Physical channels process for all apart from HSDPA/HSUPA channels-

CRC - Is attached to each TrBLK in a TTI if indicated by upper layers.

TrBLK Concatenation / Code block Segmentation -
TrBLK concatenation means all Transport blocks in a TTI are serially concatenate
d. After concatenation if number of total bits exceed the code block lenth(Code
block is a single input unit on which channel coding works.One code block lenth
is determined by the type of channel coding used - For Convolutuonal Coding - 50
4/Turbo Coding - 5114) then all bits are equally divided into multiple code bloc
ks. If the input bits cannot be equally divided into multiple code blocks then f
iller bits are added to first code block. In case of turbo coding if number of i
nput bits is less than < 40 , filler bits are added to beginning of that code bl
ock.
Channel Coding -
Channel coding is actually error detection and correction mechanism ( aka FEC-fo
rward error correction)
Code block ( or blocks) are sent to channel coding block. Two types of channel c
oding is used - Convolutuonal/Turbo coding.
Output bit rate after channel coding -
Convolutiuonal coding rate 1/2= 2*(code block)+16 (here 16 is tail bits)
Convolutiuonal coding rate 1/3= 3*(code block)+24 (here 24 is tail bits)
Turbo coding rate 1/3= 3*(code block)+12 (here 12 is tail bits)
Rate for different channel -
BCH - Convolutional 1/2
RACH - Convolutional 1/2
PCH - Convolutional 1/2
DCH - Convolutional 1/2 , 1/3 || Turbo 1/3
FACH - Convolutional 1/2 , 1/3 || Turbo 1/3
If there are more than one encoded code block ,then serial Concatenation of enco
ded code blocks is done and output from channel coding block.
Radio Frame Equalization -
Radio frame equalization is a process where total number of o/p bits from channe
l coding block are padded so that they can be equally divided into radio frames
(during radio frame segmentation). Why and how ? Example if the TTI is 20 for a
Transport Channel that means total data bits for this TrCH will be carried in 2
radio frames. {Radio frames are fixed lenth (10ms)}. These TrCH data bits now n
eed to be divided into 2 radio frames. To divide equal number of bits to both ra
dio frames , data bits should be completely divided by 2. If we assume for TTI 2
0 , data bits are 49 then we need to add 1 padding bit so that bits are divisibl
e by 2. Addition of padding bits is radio frame equalization. This process is on
ly done in uplink (why) because in uplink we cannot have discontinous transmissi
on. That means UE needs to transmit for complete duration of radio frame. Withou
t equalization , as in our example , due to unequal bit distribution in differen
t radio frames , period of no transmission will occur because we need to keep th
e SF same for complete TTI duration of a TrCH. In downlink we can use discontino
us transmission.
First Interleaving -
Interleaving is a process where we scramble the bits in a known sequence.Main ad
vantage is that errors will be divided into multiple sections.
Because of rate matching input bits to interleaving block is guaranteed to be an
integer multiple of the number of radio frames in the TTI.
Radio frame segmentation -
When a TrCH TTI (TTI can be 10,20,40,80) is greater than 10ms(1 radio frame dura
tion) , it is divided into multiple radio frames. Input bits to radio frame segm
entation block are equally divided and mapped onto consecutive radio frames.
Rate matching in downlink guarantees that input bit sequence to radio frame segm
entation block can be equally divided in multiple radio frames.For uplink this i
s achieved by radio frame equalization.
Rate matching -
Idea of rate matching is to ensure that after multiplexing TrCH's , the total bi
t rate should remain identical with respect to physical channel bit rate. Data r
ate of TrCH's can be variable every TTI. Physical channel rate remains constant
because of SF. Now to keep the multiplexed TrCH's bit rate constant/identical to
physical channel bit rate , individual TrCH's Bit's are either repeated or punc
tured. This ensures that the total bit rate after TrCH multiplexing is identical
to the total channel bit rate of the allocated dedicated physical channels.