Bu d b r e a k Wi t h Garl i c Pr e p a r a t i o n s

Ef f e c t s of Garl i c Pr e p a r a t i o n s a nd
of Ca l c i um a nd Hy d r o g e n Cy a n a mi d e s on
Bu d b r e a k of Gr a p e v i n e s Gr o wn i n Gr e e n h o u s e s
N A OH I R O K U B OT A TM, M. A. MA T T H E WS 2, T. T A K A H A GI 2, a n d W. M. K L I E WE R 2
The effects on budbreak of garlic paste, garlic oil, diallyl disulfide, and calcium and hydrogen cyanami des were
exami ned in greenhouse-grown mature Pione (Vitis v i n i f e r a X V. l a b r u s c a n a ) and potted Thompson Seedl ess
(V. v i ni f er a) grapevi nes not exposed to chilling. After the first crop from plants grown in greenhouses was
harvested, all canes were pruned to five or seven buds so that the second crop was produced within one year.
The upper cut surfaces of si ngl e-bud cuttings from the pruned Pione canes was promptl y painted with a paste
of fresh garlic, 20% garlic oil, 20% diallyl disulfide, the supernatant of a 20% suspensi on of CaCN 2, or 1.4% or
2.8% H2CN 2. All of the substances gave earlier budbreak than in the control treated with distilled water. The
effects of CaCN 2 and H2CN 2 were greatest, fol l owed by diallyl disulfide, garlic oil, and garlic paste, in order of
decreasi ng effectiveness. CaCN 2 and H2CN 2 gave a more uniform timing of budbreak when painted on the
upper half of the cutting (the cut surfaces were not treated) than when the upper cut surface onl y was treated.
With Thompson Seedl ess cuttings, 20% diallyl disulfide painted on the upper cut surface accel erated budbreak
and increased the rate of budbreak; garlic paste had similar but weaker effects. The painting of 2.5% H2CN 2 on
the upper cut surface of cuttings strongl y inhibited budbreak, although the first date of budbreak was slightly
e a r l i e r than in the control. When cut surfaces of Pione canes were treated, budbreak was earliest with 70%
diallyl disulfide, fol l owed by garlic paste; 100% garlic oil inhibited budbreak. Painting of the entire cane except
for the cut surface of Thompson Seedl ess vines with 2.5% H2CN 2 was the most effective for improving
budbreak. Treatment with 20% diallyl disulfide resulted in a rate of budbreak that was not uniform, although the
first budbreak was accelerated. In Pione vines, the mean number of fl ower clusters that devel oped on the
shoots was unaffected by treatment, but in Thompson Seedl ess vines, t h e r e w e r e fewer clusters after
treatment with H2CN 2 than after treatments with garlic paste or diallyl disulfide.
KEY WORDS: Vitis, greenhouse, doubl e cropping, budbreak, garlic paste, diallyl disulfide, cyanami des
In tropical and subtropical Asia (Thailand, India,
and Tai wan) and also in tropical Ameri ca (Brazil, Co-
lombia, and Venezuela), double or triple croppings of
table grapes is a wi despread practice [1,16,27]. In Ja-
pan, protected cultivation for table grapes under plas-
tic or glass houses is common. Recently, double crop-
ping of t he vine cultivars Del aware (V. l abruscana),
Kyoho (V. vinifera X V. l abruscana), and Pione (V.
vinifera X V. l abruscana) has been t ri ed in J apan for
i ncreased income and production efficiency [11]. In
most areas where table grapes are grown, including
Japan, t he problem of how to break bud dormancy
duri ng t he summer (because t emper at ur es are consis-
t ent l y warm) must be solved before double cropping
will be possible.
Chilling r equi r ement s can be al t ered by t r eat ment
wi t h chemicals. Many studies of t he artificial t ermi na-
tion of bud dormancy in woody plants, including grape-
vines, have been published. Tr eat ment may be wi t h
mi neral oils [20], dinitro-o-cresol [20], calcium cyana-
mide (CaCN 2) [6,14,15], hydrogen cyanami de (H2CN 2)
1Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; and 2De-
partment of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8749, USA.
*Corresponding author [Fax: +81-86-251-8388; e-maih nkubota@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp].
Acknowledgments: We thank Mr. Michael Anderson and Mr. Jason Benz, Staff Research
Associates, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, for their
assistance. This work was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Special Research from
Okayama University and a grant for scientific research (No. 03556006) from the Ministry of
Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan.
Manuscript submitted for publication 25 January 2000; revised 8 August 2000.
Copyright 2000 by the American Society for Enology and Viticulture. All rights reserved.
409
[17,18,22,26,29], or growt h regul at ors [7,25]. The appli-
cation of H2CN 2 for advanci ng and i ncreasi ng percent-
age and uni formi t y of budbr eak is common in some
regions where table grapes are grown [8,18,29]. In Ja-
pan, t he super nat ant of a suspensi on of a 20% CaCN 2
has been widely used for st i mul at i ng budbr eak in vari-
ous grape cultivars since a report by Kuroi et al. [14].
