Legal Medicine - outline

Legal Medicine that branch of medicine which deals

with the application of medical knowledge to the
purposes of law and in the administration of justice.
Forensic medicine application of medicine to elucidate
legal problems. (fora)
Distinction between Medical Dr. Medico-Legal !
") MD sees an injur# with a $iew to cure it%
medico-legal sees it as a &cause'.
() MD diagnoses an ailment to pro$ide treatment%
medico-legal sees it to testif# to it.
)) MD usuall# ignores minor*tri$ial injuries%
medico-legal $iews it as a whole in order to
deduce what reall# happened.
+) ,n MD performs autops# in order to learn the
medical cause of death % the medico-legal
autops#- while determining cause of death- is
more concerned with the legal implications of
the fact of death.
.urpose in stud#ing Legal Medicine ! (m# own $iew) /o
that the law#er ma# be familiar with the common
medical words*injuries*conditions which he will
encounter in practice.
.D 012- Dec ()- "341 (/anitation 5ode) pro$ides that
6ealth officers - Med. 7fficers of law enforcement
units and medical staff of accredited hospitals are
allowed to perform autopsies. . ,utops# re8uired !
when re8uired b# law- upon order of court- upon
re8uest of police- sol.gen. - or ne9t of kin.
Methods of .reser$ing :$idence !
") .hotographs- audio*$ideo- ;ero9 etc %
() /ketching
)) Description %
+) Manikin method
1) /pecial methods ! embalming- soft tissue in
formalin- semen*blood samples in sealed
containers
Methods of detecting deception !
") De$ices which record the ps#cho-ph#siological
response !
a) <se of pol#graph ! can #ou compel a
person to take this test =
b) <se of word association test
c) <se of ps#chological stress e$aluator
() <se of drugs that tr# to &inhibit the inhibitor' !
a) >ruth /erum (h#oscine h#drobromide
depresses ner$ous s#stem)
b) ?arcoanal#sis or narcos#nthesis (sodium
pentathol)
c) @nto9ication .. in $ino $eritas
)) 6#pnotism (not reliable)
+) A# obser$ation % flushing- fidgeting- beha$ior
1) /cientific interrogation- catch them in a lie
2) 5onfession
"341 >ok#o Declaration forbade medical doctors from
participating in'torture'.
@dentification of .erson ! hair- clothing- fre8uent place of
$isit- gait- mannerism- comple9ion- ambide9trous-
nutrition- marks- race- stature
Aertillon s#stem of @D basis!
") /keleton is full# grown at age (B.
() ?o two human beings ha$e bones e9actl# alike.
)) Measurements ma# be taken b# simple
instrument.
.ortrait parle ! spoken picture ! $erbal description.
/cientific Methods of @D
") Fingerprinting ! basic t#pes ! whorls- arches loops
and composite. Lifting prints
() Dental ! wisdom teeth erupts b# "0. )(teeth
Determination of age .. dental records C
occlosal-mesial- distal- buccal- lingual surfaces
)) 6andwriting ! e9act signature usuall# forged
+) /keleton ! determination of age .. cranial sutures-
se9 (greater sciatic notch)
1) Determination of age
2) Determination of se9 ! /ocial- Denital- Donadal-
5hromosomal >est (Eeffre#
4) Alood /platter
0) Alood
a) Alood t#pe table
7 9 7 F 7 G ,-A-,A
7 9 , F 7- , G A- ,A
7 9 A F 7- A G ,- ,A
, 9 , F 7- , G A- ,A
, 9 A F 7- ,- A- ,A
A 9 A F 7- A G ,- ,A
7 9 ,A F ,- A G 7- ,A
, 9 ,A F ,- A- ,A G 7
3) 6airs and fibers poison traces
"B) D?, rules of e$idence
"") e-Docs rules on e-docs ! fa9 is not e-doc (M55
@ndHl /ales $s //angIong). Jules re identification
b# pro$ing it was digitall# signed etc does not
appl# to criminal cases
"() effect of lighting ! can @D a person at "2 #ds b#
moonlight- "BB #ds b# sunlight
@mportance of determination of death !
5i$il personalit# e9tinguished % succession (,rt +)
?55) % .artnership % ,genc# (e9cept those coupled w*
interest) % 5riminal liabilit# % personal obligations.
