ls made llable lndependenL of faulL or negllgence upon submlsslon of proof of cerLaln facLs.
4. coostltotloool totts - 1he vlolaLlon of a person's rlghLs under ArLlcle lll (8lll of 8lghLs) of Lhe 1987 ConsLlLuLlon as conLemplaLed ln ArLlcle 32 consLlLuLes consLlLuLlonal LorL. ]5 25 %++"#',&) !" $+"8*0 )*&*#%. "# $8*+,9,+ ^5 1. Ceoetol - Lhe caLchall provlslons on LorLs provlded for ln Lhe clvll code l.e. ArLlcles 19, 20 and 21. 1he effecL ls LhaL Lhere ls a general duLy owed Lo every person noL Lo cause harm elLher wlllfully or negllgenLly. ArLlcles 19, 20, and 21 are provlslons on human relaLlons LhaL were lnLended Lo expand Lhe concepL of LorLs ln Lhls [urlsdlcLlon by granLlng adequaLe legal remedy for Lhe unLold number of moral wrongs whlch ls lmposslble for human foreslghL Lo speclflcally provlde for ln Lhe sLaLuLes." (Apoloo, 2005, cltloq lN8 v. cA, et ol. 8J 5ckA 2J7)
2. Speclflc LorLs lL lncludes Lrespass, assaulL and baLLery, negllgence, producLs llablllLy, and lnLenLlonal lnfllcLlon of emoLlonal dlsLress. As deflned, LorLs fall lnLo Lhree dlfferenL caLegorles: lnLenLlonal, negllgenL and llablllLy (manufacLurlng and selllng defecLlve producLs), producL llablllLy LorL.
a. arL 19, 20, 21 (caLchall provlslons) b. un[usL enrlchmenL (arLs. 22, 23, 2142 & 2143) c. vlolaLlon of rlghL of prlvacy and famlly relaLlons d. derellcLlon of offlclal duLy of publlc offlcers e. unfalr compeLlLlon f. mallclous prosecuLlon g. vlolaLlon of rlghLs and llberLles of anoLher person <5 nulsance
,,,5 !4* !"#!9*%$"#
%5 !4* ',#*+! !"#!9*%$"#
;0 /<G =CA ><A BAC@GD@ F?=IFA HGC = QJ=@?NAF?E>L
%0 uefendanLs ln LorL cases can elLher be naLural or arLlflclal belngs.
;0 +=D = EGCBGC=>?GD IA <AFN F?=IFA HGC >GC>@L
%0 ?es. A corporaLlon ls clvllly llable ln Lhe same manner as naLural persons. (lN8 v. cA, 8J 5ckA 2J7)
&"!*0 WlLh respecL Lo close corporaLlons, Lhe sLockholders who are personally lnvolved ln Lhe operaLlon of Lhe corporaLlon may be personally llable for corporaLe LorLs under SecLlon 100 of Lhe CorporaLlon Code.
8L: CorporaLlon by LsLoppel: all persons who assume Lo acL as a corporaLlon knowlng lL Lo be wlLhouL auLhorlLy Lo do so shall be llable as general parLners for all debLs, llablllLles and damages lncurred or arlslng as a resulL Lhereof.
WlLh respecL Lo parLnershlps, Lhe parLnershlp ls solldarlly llable wlLh Lhe parLner lf Lhe laLLer commlL LorLuous acLs whlle acLlng ln Lhe pursulL of parLnershlp buslness. 1hls prlnclple ls conslsLenL wlLh Lhe muLual agency rule ln parLnershlp.
Sub[ecL Lo rules regardlng walver of lmmunlLy from sulLs, defendanLs may lnclude Lhe SLaLe, lLs pollLlcal subdlvlslons, and governmenLowned and conLrolled corporaLlons.
%0 1. laLher/ moLher for Lhelr mlnor chlldren. 2. Cuardlans are llable for Lhe mlnors and lncapaclLaLed persons under Lhelr auLhorlLy. 3. Cwners/managers of esLabllshmenL or enLerprlse for Lhelr employees 4. Lmployers for Lhelr employees and household helpers. 3. SLaLe for Lhelr speclal agenLs 6. 1eachers/Peads of esLabllshmenL of arLs and Lrades for Lhelr puplls/sLudenLs/apprenLlces (Att. 2180, Ncc).
%0 Mlnors here refer Lo Lhose who are below LwenLyone years (21) and noL Lo Lhose below 18 years. Whlle lncapaclLaLed persons refer Lo persons beyond LwenLyone (21) years of age buL are lncapaclLaLed such as Lhose who are lnsane or lmbeclle. (lloeJo, 1otsts ooJ uomoqes, 2009, p.81)
%0 1. 1he chlld ls below LwenLyone (21) years of age 2. 1he chlld commlLLed a LorLuous acL Lo Lhe damage and pre[udlce of anoLher person 3. 1he chlld llves ln Lhe company of Lhe parenL concerned wheLher slngle or marrled.
;0 /<G ?@ CA@BGD@?IFA HGC =D ?FFAK?>?M=>A E<?FNL
%0 lf Lhe chlld ls llleglLlmaLe and acknowledged by Lhe faLher and llves wlLh Lhe laLLer, Lhe faLher ls responslble. Powever, an llleglLlmaLe chlld who ls noL recognlzed by Lhe puLaLlve faLher buL ls under Lhe cusLody and supervlslon of Lhe moLher, lL ls Lhe laLLer who ls Lhe one vlcarlously llable.
%0 no. 1he law does noL make Lhe faLher and moLher slmulLaneously llable. lL ls only ln Lhe case of deaLh or lncapaclLy of Lhe faLher, LhaL Lhe moLher may be held llable.
&"!*0 ConsequenLly, Lhe wlfe as a codefendanL wlLh Lhe husband or lf lmpleaded alone whlle Lhe husband ls allve and well, may move Lo dlsmlss Lhe case flled agalnsL her for belng premaLure. (komooo v. lotloos, 101 lbll. 141)
;0 %CA .' <!"-$ KJ=CN?=D@ R?E=C?GJ@FP F?=IFAL
%0 ?es. lL ls buL [usL LhaL lf Lhe chlldren commlL LorLuous acLs whlle llvlng wlLh Lhem and are below 21 years of age, Lhe law should be applled by analogy.
&G>A0 ue focto guardlans are relaLlves and nelghbors who Lake unLo Lhemselves Lhe duLy Lo care and supporL orphaned chlldren wlLhouL passlng Lhrough [udlclal proceedlngs.
%0 )#0 A mere manager, who does noL own Lhe buslness, ls noL Lo be consldered an employer because as a manager, he ls [usL a hlgh class employee.
W8&0 A manager who ls noL an owner buL who ossomes Lhe responslblllLy of supervlslon over Lhe employees of Lhe owner may be held llable for Lhe acLs of Lhe employees.
&"!*0 1o be llable, Lhe manager musL be acLlng as an employer of wlLh Lhe same auLhorlLy as Lhe owner.
%0 1o make Lhe employer llable under ArL 2180(3 and 6), lL musL be esLabllshed LhaL Lhe ln[urlous or LorLuous acL was commlLLed aL Lhe Llme Lhe employee was performlng hls funcLlons.
&G>A0 lf Lhere ls devlaLlon from Lhe scope of employmenL, Lhe employer ls noL llable, no maLLer how shorL ln Llme ls Lhe devlaLlon. (lloeJo, 1otsts ooJ uomoqes, 2009, p.97)
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA GD ?DNABADNAD> EGD>C=E>GC@L
%0 )#0 An lndependenL conLracLor ls noL an employee of Lhe person who engaged hls servlces. 1he lndependenL conLracLor ls free Lo execuLe Lhe work wlLhouL belng sub[ecL Lo Lhe orders of Lhe employer on Lhe deLalls of work.
W8&0 lf Lhe employer reLalns Lhe conLrol and supervlslon over Lhe person engaged wlLh respecL Lo Lhe work Lo be done, Lhere ls beLween Lhem an employeremployee relaLlonshlp.
Su4 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
%0 A person or [urldlcal enLlLy ls made llable solldarlly wlLh a LorLfeasor slmply by reason of hls relaLlonshlp wlLh Lhe laLLer. 1he relaLlonshlp may elLher be a parenL and chlld, guardlan and ward, employer and employee, school and sLudenL.
&"!*0 Att. 2176, Ncc Whoever by acL or omlsslon causes damage Lo anoLher, Lhere belng no faulL or negllgence ls obllged Lo pay for Lhe damage done. Such faulL or negllgence, lf Lhere ls no preexlsLlng conLracLual relaLlon beLween Lhe parLles, ls called a quasldellcL and ls governed by Lhe provlslons of Lhls ChapLer.
%0 1he mlnor, ward, employee, speclal agenL, pupll, sLudenLs and apprenLlces who acLually commlLLed Lhe dellcLual acLs are noL exempLed by Lhe law from personal responslblllLy. 1hey may be sued and made llable alone as when Lhe person responslble for Lhem or vlcarlous obllgor proves LhaL he exerclsed Lhe dlllgence of a good faLher of a famlly or when Lhe mlnor or lnsane person has no parenLs or guardlans. ln Lhe laLLer lnsLance, Lhey are answerable wlLh Lhelr own properLy.
%0 1. llllng a clvll acLlon for damages based on quasldellcL under ArL. 2180 - llablllLy of Lhe employer ls prlmary, dlrecL and solldary 2. llllng a crlmlnal case: (offender found gullLy) Lhe clvll llablllLy of Lhe employer ls subsldlary.
%0 1he persons llable shall be exempLed from llablllLy lf Lhey can prove LhaL Lhey have exerclsed all Lhe dlllgence of a good faLher of a famlly Lo prevenL damage.
%0 lotet lomlllos. 1he reason for Lhe masLer's llablllLy ls Lhe negllgence ln Lhe supervlslon of hls subordlnaLes.
&G>A0 1he masLer", however, ln potet fomlllos under ArL. 2180 wlll be freed from llablllLy lf he can prove LhaL he had observed all Lhe dlllgence of a good faLher of a famlly.
%0 1he llablllLy of Lhe vlcarlous obllgor ls prlmary and dlrecL and noL subsldlary. Pe ls solldarlly llable wlLh Lhe LorLfeasor. Pls responslblllLy ls noL condlLloned upon Lhe lnsolvency of or prlor recourse agalnsL Lhe negllgenL LorLfeasor.
%0 1he Lerm unemanclpaLed mlnor" found ln ArL 221(lC) means chlldren below 18 years of age. 1hls ls ln conLrasL wlLh Lhe mlnor chlldren" found ln ArL 2180(2)(nCC) whlch refers Lo chlldren below 21 years. 1o avold Lhe overlapplng ln ages, Lhe beLLer opLlon Lo seLLle Lhe confllcL ls Lo conslder ArL 221 as LoLally sopetseJeJ by ArL 236(lC) as omeoJeJ by 8.A. 6809. 1hus:
)#0 18 years of age - parenLal auLhorlLy ceases (emanclpaLlon)
W8&$0 21 years of age ln Lhe followlng cases 1. marrlage 2. ArL. 2180(2) nCC
&G>A0 ArL 221. lamlly Code provldes LhaL parenLs and oLher persons exerclslng parenLal auLhorlLy shall be clvllly llable for Lhe ln[urles and damages caused by Lhe acL or omlsslon or Lhelr unemanclpaLed
#&.#" /*( (/0/%)" chlldren llvlng ln Lhelr company and under parenLal auLhorlLy sub[ecL Lo Lhe approprlaLe defenses provlded by law.
%0 no. AuLhorlLy and responslblllLy shall apply Lo all auLhorlzed acLlvlLles wheLher lnslde or ouLslde Lhe premlses of Lhe school, enLlLy or lnsLlLuLlon.
%0 1hose glven auLhorlLy and responslblllLy under Lhe precedlng ArLlcle (ArL. 218) shall be prlnclpally and solldarlly llable for damages caused by Lhe acLs or omlsslons of Lhe unemanclpaLed mlnor. 1he parenLs, [udlclal guardlans or Lhe persons exerclslng subsLlLuLe parenLal auLhorlLy over sald mlnor shall be subsldlarlly llable.
1he respecLlve llablllLles shall noL apply lf lL ls proved LhaL Lhey exerclsed proper dlllgence requlred under Lhe parLlcular clrcumsLances (Att 219).
%0 under SecLlon 218 of Lhe lamlly Code, Lhe school, lLs admlnlsLraLors and Leachers, or Lhe lndlvldual, enLlLy or lnsLlLuLlon engaged ln chlld care shall have speclal parenLal auLhorlLy and responslblllLy over Lhe mlnor chlld whlle under Lhelr supervlslon, lnsLrucLlon or cusLody. AuLhorlLy and responslblllLy shall apply Lo all auLhorlzed acLlvlLles wheLher lnslde or ouLslde Lhe premlses of Lhe school, enLlLy or lnsLlLuLlon.
;0 /<=> NAHAD@AX ?H =DPX ?@ =R=?F=IFA >G ><AML
%0 1hese persons ldenLlfled by law Lo be llable may ralse Lhe defense LhaL Lhey exerclsed proper dlllgence requlred under Lhe clrcumsLances. 1helr responslblllLy wlll cease when Lhey prove LhaL Lhey observed all Lhe dlllgence of a good faLher of a famlly Lo prevenL damage. As regards Lhe employer, lf he shows Lo Lhe saLlsfacLlon of Lhe courL LhaL ln Lhe selecLlon and ln Lhe supervlslon of hls employees he has exerclsed Lhe care and dlllgence of a good faLher of a famlly, Lhe presumpLlon ls overcome and he ls relleved from llablllLy. (loyoqoo v. lAc, C.k. No. l49542, 5ept. 12, 1980). YS[[] 2=C ;JA@>?GDZ
Y\Z *.*(*&!$: '*9,&,!,"&
;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH = QJ=@?NAF?E>L
%0 1. negllgenL or wrongful acL or omlsslon, 2. uamage or ln[ury caused Lo anoLher, 3. Causal relaLlon beLween such negllgence or faulL and damage, 4. no preexlsLlng conLracLual relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe parLles (some auLhorlLles belleve Lhls elemenL noL essenLlal). (Att. 2176)
&G>A0 LlablllLy for LorL may arlse even under a conLracL where LorL ls LhaL whlch breaches Lhe conLracL. (llqbt koll 1tooslt Aotbotlty et ol. v. NovlJoJ, et ol., Ck No. 145804, leb. 6, 200J)
lf Lhere ls preexlsLlng conLracLual relaLlon beLween Lhe parLles and Lhe same ls vlolaLed, Lhe proper cause of acLlon ls noL anchored on quasldellcL buL breach of conLracL or culpa conLracLual.
Powever, Lhere may be cases of conLracLual relaLlons where quasldellcL may arlse when Lhe conLracL was qtossly vloloteJ. 1he LorL llablllLy ls noL
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
Su6 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
based on Lhe conLracL of carrlage buL on some oLher bases llke Jellbetote ooJ mollcloos vlolotloo of tbe coottoct (Alt ltooce v. cottoscoso, C.k. No. l214J8, 5ept. 28, 1966).
;0 /<AD ?@ = BAC@GD F?=IFA HGC = QJ=@?NAF?E>L
%0 Pe ls llable for such when, by hls acL or omlsslon, he causes damage Lo anoLher, Lhere belng faulL or negllgence, and Lhere ls no pre exlsLlng conLracLual relaLlonshlp beLween Lhem. (Att. 2176, Ncc)
&"!*0 A slngle acL or omlsslon may glve rlse Lo Lwo or more causes of acLlon. 1hus, an acL or omlsslon may glve rlse Lo an acLlon based on dellcL, quasl dellcL or conLracL.
ln negllgence cases, prlor conducL should be examlned, LhaL ls, conducL prlor Lo Lhe ln[ury LhaL resulLed, or ln proper case, Lhe aggravaLlon Lhereof.
%0 1. When Lhere was a preexlsLlng conLracLual relaLlon. CLherwlse, whaL resulLs ls a breach of conLracL.
&G>A0 Powever, lf Lhe acL LhaL breaches Lhe conLracL ls LorLuous, Lhe preexlsLlng conLracLual relaLlon wlll noL bar Lhe recovery of damages (5loqsoo v. 8ll, C.k. No. l248J7, Iooe 27, 1968)
2. When Lhe faulL or negllgence ls punlshed by law as a crlme. ArL. 100 of 8C shall be appllcable
J. lf Lhe acLlon for quasldellcL ls lnsLlLuLed afLer four (4) years, lL ls deemed prescrlbed.
4. When Lhe ln[ury suffered by a person ls Lhe resulL of a forLulLous evenL wlLhouL human lnLervenLlon.
3. lf Lhere ls no damage or ln[ury caused Lo anoLher.
%0 +1.8% +"&!#%+!1%. +1.8% %;1,.,%&% +1.8% +#,(,&%. ConLracLual negllgence Clvll negllgence, CuasluellcL, 1orL, or Culpa LxLraConLracLual Crlmlnal negllgence ?&$$< 9''.'. reponderance of evldence reponderance of evldence roof of gullL beyond reasonable doubL @%,* ?&$/!%.# ConLracLlng parLy musL prove: 1. 1he exlsLence of Lhe conLracL, 2. 1he breach Lhereof. vlcLlm musL prove: 1. 1he damage suffered, 2. 1he negllgence of Lhe defendanL, 3. 1he causal connecLlon beLween Lhe damage and Lhe negllgence. rosecuLlon musL prove Lhe gullL of Lhe accused beyond reasonable doubL. 1'<'%*' 2)!#+!/+' Lxerclse of exLraordlnary dlllgence (ln conLracLs of carrlage), lotce mojeote Lxerclse of dlllgence of a good faLher of a famlly ln Lhe selecLlon and supervlslon of employees uefenses provlded for under Lhe 8evlsed enal Code. AB#*-'%"' $< :$%-&!"- /'-C''% -D' ?!&-#'* 1here ls preexlsLlng conLracL no preexlsLlng conLracL no preexlsLlng conLracL
&G>A0 1he resulL ln Lhe crlmlnal case, wheLher acqulLLal, or convlcLlon ls lrrelevanL ln Lhe lndependenL clvll acLlon under Lhe Clvll Code (uloolslo vs AlyeoJlo, 102 lbll 44J, 57, clteJ lo Mckee vs lAc, 211 5ckA 5J6) unless acqulLLal ls based on Lhe courL's declaraLlon LhaL Lhe facL from whlch Lhe clvll acLlon arose dld noL exlsL, hence Lhe dlsmlssal of crlmlnal acLlon carrles wlLh Lhe exLlncLlon of Lhe clvll llablllLy. (AoJomo vs lAc, 191 5ckA 204, 90 I. letooo)
%0 1he presumpLlon of law ls LhaL Lhere was negllgence on Lhe parL of Lhe masLer or employer elLher ln Lhe selecLlon of Lhe servanL or employee (colpo lo ellqleoJo) or ln Lhe supervlslon over hlm afLer Lhe selecLlon (colpo vlqllooJo), or boLh.
&G>A0 1he presumpLlon ls jotls tootom and noL jotls et Je jote, subsequenLly, lL may be rebuLLed. Accordlngly, lf Lhe employer shows Lo Lhe saLlsfacLlon of Lhe courL LhaL ln Lhe selecLlon and supervlslon of hls employee he has exerclsed Lhe care and dlllgence of a good faLher of a famlly, Lhe presumpLlon ls overcome and he ls relleved of Lhe llablllLy.
%0 under ArL. 2180, a person ls noL only llable for LorLs commlLLed by hlm, buL also for LorLs commlLLed by oLhers wlLh whom he has a cerLaln relaLlon or for whom he ls responslble.
%0 Pls llablllLy ls ptlmoty ooJ Jltect, noL subsldlary. Pe ls solldarlly llable wlLh Lhe LorLfeasor. Pls responslblllLy ls noL condlLloned upon Lhe lnsolvency of or prlor recourse agalnsL Lhe negllgenL LorLfeasor (ue leoo 8toketoqe v. cA, C.k. 15247, leb. 28, 1962)
;0 /<G =CA ><A BAC@GD@ R?E=C?GJ@FP F?=IFAL
%0 9)"*$! 1. 9aLher, or ln case of deaLh or lncapaclLy, moLher: a. damage caused by mlnor chlldren b. llvlng ln Lhelr company 2. )uardlans: a. for mlnors or lncapaclLaLed persons b. under Lhelr auLhorlLy c. llvlng ln Lhelr company 3. "wners and managers of esLabllshmenLs: a. for Lhelr employees b. ln Lhe servlce of Lhe branches ln whlch Lhey are employed, or, c. on Lhe occaslon of Lhelr funcLlons 4. *mployers: a. damages caused by employees and household helpers b. acLlng wlLhln Lhe scope of Lhelr asslgned Lasks c. even lf Lhe employer ls noL engaged ln any buslness or lndusLry 3. $LaLe - octloq tbtooqb o speclol oqeot and noL when Lhe damage has been caused by Lhe offlclal Lo whom Lhe Lask done properly perLalns. 6. !eachers or heads of esLabllshmenLs: a. of arLs and Lrades b. for damages caused by Lhelr puplls and sLudenLs or apprenLlces c. so long as Lhey remaln ln Lhelr cusLody (Att. 2180, Ncc)
%0 a. uoJet tbe clvll coJe. Lhe llablllLy ls dlrecL and prlmary (solldary),Lhe employer may be sued even wlLhouL sulng Lhe employee
&"!*0 ulllgence of a good faLher ls a defense. Lmployer ls llable even lf noL engaged ln buslness. roof of negllgence ls by mere preponderance of evldence
b. uoJet tbe kevlseJ leool coJe. Lhe llablllLy ls subsldlary
&"!*0 ulllgence of a good faLher ls oot a defense. MusL prove employer ls engaged ln buslness. roof beyond reasonable doubL ls requlred.