The application of a past e of freshly grat ed garlic (Al-
l i um s at i vum L.) is as effective as CaCN 2 in promot i ng
budbr eak in four grape cultivars when chilling is not
sufficient [9,10]. The active subst ances in garlic respon-
sible for breaki ng bud dormancy in grapevi nes are vola-
tile compounds cont ai ni ng sulfur and wi t h an allyl
group (CH2CHCH2); diallyl disulfide is part i cul arl y ef-
fective [ 12,13].
Practically, it is i mpor t ant t hat both shoots and
flower clusters on vines after budbr eak grow fully. In
double cropping of t abl e grapes, however, some of
flower clusters after sprout i ng somet i mes do not de-
velop normally, al t hough t he shoots grow well [21]. The
reason for t he normal growt h of shoots and t he abortion
of flower clusters is not known.
The purpose of this st udy was to exami ne t he ef-
fects of freshly grat ed garlic, garlic oil, diallyl disulfide,
and cal ci um and hydr ogen cyanami des on t he
budbr eak of grapevi nes producing two crops yearly.
Shoot l engt h and t he number of flower clusters t hat
developed normal l y on t he shoots were also investi-
gat ed at t he end of experi ment s.
A m. J. Enol . Vi t i c. , Vol . 51, No. 4, 2 0 0 0
~
4 1 0 ~ KUBOTA e t al .
Ma t e r i a l s a n d Me t h o d s
Grapevi nes and general procedures: The ex-
peri ment was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture,
Okayama University, Okayama, Japan and the De-
par t ment of Viticulture and Enology, Uni versi t y of
California, Davis, California, U.S.A. Eighteen mat ure
Pione (Vitis vinifera V. l abruscana) vines grown in a
plastic house of a commercial grower in Okayama and
24 potted Thompson Seedless (V. vinifera) vines t hree
years old grown in a phytotron at the Depart ment of
Viticulture and Enology, were used. Pione vines were
t rai ned to a trellis into an H-form with about 60 canes
each with (usually) 13 buds; the Thompson Seedless
vines had two canes with 20 buds on each cane. Vines
were grown under t emperat ures controlled to 20C or
higher for Pione and to 25C/15C (day/night) for Th-
ompson Seedless so t hat two crops could be produced
yearly. The first crop of Pione grapes was harvest ed in
mid-May 1993 and t hat of Thompson Seedless was
harvest ed early in June 1994. After the harvest, all
Pione vines were pruned to seven-bud canes on 15 June
1993 and to five-bud canes on 26 Jul y 1994 for Thomp-
son Seedless. Cuttings with a single bud were made
from the prunings. Immedi at el y after being cut from
the vine, cuttings and canes were t reat ed with gauze
dipped in a paste of fresh garlic, garlic oil, diallyl disul-
fide, the supernat ant of a 20% suspension of CaCN 2 left
overnight, or H2CN 2. The controls were t reat ed with
distilled water. Garlic paste was prepared by grat i ng or
pressing of fresh garlic cloves purchased from a store.
Budbreak was regarded as the date when a green tinge
was seen beneat h the bud scales.
Treatment of cutti ngs. Pione: Ten sets of 40
cuttings were prepared from the pruned Pione canes,
and the upper of the two cut surfaces of seven sets of
cuttings was painted with garlic paste, 20% garlic oil
(Riken Chemical Indust ry Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan),
20% diallyl disulfide (Tokyo Chemical Indust ry Co.,
Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), the super nat ant of a 20% suspen-
sion of CaCN 2 (Nihon Carbide Indust ry Co., Ltd., To-
kyo, Japan), 1.4% or 2.8% H2CN 2 (Nihon Carbide), or
distilled water. In the remai ni ng three sets, the upper
half of the cuttings, including the bud, but not includ-
ing either cut surface, was painted with CaCN 2 or
H2CN 2 at the same concentrations. Cut t i ngs were
mounted on a plastic foam plate floating in wat er and
placed in a growth chamber kept at 25C. Four replica-
tions of 10 cuttings were done for each t reat ment .
Thompson Seedless: Garlic paste, 20% diallyl dis-
ulfide (Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc., Milwaukee, WI,
USA), 2.5% H2CN 2 (Dormex), or distilled wat er was
painted on the upper cut surface of Thompson Seedless
cuttings. After t reat ment , the cuttings were planted in
a bed of vermiculite and kept in a greenhouse main-
tained in the t emperat ure range of 21.1C at night and
32.2C in the daytime. Ten replications of 10 cuttings
were done for each t reat ment .