Determination of Death !
a. Arain Death ! flat ::D- no refle9es
b. 5ardio-respirator# death
c. :clectic ! combination of the abo$e
5hronological /e8uence of .utrefaction !
"( hrs ! Jigor Mortis all o$er
(+ hrs ! Jigor absent
+0 hrs ! 7$a of flies% trunk bloated- face
discolored and swollen
4( hrs ! Khole bod# swollen% hairs*nails loose
" week ! /oft $iscera putrefied
( weeks ! /oft tissues largel# gone
" month ! Aod# skeletoniLed
Minds of Death
") 5linical or somatic death
() Molecular or cellular death ! )-2 hrs later
)) ,pparent death or &suspended animation'
/igns of Death !
") 5essation of heart action and circulation
() 5essation of respiration
3) ,lgor Mortis (cooling of bod# b# " 5 per hour)
+) 5hanges in skin ! loss of elasticit#- flattening of
muscles- no reaction to heat.
1) 5hanges in and about the e#e ! no corneal
refle9- clouding of cornea.
2) ,ction of heat on skin
5hanges in the bod# when it dies !
") .rimar# flaccidit#
() Jigor mortis ()-2 to (+-+0 hrs)
)) /econdar# flaccidit#
5ada$eric /pasm ! distinguished from Jigor ! 5/
immediate appearance*JM )hrs % 5/ particular
muscles*JM all muscles %
5hanges in Alood !
") 5oagulation
() Li$idit# ! h#postatic and diffusion
Diff. between Li$idit# 5ontusion (bruise) ! skin
abrasion - L in epidermis*5 below epidermis -
ele$ated - blood outside $eins.
Li$idit# ! pooling of blood. .ost mortem li$idit#
de$elops )-2 hrs after death.
6#postasis of internal organs !
Digestion stops ! Digestion of food ! )-+ hrs after meal
Khat happens to the bod# when it dies (Determination
of >ime of Death)! muscles Jigor - blood coagulate-
autodigesti$e- putrefaction and bloating-
Li$er >emperature ! decreases ".1 degrees F per hour to
room temperature.
.resence of maggots !
.resumption of Death 4#rs * "B #rs to open succession
/ur$i$orship ! Jule ")" (jj) Jo5 does not appl# to
succession.
Declaration of absence )#rs or 1#rs w*administrator
Declaration of presumpti$e death for remarriage ! + #rs
or ( #rs under e9ceptional circumstances
@nclude J.5 ,rt +
@n8uest officer is the one charged with in$estigating the
manner of death
/tages of medico-legal in$estigation ! 5rime /cene
@n$estigation and ,utops#.
,utops# re8uired in !
") Niolent death %
() ,ccidental death %
)) /uicides %
+) Death unattended b# ph#sician (e$en in
hospital) %
1) <nnatural deaths.
5auses of Death !
@mmediate (.rimar#) 5ause ! the initial cause which also
caused the death % and
.ro9imate (/econdar#) 5ause ! the cause of death which
resulted from the immediate cause. :9. /tab wound
caused infection which was fatal. @nfection is the
pro9imate cause of death.
5lasses ! ?atural and Niolent death
.athological 5lassification of Death- generall# classified as
to 6eart- Lung and Arain !
") Death from s#ncope ! sudden and fatal cessation
of heart*circulation .. ma# be due to!
Disease % aneurism- embolism- h#pertension.
() Death from ,sph#9ia ! lack of o9#gen .. ma# be
due to ! pneumonia- choking on food- or
strangulation (h#oid bone fracture) % li$idit#-
fingernails lips blue
)) Death from 5oma ! brain inacti$it# .. ma# be due
to ! tumors- concussion- apople9# (hemorrhage)-
strokes- poisons- drugs.
5hapter N@@
/pecial Deaths ! Eudicial death (e9ecution) :lectric 5hair-
Lethal @njection- Firing /8uad % euthanasia % suicide.
5hapter N@@@
Disposal of dead bod# de$ol$es upon ") spouse % () ne9t of
kin % )) authorities
Methods of disposal ! embalming % burial (inhumation)%
disposal at sea % cremation
.h#sical @njuries ! effect of stimulus on the bod#
5auses of ph#sical injuries !
a) ph#sical $iolence %
b) heat or cold %
c) electricit# %
d) chemicals %
e) radioacti$it# %
f) Aarotrauma (change in air pressure) %
g) infection.