%0 1hls llablllLy ls made naLural as loglcal consequences of Lhe duLles and responslblllLles of parenLs exerclslng parenLal auLhorlLy whlch
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
lncludes conLrolllng, dlsclpllnlng and lnsLrucLlng Lhelr chlldren. ln Lhls [urlsdlcLlon Lhe parenL's llablllLy ls vesLed by law (nCC and lC) whlch assumes LhaL when a mlnor or unemanclpaLed chlld llvlng wlLh Lhelr parenL, commlLs a LorLuous acL, Lhe parenLs are presumed negllgenL ln Lhe performance of Lhelr duLy Lo supervlse Lhe chlldren under Lhelr cusLody. A presumpLlon whlch jotls tootom, noL jotls es Je jote, rebuLLableovercome by proof havlng exerclsed and observed all Lhe dlllgence of a good faLher of a famlly (dlllgenLlsslml paLrls famlllas). (E!(!F&$ )* :28 67G H:I2 J=GZ
%0 ln defaulL of Lhe parenLs or a [udlclally appolnLed guardlan, parenLal auLhorlLy shall be exerclsed by Lhe followlng persons ln Lhe order lndlcaLed: Su8 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
1. Survlvlng grandparenLs, 2. CldesL slbllng, over 21 years old unless unflL or unquallfled, 3. Chlld's acLual cusLodlan, over 21 years old unless unflL or dlsquallfled.
&G>A0 !udlclally oJopteJ cbllJteo are consldered leglLlmaLe chlldren of Lhelr adopLlng parenLs. 1hus, adopLers are clvllly llable for Lhelr LorLuous/crlmlnal acLs lf Lhe chlldren llve wlLh Lhem and are mlnors.
As for an llleqltlmote cbllJ, lf he ls acknowledged by Lhe faLher and llve wlLh Lhe laLLer, Lhe faLher shall be responslble. Powever, lf he ls noL recognlzed by Lhe puLaLlve faLher buL ls under Lhe cusLody and supervlslon of Lhe moLher, lL ls Lhe laLLer who ls Lhe one vlcarlously llable (lloeJo, p.87, 2009 eJ).
25 )1%#',%&
;0 /<G ?@ = M?DGC JDNAC ><?@ =C>?EFAL
%0 Mlnors here refer Lo Lhose who are below LwenLyone (21) years and oot Lo Lhose below 18 years. 1he law reduclng Lhe ma[orlLy age from 21 Lo 18 years dld noL amend Lhese paragraphs. (Att. 2J6 lomlly coJe os omeoJeJ by kA No. 6809) (lloeJo, pp. 8182, 2009 eJ.)
;0 %CA NA H=E>G KJ=CN?=D@ EGRACAN IP %C>5 S\_[L
%0 ?es, Lhe law should be applled by analogy. ue facLo guardlans are relaLlves and nelghbors who Lake upon Lhemselves Lhe duLy Lo care and supporL orphaned chlldren wlLhouL passlng Lhrough [udlclal proceedlngs. (lloeJo, p.88, 2009 eJ.) +5 "/&*#$ %&' (%&%)*#$ "9 *$!%2.,$4(*&!$ %&' *&!*#8#,$*$
%0 1hey are used ln Lhe sense of employer" and do noL lnclude Lhe manager of a corporaLlon who hlmself ls [usL an employee (lbll. kobblt 8os lloes v. lbll. Ametlcoo lotwotJets, loc., C.k. No. l 25142, Mot. 25, 1975).
%0 1hey are llable for damage caused by Lhelr employees ln Lhe servlce of Lhe branches ln whlch Lhey are employed, or on Lhe occaslon of Lhelr funcLlons.
'5 *(8."T*#$
Y\Z (*%&,&) "9 *(8."T*#$
;0 /<G ?@ =D AMBFGPACL
%0 Lmployer lncludes any person acLlng dlrecLly or lndlrecLly ln Lhe lnLeresL of an employer ln relaLlon Lo an employee and shall lnclude Lhe governmenL and all lLs branches, subdlvlslons and lnsLrumenLallLles, all governmenLowned or conLrolled corporaLlons and lnsLlLuLlons, as well as nonproflL prlvaLe lnsLlLuLlons, or organlzaLlons. (Att. 97, l.u. 442)
YSZ #*;1,$,!*$
;0 /<AD ?@ =D AMBFGPAC F?=IFAL
%0 1he employer ls llable only lf Lhe employee was performlng hls asslgned Lask aL Lhe Llme Lhe ln[ury was caused. 1hls lncludes any acL done by Lhe employee ln Lhe furLherance of Lhe lnLeresL of Lhe employer aL Lhe Llme of Lhe lnfllcLlon of Lhe ln[ury or damage. (Apoloo, 1., 1otts ooJ uomoqes, 2005, 5ecooJ J., p 697)
%0 1. 1he employee was chosen by Lhe employer personally or Lhrough anoLher,
#&.#" /*( (/0/%)" 2. 1he servlce ls Lo be rendered ln accordance wlLh orders whlch Lhe employer has Lhe auLhorlLy Lo glve all Llmes, Su9 1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $ !"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / % %+%'*(,+$ +4%,#0 LLS1L8 !A? ALAn L. lLC8LS ll -,+* +4%,#$ 9"# %+%'*(,+$0 kA8Ln !C? C. SA8uCC & !CPn PLn8? C. MLnuCZA -,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL -,+* +4%,#$ 9"# .%T"1! %&' '*$,)&0 LA8L LCulL M. MASACA?An & 1PLLnA C. MA81lnLZ 3. 1haL Lhe ellclL acL of Lhe employee was on Lhe occaslon or by reason of Lhe funcLlons enLrusLed Lo hlm.
&G>A0 8efore Lhe employer's subsldlary llablllLy ls exacLed, Lhere musL be proof LhaL: 1. Lhey are lndeed Lhe employer's of Lhe convlcLed employee 2. Lhe former are engaged ln some klnd of lndusLry 3. Lhe crlme was commlLLed by Lhe employees ln Lhe dlscharge of Lhelr duLles 4. LhaL Lhe execuLlon agalnsL Lhe laLLer has noL been saLlsfled due Lo lnsolvency.
%0 ?es. 1he vlcarlous llablllLy of employers aLLaches only when Lhe LorLuous conducL of Lhe employee relaLes Lo, or ls ln Lhe course of hls employmenL. (voleozoelo v. cA)
lL ls noL necessary LhaL Lhe Lask performed by Lhe employee ls hls regular [ob or LhaL whlch was expressly glven Lo hlm by Lhe employer. lL ls enough LhaL Lhe Lask ls lndlspensable Lo Lhe buslness or beneflclal Lo Lhe employer. (lllomet cbtlstloo lostltote v. lAc, 212 5ckA 6J7)
%0 1he employer ls presumed Lo be negllgenL and Lhe presumpLlon flows from Lhe negllgence of Lhe employee. Cnce Lhe employee's faulL ls esLabllshed, Lhe employer can Lhen be made llable on Lhe basls of Lhe presumpLlon LhaL Lhe employer falled Lo exerclse Jlllqeotlsslml pottls fomllles ln Lhe selecLlon and supervlslon of lLs employees. (lk1A v. NovlJoJ, C.k. 145804, leb. 6, 200J)
%0 no. negllgenL acLs of employees, wheLher or noL Lhe employer ls engaged ln a buslness or lndusLry, are covered so long as Lhey were acLlng wlLhln Lhe scope of Lhelr asslgned Lask. lor, admlLLedly, employees ofLenLlmes wear dlfferenL haLs. 1hey perform funcLlons beyond Lhelr offlce, LlLle or deslgnaLlon buL whlch, neverLheless, are sLlll wlLhln Lhe call of duLy. ( costllex loJosttlol cotpototloo v. vospoez., et ol.)
%0 1. Lxerclse of due dlllgence ln Lhe selecLlon and supervlslon of lLs employees (excepL ln crlmlnal acLlon), 2. 1he acL or omlsslon was made ouLslde worklng hours and ln vlolaLlon of company's rules and regulaLlons.
%0 1. lf he chooses Lo flle a clvll octloo for damages based on quasldellcL under ArLlcle 2180 and succeeds ln provlng Lhe negllgence of Lhe employee, Lhe llablllLy of Lhe employer ls ptlmoty, Jltect ooJ sollJoty. lL ls oot condlLloned on Lhe lnsolvency of Lhe employee (Metto Moollo 1tooslt cotp. v. cA, C.k. No. 118069, Nov. 16, 1998).
2. lf he chooses Lo flle a ctlmlool cose agalnsL Lhe offender and was found gullLy beyond reasonable doubL, Lhe clvll llablllLy of Lhe employer ls sobslJloty. 1he employer cannoL use as a defense Lhe exerclse of Lhe dlllgence of a good faLher of a famlly.
Cnce Lhere ls a convlcLlon for a felony, flnal ln characLer, Lhe employer under
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
ArLlcle 103 of Lhe 8C, ls subsldlary llable, lf lL be shown LhaL Lhe commlsslon Lhereof was ln Lhe dlscharge of Lhe duLles of Lhe employee. A prevlous dlsmlssal of an acLlon based on culpa aqulllana could noL be a bar Lo Lhe enforcemenL of Lhe subsldlary llablllLy requlred by ArL. 103 8C. (Iocsoo, et ol. v. Clotloso, C.k. l 22686, Ioo. J0, 1968) (lloeJo, pp. 101 102, 2009 eJ.)
%0 1he defense of dlllgence ln Lhe selecLlon and supervlslon of Lhe employee under ArLlcle 2180 of Lhe Clvll Code ls avallable only Lo Lhose prlmarlly llable Lhereunder, buL noL Lo Lhose subsldlary llable under ArLlcle 103 of Lhe 8evlsed enal Code. (omol v. Iollooo, C.k. No. 47690, Apt., 28, 1941) Y\gga 2=C ;JA@>?GDZ S1u +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
%0 lf based on culpa aqulllana under ArL. 2176 and 2180 of Lhe Clvll Code, Lhe llablllLy ls prlmary, whlle LhaL under ArL. 103 of Lhe 8evlsed enal Code ls subsldlary.
%0 1he SLaLe ls only llable for Lhe negllgenL acLs of lLs offlcers, agenLs and employees when Lhey are acLlng as speclol oqeots. 1he SLaLe has volunLarlly assumed llablllLy for acLs done Lhrough speclal agenLs.
&"!*0 1he SLaLe assumes Lhe role of an ordlnary employer and wlll be held llable for Lhe speclal agenL's LorLs (lootoolllo vs Molloooo)
;0 /<G ?@ = @BAE?=F =KAD>L
%0 A speclol oqeot ls one who recelves a deflnlLe and flxed order or commlsslon, forelgn Lo Lhe exerclse of Lhe duLles of hls offlce.
An employee who on hls own responslblllLy performs funcLlons lnherenL ln hls offlce and naLurally perLalnlng LhereLo ls oot a speclal agenL
%0 1. lobllc/Covetomeotol - where Lhe SLaLe ls llable only for Lhe LorLuous acLs pf lLs speclal agenLs. 2. ltlvote/Nooqovetomeotol - when Lhe SLaLe ls engaged ln prlvaLe buslness or enLerprlse, lL becomes llable as an ordlnary employer.
&G>A0 lf Lhe speclal agenL ls noL a publlc offlclal and ls commlssloned Lo perform nongovernmenLal funcLlons, Lhen Lhe SLaLe assumes Lhe role of an ordlnary employer and wlll be held llable as such for Lhe LorLuous acLs of sald agenL. lf Lhe SLaLe commlssloned a prlvaLe lndlvldual Lo perform a speclal governmenLal Lask, lL ls acLlng Lhrough a speclal agenL wlLhln Lhe meanlng of Lhe provlslon.
%0 1he basls of Lhe Leacher's vlcarlous llablllLy ls, as such, Lhey acLlng ln loco loteotls (ln place of parenLs). Powever Leachers are noL expecLed Lo have Lhe same measure of responslblllLy as LhaL lmposed on parenL for Lhelr lnfluence over Lhe chlld ls noL equal ln degree. 1he parenL can lnsLlll more lasLlng dlsclpllne more lasLlng dlsclple on Lhe chlld Lhan Lhe Leacher and so should be held Lo a greaLer accounLablllLy Lhan Lhe Leacher or Lhe head for Lhe LorL commlLLed by Lhe chlld.
;0 /<AD =CA >A=E<AC@ =DN <A=N@ GH @E<GGF@ F?=IFAL
%0 )#0 1he Leacherlncharge ls llable for Lhe acLs of hls sLudenLs.
W8&0 ln Lhe case of esLabllshmenLs of arLs and Lrades, lL ls Lhe head Lhereof, and only he, who shall be llable. (AmoJoto v cA, 160 5ckA J15)
&G>A0 1here ls really no subsLanLlal dlfference dlsLlncLlon beLween Lhe academlc and nonacademlc schools ln so far as LorLs commlLLed by Lhelr sLudenLs are concerned. 1he same vlgllance ls expecLed from Lhe Leacher over Lhe sLudenL under Lhelr conLrol and supervlslon, whaLever Lhe naLure of Lhe school where he ls Leachlng.
%0 1he sLudenL ls ln Lhe cusLody of Lhe school auLhorlLles as long as he ls under Lhe conLrol and lnfluence of Lhe school and wlLhln lLs premlses, wheLher Lhe semesLer has noL ended, or has ended or has noL yeL begun. 1he Lerm cusLody" slgnlfles LhaL Lhe sLudenL ls wlLhln Lhe conLrol and lnfluence of Lhe school auLhorlLles. 1he Leacher ln charge ls Lhe one deslgnaLed by Lhe dean, prlnclpal, or oLher admlnlsLraLlve superlor Lo exerclse supervlslon over Lhe puplls or sLudenLs ln Lhe speclflc classes or secLlons Lo whlch Lhey are asslgned. lL ls noL necessary LhaL aL Lhe Llme of Lhe ln[ury, Lhe Leacher ls physlcally presenL and ln a poslLlon Lo prevenL lL.
+5 3",&! !"#!9*%$"#$
;0 /<G =CA OG?D> >GC>HA=@GC@L
%0 All Lhe persons who command, lnsLlgaLe, promoLe, encourage, advlce, counLenance, cooperaLe ln, ald, or abeL Lhe commlsslon of a LorL, or who approve lL afLer lL ls done, lf done for Lhelr beneflL, Lhey are each llable as a prlnclpal, Lo Lhe same exLenL and ln same manner as lf Lhey have performed Lhe wrongful acL Lhemselves.
,-5 %+! "# "(,$$,"& %&' ,!$ ("'%.,!,*$
%5 +"&+*8! "9 %+!
;0 /<=> ?@ =D =E>L
%0 Any bodlly movemenL Lendlng Lo produce some effecL ln Lhe exLernal world, lL belng unnecessary LhaL Lhe same be acLually produced, as Lhe posslblllLy of lLs producLlon ls sufflclenL. (leople v. Coozoles, 18J 5ckA J09, J24)
-5 8#"W,(%!* +%1$*
%5 +"&+*8!
\5 '*9,&,!,"&
;0 /<=> ?@ BCG`?M=>A E=J@AL
%0 An acL from whlch an ln[ury resulLs as a naLural, dlrecL, unlnLerrupLed consequence and wlLhouL whlch Lhe ln[ury would noL have occurred.
%0 1. cooseloloct 1est - lL ls necessary LhaL Lhere ls proof LhaL defendanL's conducL ls a facLor ln causlng plalnLlff's damage. ueLermlnes wheLher Lhe defendanL's acL or omlsslon ls a causally relevanL facLor
a. 8ot lot 1est / 5loe Ooo Noo 1est b. 5obstootlol loctot 1est c. Necessoty ooJ 5offlcleot 1est (N55) - 1he acL or omlsslon ls a causelnfacL lf lL ls a necessary elemenL of a sufflclenL seL.
2. lollcy test - 1he law llmlLs Lhe llablllLy of Lhe defendanL Lo cerLaln consequences of hls acLlon, lf Lhe damage or ln[ury Lo Lhe plalnLlff ls beyond Lhe llmlL of Lhe llablllLy flxed by law, Lhe defendanL's conducL cannoL be consldered Lhe proxlmaLe cause of Lhe damage.
&"!*0 Such llmlL of llablllLy ls deLermlned by applylng Lhese subLesLs of Lhe pollcy LesL: a. loreseeablllLy 1esL, b. naLural and robable Consequence 1esL, c. naLural and Crdlnary or ulrecL Consequences 1esL, d. PlndslghL 1esL, e. CrblL of 8lsk 1esL, f. SubsLanLlal lacLor 1esL.
S12 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
25 +%1$* ,& 9%+!
\5 21! 9"#
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A cIJ> HGCd >A@>L
%0 lL conslders wheLher Lhe ln[ury would noL have occurred buL for Lhe defendanL's negllgenL acL. uefendanL's conducL ls Lhe cause ln facL of Lhe ln[ury lf Lhe damage would noL have resulLed had Lhere been no negllgence on Lhe parL of Lhe defendanL.
S5 $12$!%&!,%. 9%+!"# !*$!
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A @JI@>=D>?=F H=E>GC >A@>L
%0 lL makes Lhe negllgenL conducL Lhe causeln facL of Lhe damage lf lL was a subsLanLlal facLor ln produclng Lhe ln[urles. lL ls lmporLanL ln cases where Lhere are concurrenL causes
e5 +"&+1##*&! +%1$*$
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BC?DE?BFA GH EGDEJCCAD> E=J@A@L
%0 Where Lhe concurrenL or successlve negllgenL acLs or omlsslons of Lwo or more persons, alLhough acLlng lndependenLly, are ln comblnaLlon wlLh Lhe dlrecL and proxlmaLe cause of a slngle ln[ury Lo a 3 rd person, and lL ls lmposslble Lo deLermlne whaL proporLlon each conLrlbuLed Lo Lhe ln[ury, elLher of Lhem ls responslble for Lhe whole ln[ury, even Lhough hls acL alone mlghL noL have caused Lhe enLlre ln[ury.
+5 .*)%. +%1$*
\5 &%!1#%. %&' 8#"2%2.* +"&$*;1*&+*$
;0 *`BF=?D D=>JC=F =DN HGCA@AA=IFA >A@>5
%0 Where Lhe defendanL's llablllLy ls recognlzed only lf Lhe harm or ln[ury suffered ls Lhe naLural and probable consequence of hls acL or omlsslon complalned of. (8oozoo v. cA, 175 5ckA 297)
S5 9"#*$**%2,.,!T
;0 *`BF=?D ><A HGCA@AA=I?F?>P >A@>5
%0 Where Lhe parLlcular harm was reasonably foreseeable aL Lhe Llme of Lhe defendanL's mlsconducL, hls acL or omlsslon ls Lhe legal cause Lhereof. 1o be negllgenL, Lhe defendanL musL have acLed or falled Lo acL ln such a way LhaL an ordlnary reasonable man would have reallzed LhaL cerLaln lnLeresLs of cerLaln persons were unreasonably sub[ecLed Lo a general buL deflnlLe class of rlsk whlch made Lhe acLor's conducL negllgenL, lL ls obvlously Lhe consequence for Lhe acLor musL be held legally responslble.
'5 *99,+,*&! ,&!*#-*&,&) +%1$*
;0 /<=> ?@ =D AHH?E?AD> ?D>ACRAD?DK E=J@AL
%0 lL ls one whlch desLroys Lhe causal connecLlon beLween Lhe negllgenL acL and Lhe ln[ury and Lhereby negaLlves llablllLy (oovos octos lotetvleos).
;0 /<AD ?@ ><ACA DG AHH?E?AD> ?D>ACRAD?DK E=J@AL
%0 lf Lhe force creaLed by Lhe negllgenL acL or omlsslon have elLher: 1. remalned acLlve lLself, 8#"W,(%!* +%1$* ,&!*#-*&,&) +%1$* #*("!* +%1$* +"&+1##*&! +%1$* lL ls Lhe cause whlch, ln naLural and conLlnuous sequence, unbroken by any efflclenL lnLervenlng cause, produces Lhe ln[ury, and wlLhouL whlch Lhe resulL would noL have occurred. Cne LhaL desLroys Lhe causal connecLlon beLween Lhe negllgenL acL and ln[ury and Lhereby negaLlves llablllLy.
&G>A0 loreseeable lnLervenlng causes cannoL be consldered sufflclenL lnLervenlng causes 1haL cause whlch some lndependenL force merely Look advanLage of Lo accompllsh someLhlng noL Lhe naLural effecL Lhereof. Causes broughL abouL by Lhe acLs and omlsslons of Lhlrd persons whlch makes Lhe defendanL sLlll llable. Pere, Lhe proxlmaLe cause ls noL necessarlly Lhe sole cause of Lhe accldenL
#&.#" /*( (/0/%)" 2. creaLed anoLher force whlch remalned acLlve unLll lL dlrecLly caused Lhe resulL, or 3. creaLed a new acLlve rlsk of belng acLed upon by Lhe acLlve force LhaL caused Lhe resulL
%0 Cause ls Lhe acLlve force whlle condlLlon ls Lhe passlve slLuaLlon. 1he former ls Lhe acLlve cause" of Lhe harm and Lhe laLLer ls Lhe exlsLlng condlLlons" upon whlch Lhe cause operaLed.
