Automatic Street Light Control System (Sensor using LDR & Transistor BC 547)

Briefing:


Her is our new simple Electrical/ Electronics project about Automatic Street Light
Control System.
It is a simple and powerful concept, which uses transistor (BC 547 NPN) as a
switch to switch ON and OFF the street light system automatically.
It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible
region of our eyes. (e.g in evening after Sunset).
It automatically switches OFF lights when Sunlight fall on it ( i.e on LDR ) e.g
in morning, by using a sensor called LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) which
senses the light just like our eyes.
Advantages:

By using this Automatic system for street light controlling, we can reduce
energy consumption because the manually operated street lights are not
switched off properly even the sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier
before sunset.
In sunny and rainy days, ON and OFF time differ noticeably which is one of the
major disadvantage of using timer circuits or manual operation for switching
the street light system.


Requirements
LDR Light Dependent Resistor
Take 2 transistors. (NPN transistor- BC547 or BC147 or BC548)
Resistor- 1K, 330Ohm, 470 ohm
Light emitting diode (LED) - Any color
Connecting wires- Use single-core plastic-coated wire of 0.6mm diameter (the
standard size)-You can use wire that is used for Computer Networking.
Power supply-6V or 9V





Procedure
Insert first transistor Q1-BC547 (NPN) on breadboard (or general PCB) as shown in
the circuit diagram 1.
Connect another transistor Q2- BC547 (NPN) on breadboard as in step 1.
Connect wires across emitter pin of both transistors and ve terminal of battery
(lowest/ bottom row of breadboard.)
Connect a wire across Collector pin of transistor Q1 and Base pin of transistor Q2.
Connect a resistor 1K across positive terminal of battery (topmost row of breadboard)
and Collector pin of transistor Q1.
Connect Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) across positive terminal of battery (topmost
row of breadboard) and base terminal of transistor Q1.
insert a resistor- 330 Ohm across base pin of transistor Q1 and negative terminal of
battery (lowest bottom row of breadboard).
Connect a resistor 330R across positive terminal of battery (topmost row of
breadboard) and anode terminal of LED (Light emitting diode) & Connect the cathode
terminal of LED to Collector pin of transistor Q2.


The simple circuit is ready for testing now. Connect 6V battery terminals to the circuit as
show in figand see the output. As you block light falling on Light dependent
resistor (LDR), the LED glows.

LED GLOWS EVEN IN LESS DARKNESS. Use torch light or Lighter if the LED glows in
less darkness. in addition, you can try to adjust the sensitivity of this circuit by using a
variable resistor in place of R1-300Ohm. Try this circuit with other resistances as well,
(e.g, 1K, 10K and 100K, etc)


























Requirements:



















Circuit Diagram 1.Automatic Street Light Control System.(Sensor using LDR &
Transistor BC 547.) Very Simple. We have tried this one in this tutorial bu you can also
try the second one


Circuit Diagram 2 .Automatic Street Light Control System.(Sensor using LDR &
Transistor BC 547.) Very Simple.






As Light is falling on LDR ( Light Dependent resistor) So LED does not glow. ( LED =
Off) Image Taken Our from Video


You can see now that we have blocked light falling on Light dependent resistor (LDR),
so the LED glows ( LED = ON) Image Taken Out from Video







WHAT IS LDR?



A photo resistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled
variable resistor. The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing incident
light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be
applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching
circuits.
A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photo
resistor can have a resistance as high as a few mega ohms (M), while in the light, a
photo resistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on
a photo resistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor
give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting
free electrons (and its hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
The resistance range and sensitivity of a photo resistor can substantially differ among
dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photo resistors may react substantially differently
to photons within certain wavelength bands.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has
its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In
intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the
photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap.
Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called do-pants, added whose ground state
energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump,
lower energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient
to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by
phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction.
This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.

Figure 1 Figure 2


Figure 1: The symbol for a photo resistor
Figure 2: The internal components of a photoelectric control for a typical American streetlight. The photo resistor is facing rightwards, and controls
whether current flows through the heater which opens the main power contacts. At night, the heater cools, closing the power contacts, energizing the
street light.





Figure: DEPENDANT RESISTOR