5lassification of wounds !
,s to se$erit# !
a) mortal % and
b) non-mortal
,s to kind of instrument used !
") blunt instrument (contusion a.k.a. black e#e-
hematoma or blood c#st)
() sharp instrument (stab- incise- puncture)
)) laceration (tearing)
+) heat*cold (burn- scald- frostbite)
1) chemical e9plosion (shrapnel)
2) infections
Depth of wound !
") superficial %
() deep (penetrating and perforating)
>#pe of wound !
") 5losed wound !
a) superficial ! petecheia% contusion%
hematoma.
b) Deep ! musculo-skeletal % hemorrhage %
cerebral concussion.
() 7pen wound ! abrasion% incise- stab- puncture%
lacerated
/pecial t#pes of wound !
") Defensi$e wounds %
() .atterned %
)) /elf-inflicted.
Legal 5lassifications of wounds !
Mutilation
/erious .h#sical @njuries
Less serious ph#sical injuries
/light ph#sical injuries
Musculo-skeletal injuries !
") /prain damage to ligaments
() Dislocation ph#sical displacement of bone
)) Fracture
a) /imple - crack
b) 5ompound- multiple cracks
c) 5omminuted broken in pieces
d) Linear usuall# in flat bones
e) /piral spiral pattern- in long bones
f) .athological due more to disease
Fatalit# of wounds !
") 6emorrhage
() Mechanical injur# to $ital organs
)) /hock
5omplications arising from @njuries !
") /hock ! disturbance of fluid balance resulting
to peripheral deficienc#.. caused b# a) injur# to
ner$ous s#stem % b) ano9emia (reduction of
o9#gen-carr#ing capacit# of blood % and c)
endothelial damage
() 6emorrhage
)) @nfection
+) :mbolism ! air and fat embolus
6ealing of wounds !
a. .rimar# ("
st
) intention when there is minimal
tissue loss with no infection. /cab forms (+hrs
b. /econdar# @ntention more e9tensi$e injur#-
scar tissue forms
c. ,berrated 6ealing .. ma# result to !
") Formation of :9uberant Dranulation
granulation ma# protrude to pre$ent
closure of wound.
() Meloid formation abnormal amount of
collagen. Ma# be hereditar#
)) /tricture contraction of fibrous tissue
+) Fistula or sinus formation Fistula is
communication between an inner ca$it#
and the outside. /inus is a tract of
infection tra$ersing the inner part of the
bod#.
5hapter ;
Jules for e9amination of wounds!
") all injuries must be described
() comprehensi$e description and
sketch*photograph
)) independent obser$ations
Deneral @n$estigation of surroundings ! e9am of place-
clothing- witnesses- wounding instrument- photo or
sketch of scene etc.
:9am. of wounded bod# ! age of wound- what weapon
caused the wound- whether accidental- homicidal or
suicidal.
:9am of li$ing bod# ! if injur# is dangerous- if it will
cause deformit#- if it will cause shock- if other
complications.
:9am of dead bod# ! if wound post*ante mortem- if wound
was mortal- if death was accelerated b# disease- if
accidental or homicidal.
:9amination of wound !
") 5haracter of wound abrasion- contusion-
incision etc.
() Location of wound
)) Depth
+) 5ondition of surroundings
1) :9tent
2) Direction
4) ?umber of wounds
0) 7ther conditions ! e$idence of struggle- position
of bod#- degree of hemorrhage
Determination whether post or ante mortem !
6emorrhage % inflammation % regeneration % retraction of
edges of wound
5hapter ;@
6ead and neck @njuries !
") Direct (coup) occur at the site of application of
force
() @ndirect injuries !
a. contre-coup de$elops at the opposite site of
application of force
b. remote injuries force applied to parts
which ha$e no relation to head (fall on
buttocks ma# cause basal fracture of skull)
c. locus minoris Jesistencia injur# is not at
site of force but at the path of least
resistance.