&G>A0 lf Lhe defendanL has creaLed only a passlve sLaLlc condlLlon whlch made Lhe damage posslble, Lhe defendanL ls sald noL Lo be llable.
95 .%$! +.*%# +4%&+*
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A NGE>C?DA GH F=@> EFA=C E<=DEAL
%0 1he conLrlbuLory negllgence of Lhe parLy ln[ured wlll noL defeaL Lhe clalm for damages lf lL ls shown LhaL Lhe defendanL could, by Lhe exerclse of reasonable care and prudence, have avolded Lhe consequences of Lhe negllgence of Lhe ln[ured parLy.
%0 1. 8oLh plalnLlff and defendanL were negllgenL. (1hls ls an excepLlon Lo concurrenL negllgence rule), 2. lalnLlff was ln a poslLlon of danger by hls own negllgence, 3. uefendanL knew of such poslLlon of Lhe plalnLlff, 4. uefendanL had Lhe lasL clear chance Lo avold Lhe accldenL by exerclse of ordlnary care buL folleJ to exetclse socb lost cleot cbooce, 3. AccldenL occurred as proxlmaLe cause of such fallure.
%0 ?es. ln case of colllslon, lL applles ln a sulL beLween Lhe owners and drlvers of collldlng vehlcles and oot where a passenger demands responslblllLy from Lhe carrler Lo enforce lLs conLracLual obllgaLlons.
&G>A0 1here ls a dlfferenL rule ln case of colllslon of vessels.
%0 1. 1he parLy charged ls requlred Lo acL lnsLanLaneously, and Lhe ln[ury cannoL be avolded by Lhe appllcaLlon of all means aL hand afLer Lhe perll ls or should have been dlscovered, (loottooco Nottb xptesswoy v. 8oeso, C.k. Nos. 7905051, Nov. 14, 1989)
2. lf Lhe defendanL's negllgence ls a concurrenL cause and whlch was sLlll ln operaLlon up Lo Lhe Llme Lhe ln[ury was lnfllcLed,
3. Where Lhe plalnLlff, a passenger, flled an acLlon agalnsL a carrler based on conLracL, (8ostomoote v. cA, C.k. No. 89880, leb. 6, 1991)
4. lf Lhe acLor, Lhough negllgenL, was noL aware of Lhe danger or rlsk broughL abouL by Lhe prlor fraud or negllgenL acL,
3. ln case of a collapse of a bulldlng or sLrucLure. (ue koy v. cA, C.k. No. l 41154, Ioo. 29, 1988) (lloeJo, p.60, 2009 eJ.)
%0 1. revalllng vlew: 1he law ls LhaL Lhe person who has Lhe lasL falr chance Lo avold Lhe lmpendlng harm and falls Lo do so ls chargeable wlLh Lhe consequences, wlLhouL reference Lo Lhe prlor negllgence of Lhe oLher parLy.
2. MlnorlLy vlew: 1he lasL clear chance docLrlne ls lnappllcable ln hlllpplne [urlsdlcLlon ln deLermlnlng Lhe proxlmaLe cause of Lhe accldenL.
3. 1hlrd vlew: 1haL Lhe docLrlne of comparaLlve negllgence and Lhe lasL clear chance docLrlne are noL lnconslsLenL wlLh each oLher.
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;0 /<=> ?@ ?DOJCP =@ N?@>?DKJ?@<AN HCGM N=M=KAL
%0 ln[ury ls Lhe lllegal lnvaslon of a legal rlghL whlle damage ls Lhe loss, hurL or harm. ln[ury refers Lo any lndeLermlnaLe rlghL or properLy, buL also Lo honor and credlL.
25 *.*(*&!$ "9 #,)4!
;0 /<=> ?@ = C?K<>L
%0 lL ls a legally enforceable clalm of one person agalnsL anoLher, LhaL Lhe oLher shall do a glven acL, or shall noL do a glven acL (lloeJo, letsoos, p. 2J)
;0 /<=> =CA ><A V?DN@ GH C?K<>@L '?@>?DKJ?@<5
%0 1. Nototol klqbts - 1hose whlch grow ouL of Lhe naLure of man and depend upon personallLy.
.q. rlghL Lo llfe, llberLy, prlvacy, and good repuLaLlon.
2. lolltlcol klqbts - ConslsL ln Lhe power Lo parLlclpaLe, dlrecLly or lndlrecLly, ln Lhe esLabllshmenL or admlnlsLraLlon of governmenL.
.q. rlghL of suffrage, rlghL Lo hold publlc offlce, rlghL of peLlLlon.
3. clvll klqbts - 1hose LhaL perLaln Lo a person by vlrLue of hls clLlzenshlp ln a sLaLe or communlLy.
.q. 1. properLy rlghLs, 2. marrlage, 3. equal proLecLlon of laws, 4. freedom of conLracL, Lrlal by [ury. (lloeJo, letsoos, p. 24) 3. 8lghLs of personalLy or human rlghLs, 6. lamlly rlghLs, and 7. aLrlmonlal rlghLs: l. 8eal rlghLs ll. ersonal rlghLs. (koboyo letsoos, p. 19)
%0 Legal remedles are elLher prevenLlve or compensaLory. Lvery remedy ln a cerLaln sense ls prevenLlve because lL LhreaLens cerLaln undeslrable consequences Lo Lhose who vlolaLe Lhe rlghLs of oLhers.
1he prlmary purpose of a LorL acLlon ls Lo provlde compensaLlon Lo a person who was ln[ured by Lhe LorLuous conducL of Lhe defendanL. 1he remedy of Lhe ln[ured person ls Lherefore prlmarlly an acLlon for damages agalnsL Lhe defendanL. (Apoloo, p.20, 2005 eJ.)
'5 +.%$$*$ "9 ,&31#T
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;0 /<=> =CA ><A >GC>@ EGMM?>>AN =K=?D@> BAC@GD@L
%0 1. assaulL, 2. baLLery, 3. false lmprlsonmenL, 4. lnLenLlonal lnfllcLlon of emoLlonal dlsLress, and 3. fraud
S5 ,&31#T !" 8#"8*#!T
;0 /<=> =CA ><A >GC>@ EGMM?>>AN =K=?D@> BCGBAC>PL
%0 1. Lrespass Lo land, 2. Lrespass Lo chaLLels, and 3. converslon.
%0 1. lamlly relaLlons a. AllenaLlon of affecLlon b. Loss of consorLlum c. Crlmlnal conversaLlon (adulLery) 2. Soclal relaLlons a. Meddllng wlLh or dlsLurblng famlly relaLlons
#&.#" /*( (/0/%)" b. lnLrlgulng Lo cause anoLher Lo be allenaLed from hls frlends 3. Lconomlc relaLlons a. lnLerference wlLh conLracLual relaLlons b. unfalr compeLlLlon 4. ollLlcal relaLlons a. vlolaLlon of rlghL Lo suffrage b. vlolaLlon of oLher pollLlcal rlghLs (freedom of speech, press, assembly and peLlLlon, eLc.) S1S 1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $ !"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / % %+%'*(,+$ +4%,#0 LLS1L8 !A? ALAn L. lLC8LS ll -,+* +4%,#$ 9"# %+%'*(,+$0 kA8Ln !C? C. SA8uCC & !CPn PLn8? C. MLnuCZA -,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL -,+* +4%,#$ 9"# .%T"1! %&' '*$,)&0 LA8L LCulL M. MASACA?An & 1PLLnA C. MA81lnLZ
-,,5 ,&!*&!,"&%. !"#!$
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;0 /<=> ?@ ?D>AD>?GD=F >GC>L
%0 1orL or wrong perpeLraLed by one who lnLends Lo do LhaL whlch Lhe law has declared wrong as conLrasLed wlLh negllgence ln whlch Lhe Lorfeasor falls Lo exerclse LhaL degree of care ln dolng whaL ls oLherwlse permlsslble (8locks low ulctloooty, 6 tb eJltloo, p. 1489).
&G>A0 lnLenLlonal LorLs are Lhose whlch lnvolve mallce or bad falLh.
S5 +.%$$*$
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;0 /<=> ><A V?DN@ GH B<P@?E=F <=CM@L
%0 1. vlolaLlon of persons securlLy, physlcal ln[urles a. baLLery (physlcal ln[ury) b. assaulL (grave LhreaL) 2. lalse lmprlsonmenL (lllegal deLenLlon) 3. 1respass Lo land 4. lnLerference wlLh personal properLy a. Lrespass Lo chaLLels b. converslon
YSZ &"&84T$,+%. 4%#($
;0 /<=> ><A V?DN@ GH DGDB<P@?E=F <=CM@L
%0 1. vlolaLlon of personal dlgnlLy 2. lnfllcLlon of emoLlonal dlsLress 3. vlolaLlon of prlvacy a. ApproprlaLlon b. lnLruslon c. publlc dlsclosure of prlvaLe facLs d. false llghL ln Lhe publlc eye 4. ulsLurbance of peace of mlnd 3. Mallclous prosecuLlon 6. uefamaLlon
%0 lL ls Lhe lnLenLlonal, unprlvlleged, and elLher harmful or offenslve conLacL wlLh Lhe person of anoLher.
&"!*0 AL common law, I=>>ACP ls Lhe LorL of lnLenLlonally and volunLarlly brlnglng abouL an unconsenLed harmful or offenslve conLacL wlLh a person or Lo someLhlng closely assoclaLed wlLh Lhem.
%0 An acLor ls sub[ecL Lo llablllLy Lo anoLher for baLLery lf: 1. he acLs lnLendlng Lo cause a harmful or offenslve conLacL wlLh Lhe person of Lhe oLher or a Lhlrd person, or an lmmlnenL apprehenslon of such a conLacL, and 2. a harmful/offenslve conLracL wlLh Lhe person of Lhe oLher dlrecLly or lndlrecLly resulLs
;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH I=>>ACPL
%0 1. lnLenL 2. Parmful or offenslve conducL 3. Absence of prlvllege
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
;0 ,@ =E>J=F EGD>=E> DAEA@@=CP ?D I=>>ACPL
%0 no. unllke assaulL, baLLery lnvolves an acLual conLacL. 1he conLacL can be by one person (Lhe LorLfeasor) of anoLher (Lhe vlcLlm), or Lhe conLacL may be by an ob[ecL broughL abouL by Lhe LorLfeasor. lor example, Lhe lnLenLlonal conLacL by a car ls a baLLery.
&"!*0 unllke crlmlnal law, whlch recognlzes degrees of varlous crlmes lnvolvlng physlcal conLacL, Lhere ls buL a slngle LorL of baLLery. LlghLly fllcklng a person's ear ls baLLery, as ls severely beaLlng someone wlLh a Llre lron. nelLher ls Lhere a separaLe LorL for a baLLery of a sexual naLure.
%0 1. 1he vlcLlm of a baLLery need noL be aware of Lhe acL aL Lhe Llme for Lhe LorL Lo have occurred. 2. 8aLLery ls a form of Lrespass Lo Lhe person and as such no acLual damage (e.g. ln[ury) needs Lo be proved. Cnly proof of conLacL (wlLh Lhe approprlaLe level of lnLenLlon or negllgence) needs Lo be made. 3. lf Lhere ls an aLLempLed baLLery, buL no acLual conLacL, LhaL may consLlLuLe a LorL of assaulL. 4. 8aLLery need noL requlre bodyLobody conLacL. 1ouchlng an ob[ecL "lnLlmaLely connecLed" Lo a person (such as an ob[ecL he or she ls holdlng) can also be baLLery. 3. A conLacL may consLlLuLe a baLLery even lf Lhere ls a delay beLween Lhe defendanL's acL and Lhe conLacL Lo Lhe plalnLlff's ln[ury.
%0 1he sLandard defenses Lo Lrespass Lo Lhe person are: 1. necesslLy, 2. consenL, 3. self defense, and 4. defense of oLhers.
S16 &G>A0 Self defense as Lo baLLery can conslsL only of engaglng ln physlcal conLacL wlLh anoLher person ln order Lo prevenL Lhe oLher person from Lhemselves engaglng ln a physlcal aLLack.
rlvllege ls a defense for baLLery. uefendanL has burden Lo prove. YSZ %$$%1.! Y)#%-* !4#*%!Z
;0 /<=> ?@ =@@=JF> ?D ><A EGD>A`> GH >GC>@L
%0 lL ls Lhe LorL of acLlng lnLenLlonally and volunLarlly causlng Lhe reasonable apprehenslon of an lmmedlaLe harmful or offenslve conLacL.
%0 1. An acL by defendanL creaLlng a reasonable apprehenslon ln plalnLlff 2. of lmmedlaLe harmful or offenslve conLacL Lo plalnLlff's person 3. lnLenL 4. CausaLlon
%0 An acLor ls llable for assaulL lf: 1. Pe acLs lnLendlng Lo cause a harmful or offenslve conLacL wlLh Lhe person of Lhe oLher, or an lmmlnenL apprehenslon of such a conLacL, and 2. 1he oLher ls Lhereby puL ln such lmmlnenL apprehenslon.
&G>A0 AssaulL requlres lnLenL.
AcLual ablllLy Lo carry ouL Lhe apprehended conLacL ls noL necessary.
;0 /<AD ?@ =D =E> DG> EGD@?NACAN =D =@@=JF>L
%0 An acL lnLended as a sLep Loward Lhe lnfllcLlon of a fuLure conLacL, whlch ls so recognlzed by Lhe oLher, does noL make Lhe acLor llable for an assaulL under Lhe rule.
;0 ,@ =E>J=F EGD>=E> DAEA@@=CP ?D =@@=JF>L
%0 no. As dlsLlngulshed from baLLery, assaulL need noL Lo lnvolve acLual conLacL-lL only needs lnLenL and Lhe resulLlng apprehenslon. Powever, assaulL requlres more Lhan words alone. lor example, wleldlng a knlfe whlle shouLlng LhreaLs could be consLrued as assaulL lf an apprehenslon was creaLed.
&G>A0 A baLLery can occur wlLhouL a precedlng assaulL, such as lf a person ls sLruck ln Lhe back of Lhe head. lear ls noL requlred, only anLlclpaLlon of subsequenL baLLery.
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
%0 "lmmlnence" ls [udged ob[ecLlvely and varles wldely on Lhe facLs, lL generally suggesLs Lhere ls llLLle Lo no opporLunlLy for lnLervenlng acLs.
;0 '?@>?DKJ?@< =BBCA<AD@?GD HCGM HA=C5
%0 1he sLaLe of "apprehenslon" should be dlfferenLlaLed from Lhe general sLaLe of fear, as apprehenslon requlres only LhaL Lhe person be aware of Lhe lmmlnence of Lhe harmful or offenslve acL.
;0 /<=> =CA @GMA NAHAD@A@ ?D =@@=JF>L
%0 AssaulL can be [usLlfled ln slLuaLlons of self defense or defense of a Lhlrd parLy where Lhe acL was deemed reasonable. lL can also be [usLlfled ln slLuaLlons where consenL can ofLen be lmplled (l.e. sporLs compeLlLlons).
%0 1. An acL or omlsslon on Lhe parL of defendanL LhaL conflnes or resLralns plalnLlff 2. 1haL plalnLlff ls conflned or resLralned Lo a bounded area, 3. lnLenL, and 4. CausaLlon
%0 under Lhe law on LorLs, an acLor ls llable for false lmprlsonmenL lf: 1. he acLs lnLendlng Lo conflne Lhe oLher wlLhln boundarles flxed by Lhe acLor, 2. hls acL dlrecLly or lndlrecLly resulLs ln such a conflnemenL, and 3. Lhe oLher ls consclous of Lhe conflnemenL or ls harmed by lL.
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%0 lL ls a LorL LhaL ls commlLLed when a person unlawfully lnvades Lhe real properLy of anoLher.
%0 uamages may be awarded lf Lhe real owner was deprlved of possesslon of hls properLy by a possessor ln bad falLh or by a person who does noL have any rlghL whaLsoever over Lhe properLy.
&G>A0 uamages may be awarded Lo Lhe real owner lf he suffered such damages because he was deprlved of possesslon of hls properLy by a possessor ln bad falLh or by a person who does noL have any rlghL whaLsoever over Lhe properLy.
Anybody who bullds, planLs or sows on Lhe land of anoLher knowlng full well LhaL Lhere ls a defecL ln hls LlLle ls llable for damages. 1he llablllLy ls ln addlLlon Lo Lhe rlghL of Lhe landowner ln good falLh Lo approprlaLe whaL was bullL, planLed or sown or Lo remove Lhe same.
LlablllLy for damages under Lhe aboveclLed provlslons of Lhe 8C and Lhe nCC requlres lnLenL or bad falLh.
%0 ?es, Lhe 8evlsed enal Code and Lhe new Clvll Code requlres lnLenL or bad falLh.
&G>A0 Chlef !usLlce Concepclon observed however LhaL Lrespass may even be commlLLed ln good falLh. (kepobllc v. Je los Aoqeles, C.k. l26112, Oct. 4, 1971)
%0 ln Lhe fleld of LorL, Lrespass exLends Lo all cases where a person ls deprlved of hls personal properLy even ln Lhe absence of crlmlnal llablllLy. (Apoloo, 1., 1otts ooJ uomoqes, 2005, 5ecooJ J. l.J68)
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
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;0 /<=> ?@ >CA@B=@@ >G E<=>>AF@L
%0 lL ls where a person Look possesslon of Lhe properLy of anoLher ln bad falLh.
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;0 /<=> =CA ><A AFAMAD>@ GH EGDRAC@?GDL
%0 1. An acL by defendanL LhaL lnLerferes wlLh plalnLlff's rlghL of possesslon ln a chaLLel.
2. 1he lnLerference ls so serlous LhaL lL warranLs requlrlng defendanL Lo pay Lhe chaLLel's full value.
;0 /<=> M=P IA ?DEFJNAN ?D EGDRAC@?GDL
%0 Converslon may lnclude: 1. Cases where Lhe defendanL deprlved Lhe plalnLlff of personal properLy for Lhe purpose of obLalnlng possesslon of a real properLy, as when a landlord deprlved hls LenanLs of waLer ln order for Lhem Lo vacaLe Lhe loL Lhey were culLlvaLlng. 2. un[usLlfled deprlvaLlon of access Lo properLy such as un[usLlfled dlsconnecLlon of elecLrlclLy servlce
%0 Lvery person shall respecL Lhe dlgnlLy, personallLy, prlvacy and peace of mlnd of hls nelghbors and oLher persons. 1he followlng and slmllar acLs, Lhough Lhey may noL consLlLuLe a crlmlnal offense, shall produce a cause of acLlon for damages, prevenLlon and oLher rellef:
1. rylng lnLo Lhe prlvacy of anoLher's resldence, 2. Meddllng wlLh or dlsLurblng Lhe prlvaLe llfe or famlly relaLlons of anoLher, 3. lnLrlgulng Lo cause anoLher Lo be allenaLed from hls frlends, 4. vexlng or humlllaLlng anoLher on accounL of hls rellglous bellefs, lowly sLaLlon ln llfe, place of blrLh, physlcal defecL, or oLher personal condlLlon. (Att. 26, Ncc)
1. 1he conducL of Lhe defendanL was lnLenLlonal or ln reckless dlsregard of Lhe plalnLlff, 2. 1he conducL was exLreme and ouLrageous, 3. 1here was a causal connecLlon beLween Lhe defendanL's conducL and Lhe plalnLlff's menLal dlsLress, and 4. 1he plalnLlff's menLal dlsLress was exLreme and severe.
&G>A0 Lven lf Lhere was no lnLenLlonal lnfllcLlon of emoLlonal dlsLress ln one case, Lhe SC recognlzed Lhe posslblllLy LhaL one may be made llable for Lhe LorL of lnLenLlonal lnfllcLlon of emoLlonal dlsLress.
%0 lL ls conducL LhaL ls so ouLrageous ln characLer, and so exLreme ln degree, as Lo go beyond all posslble bounds of decency, and Lo be regarded as aLroclous, and uLLerly lnLolerable ln clvlllzed socleLy.
;0 /<=> NGA@ cAMG>?GD=F N?@>CA@@d MA=DL
%0 lL ls any hlghly unpleasanL menLal reacLlon such as exLreme grlef, shame, humlllaLlon, embarrassmenL, anger, dlsappolnLmenL, worry, nausea, menLal sufferlng and angulsh, shock, frlghL, horror, and chagrln.
&G>A0 Severe emoLlonal dlsLress" ln some [urlsdlcLlons, refer Lo any Lype of severe and dlsabllng emoLlonal or menLal condlLlon whlch may be generally recognlzed and dlagnosed by professlonals Lralned Lo do so, lncludlng
1he plalnLlff ls requlred Lo show, among oLher Lhlngs, LhaL he or she suffered emoLlonal dlsLress so severe LhaL no reasonable person could be expecLed Lo endure lL, severlLy of Lhe dlsLress ls an elemenL of Lhe cause of acLlon, noL slmply a maLLer of damages.
1he plalnLlff cannoL recover merely because of hurL feellngs. LlablllLy cannoL be exLended Lo every Lrlvlal lndlgnlLy. 1he plalnLlff musL necessarlly be expecLed and requlred Lo be hardened Lo a cerLaln amounL of rough language, and Lo acLs LhaL are deflnlLely lnconslderaLe and unklnd.
%0 An emoLlonal dlsLress LorL acLlon ls personal ln naLure. lL ls a clvll acLlon flled by an lndlvldual Lo assuage Lhe ln[urles Lo hls emoLlonal LranqulllLy due Lo personal aLLacks on hls characLer.
LmoLlonal dlsLress properly belongs Lo Lhe reacLlve harm prlnclple whlle defamaLlon calls for Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhe relaLlonal harm prlnclple.
&"!*0 1he prlnclple of relaLlonal harm lncludes harm Lo soclal relaLlonshlps ln Lhe communlLy ln Lhe form of defamaLlon as dlsLlngulshed from Lhe prlnclple of reacLlve harm whlch lncludes ln[urles Lo lndlvldual emoLlonal LranqulllLy.
%0 1. 1haL every person shall respecL Lhe dlgnlLy, personallLy, prlvacy and peace of mlnd of hls nelghbors and oLher persons and any acL of a person of meddllng and prylng lnLo Lhe prlvacy of anoLher ls punlshable as an acLlonable wrong,
2. 1haL a publlc offlcer or employee or any prlvaLe lndlvldual shall be llable for damages for any vlolaLlon of Lhe rlghLs and llberLles of anoLher person, and recognlzes Lhe prlvacy of leLLers and oLher prlvaLe communlcaLlons, 3. 1he 8C makes a crlme Lhe: l. vlolaLlon of secreLs by an offlcer, ll. revelaLlon of Lrade and lndusLrlal secreLs, and lll. Lrespass Lo dwelllng.
4. lnvaslon of prlvacy ls llkewlse an offense ln speclal laws such as Lhe: l. anLlwlreLapplng law, and ll. secrecy of bank deposlLs acL, and
3. 1he 8ules of CourL provlslons on prlvlleged communlcaLlon.
%0 1he rlghL Lo prlvacy ls noL a guaranLy Lo hermlLlc secluslon. 1he sLandard Lo be applled ls LhaL of a person of ordlnary senslblllLles. lL ls relaLlve Lo Lhe cusLoms of Lhe Llme and place, and ls deLermlned by Lhe norm of an ordlnary person.
&"!*0 1he essence of prlvacy ls Lhe rlghL Lo be leL alone.
%0 1. WheLher by hls conducL, Lhe lndlvldual has exhlblLed an expecLaLlon of prlvacy, and 2. WheLher Lhls expecLaLlon ls one LhaL socleLy recognlzes as reasonable.
%0 1. approprlaLlon, 2. lnLruslon, 3. publlc dlsclosure of prlvaLe facLs, and 4. false llghL ln Lhe publlc eye
Y\Z %88#"8#,%!,"&
;0 /<=> ?@ =BBCGBC?=>?GDL
%0 lL conslsLs of approprlaLlon, for Lhe defendanL's beneflL or advanLage, of Lhe plalnLlff's name or llkeness.
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
;0 /<=> NGA@ ><?@ >GC> BCG>AE>L
%0 1he LorL of commerclal approprlaLlon of llkeness has been held Lo proLecL varlous aspecLs of an lndlvldual's ldenLlLy from commerclal explolLaLlon:
1. name 2. llkeness 3. achlevemenLs 4. ldenLlfylng characLerlsLlcs 3. acLual performances 6. flcLlLlous characLers creaLed by a performer S2u +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
7. phrases and oLher Lhlngs assoclaLed wlLh an lndlvldual.
YSZ ,&!#1$,"&
;0 /<=> ?@ ?D>CJ@?GDL
%0 ConslsLs ln Lhe lnLruslon upon Lhe plalnLlff's sollLude or secluslon. lL lncludes: 1. prylng lnLo Lhe prlvacy of one's home, 2. lnvadlng hls home, 3. lnvadlng one's prlvacy by looklng from ouLslde, 4. eavesdropplng, or 3. perslsLenL and unwanLed Lelephone calls.
&"!*0 1he LorL of lnLruslon upon a person's sollLude proLecLs a person's sense of locaLlonal and psychologlcal prlvacy.
,D>CJ@?GD ?D BJIF?E BF=EA@0
Cenerally, Lhere ls no lnvaslon of Lhe rlghL Lo prlvacy when a [ournallsL records, phoLographs, or wrlLes abouL someLhlng LhaL occurs ln publlc places.
Powever, whlle merely waLchlng a person ln publlc places ls noL a vlolaLlon, one does noL auLomaLlcally make publlc everyLhlng LhaL he does ln publlc. lL should noL be LanLamounL Lo harassmenL or overzealous shadowlng.
1hls proLecLlon ls noL llmlLed Lo publlc flgures. Lveryone ls proLecLed.
,D>CJ@?GD =DN =NM?D?@>C=>?RA ?DRA@>?K=>?GD0
1here ls no lnLruslon when an employer lnvesLlgaLes lLs employee or when a school lnvesLlgaLes lLs sLudenL. ln Lhe laLLer case, Lhe lnvesLlgaLlon may cover an alleged offense commlLLed ouLslde Lhe school premlses. ,D>CJ@?GD =DN BJIF?E CAEGCN@0
Cenerally , Lhere ls no lnLruslon lnLo Lhe rlghL of prlvacy of anoLher lf Lhe lnformaLlon soughL are maLLers of publlc record. 1hls ls especlally Lrue ln case Lhe persons who are lnvoklng Lhe rlghL Lo prlvacy are publlc offlcers and Lhe maLLer lnvolved ls of publlc concern.
Powever, lf Lhe maLLer soughL Lo be revealed does noL lnvolve anyLhlng of publlc concern, Lhere can be a vlolaLlon or Lhe rlghL Lo prlvacy.
YeZ 812.,+ ',$+."$1#* "9 8#,-%!* 9%+!$
;0 /<=> ?@ BJIF?E N?@EFG@JCA GH BC?R=>A H=E>@L
%0 ConslsLs of a cause of acLlon ln publlclLy, of a hlghly ob[ecLlonable klnd, glven Lo prlvaLe lnformaLlon abouL Lhe plalnLlff, even Lhough lL ls Lrue and no acLlon would lle for defamaLlon.
%0 1he lnLeresL soughL Lo be proLecLed ls Lhe rlghL Lo be free from unwarranLed publlclLy, from Lhe wrongful publlclzlng of Lhe prlvaLe affalrs and acLlvlLles of an lndlvldual whlch are ouLslde Lhe realm of leglLlmaLe concern.
%0 1. Lhere musL be a publlc dlsclosure, 2. Lhe facLs dlsclosed musL be a prlvaLe facL, 3. Lhe maLLer be one whlch would be offenslve and ob[ecLlonable Lo a reasonable person of ordlnary senslblllLles.
;0 /<G ?@ = cBJIF?E H?KJCAdL
%0 a person who, by hls accompllshmenLs, fame or mode of llvlng, or by adopLlng a professlon or calllng whlch glves Lhe publlc a leglLlmaLe lnLeresL ln hls dolngs, hls affalrs, and hls characLer, has become a 'publlc personage'
%: lL ls a LorL commlLLed by puLLlng a person ln a false llghL before Lhe publlc. lL ls a non defamaLory falsehood ln LhaL a false lmpresslon ls conveyed.
%0 1he lnLeresL Lo be proLecLed ln Lhls LorL ls Lhe lnLeresL of Lhe lndlvldual ln noL belng made Lo appear before Lhe publlc ln an ob[ecLlonable false llghL or false poslLlon.
%0 ln false llghL, Lhe gravamen of Lhe clalm ls noL repuLaLlonal harm buL raLher Lhe embarrassmenL of a person ln belng made lnLo someLhlng he ls noL.
ubllcaLlon ln defamaLlon ls saLlsfled lf a leLLer ls senL Lo a Lhlrd person, whlle ln false llghL cases, Lhe sLaLemenL should be acLually made publlc.
ln defamaLlon, whaL ls publlshed lowers Lhe esLeem ln whlch Lhe plalnLlff ls held. ln false llghL cases, Lhe defendanL may sLlll be held llable even lf Lhe sLaLemenLs Lell someLhlng good abouL Lhe plalnLlff.
%0 lL ls an acLlon for damages broughL by one agalnsL anoLher whom a a crlmlnal prosecuLlon, clvll sulL, or oLher legal proceedlngs has been lnsLlLuLed mallclously and wlLhouL probable cause, afLer Lhe LermlnaLlon of such prosecuLlon, sulL or proceedlng ln favor of defendanL Lhereln.
&G>A0 Mallce and probable cause musL concur. k. Mollce. 1he presence of probable cause slgnlfles, as a legal consequence, Lhe absence of mallce.1he absence of mallce, Lherefore, lnvolves good falLh on Lhe parL of Lhe defendanL. 1hls good falLh may even be based on mlsLake of law.
ke. Acpolttol. AcqulLLal presupposes LhaL a crlmlnal lnformaLlon ls flled on courL and flnal [udgmenL ls rendered dlsmlsslng Lhe case agalnsL Lhe accused. lL ls noL enough LhaL Lhe plalnLlff ls dlscharged on a wrlL of bobeos cotpos and granLed ball. Such dlscharge ls noL consldered Lhe LermlnaLlon of Lhe acLlon conLemplaLed Lo warranL Lhe lnsLlLuLlon of a mallclous prosecuLlon sulL agalnsL Lhose responslble for Lhe flllng of Lhe lnformaLlon agalnsL hlm.
neverLheless, lL ls belleved LhaL prlor acqulLLal" may lnclude dlsmlssal by Lhe prosecuLor afLer prellmlnary lnvesLlgaLlon.
1. Lhe facL of Lhe prosecuLlon and Lhe furLher facL LhaL Lhe defendanL was hlmself Lhe prosecuLor, and LhaL Lhe acLlon was LermlnaLed wlLh an acqulLLal, 2. LhaL ln brlnglng Lhe acLlon, Lhe prosecuLor acLed wlLhouL probable cause, 3. Lhe prosecuLor was acLuaLed or lmpelled by legal mallce. (osooo v. komos, C.k. 156JJ9, Oct. 6, 2004)
&G>A0 Lhe Lerm prosecuLor" lncludes Lhe complalnanL who lnlLlaLed Lhe case, Lhe prosecuLor hlmself, any oLher publlc offlcer auLhorlzed Lo flle and prosecuLe Lhe crlmlnal case.
Mere wlLnesses are noL lncluded, buL are llable for false LesLlmony or per[ury for Lhelr falsehoods.
,D E?R?F E=@A@0 1. Lhe defendanL flled a clvll acLlon agalnsL Lhe plalnLlff prevlously, 2. Lhe acLlon was dlsmlssed for clear lack of merlL or for belng baseless, unfounded, and mallclous, 3. Lhe defendanL who flled Lhe prevlous complalnL as plalnLlff was moLlvaLed by lll wlll or slnlsLer deslgn, 4. Lhe presenL plalnLlff suffered ln[ury or damage by reason of Lhe prevlous complalnL flled agalnsL hlm.
%0 lf Lhe acLlon flled by a parLy ls sLlll pendlng Lrlal, Lhe flllng by Lhe defendanL of an acLlon based on mallclous prosecuLlon anchored on Lhe flrsL case ls premaLure. lLs dlsmlssal ls ln order. (lloeJo, 2004 cltloq cobocooqoo v. cottoles, 95 lnll 919)
%0 none. 1he mere flllng of a sulL does noL render Lhe plalnLlff llable for mallclous prosecLlon should he be unsuccessful. ersons should have free resorL Lo Lhe courLs. 1he law does noL lmpose a penalLy on Lhe rlghL Lo llLlgaLe. (lloeJo, 2004)
&G>A0 Powever, Lhe repeaLed flllng of a complalnL all of whlch were dlsmlssed, shows mallclous prosecuLlon enLlLllng Lhe ln[ured parLy Lo an award of moral damages. (lloeJo, 2004 cltloq nowplo v. cA, 20 5ckA 5J6) S22 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
)5 '*9%(%!,"&
;0 /<=> ?@ NAH=M=>?GD =DN U<=> NGA@ ?> EGRACL
%0 uefamaLlon ls Larnlshlng Lhe repuLaLlon of someone, lL ls a publlc and mallclous lmpuLaLlon of a crlme, or of a vlce or defecL, real or lmaglnary, or any acL, omlsslon, condlLlon, sLaLus, or clrcumsLance Lendlng Lo cause Lhe dlshonor, dlscredlL, or conLempL of a naLural or [urldlcal person, or Lo blacken Lhe memory of one who ls dead. (ArL. 333, 8C). lL has Lwo varleLles, slooJet and llbel.
&G>A0 AcLual damages need noL be proved, aL leasL where Lhe publlcaLlon ls llbelous pet se, or where Lhe amounL of damages ls more or less nomlnal.
%0 1. uefamaLory language, 2. of or concernlng Lhe plalnLlff, 3. ubllcaLlon Lhereof by defendanL Lo a Lhlrd person, and 4. uamage Lo plalnLlff's repuLaLlon.
&G>A0 ubllcaLlon" ls Lhe communlcaLlon of Lhe defamaLory maLLer Lo some Lhlrd person or persons.
;0 /<=> ?@ F?IAFL
%0 lL ls a defamaLlon commlLLed by means of wrlLlng, prlnLlng, llLhography, engravlng, radlo, phonograph, palnLlng or LheaLrlcal or clnemaLographlc exhlblLlon, or any slmllar means.
;0 /<=> ?@ @F=DNACL
%0 An oral defamaLlon.
;0 /<=> ?@ @F=DNAC IP NAANL
%0 lL ls a crlme commlLLed by any person who performs an acL LhaL cosLs dlshonor, dlscredlL or conLempL upon Lhe offended parLy ln Lhe presence of oLher person or persons.
ln order Lo escape crlmlnal responslblllLy, lL ls noL enough for Lhe offender Lo say LhaL he expresses Lhereln no more Lhan hls oplnlon or bellef. 1he communlcaLlon musL be made ln Lhe performance of a legal, moral, or soclal duLy."
%0 When a perlodlcal glves currency, wheLher lnnocenLly or oLherwlse, Lo a false and defamaLory sLaLemenL concernlng any person, lL ls under boLh a legal and moral duLy Lo check Lhe propagaLlon of such sLaLemenL as soon as pracLlcable by publlshlng a tettoctloo.
8eLracLlon may mlLlgaLe Lhe damages provlded LhaL lL conLalns an admlsslon of Lhe falslLy of Lhe llbelous publlcaLlon and evlnce a deslre Lo repalr Lhe wrong occasloned Lhereby.
%0 none. An absoluLely prlvlleged communlcaLlon ls one for whlch, by reason of Lhe occaslon on whlch lL ls made, no remedy ls provlded for Lhe damages ln a clvll acLlon for slander or llbel.
%0 SeducLlon, by lLself, ls an acL whlch ls conLrary Lo morals, good cusLoms and publlc pollcy. 1he defendanL ls llable lf he employed decelL, enLlcemenL, superlor power or abuse of confldence ln successfully havlng sexual lnLercourse wlLh anoLher.
&G>A0 1here ls llablllLy even lf Lhere ls no breach of promlse Lo marry.
;0 /<=> ?@ ?DEFJNAN ?D c@A`J=F =@@=JF>dL
%0 1he defendanL would be llable for all forms of sexual assaulL. 1hese lnclude rape, acLs of lasclvlousness and seducLlon.
&"!*0 Cender ls lmmaLerlal ln seducLlon and sexual assaulL.
35 1&31$! ',$(,$$%.
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CJFA GD N?@M?@@=F GH AMBFGPAA@L
%0 lL ls a baslc rule LhaL an employer has a rlghL Lo dlsmlss an employee ln Lhe manner and on Lhe grounds provlded for under Lhe nCC. lf Lhe dlsmlssal ls for a valld cause, hls dlsmlssal ls conslsLenL wlLh Lhe employer's rlghL Lo proLecL hls lnLeresL ln seelng Lo lL LhaL hls employees are performlng Lhelr [obs wlLh honesLy, lnLegrlLy and good falLh.
Powever, such exerclse of Lhe rlghL Lo LermlnaLe musL be conslsLenL wlLh Lhe general prlnclples provlded for under arLlcles 19 and 21, nCC. lf Lhere ls noncompllance wlLh sald provlslons, Lhe employer may be held llable for damages. 1he rlghL Lo dlsmlss an employee should noL be confused wlLh Lhe manner ln whlch Lhe rlghL ls exerclsed and Lhe effecLs flowlng Lherefrom. lf Lhe dlsmlssal ls done anLlsoclally or oppresslvely Lhen Lhe employer should be deemed Lo have vlolaLed arLlcle 1701, nCC (whlch prohlblLs acLs of oppresslon by elLher caplLal or labor agalnsL Lhe oLher) and arLlcle 21.
An employer may be held llable for damages lf Lhe manner of dlsmlsslng Lhe employee ls conLrary Lo morals, good cusLoms and publlc pollcy. 1hls may be done by false lmpuLaLlon of mlsdeed Lo [usLlfy dlsmlssal or any slmllar manner of dlsmlssal whlch ls done abuslvely.
%0 1hls conslsLs of deprlvlng one spouse of Lhe affecLlon, socleLy, companlonshlp and comforL of Lhe oLher. (Apoloo, 1., 1otts ooJ uomoqes, 2005, 5ecooJ J., p.480)
&G>A0 1he lamlly Code lmposes on Lhe spouses Lhe obllgaLlon Lo llve LogeLher, observe muLual love, respecL and fldellLy, and render muLual help and supporL. (ArLlcle 68) lnLerference wlLh such
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
may resulL ln Lhe LorL llablllLy of allenaLlon of affecLlon.
1he glsL of Lhe LorL ls an lnLerference wlLh one spouse's menLal aLLlLude Loward Lhe oLher and Lhe con[ugal klndness of marlLal relaLlons resulLlng ln some acLual conducL whlch maLerlally affecLs lL. S24 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
%0 lL exLends Lo all cases of wrongful lnLerference ln Lhe famlly affalrs of oLhers whereby one spouse ls lnduced Lo leave Lhe oLher spouse or Lo conducL hlmself or herself ln a manner LhaL Lhe comforL of marrled llfe ls desLroyed.
;0 /<G M=P IA F?=IFA HGC =F?AD=>?GD GH =HHAE>?GD@L
%0 1he defendanL who purposely enLlces Lhe spouse of anoLher, Lo allenaLe hls or her affecLlons wlLh hls or her spouse, even lf Lhere are no sexual lnLlmacles ls llable for damages under Lhls arLlcle. Llkewlse, a person who prevenLed Lhe reconclllaLlon of spouses afLer Lhelr separaLlon ls llable for allenaLlon of affecLlons.
&G>A0 lL ls noL necessary LhaL Lhere ls adulLery or Lhe spouse ls deprlved of household servlces.
%0 1. A woman cannoL be made llable for allenaLlon of Lhe affecLlons of Lhe husband (of anoLher woman) for belng merely Lhe ob[ecL of Lhe affecLlons of sald husband. 1o be llable, she musL have done some acLlve acLs calculaLed Lo allenaLe Lhe affecLlons of Lhe husband. She musL, ln a sense, be Lhe pursuer, noL merely Lhe pursued", 2. A prosLlLuLe ls noL llable for allenaLlon of affecLlons of Lhe husband for havlng sexual lnLlmacles wlLh hlm on a chance occaslon. 3. When Lhere ls no more affecLlon Lo allenaLe.
;0 (=P B=CAD>@ IA F?=IFA HGC =F?AD=>?GD GH =HHAE>?GD@L
%0 ?es. Powever, parenLs are presumed Lo acL for Lhe besL lnLeresL of Lhelr chlld. 1he law recognlzes Lhe rlghL of a parenL Lo advlse hls/her chlld and when such advlse ls glven ln good falLh, Lhe acL, even lf lL resulLs ln separaLlon, does noL glve Lhe ln[ured parLy a rlghL of acLlon.
ln such case, mallce musL be esLabllshed and lL musL appear LhaL Lhe defendanL's acLs were Lhe conLrolllng cause of Lhe loss of affecLlon.
25 ."$$ "9 +"&$"#!,1(
;0 /<=> ?@ FG@@ GH EGD@GC>?JML
%0 A spouse has a legal obllgaLlon Lo llve wlLh hls or her spouse. lf a spouse does noL perform hls or her duLy Lo Lhe oLher, he may be held llable for damages for such omlsslon because Lhe same ls conLrary Lo law, morals and good cusLoms.
Moral damages were awarded because of Lhe wlfe's refusal Lo perform her wlfely duLles, her denlal of consorLlum and deserLlon of her husband. Per acLs consLlLuLe a wlllful lnfllcLlon of ln[ury upon her husband's feellngs ln a manner conLrary Lo morals, good cusLoms or publlc pollcy. (1eocboves v. scoo, C.k. No. l19671, Ioly 26, 1966)
+5 +#,(,&%. +"&-*#$%!,"& Y%'1.!*#TZ
;0 /<AD ?@ =NJF>ACP EGMM?>>ANL
%0 AdulLery ls commlLLed by any marrled woman who shall have sexual lnLercourse wlLh a man noL her husband and by Lhe man who has carnal knowledge of her knowlng her Lo be marrled, even lf Lhe marrlage was subsequenLly declared vold. (Att. JJJ, klc)
&G>A0 Concublnage ls commlLLed by a husband who shall: 1. keep a mlsLress ln Lhe con[ugal dwelllng, 2. have sexual lnLercourse wlLh her, under scandalous clrcumsLances, wlLh a woman noL hls wlfe, or 3. cohablL wlLh her ln any oLher place. (ArL. 334, 8C)
.?=I?F?>P HGC =NJF>ACP GC EGDEJI?D=KA I=@AN GD ><A F=U GD >GC>@0 noL only moral damages buL also for oLher approprlaLe damages.