)) 5oup-contre-coup ! (direct and indirect)
combination of injuries
Fractures of skull
") Fissure linear fracture- cause b# blunt
instrument- radiating cracks
() LocaliLe depressed fracture &signature'
fracture- same shape as weapon used
)) .enetrating injuries
+) 5omminuted fractures multiple cracks F se$ere
force
1) @ndented fracture indentation of skull- usuall#
in children- when skull is still malleable
2) Dutter fracture could be caused b# a glancing
bullet
4) Aursting fracture two fractures parallel to two
points of contact
>repanation boring a hole into skull to access the brain
@ntercranial hemorrhage e$en without fractures-trauma
") :9tradural or epidural - almost e9clusi$el# due
to trauma fracture causes laceration of $essels
groo$ed at inner table of cranium
() /ubdural essentiall# $enous or capillar#- man#
causesC small blood $essels.
)) /ubarachnoidal bleeding into the space
between the arachnoidal membrane and pia
mater of the brain
+) 5erebral bleeding in gra# matter.
Arain !
") Laceration of brain coup*contre-coup injuries
() :dema accumulation of fluid in brain
)) 5oncussion blow to head
+) 5ompression due to hemorrhage
Face! generall#- injuries to the fact heals fast.
?ose ! broken nose- fractured nasal bone.
:ar ! rupture of eardrum- disorientation- infection.
Mouth ! lacerations- swelling.
?eck ! abrasions- ligature marks- whiplash.
Nertebral 5olumn and /pinal 5ord ! 5"-4->"-"(-L"-1
Fracture and concussion of spine. /"-1- cocc#9
5hest ! usuall# to the ribs - fractures.
Lungs ! 6emorrhage- compression- se$ere
pneumothora9 (escape of air into thora9)- cerebral
air embolism- hemopt#sis (bleeding into lungs) and
subcutaneous emph#sema.
Diaphragm ! rupture - hernia
,bdominal Kall !
Li$er !/pleen !Midne# !.ancreas !.el$is ! fractures.
5hapter ;@@
Death or .h#sical @njur# caused b# :9plosion
:9plosion ! a sudden e9pansion of space (gas).
Minds !
". mechanical%
(. electrical%
). nuclear%
+. chemical
?itrogl#cerin * D#namite (?obel)
grenades
5hapter ;@@@
Dunshot wounds
Minds of firearms ! re$ol$ers- pistols- rifles- single shot-
semi auto- auto- shotguns
6ow a gun works!
/ingle action * double action
Aullets ! lead- jacketed- full metal jacket
Aarrel ! rifling (lands and groo$es) - twist- direction
5aliber ! inch * metric
.rimer ! mercur# fulminate- percussion
Das burns (point blank)
.owder deposits on $ictim for close range firing- ring
patterns depending on distance.
.arafin test for presence of nitrates not conclusi$e
Aullet richochet upon impact due to spin rate
Aullet migration (une9tracted) due to age
/hotguns ! ammo- birdshot O+ - buckshot BB
5alibers "(ga * .+B+ * slugs
@D:?>@F@5,>@7? of firearm through bullet
comparison !
") rifling patterns or striations found on the
projectile .. using a comparison microscope-
() /triations found on the ejected cartridge %
)) firing pin marks on the primer cap
+) cartridge e9tractor marks
>6:JM,L @?E<J@:/*D:,>6/ !
Due to 5old !
6#pothermia ! lowering of bod#Hs core temperature to
fatal le$el.
Frostbite ! damage to tissues due to e9treme cold- ma#
result in the amputation of the limb.
Due to 6eat ! 5lassifications !
") 6eat cramps ! in$oluntar# spasmodic contraction of
muscles due to deh#dration and loss of chlorides b#
sweating %
() 6eat :9haustion ! primaril# due to heart failure due
to e9cessi$e heat %
)) 6eat /troke !
Local :ffects of 6eat !
") /cald ! injuries caused b# hot li8uids
() Aurns ! caused b# heat radiation % hot gas or
contact with hot solids.
Aurn 5lassification !
First Degree ! er#thema or simple redness of skin-
superficial swelling .
/econd Degree ! there is $esicle (small blister) formation
with acute inflammation. /kin is blackened- hair
follicles singed. /uperficial la#ers of the epithelium
destro#ed.
>hird Degree ! there is destruction of cuticle and part of
the dermis. Ner# painful owing to e9posure of ner$e
endings. 6ealing ma# lea$e a scar.