;0 /<G M=P IA <AFN F?=IFA HGC ><A >GC> ?D>C?KJ?DK >G E=J@A =DG><AC >G IA =F?AD=>AN HCGM <?@ HC?ADN@L
%0 A person who commlLLed afflrmaLlve acLs lnLended Lo allenaLe Lhe exlsLlng frlendshlp of one wlLh hls frlends ls llable for damages. (lloeJo, 2004)
f5 *+"&"(,+ #*.%!,"&$
%5 ,&!*#9*#*&+* /,!4 +"&!#%+!1%. #*.%!,"&$
;0 /<=> ?@ ?D>ACHACADEA U?>< EGD>C=E>L
%0 Any Lhlrd person who lnduces anoLher Lo vlolaLe hls conLracL shall be llable for damages Lo Lhe oLher conLracLlng parLles. (Att.1J14, Ncc)
;0 /<P ?@ ?D>ACHACADEA U?>< EGD>C=E> >GC>JGJ@L
%0 Such lnLerference ls LorLlous because lL vlolaLes Lhe rlghL of Lhe conLracLlng parLles Lo fulflll Lhe conLracL and Lo have lL fulfllled, Lo reap Lhe proflLs resulLlng Lherefrom, and Lo compel Lhe performance by Lhe oLher parLy.
%0 1. exlsLence of a valld conLracL, 2. knowledge on Lhe parL of Lhe Lhlrd person of Lhe exlsLence of Lhe conLracL, 3. lnLerference of Lhe Lhlrd person wlLhouL legal [usLlflcaLlon or excuse.
%0 lf Lhere ls no conLracL yeL and Lhe defendanL ls only belng sued for lnduclng anoLher noL Lo enLer lnLo a conLracL wlLh Lhe plalnLlff, Lhe LorL commlLLed ls approprlaLely called lnLerference wlLh prospecLlve advanLage.
%0 Pls llablllLy ls solldary and cannoL be more Lhan Lhe llablllLy LhaL wlll be lncurred by Lhe parLy ln whose behalf he lnLermeddled. CLherwlse, LhaL wlll resulL ln ln[usLlce and unfalrness.
%0 )#0 ?es. W8&0 lf Lhe lnLenLlon of Lhe lnLermeddler ls honesL and laudable such as when Lhe lnLerference ls lnLended Lo proLecL Lhe conLracLlng parLy he ls lnLermeddllng for, from danger Lo hls llfe or properLy, he should noL be made llable for damages for Lhe breach of Lhe conLracL.
25 1&9%,# +"(8*!,!,"&
;0 /<=> ?@ ?DEFJNAN ?D JDH=?C EGMBA>?>?GDL
%0 ArL. 28, nCC provldes for unfalr compeLlLlon whlch lncludes: 1. asslng off or dlsparagemenL of producLs 2. lnLerference wlLh conLracLual relaLlons 3. lnLerference wlLh prospecLlve advanLage 4. lraudulenL mlsapproprlaLlon agalnsL a compeLlLlon 3. Monopolles and predaLory prlclng
;0 /<=> ?@ BCAN=>GCP BC?E?DKL
%0 lL ls a pracLlce of selllng below cosLs ln Lhe shorL run ln Lhe hope of obLalnlng monopoly galns laLer, afLer drlvlng Lhe compeLlLlon from Lhe markeL.
%0 under ArLlcle 32 nCC, any publlc offlcer or employee, or any prlvaLe lndlvldual, who dlrecLly or lndlrecLly obsLrucLs, defeaLs, vlolaLes or ln any manner lmpedes or lmpalrs any of Lhe followlng rlghLs and llberLles of anoLher person shall be llable Lo Lhe laLLer for damages: xxx (3) lreedom of suffrage, (Att. J2, Ncc)
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
S26 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
%0 1he defendanLs are free from llablllLy lf Lhey can prove LhaL aL Lhe Llme of Lhe commlsslon, Lhe plalnLlff knew of Lhe acL of lnLerference or omlsslon.
%0 Consensual prlvlleges depend on Lhe plalnLlff agreelng Lo Lhe defendanL's oLherwlse LorLlous acL. Cn Lhe oLher hand, nonconsensual prlvlleges shleld Lhe defendanL from llablllLy for oLherwlse LorLlous conducL even lf Lhe plalnLlff ob[ecLs Lo Lhe defendanL's conducL.
%0 1yplcally, one cannoL hold anoLher llable ln LorL for acLlons Lo whlch one has consenLed. 1hls ls frequenLly summarlzed by Lhe phrase "voleotl ooo flt lojotlo" (LaLln: "Lo a wllllng person, no ln[ury ls done" or "no ln[ury ls done Lo a person who consenLs"). lL operaLes when Lhe clalmanL elLher expressly or lmpllclLly consenLs Lo Lhe rlsk of loss or damage.
&G>A0 ConsenL ls wllllngness ln facL for Lhe conducL Lo occur.
%0 1. lL need noL be communlcaLed Lo Lhe defendanL. 2. ln deLermlnlng wheLher plalnLlff consenLed, defendanL musL reasonably lnLerpreL her overL acL and manlfesLaLlons of her feellngs.
&G>A0 1he defendanL's sub[ecLlve sLaLe ls based on Lhe plalnLlff's ob[ecLlve acLlons.
3. lalnLlff has burden of proof Lo show lnLenL Lo commlL Lhe acL, lack of consenL, and harm.
%0 no. lor one Lo surrender Lhe rlghL Lo be free from lnLenLlonal lnLerference by oLhers, one musL have Lhe menLal capaclLy Lo consenL. uefendanL can be llable desplLe Lhe facL LhaL Lhe plalnLlff was sub[ecLlvely wllllng and communlcaLed LhaL wllllngness Lo Lhe defendanL.
&"!*0 ln common law counLrles, mosL courLs have applled sLaLuLory rape sLaLuLes ln clvll cases regardless of proof LhaL Lhe plalnLlff was able Lo undersLand Lhe consequences of her acL and consenL.
%0 ConducL LhaL ln[ures anoLher does noL make Lhe acLor llable Lo Lhe oLher, even Lhough Lhe oLher has noL consenLed Lo lL lf: 1. an emergency makes lL necessary or apparenLly necessary Lo acL before Lhere ls opporLunlLy Lo obLaln consenL or one empowered Lo consenL for hlm, and 2. Lhe acLor has no reason Lo belleve LhaL Lhe oLher would decllne.
%0 An acLor ls prlvlleged Lo use reasonable force, noL lnLended or llkely Lo cause deaLh or serlous bodlly harm, Lo defend hlmself agalnsL unprlvlleged harmful conLracL whlch he reasonably belleves LhaL anoLher ls abouL Lo lnfllcL.
;0 /<AD ?@ =D =E>GC BC?R?FAKAN >G NAHADN <?M@AFHL
%0 An acLor ls prlvlleged Lo defend hlmself agalnsL anoLher by force llkely Lo cause deaLh or serlous bodlly harm when he reasonably belleves LhaL:
1. Lhe oLher ls abouL Lo lnfllcL upon hlm an lnLenLlonal conLacL and 2. he ls Lhereby puL ln perll of deaLh or serlous bodlly harm whlch can safely be prevenLed only by lmmedlaLe use of such force.
&"!*0 CourL requlres ob[ecLlve and sub[ecLlve bellef (reasonable person could have seen Lhe slLuaLlon as dangerous and sub[ecL belleved LhaL he was ln danger). S27 1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $ !"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / % %+%'*(,+$ +4%,#0 LLS1L8 !A? ALAn L. lLC8LS ll -,+* +4%,#$ 9"# %+%'*(,+$0 kA8Ln !C? C. SA8uCC & !CPn PLn8? C. MLnuCZA -,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL -,+* +4%,#$ 9"# .%T"1! %&' '*$,)&0 LA8L LCulL M. MASACA?An & 1PLLnA C. MA81lnLZ
%0 1he prlvllege exlsLs even lf Lhe acLor belleves he can avold defendlng hlmself by: 1. reLreaLlng wlLhln hls dwelllng place, or 2. permlLLlng Lhe oLher Lo lnLrude upon hls dwelllng place, or 3. abandonlng an aLLempL Lo effecL a lawful arresL.
1he prlvllege does noL exlsL lf Lhe acLor belleves LhaL he can avold defendlng hlmself by: 1. reLreaLlng ln any place oLher Lhan hls dwelllng place or 2. rellnqulshlng Lhe exerclse of any rlghL oLher Lhan hls prlvllege Lo prevenL lnLruslon onLo hls dwelllng place.
%0 1he acLor ls noL prlvlleged Lo use any means of self defense whlch ls lnLended or llkely Lo cause a bodlly harm ln excess of LhaL whlch Lhe acLor correcLly or reasonably belleves Lo be necessary for hls proLecLlon. &G>A0 A parLy clalmlng selfdefense musL prove noL only LhaL he acLed honesLly ln uslng force, buL LhaL hls fears were reasonable under Lhe clrcumsLances, and Lhe means of selfdefense were reasonable.
%0 An acLor ls prlvlleged Lo use reasonable force, noL lnLended or llkely Lo cause deaLh or serlous bodlly harm, Lo prevenL or LermlnaLe anoLher's lnLruslon upon Lhe acLor's land lf: 1. Lhe lnLruslon ls noL prlvlleged, 2. Lhe acLor reasonably belleves LhaL Lhe lnLruslon can be prevenLed only by Lhe force used, and 3. Lhe acLor has flrsL requesLed Lhe oLher Lo deslsL or Lhe acLor belleves such requesL wlll be useless or subsLanLlal harm wlll be done before lL can be made.
&G>A0 1he lnLenLlonal lnfllcLlon whlch ls lnLended or llkely Lo cause deaLh or serlous bodlly harm, for Lhe purpose of prevenLlng or LermlnaLlng Lhe oLher's lnLruslon upon Lhe acLor's possesslon of land, ls prlvlleged only lf Lhe acLor reasonably belleves LhaL Lhe lnLruder ls llkely Lo cause deaLh or serlous bodlly harm.
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
f5 &*+*$$,!T
S28 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
%0 no. ln Lhe followlng lnsLances, Lhls rlghL may noL be lnvoked by Lhe owner:
1. Cne may sacrlflce Lhe personal properLy of anoLher Lo save hls llfe or Lhe llves of hls fellows, 2. Cne ls prlvlleged by necesslLy Lo Lrespass when Lhere ls a serlous LhreaL Lo llfe and no oLher llfesavlng opLlon ls avallable, and 3. 1he owner of properLy may noL e[ecL a Lrespasser lf Lhe Lrespasser requlres enLry Lo proLesL hlmself and hls properLy from harm.
&G>A0 ln Lhese lnsLances, lnLruslon ls sald Lo be prlvlleged.
1he necesslLy prlvllege Lo enLer Lhe land of anoLher ln order Lo avold serlous harm ls coupled wlLh an obllgaLlon on Lhe parL of Lhe enLranL Lo pay for whaLever harm he caused.
%0 1. 1o aL leasL some exLenL, Leachers and parenLs are exempL from baLLery clalms broughL on behalf of chlldren Lhey have physlcally dlsclpllned, 2. CLher prlvlleges lnclude Lhose relaLlng Lo Lhe arresL of lawbreakers and Lhe prevenLlon of crlme, Lhe enforcemenL of mlllLary orders, and Lhe recapLure of land and possesslons.
&G>A0 1he reasonableness of Lhe acLor's percepLlon of Lhe need Lo use force, as well as Lhe reasonableness of Lhe harm acLually lnfllcLed, are Lyplcally Lhe LouchsLones upon whlch Lhe avallablllLy of Lhe prlvllege Lurns.
%0 1. 8y naLure, such as earLhquakes, sLorms, floods, epldemlcs, flres, eLc., and 2. 8y Lhe acL of man, such as an armed lnvaslon, aLLack by bandlLs, governmenLal prohlblLlons, robbery, eLc.
%0 1. 1he cause of Lhe unforeseen and unexpecLed occurrence, or of Lhe fallure of Lhe debLor Lo comply wlLh hls obllgaLlon, musL be lndependenL of Lhe human wlll, 2. lL musL be lmposslble Lo foresee Lhe evenL whlch consLlLuLes Lhe coso fottolto, or lf lL can be foreseen, lL musL be lmposslble Lo avold, 3. 1he occurrence musL be such as Lo render lL lmposslble for Lhe debLor Lo fulflll hls obllgaLlon ln a normal manner, and 4. 1he obllgor musL be free from any parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe aggravaLlon of Lhe ln[ury resulLlng Lo Lhe credlLor.
%0 As an excepLlon Lo Lhe general rule LhaL a person ls noL llable lf Lhe cause of Lhe damage was an evenL whlch could noL be foreseen or whlch Lhough foreseen was lnevlLable (forLulLous), lf Lhe negllgence of Lhe defendanL concurred wlLh Lhe forLulLous evenL or resulLed ln Lhe aggravaLlon of Lhe ln[ury Lo Lhe plalnLlff, he wlll be llable even lf Lhere was a forLulLous evenL.
lf upon Lhe happenlng of a forLulLous evenL of an acL of Cod, Lhere concurs a correspondlng fraud,
#&.#" /*( (/0/%)" negllgence, delay or vlolaLlon or conLravenLlon of Lhe Lenor of Lhe obllgaLlon as provlded for ln ArLlcle 1170, nCC, whlch resulLs ln loss or damage, Lhe obllgor cannoL escape llablllLy.
%0 1he omlsslon of LhaL degree of dlllgence whlch ls requlred by Lhe naLure of Lhe obllgaLlon and correspondlng Lo Lhe clrcumsLances of Lhe persons, of Lhe Llme and place. (Att. 117J, Ncc)
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A >A@> GH DAKF?KADEAL
%0 1he LesL ls: Would a prudenL man, ln Lhe poslLlon of Lhe LorLfeasor, foresee harm Lo Lhe person ln[ured as a reasonable consequence of Lhe course abouL Lo be pursued? lf so, Lhe law lmposes a duLy on Lhe acLor Lo Lake precauLlon agalnsL lLs mlschlevous resulLs, and fallure Lo do so consLlLuLes negllgence. (lcarL v. SmlLh, C.8. no. L12219, Mar. 13, 1918.)
%0 1. 5lmple oeqllqeoce - wanL of sllghL care and dlllgence only
2. Ctoss oeqllqeoce - Lhere ls a glarlngly obvlous wanL of dlllgence and lmplles consclous lndlfference Lo consequences, pursulng a course of conducL whlch would probably and naLurally resulL Lo ln[ury, uLLer dlsregard of Lhe consequences
%0 1. letsoo xposeJ to tbe klsk - A hlgher degree of dlllgence ls requlred lf Lhe person lnvolved ls a chlld.
2. metqeocy - 1he acLor confronLed wlLh an emergency ls noL Lo be held up Lo Lhe sLandard of conducL normally applled Lo an lndlvldual who ls ln no such slLuaLlon.
3. 5oclol voloe ot utlllty of Actloo - Any acL sub[ecLlng an lnnocenL person Lo unnecessary rlsk ls a negllgenL acL lf Lhe rlsk ouLwelghs Lhe advanLage accrulng Lo Lhe acLor and even Lo Lhe lnnocenL person hlmself.
4. 1lme of tbe Joy - May affecL Lhe dlllgence requlred of Lhe acLor (Att. 117J), e.q. a drlver ls requlred Lo exerclse more prudence when drlvlng aL nlghL
3. Ctovlty of tbe notm to be AvolJeJ - Lven lf Lhe odds LhaL an ln[ury wlll resulL are noL hlgh, harm may sLlll be consldered foreseeable lf Lhe gravlLy of harm Lo be avolded ls greaL. 6. Altetootlve coose of Actloo - lf Lhe alLernaLlve presenLed Lo Lhe acLor ls Loo cosLly, Lhe harm LhaL may resulL may sLlll be consldered unforeseeable Lo a reasonable man. More so lf Lhere ls no alLernaLlve LhereLo.
7. lloce - A man who should occaslon Lo dlscharge a gun on an open and exLenslve marsh, or ln a foresL would be requlred Lo use less clrcumspecLlon and care, Lhen lf he were Lo do Lhe same Lhlng ln an lnhablLed Lown, vlllage or clLy.
8. vlolotloo of koles ooJ 5tototes a. SLaLuLes b. AdmlnlsLraLlve 8ules c. rlvaLe 8ules of ConducL
9. ltoctlce ooJ costom - A pracLlce whlch ls dangerous Lo human llfe cannoL rlpen lnLo a cusLom whlch wlll proLecL anyone who follows lL (omoJo v. Moollo kolltooJ, C.k. No.1007J, uec. 24, 1915).
;0 /?FF ?D>G`?E=>?GD @?KD?HP DAKF?KADEAL
%0 )#0 Mere lnLoxlcaLlon ls noL negllgence per se nor esLabllshes wanL of ordlnary care. 8uL lL may be one of Lhe clrcumsLances Lo be consldered Lo prove negllgence. (wtlqbt v. Moollo lecttlc kolltooJ & llqbt co., Ck No. l 7760, Oct. 1, 1914)
W8&0 lL ls presumed LhaL a person drlvlng a moLor vehlcle ls negllgenL lf aL Lhe Llme of Lhe mlshap, he was vlolaLlng Lrafflc regulaLlons. (Att. 2185)
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
SSu +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
;0 /<=> ?@ EGD>C?IJ>GCP DAKF?KADEAL
%0 lL ls conducL on Lhe parL of Lhe ln[ured parLy, conLrlbuLlng as a legal cause Lo Lhe harm he has suffered, whlch falls below Lhe sLandard Lo whlch he ls requlred Lo conform for hls own proLecLlon (voleozoelo v. cA, C.k. No. 115024, leb. 7, 1996).
%0 1he negllgence of boLh Lhe plalnLlff and Lhe defendanL are compared for Lhe purpose of reachlng an equlLable apporLlonmenL of Lhelr respecLlve llablllLles for Lhe damages caused and suffered by Lhe plalnLlff. (lloeJo, p. 50, 2009 eJ.) &G>A0 1he relaLlve degree of negllgence of Lhe parLles ls consldered ln deLermlnlng wheLher, and Lo whaL degree, elLher should be responslble for hls negllgence (apporLlonmenL of damages).
%0 1he Supreme CourL descrlbed a good faLher of a famlly by flrsL sLaLlng who ls noL. Pe ls noL and ls noL supposed Lo be omnlsclenL of Lhe fuLure, raLher, he ls one who Lakes precauLlons agalnsL any harm when Lhere ls someLhlng before hlm Lo suggesL or warn hlm of Lhe danger or Lo foresee lL (llcott v. 5mltb, C.k. No. l12406, Mot. 15, 1918).
&G>A0 A good faLher of a famlly ls llkewlse referred Lo as Lhe reasonable man, man of ordlnary lnLelllgence and prudence, or ordlnary reasonable prudenL man. ln Lngllsh law, he ls someLlmes referred Lo as Lhe man on Lop of a Clapham omnlbus. (Apoloo, 2005)
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A >A@> GH DAKF?KADEAL
%0 1he LesL ls: Would a prudenL man, ln Lhe poslLlon of Lhe LorLfeasor, foresee harm Lo Lhe person ln[ured as a reasonable consequence of Lhe course abouL Lo be pursued? lf so, Lhe law lmposes a duLy on Lhe acLor Lo Lake precauLlon agalnsL lLs mlschlevous resulLs, and fallure Lo do so consLlLuLes negllgence. (llcott v. 5mltb, C.k. No. l12219, Mot. 15, 1918.)
%5 )#0 1he acLlon of a chlld wlll noL necessarlly be [udged accordlng Lo Lhe sLandard of an adulL. W8&0 lf Lhe mlnor ls maLure enough Lo undersLand and appreclaLe Lhe naLure and consequences of hls acLlons. ln such a case, he shall be consldered Lo have been negllgenL.
&G>A0 8.A. 9344 (!uvenlle !usLlce and Welfare AcL of 2006): 13 years of age or younger - age of absoluLe lrresponslblllLy.
neverLheless, absence of negllgence does noL absoluLely excuse Lhe chlld from llablllLy, as hls properLles, lf any, can be held subsldlarlly llable. nor wlll such absence of negllgence excuse Lhe chlld's parenL's vlcarlous llablllLy.
;0 /<=> ?@ cN?F?KADEA IAHGCA ><A H=E>dL
%0 1he conducL LhaL should be examlned ln negllgence cases ls prlor conducL or conducL prlor Lo Lhe ln[ury LhaL resulLed or, ln proper cases, Lhe aggravaLlon Lhereof.
#&.#" /*( (/0/%)" +5 $!%&'%#' "9 +%#*
SS1 $!%&'%#' "9 +"&'1+! GC '*)#** "9 +%#* #*;1,#*' 4% N'%'&!+ lf Lhe law or conLracL does noL sLaLe Lhe dlllgence whlch ls Lo be observed ln Lhe performance, LhaL whlch ls expecLed of a good faLher of a famlly shall be requlred (Attlcle 117J, 2 oJ potoqtopb, Ncc).
&G>A0 ulllgence of a good faLher of a famlly booos potet fomlllos A reasonable man ls deemed Lo have knowledge of Lhe facLs LhaL a man should be expecLed Lo know based on ordlnary human experlence. (lNk v. lAc, Ck No. 7054, Ioo. 22, 199J) ?'&*$%* CD$ D!)' ?DO*#"!+ 1#*!/#+#-O )#0 A weak or accldenL prone person musL come up Lo Lhe sLandard of a reasonable man, oLherwlse, he wlll be consldered as negllgenL.
W8&0 lf Lhe defecL amounLs Lo a real dlsablllLy, Lhe sLandard of conducL ls LhaL of a reasonable person under llke dlsablllLy. ABL'&-* !%. ?&$<'**#$%!+* )#0 1hey should exhlblL Lhe case and sklll of one who ls ordlnarlly skllled ln Lhe parLlcular fleld LhaL he ls ln.
&G>A0 1hls rule does noL apply solely or excluslvely Lo professlonals who have undergone formal educaLlon.
W8&0 When Lhe acLlvlLy, by lLs very naLure, requlres Lhe exerclse of a blqbet Jeqtee of Jlllqeoce e.q. 8anks, Common carrlers 4%*!%' ?'&*$%* 1he same rule applles under Lhe new Clvll Code. 1he lnsanlLy of a person does noL excuse hlm or hls guardlan form llablllLy based on quasldellcL. (Atts. 2180 ooJ 2182, Ncc). 1hls means LhaL Lhe acL or omlsslon of Lhe person sufferlng from menLal defecL wlll be [udged uslng Lhe sLandard LesL of a reasonable man.
1he bases for holdlng a permanenLly lnsane person llable for hls LorLs are as follows: Where one of Lwo lnnocenL person musL suffer a loss lL should be borne by Lhe one who occasloned lL, 1o lnduce Lhose lnLeresLed ln Lhe esLaLe of Lhe lnsane person (lf he has one) Lo resLraln and conLrol hlm, and 1he fear LhaL an lnsanlLy defense would lead Lo false clalms of lnsanlLy Lo avold llablllLy. (8toeolq v. Ametlcoo lomlly losotooce co., 17J N.w. 2J 619j1970]).
&G>A0 under Lhe 8C, an lnsane person ls exempL from crlmlnal llablllLy. Powever, by express provlslon of law, Lhere may be clvll llablllLy even when Lhe acLor ls exempL from crlmlnal llablllLy. An lnsane person ls sLlll llable wlLh hls properLy for Lhe consequences of hls acLs, Lhough Lhey performed unwlLLlngly. (u5 v. 8oqqoy, It. C.k. No. 6706, 5ept. 1, 1911) A(L+$O'&* 1haL degree of care as mandaLed by Lhe Labor Code or oLher mandaLory provlslons for proper malnLenance of Lhe work place or adequaLe faclllLles Lo ensure Lhe safeLy of Lhe employees.
&G>A0 lallure of Lhe employer Lo comply wlLh mandaLory provlslons may be consldered negllgence per se. A(L+$O''* Lmployees are bound Lo exerclse due care ln Lhe performance of Lhelr funcLlons for Lhe employers. LlablllLy may be based on negllgence commlLLed whlle ln Lhe performance of Lhe duLles of Lhe employee (Atooeto v. ue Ioyo, C.k. No. 8J491, Aoq. 27, 1990) @C%'&*8 ?&$L&#'-$&* !%. ?$**'**$&* $< ?&$L'&-O )#0 1he owner has no duLy Lo Lake reasonable care Lowards a Lrespasser for hls proLecLlon or even Lo proLecL hlm from concealed danger. W8&0 1. vlsltots 2. 1oletoteJ lossessloo 3. uocttloe of Atttoctlve Nolsooce 4. 5tote of Necesslty 1$"-$&* lf o Ceoetol ltoctltlooet - Crdlnary care and dlllgence ln Lhe appllcaLlon of hls knowledge and sklll ln Lhe pracLlce of hls professlon
lf o 5peclollst - 1he legal duLy Lo Lhe paLlenL ls generally consldered Lo be LhaL of an average physlclan. P!CO'&* An aLLorney ls bound Lo exerclse only a reasonable degree of care and sklll, havlng reference Lo Lhe buslness he underLakes Lo do (AJotoe v. AlJobo, AJm. cose No. 80, Iooe 27, 1978).
%0 8ooos lotet lomlllos or LhaL of a good faLher of a famlly.
&G>A0 lf Lhe law or conLracL does noL sLaLe Lhe dlllgence whlch ls Lo be observed ln Lhe performance, LhaL whlch ls expecLed of a good faLher of a famlly shall be requlred. (Att. 117J (2))
%0 ArL. 1173. 1he faulL or negllgence of Lhe obllgor conslsLs ln Lhe omlsslon of LhaL dlllgence whlch ls requlred by Lhe naLure of Lhe obllgaLlon and corresponds wlLh Lhe clrcumsLances of Lhe persons, of Lhe Llme and of Lhe place. When negllgence shows bad falLh, Lhe provlslons of ArLlcles 1171 and 2201, paragraph 2, shall apply.
&"!*0 ArL. 1171. 8esponslblllLy arlslng from fraud ls demandable ln all obllgaLlons. Any walver of an acLlon for fuLure fraud ls vold.
ArL. 2201. ln conLracLs and quaslconLracLs, Lhe damages for whlch Lhe obllgor who acLed ln good falLh ls llable shall be Lhose LhaL are Lhe naLural and probable consequences of Lhe breach of Lhe obllgaLlon, and whlch Lhe parLles have foreseen or could have reasonably foreseen aL Lhe Llme Lhe obllgaLlon was consLlLuLed.
ln case of fraud, bad falLh, mallce or wanLon aLLlLude, Lhe obllgor shall be responslble for all damages whlch may be reasonably aLLrlbuLed Lo Lhe nonperformance of Lhe obllgaLlon.
SS2 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
S5 *(*#)*&+T #1.*
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A AMACKADEP CJFAL
%0 Cne who suddenly flnds hlmself ln a place of danger, and ls requlred Lo acL wlLhouL Llme Lo conslder Lhe besL means LhaL may be adopLed Lo avold Lhe lmpendlng danger, ls noL gullLy of negllgence, lf he falls Lo adopL whaL subsequenLly and upon reflecLlon may have been a beLLer meLhod, unless Lhe emergency ln whlch he flnds hlmself ls broughL abouL by hls own negllgence.
%0 8easonableness, Lhe elemenLs of whlch are as follows: 3. MagnlLude of Lhe rlsk 4. rlnclpal ob[ecL 3. CollaLeral ob[ecL 6. uLlllLy of Lhe rlsk 7. necesslLy of Lhe rlsk
lf Lhe magnlLude of Lhe rlsk ls very greaL and Lhe prlnclpal ob[ecL, very valuable, yeL Lhe value of Lhe collaLeral ob[ecL and Lhe greaL uLlllLy and necesslLy of Lhe rlsk counLerbalanced Lhose conslderaLlons, Lhe rlsk ls made reasonable.
&G>A0 ln Lhe hlllpplnes, Lhe courLs do noL use any formula ln deLermlnlng lf Lhe defendanL commlLLed a negllgenL acL or omlsslon. WhaL appears Lo be Lhe norm ls Lo glve negllgence a common sense, lnLulLlve lnLerpreLaLlon.
ln Lhe fleld of negllgence, lnLeresLs are Lo be balanced only ln Lhe sense LhaL Lhe purposes of Lhe acLor, Lhe naLure of hls acL and Lhe harm LhaL may resulL from acLlon or lnacLlon are elemenLs Lo be consldered. Some may noL be consldered dependlng on Lhe clrcumsLances.
1he followlng are clrcumsLances Lo be consldered:
1. 1lme 2. lace 3. Lmergency 4. CravlLy of harm Lo be avolded 3. AlLernaLlve course of acLlon 6. Soclal value or uLlllLy of acLlvlLy 7. erson exposed Lo Lhe rlsk
%0 ersons are generally presumed Lo have Laken ordlnary care of hls concerns.1here are however excepLlons when negllgence ls presumed.
1. ArLlcle 2184. xxx. lL ls dlspuLably presumed LhaL a drlver was negllgenL, lf he had been found gullLy of reckless drlvlng or vlolaLlng Lrafflck regulaLlons
#&.#" /*( (/0/%)" aL leasL Lwlce wlLhln Lhe nexL precedlng Lwo monLhs. xxx
2. ArLlcle 2183. unless Lhere ls proof Lo Lhe conLrary, lL ls presumed LhaL a person drlvlng a moLor vehlcle has been negllgenL lf aL Lhe Llme of Lhe mlshap, he was vlolaLlng any Lrafflc regulaLlon.
&G>A0 roof of Lrafflc vlolaLlon requlred.
3. ArLlcle 2188. 1here ls ptlmo focle presumpLlon of negllgence on Lhe parL of Lhe defendanL lf Lhe deaLh or ln[ury resulLs from hls possesslon of dangerous weapons or subsLances, such as flrearms and polson, excepL when possesslon or use Lhereof ls lndlspensable ln hls occupaLlon or buslness. SSS 1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $ !"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / % %+%'*(,+$ +4%,#0 LLS1L8 !A? ALAn L. lLC8LS ll -,+* +4%,#$ 9"# %+%'*(,+$0 kA8Ln !C? C. SA8uCC & !CPn PLn8? C. MLnuCZA -,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL -,+* +4%,#$ 9"# .%T"1! %&' '*$,)&0 LA8L LCulL M. MASACA?An & 1PLLnA C. MA81lnLZ
&G>A0 roof of possesslon of dangerous weapons or subsLances requlred.
S5 #*$ ,8$% .";1,!1#
;0 /<=> NGA@ &'* #L*! +$3,#-,& MA=DL
%0 1he Lhlng speaks for lLself. 1he facL of Lhe occurrence of an ln[ury, Laken wlLh surroundlng clrcumsLances, may permlL an lnference or ralse a presumpLlon of negllgence, or make ouL a plalnLlff's ptlmo focle case, and presenL a quesLlon of facL for defendanL Lo meeL wlLh an explanaLlon.
&G>A0 Powever, tes lpso lopoltot ls noL a rule of subsLanLlve law and, as such, does noL creaLe nor consLlLuLe an lndependenL or separaLe ground of llablllLy. lnsLead, lL ls consldered as merely evldenLlary or ln Lhe naLure of a procedural rule.
%0 1. 1haL Lhe accldenL ls of a klnd whlch ordlnarlly does noL occur ln Lhe absence of someone's negllgence, 2. lL ls caused by an lnsLrumenLallLy wlLhln Lhe excluslve conLrol of Lhe defendanL/s, and 3. 1he posslblllLy of conLrlbuLlng conducL whlch would make plalnLlff responslble ls ellmlnaLed.
%0 1. Where Lhere ls dlrecL proof of absence or presence of negllgence, 2. Where oLher causes, lncludlng Lhe conducL of Lhe plalnLlff and Lhlrd persons, are noL sufflclenLly ellmlnaLed by Lhe evldence, 3. When one or more requlslLe ls absenL.
)5 '*9*&$*$
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;0 /<P =CA ><AP E=FFAN cEGMBFA>Ad NAHAD@A@L
%0 1hey are called compleLe" defenses because Lhey compleLely bar recovery as opposed Lo parLlal defenses whlch only serve Lo mlLlgaLe llablllLy.
=5 %2$*&+* "9 *.*(*&!
Y\Z '1* ',.,)*&+*
See 8ules on uegree or SLandard of Care
YSZ %+!$ "9 812.,+ "99,+*#$
I5 %++,'*&! "# 9"#!1,!"1$ *-*&!
See lorce Ma[eure or lorLulLous LvenL
E5 '%(&1( %2$;1* ,&31#,%
;0 /<=> ?@ MA=D> IP .!(%,( !/*3,' #%5,&#!L
%0 1here ls no llablllLy even lf Lhere ls damage because Lhere was no ln[ury.
&G>A0 1here can be damage wlLhouL ln[ury ln Lhose lnsLances ln whlch Lhe loss or harm was noL Lhe resulL of a vlolaLlon of a legal duLy. ln such cases, Lhe consequences musL be borne by Lhe ln[ured person alone.
;0 /<=> ?@ ?DOJCPL
%0 lL ls Lhe legal lnvaslon of a legal rlghL.
;0 /<=> ?@ N=M=KAL
%0 lL ls Lhe loss, hurL or harm whlch resulLs from Lhe ln[ury. 1hey are Lhe recompense or compensaLlon awarded for Lhe damage suffered.
%0 1. 1he plalnLlff musL know LhaL Lhe rlsk ls presenL, 2. Pe musL furLher undersLand lLs naLure, and 3. Pls cholce Lo lncur lL ls free and volunLary.
;0 /<=> =CA ><A >UG V?DN@ GH =@@JMB>?GD GH C?@VL
%0 1. Lxpress walver of Lhe rlghL Lo recover, 2. lmplled assumpLlon a. uangerous CondlLlons b. ConLracLual 8elaLlons c. uangerous AcLlvlLles d. uefendanL's negllgence
;0 /<=> ?@ MA=D> IP0 \5 '=DKACGJ@ EGDN?>?GD@L %0 A person who, knowlng LhaL he ls exposed Lo a dangerous condlLlon, volunLarlly assumes Lhe rlsk of such dangerous condlLlon may noL recover from Lhe defendanL who malnLalned such dangerous condlLlon.
S5 +GD>C=E>J=F CAF=>?GD@L %0 1here may be an lmplled assumpLlon of rlsk lf Lhe plalnLlff enLered lnLo conLracLual relaLlons wlLh Lhe defendanL. 8y enLerlng lnLo a relaLlonshlp freely and volunLarlly where Lhe negllgence of Lhe defendanL ls obvlous, Lhe plalnLlff may be found Lo accepL and consenL Lo lL, and Lo underLake Lo look ouL for hlmself and Lo relleve Lhe defendanL of Lhe duLy.
e5 '=DKACGJ@ =E>?R?>?A@L %0 A person who volunLarlly parLlclpaLes ln dangerous acLlvlLles assumes Lhe rlsks whlch are usually presenL ln such acLlvlLles.
f5 'AHADN=D>b@ DAKF?KADEAL %0 When Lhe plalnLlff ls aware of Lhe rlsk creaLed by Lhe defendanL's negllgence, yeL he volunLarlly proceed Lo encounLer lL, Lhere ls lmplled assumpLlon of rlsk on Lhe parL of Lhe plalnLlff.
%0 roducL LlablllLy ls Lhe law whlch governs Lhe llablllLy of manufacLurers and sellers for damages resulLlng from defecLlve producLs. lL ls meanL Lo proLecL Lhe consumers by provldlng safeguards when Lhey purchase or use consumer producLs. (Apoloo, 1., 1otts ooJ uomoqes, 2005, 5ecooJ J.)
\5 (%&19%+!1#*#$ "# 8#"+*$$"#$
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;0 /<=> ?@ ><A EGD@JMAC =E> Y#% aegfZL
%0 Consumer AcL prohlblLs fraudulenL sales acLs or pracLlces. ChapLer l of 1lLle lll expressly provldes for proLecLlon agalnsL defecLlve, unfalr and unconsclonable sales acLs and pracLlces. 1he AcL llkewlse conLalns provlslons lmposlng warranLy obllgaLlons on Lhe manufacLurers and sellers. 1hls AcL also lmposes llablllLy for defecLlve servlce lndependenLly of faulL".
%0 1he sLrlcL llablllLy under Lhe AcL ls lmposed on Lhe manufacLurer.
&"!*0 A manufacLurer ls any person who manufacLures, assembles or processes consumer producLs, excepL LhaL lf Lhe goods are manufacLured, assembled or processed for anoLher person who aLLaches hls own brand name Lo Lhe consumer producLs, Lhe laLLer shall be deemed Lhe manufacLurer. ln case of lmporLed producLs, Lhe manufacLurer's represenLaLlves or, ln hls absence, Lhe lmporLer, shall be deemed Lhe manufacLurer. (Att. 4, kA 7J94)
;0 /<=> =CA ><A V?DN@ GH NAHAE>@ ?D BCGNJE>@L
%0 1. Mooofoctotloq Jefect - defecLs resulLlng from manufacLure, consLrucLlon, assembly and erecLlon. 2. ueslqo Jefect - defecLs resulLlng from deslgn and formulas. 3. lteseototloo Jefect - defecLs resulLlng from handllng, maklng up, presenLaLlon or packlng of Lhe producLs. 4. Abseoce of Apptoptlote wotoloq - defecL resulLlng from Lhe lnsufflclenL or lnadequaLe lnformaLlon on Lhe use and hazards of Lhe producLs.
%0 1he manufacLurer shall noL be llable when lL evldences: 1. LhaL lL dld noL place Lhe producL on Lhe markeL, 2. LhaL alLhough lL dld place Lhe producL on Lhe markeL such producL has no defecL, 3. LhaL Lhe consumer or Lhe Lhlrd parLy ls solely aL faulL.
1he suppller shall noL be llable when lL ls proven: 1. LhaL Lhere ls no defecL ln Lhe servlce rendered, 2. LhaL Lhe consumer or Lhe Lhlrd parLy ls solely aL faulL.
%0 SecLlon 60 of Lhe law expressly provldes LhaL Lhe courL may granL ln[uncLlon resLralnlng Lhe conducL consLlLuLlng Lhe conLravenLlon of lllegal sales acL and pracLlces and/or acLual damages and such oLher orders as lL Lhlnks flL Lo redress ln[ury Lo Lhe person affecLed by such conducL.
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
+5 &1,$%&+*
SS6 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
\5 &1,$%&+* 8*# $* %&' &1,$%&+* 8*# %++,'*&+*
;0 /<=> =CA ><A V?DN@ GH DJ?@=DEAL
%0 1. As Lo Lhe number of persons affecLed: a. ubllc (or common) - ls one whlch affecLs a communlLy lr nelghborhood or conslderable number of persons. b. rlvaLe - ls one whlch affecLs an lndlvldual or few persons only. 2. CLher classlflcaLlon: a. nulsance er Se - LhaL klnd of nulsance whlch ls always a nulsance. 8y lLs naLure, lL ls always a nulsance all Lhe Llme under any clrcumsLances regardless of locaLlon or surroundlngs. b. nulsance er Accldens - LhaL klnd of nulsance by reason of locaLlon, surroundlng or ln a manner lL ls conducLed or managed. c. 1emporary - LhaL klnd whlch lf properly aLLended does noL consLlLuLe a nulsance. d. ermanenL - LhaL klnd whlch by naLure of sLrucLure creaLes a permanenL lnconvenlence. e. ConLlnulng - LhaL klnd whlch by lLs naLure wlll conLlnue Lo exlsL lndeflnlLely unless abaLed f. lnLermlLLenL - LhaL klnd whlch recurs off and on may be dlsconLlnued anyLlme. g. ALLracLlve nulsance - one who malnLalns on hls premlses dangerous lnsLrumenLallLles or appllances of a characLer llkely Lo aLLracL chlldren ln play, and who falls Lo exerclse ordlnary care Lo prevenL chlldren from playlng LherewlLh or resorLlng LhereLo, ls llable Lo a chlld of Lender years who ls ln[ured Lhereby, even lf Lhe chlld ls Lechnlcally a Lrespasser ln Lhe premlses.
%0 1. rosecuLlon under Lhe 8C or any local ordlnance 2. Clvll acLlon 3. AbaLemenL, wlLhouL [udlclal proceedlng
;0 /<G M=P =R=?F GH CAMAN?A@L
%0 1. ubllc offlcers
2. rlvaLe persons lf nulsance ls speclally ln[urlous Lo hlmself, Lhe ff. sLeps musL be made:
l. demand be flrsL made upon owner or possessor of Lhe properLy Lo abaLe Lhe nulsance ll. LhaL such demand has been re[ecLed lll. LhaL Lhe abaLemenL be approved by Lhe dlsLrlcL healLh offlcer and execuLed wlLh Lhe asslsLance of local pollce lv. LhaL Lhe value of desLrucLlon does noL exceed 3,000
;0 /<=> ?@ = BC?R=>A DJ?@=DEAL
%0 one LhaL affecLs an lndlvldual or a llmlLed number of lndlvlduals only
%0 1. ubllc offlcers 2. rlvaLe persons lf nulsance ls speclally ln[urlous Lo hlmself, Lhe ff. sLeps musL be made:
l. demand be flrsL made upon owner or possessor of Lhe properLy Lo abaLe Lhe nulsance ll. LhaL such demand has been re[ecLed
#&.#" /*( (/0/%)" lll. LhaL Lhe abaLemenL be approved by Lhe dlsLrlcL healLh offlcer and execuLed wlLh Lhe asslsLance of local pollce lv. LhaL Lhe value of desLrucLlon does noL exceed 3,000
%0 A dangerous lnsLrumenLallLy or appllance malnLalned ln one's premlses whlch ls llkely Lo aLLracL chlldren aL play.
Cne who malnLalns an aLLracLlve nulsance on hls esLaLe wlLhouL exerclslng due care ls llable Lo a chlld of Lender years even lf a Lrespasser.