Fourth Degree ! whole skin is destro#ed. /urface ulcerated.
?ot painful because all ner$e endings are destro#ed.
Fifth Degree ! in$ol$es deep fascia and muscles.
/i9th Degree ! charring of subjacent tissues- organs and
bones.
5auses of Death due to Aurns * /calds !
@mmediate Fatal Jesult !
") Death from shock%
() Death from concomitant ph#sical injuries with
burns%
)) /uffocation.
Dela#ed Fatal Jesult !
") :9haustion %
() Deh#dration with hemoconcentration %
)) /econdar# shock %
+) 6#pothermia %
1) 5omplications such as infections- pneumonia-
nephritis.
2) 5hanges in Alood
6eat Jupture ! splitting of skin due to heat ma# be
mistaken for incised or lacerated wound.
6eat /tiffening ! bod# becomes rigid due to heat owing to
the coagulation of albuminous matter in the muscles.
56:M@5,L A<J?/ ! or corrosi$e burns caused b# the
application of corrosi$e chemicals on skin.
:L:5>J@5@>I !
Main cause of death is /hock.
7ther causes is burn caused b# electric current
.J://<J: ! (Aarotrauma)
7$erpressure (h#perbarism) ! almost ne$er occurs
naturall#.
Decrease in pressure (6#pobarism) ! causes the Aends- a
condition where ?itrogen dissol$ed in the blood gasif#
upon sudden decrease in pressure and causes
embolisms.
,/.6I;@, ! due to lack of suppl# of o9#gen.
") ,no9ic death ! due to failure of arterial blood to
be saturated with o9#gen.. such as when !
a. Lack of o9#gen in high altitudes%
b. 7bstruction of air passage%
c. .aral#sis of respirator# organs due to
to9ins.
() ,nemic ,no9ic Death ! due to decrease in
capacit# of blood to deli$er o9#gen to
tissues*organs !
a. 6emorrhage %
b. 5arbon mono9ide poisoning%
c. Low hemoglobin le$el in blood.
)) /tagnant ,no9ic Death ! due to failure in blood
circulation - such as when !
a. 6eart failure%
b. /hock%
c. Alood $essel obstructions (emboli)
+) 6istoto9ic ,no9ic Death ! there is suppl# of
o9#gen but tissues*cells unable to use it !
a. 5#anide and alcohol

.hases of ,sph#9ial Death !
") D#spneic phase ! s#mptoms due to lack of
o9#gen and retention of 57( - lips- fingernails
become bluish%
() 5on$ulsi$e phase ! due to stimulation of
central ner$ous s#stem b# the massi$e 57(.
)) ,pneic phase ! due to damage to the
respirator# center of the brain% fatal be#ond
reco$er#.
5lassifications of ,sph#9ia !
") 6anging
a. Areaking the neck (dropping a distance)%
b. asph#9ia
() /trangulation
a. A# ligature h#oid bone usuall# not
damaged
b. >hrottling ! manual strangulation -
)) /uffocation ! smothering- gagging- plastic bag-
/@D/ /<?D/
+) 5hoking obstruction due to foreign object in
windpipe ! regurgitation of food blocking
windpipe. 6eimlich maneu$er
1) Drowning
2) >raumatic 5rush ,sph#9ia
4) @rrespirable gasses ! 57 % 57( % 6(/ % 65? %
5l %
5lassification based on its action !
") Lacrimator or >ear Das
() Nesicant or Alistering Das ! mustard gas
)) @rritants ! chlorine - phosgene
+) /ternutator or $omiting gas !
1) .aral#sants (?er$e Das)
2) Alood poisons ! 65?- 6(/- 57
/:; 5J@M:/
Nirginit# !
J.5 definition of $irginit# ! not necessaril# a ph#sical
$irgin % just a woman of good repute.
>rue ph#sical $irginit# ! h#men intact- cannot admit a
finger.
False ph#sical $irginit# ! h#men also unruptured- but
wide and elastic enough to admit two or more
fingers. Ma# indicate pre$ious se9ual contact C just
that the h#men distended but did not rupture. ?o
definite conclusion regarding true $irginit#.