&G>A0 Lhe aLLracLlveness of Lhe premlses or of Lhe dangerous lnsLrumenLallLy Lo chlldren of Lender years ls Lo be consldered as an lmplled lnvlLaLlon, whlch Lakes Lhe chlldren who accepLed lL ouL of Lhe caLegory of a Lrespasser and puLs Lhem ln Lhe caLegory of lnvlLees, Lowards whom Lhe owner of Lhe premlses or lnsLrumenLallLy owes Lhe duLy of ordlnary care
'5 -,".%!,"& "9 +"&$!,!1!,"&%. #,)4!$
Any publlc offlcer or employee, or any prlvaLe lndlvldual, who dlrecLly or lndlrecLly obsLrucLs, defeaLs, vlolaLes or ln any manner lmpedes or lmpalrs any of Lhe followlng rlghLs and llberLles of anoLher person shall be llable Lo Lhe laLLer for damages: 1. lreedom of rellglon, 2. lreedom of speech, 3. lreedom Lo wrlLe for Lhe press or Lo malnLaln a perlodlcal publlcaLlon, 4. lreedom from arblLrary or lllegal deLenLlon, 3. lreedom of suffrage, 6. 1he rlghL agalnsL deprlvaLlon of properLy wlLhouL due process of law, 7. 1he rlghL Lo a [usL compensaLlon when prlvaLe properLy ls Laken for publlc use, 8. 1he rlghL Lo Lhe equal proLecLlon of Lhe laws, 9. 1he rlghL Lo be secure ln one's person, house, papers, and effecLs agalnsL unreasonable searches and selzures, 10. 1he llberLy of abode and of changlng Lhe same, 11. 1he prlvacy of communlcaLlon and correspondence, 12. 1he rlghL Lo become a member of assoclaLlons or socleLles for purposes noL conLrary Lo law, 13. 1he rlghL Lo Lake parL ln a peaceable assembly Lo peLlLlon Lhe governmenL for redress of grlevances, 14. 1he rlghL Lo be free from lnvolunLary servlLude ln any form, 13. 1he rlghL of Lhe accused agalnsL excesslve ball, 16. 1he rlghL of Lhe accused Lo be heard by hlmself and counsel, Lo be lnformed of Lhe naLure and cause of Lhe accusaLlon agalnsL hlm, Lo have a speedy and publlc Lrlal, Lo meeL Lhe wlLnesses face Lo face, and Lo have compulsory process Lo secure Lhe aLLendance of wlLness ln hls behalf, 17. lreedom from belng compelled Lo be a wlLness agalnsL one's self, or from belng forced Lo confess gullL, or from belng lnduced by a promlse of lmmunlLy or reward Lo make such confesslon, excepL when Lhe person confesslng becomes a SLaLe wlLness, 18. lreedom from excesslve flnes, or cruel and unusual punlshmenL, unless Lhe same ls lmposed or lnfllcLed ln accordance wlLh a sLaLuLe whlch has noL been [udlclally declared unconsLlLuLlonal, and 19. lreedom of access Lo Lhe courLs. (ArL. 32, nCC)
%0 1he creaLlon of an absoluLely separaLe and lndependenL clvll acLlon for Lhe vlolaLlon of clvll llberLles ls essenLlal Lo Lhe effecLlve malnLenance of democracy.
%0 When a member of a clLy or munlclpal pollce force refuses or falls Lo render ald or proLecLlon Lo any person ln case of danger Lo llfe or properLy, such peace offlcer shall be prlmarlly llable for damages. (Att. J4, Ncc)
An acLlon may be broughL by any person sufferlng from maLerlal or moral loss because a publlc servanL refuses or neglecLs, wlLhouL [usL cause Lo perform hls offlclal duLy (Ak1, 27 Ncc).
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
kepolsltes. l. defendanL ls a publlc offlcer charged wlLh Lhe performance of a duLy ln favor of Lhe plalnLlff ll. he refused or neglecLed wlLhouL [usL cause Lo perform such duLy (mlnlsLerlal) lll. plalnLlff susLalned maLerlal or moral loss as consequence of such non performance lv. Lhe amounL of such damages, lf maLerlal
%0 ln moLor vehlcle mlshaps, Lhe owner ls solldarlly llable wlLh hls drlver, lf Lhe former, who was ln Lhe vehlcle, could have, by Lhe use of Lhe due dlllgence, prevenLed Lhe mlsforLune. lL ls dlspuLably presumed LhaL a drlver was negllgenL, lf he had been found gullLy or reckless drlvlng or vlolaLlng Lrafflc regulaLlons aL leasL Lwlce wlLhln Lhe nexL precedlng Lwo monLhs. (Att. 2184, Ncc)
%0 a. 1he proprleLor of a bulldlng or sLrucLure ls responslble for Lhe damages resulLlng from lLs LoLal or parLlal collapse, lf lL should be due Lo Lhe lack of necessary repalrs. (Att. 2190, Ncc)
b. roprleLors shall also be responslble for damages caused:
1) 8y Lhe exploslon of machlnery whlch has noL been Laken care of wlLh due dlllgence, and Lhe lnflammaLlon of exploslve subsLances whlch have noL been kepL ln a safe and adequaLe place, 2) 8y excesslve smoke, whlch may be harmful Lo persons or properLy, 3) 8y Lhe falllng of Lrees slLuaLed aL or near hlghways or lanes, lf noL caused by force ma[eure, 4) 8y emanaLlons from Lubes, canals, sewers or deposlLs of lnfecLlous maLLer, consLrucLed wlLhouL precauLlons sulLable Lo Lhe place. (Att. 2191, Ncc)
,5 4*%' "9 9%(,.T
See ersons Made 8esponslble lor CLhers, arenLs
W5 $!#,+! .,%2,.,!T
;0 /<AD ?@ ><ACA @>C?E> F?=I?F?>PL
%0 1here ls sLrlcL llablllLy lf one ls made lndependenL of faulL, negllgence or lnLenL afLer esLabllshlng cerLaln facLs speclfled by law. lL lncludes llablllLy for converslon and for ln[urles caused by anlmals, ulLrahazardous acLlvlLles and nulsance.
%5 %&,(%.$
\5 8"$$*$$"# %&' 1$*# "9 %& %&,(%.
;0 /<G ?@ F?=IFA HGC N=M=KA@ E=J@AN IP =D?M=F@L
%0 1he possessor or whoever makes use of Lhe anlmal ls llable lndependenL of faulL.
&G>A0 1he only excepLlon ls when Lhe damage ls caused by fotce mojeote or by Lhe person who suffered Lhe damage.
%0 1. An owner ls sLrlcLly llable for reasonably foreseeable damage done by a Lrespass of hls anlmals. 2. An owner ls sLrlcLly llable Lo llcensees and lnvlLees for ln[urles caused by wlld
#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
SS9 1 & , - * # $ , ! T " 9 $ % & ! " ! " ( % $ !"# $% & " ' ') *) + ) # , - ./ 0 / % %+%'*(,+$ +4%,#0 LLS1L8 !A? ALAn L. lLC8LS ll -,+* +4%,#$ 9"# %+%'*(,+$0 kA8Ln !C? C. SA8uCC & !CPn PLn8? C. MLnuCZA -,+* +4%,# 9"# %'(,&,$!#%!,"& %&' 9,&%&+*: !LAnLLLL C. LLL -,+* +4%,#$ 9"# .%T"1! %&' '*$,)&0 LA8L LCulL M. MASACA?An & 1PLLnA C. MA81lnLZ anlmals as long as Lhe ln[ured person dld noLhlng Lo brlng abouL Lhe ln[ury. 3. An owner ls noL sLrlcLly llable for ln[urles caused by domesLlc anlmals unless he has knowledge of LhaL parLlcular anlmal's dangerous propenslLles LhaL are noL common Lo Lhe specles. 4. SLrlcL llablllLy wlll generally noL be lmposed ln favor of Lrespassers ln Lhe absence of Lhe owner's negllgence. An excepLlon ls recognlzed for ln[urles lnfllcLed by vlclous waLchdogs.
25 &1,$%&+*
See nulsance.
\5 +.%$$*$
See nulsance. S5 *%$*(*&! %)%,&$! &1,$%&+*
;0 /<=> ?@ A=@AMAD> =K=?D@> DJ?@=DEAL
%0 LasemenL agalnsL nulsance ls esLabllshed by Att. 682 - 68J. lL ls lnLended Lo prohlblL Lhe proprleLor or possessor of a bulldlng or land from commlLLlng nulsance Lhereln Lhrough nolse, [arrlng, offenslve odor, smoke, heaL, dusL, waLer, glare, and oLher causes. (Coozolezuecooo, Notes oo 1otts & uomoqes uoJet tbe clvll coJe of tbe lblllpploes, 2010, p166)
+5 8#"'1+!$ .,%2,.,!T
\5 +"&$1(*# %+!
See ManufacLurers or rocessors, Consumer AcL.
2""6 ,, 7 '%(%)*$
,5 )*&*#%. +"&$,'*#%!,"&$
%5 +.%$$,9,+%!,"&
;0 /<=> =CA N=M=KA@L
%0 1he pecunlary compensaLlon, recompense or saLlsfacLlon for an ln[ury susLalned or as oLherwlse expressed Lhe pecunlary consequences whlch Lhe law lmposes for Lhe breach of some duLy or vlolaLlon of some rlghLs.
&G>A0 A complalnL for damages ls personal ln naLure (personal acLlon)
%+!1%.j +"(8*&$%!"#T ("#%. &"(,&%. 2""$&.#%F -$ L,&L$*' AcLual or compensaLory damages slmply make good or replace Lhe loss caused by Lhe wrong. Awarded only Lo enable Lhe ln[ured parLy Lo obLaln means, dlverslon or amusemenL LhaL wlll allevlaLe Lhe moral sufferlng he has undergone, by reason of defendanLs culpable acLlon. (koblezo v. cA, 174 5ckA J54) vlndlcaLlng or recognlzlng Lhe ln[ured parLy's rlghL Lo a properLy LhaL has been vlolaLed or lnvaded. (1oo v. 8ooteqol, 47J 5ckA 66J) 2""$&.#%F -$ (!%%'& $< .'-'&(#%!-#$% ClalmanL musL produce compeLenL proof or Lhe besL evldence obLalnable such as recelpLs Lo [usLlfy an award Lherefore. AcLual or compensaLory damages coooot be ptesomeJ buL musL be proved wlLh reasonable cerLalnLy. (leople v. teoo, leb. 22, 2000) no proof of pecunlary loss ls necessary. 1he assessmenL ls lefL Lo Lhe dlscreLlon of Lhe courL accordlng Lo Lhe clrcumsLances of each case. Powever, Lhere musL be proof LhaL Lhe defendanL caused physlcal sufferlng eLc. (compoolo Motltlmo v. AllleJ ltee wotkets uoloo, C.k. No. lJ1J79, Aoq. 29, 1988).
)#0 lacLual basls musL be alleged. Aslde from Lhe need for Lhe clalmanL Lo saLlsfacLorlly prove Lhe exlsLence of Lhe facLual basls of Lhe damages, lL ls also necessary Lo prove lLs causal relaLlon Lo Lhe defendanL's acL (kooqos v. 1tovo, C.k. No. l20081, leb. 27,1968, leople v. Mooeto, C.k. Nos. 8688J85, Ioo. 29, 199J).
W8&0 Crlmlnal cases. Moral damages may be awarded Lo Lhe vlcLlm ln crlmlnal proceedlngs ln such amounL as Lhe courL deems [usL wlLhouL need for pleadlng or proof of Lhe basls Lhereof (leople v. loteJes, Ioly J0, 1998). no proof of pecunlary loss ls necessary. roof LhaL a legal rlghL has been vlolaLed ls whaL ls only requlred. usually awarded ln Lhe absence of proof of acLual damages. HL'"#!+Q@&.#%!&O Crdlnary
&G>A0 Crdlnary uamages are Lhose generally lnherenL ln a breach of a Lyplcal conLracL Speclal
&G>A0 Speclal uamages are Lhose whlch exlsL because of speclal clrcumsLances and for whlch a debLor ln good falLh can be held llable lf he had been prevlously lnformed of such. clrcumsLances. Speclal
S4u
+,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
!*(8*#%!* .,;1,'%!*' *W*(8.%#Tj +"##*+!,-* 2""$&.#%F -$ L,&L$*' When Lhe courL ls convlnced LhaL Lhere has been such a loss, Lhe [udge ls empowered Lo calculaLe moderaLe damages raLher Lhan leL Lhe complalnanL suffer wlLhouL redress. (C5l5 v. lobooqueooq, J65 5ckA J41) LlquldaLed damages are frequenLly agreed upon by Lhe parLles, elLher by way of penalLy or ln order Lo avold conLroversy on Lhe amounL of damages. Lxemplary or correcLlve damages are lnLended Lo serve as a deLerrenL Lo serlous wrongdolngs. (leople v. Otlllo, 422 5ckA 620) 2""$&.#%F -$ (!%%'& $< .'-'&(#%!-#$% May be recovered when Lhe courL flnds LhaL some pecunlary loss has been suffered buL lLs amounL cannoL, from Lhe naLure of Lhe case, be proved wlLh cerLalnLy. no proof of pecunlary loss ls necessary. lf lnLended as a penalLy ln obllgaLlons wlLh a penal cause, proof of acLual damages suffered by Lhe credlLor ls noL necessary ln order LhaL Lhe penalLy may be demanded (Att. 1228, Ncc). No ptoof of pecooloty loss ls necessary. 1. 1haL Lhe clalmanL ls enLlLled Lo moral, LemperaLe or compensaLory damages, and
2. 1haL Lhe crlme was commlLLed wlLh 1 or more aggravaLlng clrcumsLances, or Lhe quasldellcL was commlLLed wlLh gross negllgence, or ln conLracLs and quaslconLracLs Lhe acL musL be accompanled by bad falLh or done ln wanLon, fraudulenL, oppresslve or malevolenL manner.
no proof of pecunlary loss ls necessary. HL'"#!+Q@&.#%!&O Speclal Speclal Speclal
%0 lL comprehends noL only Lhe value of Lhe loss suffered buL also LhaL of Lhe proflLs whlch Lhe obllgee falled Lo obLaln. 1he amounL should be LhaL whlch would puL Lhe plalnLlff ln Lhe same poslLlon as he would have been lf he had noL susLalned Lhe wrong for whlch he ls now geLLlng compensaLlon or reparaLlon. 1o recover damages, Lhe amounL of loss musL noL only be capable of proof buL musL acLually be proven.
%0 1. Ceoetol Jomoqes - naLural, necessary and loglcal consequences of a parLlcular wrongful acL whlch resulL ln ln[ury, need noL be speclflcally pleaded because Lhe law lLself lmplles or presumes LhaL Lhey resulLed from Lhe wrongful acL.
2. 5peclol Jomoqes - damages whlch are Lhe naLural, buL noL Lhe necessary and lnevlLable resulL of Lhe wrongful acL, an example would be aLLorney's fees.
25 #*;1,$,!*$
\5 %..*)*' %&' 8#"-*' /,!4 +*#!%,&!T
;0 ,@ ?> DAEA@@=CP ><=> FG@@ IA BCGRANL
%0 )#0 Loss musL be proved before one can be enLlLled Lo damages.
W8&0 Loss need noL be proved ln Lhe followlng cases:
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
1. LlquldaLed damages prevlously agreed upon, &G>A0 LlquldaLed damages Lake Lhe place of acLual damages excepL when addlLlonal damages are lncurred. 2. lf damages oLher Lhan acLual are soughL, 3. lorfelLure of bonds ln favor of Lhe governmenL for Lhe purpose of promoLlng publlc lnLeresL or pollcy, 4. Loss ls presumed.
S42 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
S5 &"! $8*+1.%!,-*
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A CAQJ?CAN BCGGH HGC =E>J=F N=M=KA@L
%0 lL ls necessary LhaL Lhe clalmanL produces compeLenL proof or Lhe besL evldence obLalnable such as recelpLs Lo [usLlfy an award Lherefore. AcLual or compensaLory damages coooot be ptesomeJ buL musL be proved wlLh reasonable cerLalnLy (leople v. teoo, leb. 22, 2000)
Any person who seeks Lo be awarded acLual or compensaLory damages due Lo acLs of anoLher has Lhe burden of provlng sald damages as well as Lhe amounL Lhereof. AcLual damages cannoL be allowed unless supporLed by evldence on Lhe record. 1he courL cannoL rely on speculaLlons, con[ecLures or guesswork as Lo Lhe facL and amounL of damages (8ooos, It. v. cA, leb. 10, 2000)
+5 +"(8"&*&! *.*(*&!$
\5 -%.1* "9 ."$$: 1&#*%.,k*' 8#"9,!
;0 /<=> NGA@ =E>J=F N=M=KA@ EGRACL
%0 lL comprehends noL only Lhe value of Lhe loss suffered buL also LhaL of Lhe proflLs whlch Lhe obllgee falled Lo obLaln. 1. uooo emetqeote - loss of whaL a person already possesses
2. locto cessoote - fallure Lo recelve as a beneflL LhaL would have perLalned Lo hlm
&G>A0 Loss or lmpalrmenL of earnlng capaclLy ln cases of Lemporary or permanenL personal ln[ury.
ln case of buslness esLabllshmenLs, lL covers ln[ury Lo Lhe buslness sLandlng or commerclal credlL.
%0 Much ls lefL Lo Lhe dlscreLlon of Lhe courL conslderlng Lhe moral and maLerlal damages lnvolved. 1here can be no exacL or unlform rule for measurlng Lhe value of a human llfe. 1he amounL recoverable depends on Lhe parLlcular facLs and clrcumsLances of each case.
1he llfe expecLancy of Lhe deceased or of Lhe beneflclary, whlchever ls shorLer, ls an lmporLanL facLor. CLher facLors LhaL are usually consldered are: 1. ecunlary loss Lo plalnLlff or beneflclary, 2. Loss of supporL, 3. Loss of servlce, 4. Loss of socleLy, 3. MenLal sufferlng of beneflclarles, and 6. Medlcal and funeral expenses.
1hus, llfe expecLancy ls, noL only relevanL, buL, also, an lmpottoot elemenL ln flxlng Lhe amounL recoverable, alLhough lL ls noL Lhe sole elemenL deLermlnaLlve of sald amounL.
%0 no. Sald damages conslsL, oot of Lhe full amounL of hls earnlngs, buL of Lhe soppott tbey tecelveJ ot woolJ bove tecelveJ from hlm had he noL dled ln consequence of Lhe negllgence of Lhe bus' agenL. SLaLed oLherwlse, Lhe amounL recoverable ls noL loss of Lhe enLlre earnlng, buL raLher Lhe loss of LhaL pottloo of Lhe earnlngs whlch Lhe beneflclary would have recelved. ln oLher words, only oet eotoloqs, noL gross earnlng, are Lo be consldered.
ln flxlng Lhe amounL of LhaL supporL, Lhe "oecessoty expeoses of bls owo llvloq" sboolJ be JeJocteJ ftom bls eotoloqs. Larnlng capaclLy, as an elemenL of damages Lo one's esLaLe for hls deaLh by wrongful acL, ls necessarlly hls neL earnlng capaclLy or hls capaclLy Lo acqulre money, less tbe oecessoty expeose fot bls owo llvloq. (vlllo key 1tooslt, loc. v. cA, et ol., C.k. No. l25499 leb. 18, 1970)
"#',&%#T *W!#%"#',&%#T 9!-,&' 1he reasonable compensaLlon pald Lo a lawyer for Lhe legal servlces rendered Lo a cllenL who has engaged hlm An lndemnlLy for damages ordered by Lhe courL Lo be pald by Lhe loslng Lo Lhe prevalllng parLy ln llLlgaLlon R!*#* 1he facL of employmenL of Lhe lawyer by Lhe cllenL Any cases auLhorlzed by law E$ CD$( L!O!/+' Lawyer CllenL
;0 !G U<=> NGA@ %C>?EFA SS[_ BAC>=?DL
%0 ArLlcle 2208 perLalns Lo exLraordlnary aLLorney's fees. 1hey are acLual damages due Lo Lhe plalnLlff. lalnLlff musL allege Lhe basls of hls clalm for aLLorney's fees ln Lhe complalnL.
%0 )#0 Not recoverable. W8&0 $/,$$ (1' *#+ 1. $LlpulaLlon beLween parLles 2. 8ecovery of /ages of household helpers, laborers and skllled workers 3. AcLlons for ,ndemnlLy under workmen's compensaLlon and employer llablllLy laws 4. Legal $upporL acLlons 3. $eparaLe clvll acLlon Lo recover clvll llablllLy arlslng from crlme 6. (allclous prosecuLlon 7. Clearly 1nfounded clvll acLlon or proceedlng agalnsL plalnLlff 8. When 'ouble [udlclal cosLs are awarded 9. When *xemplary damages are awarded 10. uefendanL acLed ln gross & evldenL bad falLh ln #efuslng Lo saLlsfy plalnLlff's [usL & demandable clalm 11. When defendanL's acL or omlsslon +ompelled plalnLlff Lo llLlgaLe wlLh 3rd persons or lncur expenses Lo proLecL hls lnLeresL
e5 ,&!*#*$!
;0 /<AD E=D ?D>ACA@> IA B=C> GH N=M=KA@L
%0 ln crlmes and quasldellcLs, Lhe courL may approprlaLely lmpose lnLeresL on Lhe amounL of Lhe damages ad[udlcaLed by Lhe courL. 1he basls of lnLeresL ls Lhe legal raLe whlch ls 6 per annum.