Demi-$irginit# ! woman permits se9ual liberties but
maintains the integrit# of the h#men.
/elf-defloration ! practiced in some ,frican cultures.
Naginal 5anal ! generall# tight C composed of smooth
muscles and fibroelastic connecti$e tissues. Ma# be
stretched on childbirth ne$er to regain the original
tightness.
Labia Majora and Labia Minora (major and minor lip) !
Labia Majora is the e9terior lip and co$ers the labia
minora and clitoris. .lump women tend to ha$e more
skin and and tissue forming a more PclosedH labia
while thin women tend to ha$e gaping labia.
5litoris is the &organ' or a clump of ner$e endings located
abo$e the labia minora e9tending into $aginal wall
whose anatomical function seems to be dedicated
solel# to pro$iding se9ual stimulus or pleasure.
Female circumcision ! practiced in some ,frican cultures.
Fourchette ! the N shaped posterior end of the Labia
Minora (originall#). Kith se9ual contact (insertion of
penis) it becomes rounded and the edges retracted.
?ot a good indicator of se9ual acti$it# as it could be
caused b# other factors such as horseback riding-
stretching of legs (athletics or ballet).
6#men ma# ha$e multiple openings or ha$ing no opening
at all.
@ntact h#men is not necessaril# indicati$e of se9ual
acti$it#. Jupture could be caused b# masturbation
without se9ual contact with opposite se9.
>hings to consider b# the medical e9aminer !
") 5ondition of the $ul$a ! normall#- the labia
majora and minora are in close contact with each
other and co$ers the area completel#. ,fter
se9ual contact- the labia ma# gape. ,gain- not a
good indicator of se9ual acti$it#.
() Fourchette ! as discussed before- loss of the
normal N shape is not also indicati$e. @t could be
lacerated b# penetration- together with the
$aginal walls.
)) Naginal 5anal ! after repeated se9ual acts- there is
diminution of the sharpness of $aginal
rugositites. Kalls will be la9- enough to insert a
medium siLed speculum with little resistance.
+) 6#men ! is lacerated during the initial act.
6owe$er- some are thick and elastic. 5hildHs
h#men could also heal and return to its original
state.
Medical e9amination of h#men !
") Deneral condition ! width- thickness- elasticit#
() 7riginal shape of the orifice%
)) @f lacerated- must determine degree of laceration-
which could be !
a. @ncomplete ! rupture*laceration does not
in$ol$e the whole width or height of h#men.
/uperficial (less then Q) or Deep.
b. 5omplete ! in$ol$es the whole width but not
be#ond the base of the h#men%
c. 5ompound ! laceration in$ol$es h#men and
surrounding tissues %
Location of laceration ! clock method with the fourchette
as 2 oHclock.
Duration of laceration !
") Fresh bleeding ! recent %
() Fresh healing with fibrin and edema of
surrounding tissue ! after (+ hrs %
)) 6ealed with congested edges with sharp
coapted borders ! + "B da#s old
+) 6ealed without congestion with sharp coapted
borders ! (-) weeks %
1) 6ealed with rounded non-coapti$e borders and
retraction of edges ! more than " month.
5omplications ! infection % hemorrahe- fistulae-
stricture- sterilit# (due to infection).
Death from the se9 act !
Male ! usuall# from h#pertension- cardiac arrest.
Female ! almost ne$er - ma#be suffocation*strangulation
/tuck inside ! no medical reports #et.
/:; 5J@M:/ !
Jape - /eduction (simple and 8ualified)
,cts of lasci$iousness - same with consent
,bduction (forcible and with consent)
,dulter# and concubinage
.rostitution
5orruption of minors - white sla$e trade - abuse against
chastit#
Dra$e /candal
@mmoral Doctrines
<nnatural /e9ual 7ffenses*abnormalities
6omose9ualit#
.edophilia
Roophilia
Derentophilia (older women)
?ecrophilia
@ncest
/at#riasis * n#mphomania
Frigidit# * impotence
Fetishes
M:?>,L D@/><JA,?5:/
@nsanit# ! from sociological $iewpoint is the inabilit# to
adapt to the en$ironment due to mental causes.
Legal @mportance !