'5 *W!*&! "# $+"8* "9 %+!1%. '%(%)*$
\5 ,& +"&!#%+!$ %&' ;1%$,+"&!#%+!$
;0 /<=> @<GJFN IA ><A =MGJD> GH =E>J=F N=M=KA@L
%0 1he amounL should be LhaL whlch would puL Lhe plalnLlff ln Lhe same poslLlon as he would have been lf he had noL susLalned Lhe wrong for whlch he ls now geLLlng compensaLlon or reparaLlon. 1. ltopetty - value aL Lhe Llme of desLrucLlon, or markeL value, plus, ln proper cases, damages for Lhe loss of use durlng Lhe perlod before replacemenL, value of use of premlses, ln case of mere deprlvaLlon of possesslon.
60 ersonal ln[ury - Medlcal expenses, 73,000 by way of clvll lndemnlLy ln case of rape commlLLed or effecLlvely quallfled under whlch Lhe deaLh penalLy ls lmposed by law, or 30,000 ln oLher rape cases.
3. ueotb - Wake and burlal expenses, 30,000 by way of clvll lndemnlLy ex Jellcto whlch requlres no proof oLher Lhan Lhe facL of deaLh of Lhe vlcLlm and Lhe assallanL's responslblllLy Lherefor.
;0 +=D =E>J=F N=M=KA@ IA M?>?K=>ANL
%0 ?es, ln Lhe followlng cases: 1. lot coottocts. a. vlolaLlon of Lerms of Lhe conLracL by Lhe plalnLlff hlmself, b. CbLenLlon or en[oymenL of beneflL under Lhe conLracL by Lhe plalnLlff hlmself, c. uefendanL acLed upon advlce of counsel ln cases where Lhe exemplary damages are Lo be
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
awarded such as under ArLlcles 2230, 2231 and 2232, d. uefendanL has done hls besL Lo lessen Lhe plalnLlff's ln[ury or loss.
2. lot Oooslcoottocts. a. ln cases where exemplary damages are Lo be awarded such as ln ArLlcle 2232, b. uefendanL has done hls besL Lo lessen Lhe plalnLlff's ln[ury or loss.
3. lot OooslJellcts. S44 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
a. 1haL Lhe loss would have resulLed ln any evenL because of Lhe negllgence or omlsslon of anoLher, and where such negllgence or omlsslon ls Lhe lmmedlaLe and proxlmaLe cause of Lhe damage or ln[ury, b. uefendanL has done hls besL Lo lessen Lhe plalnLlff's ln[ury or loss.
%0 ArL. 2206 provldes LhaL Lhe amounL of damages for deaLh caused by a crlme or quasl dellcL shall be aL leasL 30 Lhousand pesos, even Lhough Lhere may have been mlLlgaLlng clrcumsLances. ln addlLlon Lo Lhe amounL Lo be awarded, Lhe defendanL shall also be llable for Lhe followlng:
1. Loss of Lhe earnlng capaclLy of Lhe deceased, and Lhe lndemnlLy shall be pald Lo Lhe helrs of Lhe laLLer, such lndemnlLy shall ln every case be assessed and awarded by Lhe courL, unless Lhe deceased on accounL of permanenL physlcal dlsablllLy noL caused by Lhe defendanL, had no earnlng capaclLy aL Lhe Llme of hls deaLh,
2. lf Lhe deceased was obllged Lo glve supporL accordlng Lo Lhe provlslons of ArLlcle 291, Lhe reclplenL who ls noL an helr called Lo Lhe decedenL's lnherlLance by Lhe law of LesLaLe or lnLesLaLe successlon, may demand supporL from Lhe person causlng Lhe deaLh, for a perlod noL exceedlng flve years, Lhe exacL duraLlon Lo be flxed by Lhe courL,
&G>A0 1he arLlcle only menLloned helr. ConsequenLly, lL cannoL speak of devlsees and legaLees who are recelvlng supporL from Lhe deceased.
3. 1he spouse, leglLlmaLe and llleglLlmaLe descendanLs and ascendanLs of Lhe deceased may demand moral damages for menLal angulsh by reason of Lhe deaLh of Lhe deceased.
,,,5 ("#%. '%(%)*$
%5 +"&+*8!
;0 /<P =CA MGC=F N=M=KA@ =U=CNANL
%0 1hey are awarded Lo enable Lhe ln[ured parLy Lo obLaln means, dlverslons or amusemenL LhaL wlll serve Lo allevlaLe Lhe moral sufferlng he has undergone by reason of Lhe defendanL's culpable acLlon.
;0 4GU E=D ><A BF=?D>?HH CAEGRAC MGC=F N=M=KA@L
%0 )#0 1he plalnLlff musL allege and prove: 1. 1he foctool bosls for moral damages and 2. 1he coosol telotloo Lo Lhe defendanL's acL
W8&0 Moral damages may be awarded Lo Lhe vlcLlm ln crlmlnal proceedlngs wlLhouL Lhe need for pleadlng of proof or Lhe basls Lhereof.
25 /4*& #*+"-*#%2.*
;0 /<AD ?@ MGC=F N=M=KA@ CAEGRAC=IFAL
%0 Moral damages may be recovered ln Lhe followlng and analogous cases: 1. A crlmlnal offense resulLlng ln physlcal ln[urles, 2. CuasldellcLs causlng physlcal ln[urles, 3. SeducLlon, abducLlon, rape, or oLher lasclvlous acLs, 4. AdulLery or concublnage, 3. lllegal or arblLrary deLenLlon or arresL, 6. lllegal search, 7. Llbel, slander or any oLher form of defamaLlon, 8. Mallclous prosecuLlon, 9. AcLs menLloned ln ArLlcle 309, and
#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
10. AcLlons referred Lo ln ArLlcles 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, and 33. (Att. 2219, Ncc)
&]ef0 1o award moral damages, a courL musL be saLlsfled wlLh proof of Lhe followlng: 1. an ln[ury - wheLher physlcal, menLal or psychologlcal, 2. a culpable acL or omlsslon facLually esLabllshed, 3. a wrongful acL or omlsslon of Lhe defendanL as Lhe proxlmaLe cause of Lhe ln[ury susLalned by Lhe clalmanL, 4. Lhe award of damages predlcaLed on any of Lhe cases sLaLed ln ArL. 2219.
ArL. 2219, nCC speaks provldes for crlmlnal offense resulLlng from physlcal ln[urles and quasldellcLs causlng physlcal ln[urles.
kepolsltes. 1. 1here musL be an ln[ury wheLher physlcal, menLal or psychologlcal, clearly susLalned by Lhe clalmanL 2. 1here musL be culpable acL or omlsslon 3. Such acL or omlsslon ls Lhe proxlmaLe cause of Lhe ln[ury 4. 1he damage ls predlcaLed on Lhe cases clLed ln ArL. 2219
%0 no, clvll lndemnlLy ls dlfferenL from moral damages. lL ls dlsLlncL from and should noL be denomlnaLed as moral damages whlch are based on dlfferenL [ural foundaLlons and assessed by Lhe courL ln Lhe exerclse of sound dlscreLlon (leople v. colJooo, C.k. No. 126019, Mot. 1, 2001).
When Lhe facL of rape has been esLabllshed, clvll lndemnlLy ls mandaLory. lf lL ls slmple rape, clvll lndemnlLy ls 30,000.00. lf Lhere ls quallfylng clrcumsLance as Lo [usLlfy Lhe lmposlLlon of deaLh penalLy, lL should be no less Lhan 73,000.00 (leople v. 8oooqo , leople v. Moblooy, C.k. No. 10961J, Ioly 17, 1995) (lloeJo, p. 247, 2009 eJ.).
S5 ,& %+!$ #*9*##*' !" ,& %#!$5 S\X S^X SaX S_X SgX eSX ef l e]X &++
%0 1. Wlllful acLs conLrary Lo morals, good cusLoms or publlc pollcy 2. ulsrespecL Lo Lhe dlgnlLy, personallLy, prlvacy and peace of mlnd of nelghbors and oLher persons 3. 8efusal or neglecL of a publlc servanL Lo perform hls offlclal duLy wlLhouL [usL cause 4. unfalr compeLlLlon ln enLerprlse or ln labor 3. Clvll acLlon for damages agalnsL accused acqulLLed on reasonable doubL 6. vlolaLlon of clvll rlghLs 7. Clvll acLlon for damages agalnsL clLy or munlclpal pollce force 8. When Lhe Lrlal courL flnds no reasonable ground Lo belleve LhaL a crlme has been commlLLed afLer a prellmlnary lnvesLlgaLlon or when Lhe prosecuLor refuses or falls Lo lnsLlLuLe crlmlnal proceedlngs.
e5 ,& +%$*$ "9 (%.,+,"1$ 8#"$*+1!,"&
;0 /<=> ?@ =D =E>?GD HGC M=F?E?GJ@ BCG@AEJ>?GDL
%0 lL has been deflned as an acLlon for damages broughL by or agalnsL whom a crlmlnal prosecuLlon, clvll sulL, or oLher legal proceedlng has been lnsLlLuLed mallclously and wlLhouL probable cause, afLer Lhe LermlnaLlon of such prosecuLlon, sulL or oLher proceedlng ln favor of Lhe defendanL Lhereln. (uloz v. uovoo llqbt ooJ lowet co., 520 5ckA 510, 2007)
%0 8y declarlng peLlLloner as psychologlcally lncapaclLaLed, Lhe posslblllLy of awardlng moral damages was negaLed, whlch should have been proved by speclflc evldence LhaL lL was Jooe Jellbetotely. 1hus, as Lhe granL of moral damages was noL proper, lL follows LhaL Lhe granL of exemplary damages cannoL sLand slnce Lhe Clvll Code provldes LhaL exemplary damages are lmposed ln addlLlon Lo moral, LemperaLe, llquldaLed or compensaLory damages. llnally,
!"# %&'()* *&#)" +,--
slnce Lhe award of moral and exemplary damages ls no longer [usLlfled, Lhe award of aLLorney's fees and expenses of llLlgaLlon ls lefL wlLhouL basls. (8oeooveototo v. cA, C.k. No. 127J58, Mot. J1, 2005)
S46 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
,-5 &"(,&%. '%(%)*$
%5 +"&+*8!
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BJCBG@A GH DGM?D=F N=M=KA@L
%0 ln order LhaL a rlghL of Lhe plalnLlff whlch has been vlolaLed or lnvaded by Lhe defendanL may be vlndlcaLed or recognlzed, ooJ oot fot tbe potpose of lndemnlfylng Lhe plalnLlff for any loss suffered by hlm.
&G>A0 LlemenLs: 1. lalnLlff has a rlghL, 2. Such rlghL ls vlolaLed, 3. 1he purpose of awardlng damages ls Lo vlndlcaLe or recognlze Lhe rlghL vlolaLed.
25 /4*& %/%#'*'
;0 ,D U<=> E=@A@ =CA DGM?D=F N=M=KA@ =U=CNANL
%0 nomlnal damages are small sums flxed by Lhe courL wlLhouL regard Lo Lhe exLenL of Lhe harm done Lo Lhe ln[ured parLy. 1hey are damages ln name only and are allowed slmply ln recognlLlon of a Lechnlcal ln[ury based on a vlolaLlon of a legal rlghL.
&G>A0 nomlnal damages cannoL coexlsL wlLh acLual or compensaLory damages becoose nomlnal damages are recoverable when Lhe damages suffered cannoL be proved wlLh reasonable cerLalnLy. 1he law presumes damage alLhough acLual or compensaLory damages are noL proven. Award of acLual, moral, LemperaLe or moderaLe damages preclude nomlnal damages. 8uL lL may be awarded LogeLher wlLh aLLorney's fees. (lloeJo, pp. 284285, 2009 eJ)
-5 !*(8*#%!* "# ("'*#%!* '%(%)*$
%5 +"&+*8!
;0 /<=> =CA >AMBAC=>A N=M=KA@L
%0 1hose damages, whlch are more Lhan nomlnal buL less Lhan compensaLory, and may be recovered when Lhe courL flnds LhaL some pecunlary loss has been suffered buL lLs amounL cannoL be proved wlLh cerLalnLy. ln cases where Lhe resulLlng ln[ury mlghL be conLlnulng and posslble fuLure compllcaLlons dlrecLly arlslng from Lhe ln[ury whlle cerLaln Lo occur, are dlfflculL Lo predlcL, LemperaLe damages can and should be awarded on Lop of acLual or compensaLory damages. ln such cases Lhere ls no lncompaLlblllLy beLween acLual and LemperaLe damages
&G>A0 lemeots. 1. Some pecunlary loss, 2. Loss ls lncapable of pecunlary esLlmaLlon, 3. 1he damages awarded are reasonable.
-,5 .,;1,'%!*' '%(%)*$
%5 +"&+*8!
;0 /<=> =CA F?QJ?N=>AN N=M=KA@L %0 1hose agreed upon by Lhe parLles ln a conLracL, Lo be pald ln case of breach Lhereof.
;0 /<AD M=P F?QJ?N=>AN N=M=KA@ IA AQJ?>=IFP CANJEANL
%0 1. lnlqulLous or unconsclonable 2. arLlal or lrregular performance
%0 ArL. 2228, nCC, provldes LhaL when Lhe breach of conLracL commlLLed by Lhe defendanL ls noL Lhe one conLemplaLed by Lhe parLles ln agreelng upon Lhe llquldaLed damages, Lhe law shall deLermlne Lhe measure of damages, and noL Lhe sLlpulaLlon.
-,,5 *W*(8.%#T "# +"##*+!,-* '%(%)*$
%5 +"&+*8!
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A BJCBG@A GH A`AMBF=CP N=M=KA@L
%0 lmposed by way of example or correcLlon for Lhe publlc good, ln addlLlon Lo Lhe moral, LemperaLe, llquldaLed or compensaLory damages, lnLended Lo serve as a deLerrenL Lo serlous wrongdolngs and as a vlndlcaLlon of undue sufferlngs and wanLon of lnvaslon of Lhe rlghLs of
#&.#" /*( (/0/%)"
an ln[ured or a punlshmenL for Lhose gullLy of ouLrageous conducL.
%0 )#0 Lxemplary damages cannoL be recovered as a maLLer of rlghL (Att. 22JJ, Ncc) W8&0 1. ctlmlool offeose - when Lhe crlme was commlLLed wlLh one or more aggravaLlng clrcumsLances (Att. 22J0) 2. OooslJellcts - when Lhe defendanL acLed wlLh gross negllgence (Att. 22J1) 3. coottocts ooJ Oooslcoottocts - when defendanL acLed ln wanLon, fraudulenL, reckless, oppresslve, or malevolenL manner (Att. 22J2) (lloeJo, p. J01, 2009 eJ)
2. *xemplary damages 3. %LLomey's fees and expenses for llLlgaLlon 4. ,ndemnlLy for deaLh 3. ,ndemnlLy for loss of earnlng capaclLy 6. ,nLeresL ln proper cases
2. *xemplary damages 3. %LLomey's fees and expenses for llLlgaLlon 4. ,ndemnlLy for deaLh 3. ,ndemnlLy for loss of earnlng capaclLy 6. ,nLeresL ln proper cases
+5 #*;1,$,!*$
;0 /<AD ?@ >AMBAC=>A N=M=KA@ CAEGRAC=IFAL
%0 1. 1he clalmanL's rlghL Lo exemplary damages has been esLabllshed 2. 1helr deLermlnaLlon depends upon Lhe amounL of compensaLory damages LhaL may be awarded Lo Lhe clalmanL 3. 1he acL musL be accompanled by bad falLh or done ln wanLon, fraudulenL, oppresslve or malevolenL manner
%0 ln case of deaLh, Lhe plalnLlff ls enLlLled Lo Lhe amounL LhaL he spenL durlng Lhe wake and funeral of Lhe deceased. Powever, lL has been ruled LhaL expenses afLer Lhe burlal are noL compensable.
&G>A0 1he amounL of damages for deaLh caused by a crlme or quasldellcL shall be aL leasL Lhree Lhousand pesos, even Lhough Lhere may have been mlLlgaLlng clrcumsLances. ln addlLlon: 1. 1he defendanL shall be llable for Lhe loss of Lhe earnlng capaclLy of Lhe deceased, and Lhe lndemnlLy shall be pald Lo Lhe helrs of Lhe laLLer, such lndemnlLy shall ln every case be assessed and awarded by Lhe courL, unless Lhe deceased on accounL of permanenL physlcal dlsablllLy noL caused by Lhe defendanL, had no earnlng capaclLy aL Lhe Llme of hls deaLh, 2. lf Lhe deceased was obllged Lo glve supporL accordlng Lo Lhe provlslons of ArLlcle 291, Lhe reclplenL who ls noL an helr called Lo Lhe decedenL's lnherlLance by Lhe law of LesLaLe or lnLesLaLe successlon, may demand supporL from Lhe person causlng Lhe deaLh, for a perlod noL exceedlng flve years, Lhe exacL duraLlon Lo be flxed by Lhe courL, 3. 1he spouse, leglLlmaLe and llleglLlmaLe descendanLs and ascendanLs of Lhe deceased may demand moral damages for menLal angulsh by reason of Lhe deaLh of Lhe deceased. (Att. 2206, Ncc)
%0 Cenerally, Lhe degree of care requlred ls graduaLed accordlng Lo Lhe danger a person or properLy aLLendanL upon Lhe acLlvlLy whlch Lhe acLor pursues or Lhe lnsLrumenLallLy he uses. 1he greaLer Lhe danger Lhe greaLer Lhe degree of care requlred.
Powever, foreseeablllLy ls noL Lhe same as probablllLy. Lven lf Lhere ls lesser degree of probablllLy LhaL damage wlll resulL, Lhe damage may sLlll be consldered foreseeable.
&"!*0 1he LesL as respecLs foreseeablllLy ls noL Lhe balance of probablllLles, buL Lhe exlsLence, ln Lhe slLuaLlon ln hand, of some real llkellhood of some damage and Lhe llkellhood ls of such appreclable welghL and momenL Lo lnduce, or whlch reasonably should lnduce, acLlon Lo avold lL on Lhe parL of a person or a reasonably prudenL mlnd. S48 +,-,. .%/ !*%(0 %'-,$*#0 A11?. LLML8 1. 8A8u?A, $123*+! 4*%'0 ALl8LuC 8. ulMAlLLlx ll, %$$!5 $123*+! 4*%'$0 kA8Ln lLLlZ C. SunAu, LAM8L81C L. SAn1CS lll, (*(2*#$0 AuL LL8L81 L. AMCn, ALS1Cn AnA8nA, CZAn !. luLLL8CS, CLClLlC M. !lMLnC, !8., lSMALL SA8AnCA?A, !8., +"&!#,21!"#$0 LClSL 8AL C. nAvAL, MCnlCA !uCCM
%5 '1!T "9 ,&31#*' 8%#!T
\5 %#!5 SS[e
;0 /<=> ?@ ><A NJ>P GH ><A ?DOJCAN B=C>PL
%0 1he ln[ured parLy ls obllgaLed Lo underLake measures LhaL wlll allevlaLe and noL aggravaLe hls condlLlon afLer Lhe lnfllcLlon of Lhe ln[ury or nulsance. 1he ln[ured parLy has Lhe burden of explalnlng why he dld noL do so. (Att. 220J, Ncc)
25 #1.*$
\5 ,& +#,(*$ ;0 4GU =CA N=M=KA@ =NOJN?E=>AN ?D E=@A GH EC?MA@L %0 ln crlmes, Lhe damages Lo be ad[udlcaLed may be respecLlvely lncreased or lessened accordlng Lo Lhe aggravaLlng or mlLlgaLlng clrcumsLances. (Att. 2204, Ncc) S5 ,& ;1%$,'*.,+!
;0 /<AD E=D N=M=KA@ IA CANJEAN ?D QJ=@? NAF?E>L
%0 1he conLrlbuLory negllgence of Lhe plalnLlff shall reduce Lhe damages he may recover. (Att. 2214, Ncc)
%0 1he courL can mlLlgaLe Lhe damages ln Lhe followlng lnsLances oLher Lhan ln ArL. 2214: 1. 1haL Lhe plalnLlff hlmself has conLravened Lhe Lerms of Lhe conLracL, 2. 1haL Lhe plalnLlff has fderlved some beneflL as a resulL of Lhe conLracL, 3. ln cases where exemplary damages are Lo be awarded, LhaL Lhe defendanL acLed upon Lhe advlce of counsel, 4. 1haL Lhe loss would have resulLed ln any evenL, 3. 1haL slnce Lhe flllng of Lhe acLlon, Lhe defendanL has done hls besL Lo lessen Lhe plalnLlff's loss or ln[ury. (Att. 2215, Ncc)
f5 .,;1,'%!*' '%(%)*$
;0 /<AD E=D F?QJ?N=>AN N=M=KA@ IA AQJ?>=IFP CANJEANL
%0 LlquldaLed damages, wheLher lnLended as an lndemnlLy or a penalLy, shall be equlLably reduced lf Lhey are lnlqulLous or unconsclonable. (Att. 2227, Ncc)
]5 +"(8#"(,$*
;0 /<=> ?@ = EGMBCGM?@AL
%0 A compromlse ls a conLracL whereby Lhe parLles, by maklng reclprocal concesslons, avold a llLlgaLlon or puL an end Lo one already commenced. (Att. 2028, Ncc)