") 5i$il code ,rt )0 ! is a mere restriction on
capacit# to act %
() Marriage ! ma# be annulled when one is of
unsound mind unless the# continue to cohabit
after regaining sanit# %
)) /uccession ! must be of sound mind at time of
e9ecution of will %
+) Kitness to wills !
1) 7bli5on ! insane cannot gi$e consent %
2) J.5 ! e9empting circumstance
Factors influencing Mental Disorder !
") 6eredit#
() @ncestuous marriage
)) .h#sical illnesses
+) :motional distress
1) >o9ins
Manifestations of Mental Disorders !
Disorder of Cognition :
Disorder in .erception !
") @llusion ! false interpretation of perception %
() 6allucination ! false perception when there was
no stimulus %
Disorder of Memor# !
") Dementia ! form of insanit# due to deterioration
of brain- but without delusion or uncontrollable
impulse %
,cute Dementia
Dementia .aral#tica ! cirrhosis of the brain !
degeneration of ph#sical- intellectual and moral
power leading to paral#sis %
Dementia .raeco9 (schiLophrenia) !
/enile Dementia
>o9ic Dementia
() ,mnesia ! loss of memor#- anterograde and
retrograde
Disorder in content of thought !
") Delusion ! erroneous belief in something which is
not a fact ! C of Drandeur- persecution
(paranoia)- h#pochondria - conspirac#.
() 7bsession ! continuall# occurring thoughts and
impulses
Disorder in the trend of thought !
") Mania ! /tate of e9citement accompanied b#
e9altation which is out of step with his
surroundings %
() Melancholia ! depression
)) Manic-depressi$e ps#chosis ! alternating states
between mania and depression

Disorder of Emotion :
") :9altation ! unwarranted well being*jo# %
() Depression !
)) ,path# ! disregard of surroundings (sociopath#)
+) .hobia ! fears (Deimos and .hobos) fears of
things- places- situations- illness .. such as
arachnophobia- hematophobia- agoraphobia-
claustrophobia-

Disorder of Volition (Doing) :
") @mpulse or 5ompulsion ! irresistible urge to do
something ! such as p#romania- kleptomania-
n#mphomania- suicidal impulse-

Mental Deficienc# !
") @diot ! @S B-(B
() @mbecile ! @S (B-+B
)) Feeble minded ! @S +B-4B
+) Moron ! higher end of feeble-mindedness
Malingering ! feigning disease or injuring to a$oid a
responsibilit#*obligation.
Other mental conditions !
") /omnambulism (sleepwalking )
() 6#pnotism (mesmerism)
)) Delirium ! state of mental confusion
+) 6#steria ! (off the books)
Drugs and .oisons !
J, 3"21 ! things to remember
") 5hain of 5ustod# of e$idence
() ?o plea bargaining ..sec ()
)) ?o probation to >J,FF@5M:J/ ,?D
.</6:J/ onl# .. users eligible for probation C
sec (+
+) Mandator# drug test /ec )2 (f) persons
charged and (g) candidates for public office
declared unconstitutional b# /E/ $s DDA (BB0
1) .D:, made the L:,D ,D:?5I in
enforcement (but not the e9clusi$e agenc#)
.opular Drugs !
") 7pium
() Marijuana (hallucinogen) not addicting
)) Magic Mushrooms (hallucinogen)
+) 6ashish
1) 5ocaine coca cola
2) Methamphetamines (uppers)
4) 5ough /#rup (codeine phosphate)
0) Jugb# (sol$ents)
3) Aarbiturates (sedati$es) downers
"B) L/D (hallucinogen)
,lcohol !
Legal drunkenness ! B."1T blood alcohol
Kine * li8uors
Fermentation process
.oisons !
,rsenic
5#anide
/nake Nenoms
5orrosi$es (acid- insecticides)
5arbon Mono9ide
,ntidotes !
,ctions which sur$i$es death !
>he 8uestion as to whether an action sur$i$es or not
depends on the nature of the action and the damage
sued for. @n the causes of action which sur$i$e- the
wrong complained UofV affects primaril# and principall#
propert# and propert# rights- the injuries to the person
being merel# incidental- while in the causes of action
which do not sur$i$e- the injur# complained of is to the
person- the propert# and rights of propert# affected
being incidental.
RA 7438
Lucas v. Lucas GR 190710 DNA testing june 6,
2011