Treatment of canes. Pione: Ei ght y canes (two
sets of 40 canes each) from five Pione vines were se-
lected and all leaves were removed by hand to stimu-
late abscision j ust after pruni ng was done [16,27]. Gar-
lic paste, 100% garlic oil and 70% diallyl disulfide,
which were effective in budbreak of Kyoho grapes [12],
or distilled wat er was painted on the cut surface of 10
canes for each t reat ment . The 40 canes of the remain-
ing set were exposed to the volatile components of these
substances for 10 days as follows; the tip of the canes,
with only the t ermi nal bud, was bagged in plastic (80
150 0.03 mm) containing 3 g of garlic paste, 300 ~L of
either 100% garlic oil or 70% diallyl disulfide, or 3 mL
of distilled water. The canes were kept from touching
the t r eat ment materials. Date of budbreak for the ter-
minal bud only on each cane with seven buds (ca. 45 cm
in length) was recorded. Shoots were measured and the
number of flower clusters t hat developed normally on
the shoots was counted at the end of the experiment, 55
days after the t r eat ment was done.
Thompson Seedl ess: All leaves of Thompson
Seedless canes were removed by hand as for the Pione
vines. Garlic paste, 20% diallyl disulfide, 2.5% H2CN 2,
or distilled wat er was painted over the entire cane
surface, including the buds, except for the cut surface.
Ten canes with five buds on each cane were done for
each t reat ment . Shoot length and the number of flower
clusters per shoot were recorded at the end of the
experiment, 45 days after the t r eat ment was done.
Stati sti cal analysis: An analysis of variance was
applied to the results of the determinations to test for
significant differences among the substances. Statisti-
cal met hods empl oyed were t -t est (5% level) for
budbreak and Duncan' s multiple range test (1% level)
for shoot length and the number of flower clusters.
Re s u l t s
Treated cutti ngs. Pione: Compared with the con-
trol, all four substances tested hast ened budbreak by
three to five days when used to t reat the upper cut
surface of sing]e-bud Pione cuttings (Fig. 1). Ten days
after the t reat ment , fewer t han 10% of control buds had
broken, compared with about 20% with either prepara-
tion of garlic, 30% with CaCN2, and 50% with diallyl
disulfide. At 15 days, budbreak of cuttings t reat ed with
diallyl disulfide was nearl y 100%, but budbreak of con-
trol cuttings was not complete even by day 35. That is,
the timing of budbreak of the t reat ed cuttings was
more uniform, part i cul arl y for those t r eat ed wi t h
dial]yl disulfide.
When used to t reat the upper cut surface of Pione
cuttings or the upper hal f of the cutting, including the
bud but not including the cut surfaces, CaCN 2 and both
1.4% and 2.8% H2CN 2 (results with 2.8% not shown)
accelerated budbreak (Fig. 2); effects of H2CN 2 did not
depend on the concentration. The effects on budbreak
promotion of the two substances were similar. Cuttings
with the upper hal f t reat ed except for the cut surfaces
had a more uniform budbreak t han cuttings t reat ed
only on their upper cut surface. This difference was
great er with CaCN 2 .
A m. J. Enol . Vi t i c. , Vol . 51, No. 4, 2 0 0 0
BUDBREAK CONTROL m 411
100
80
A
~ 6 0
I . ,
.Q
"O
= 4 0
t n
20 disulfide
, I I I I I I
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Days after treatment
Fig. 1. Effects of painting with garlic paste, 20% garlic oil, 20% diallyl
disulfide, or 20% CaCN 2 on budbreak of si ngl e-bud cutti ngs of Pione
grapevines. Onl y the upper cut surface of the cutti ngs was treated.
Vertical bars are the SE (four replications with 10 cutti ngs each for each
treatment).
Thompson Seedless: Unt r eat ed Thompson Seed-
less cut t i ngs had l at er budbr eak t han unt r eat ed Pione
cut t i ngs, and t he r at e of budbr eak was less (Fig. 2, 3).
Tr eat ment of t he cut surface of Thompson Seedl ess
cut t i ngs wi t h garlic past e or 20% diallyl disulfide accel-
er at ed budbr eak compared to t he control. At t he end of
t r eat ment , t he t ot al budbr eak was 53% in t he control,
and 73% or more wi t h diallyl disulfide or garlic past e.
100
80
6 0 -
_
J~
"o
= 4 0 -
in
2 0 -
x Control
o 20% CaCN 2
Q 20% CaCN 2
z~ 1.4% H 2CN2
A 1.4/o H 2CN 2
0 ~ I I I I I I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Days after treatment
Fig. 2. Effects of painting with 20% CaCN 2 o.r 1.4% H2CN 2 on budbreak
of si ngl e-bud cutti ngs of Pione grapevi nes. Solid lines show results when
only the upper cut surface of cutti ngs was painted (control; open squares
for 20% CaCN2; open tri angl es for 1.4% H2CN2) and broken lines show
results when the upper half of the cutti ngs (but not including the cut
surfaces) was painted (solid squares for 20% CaCN2; solid tri angl es for
1.4% H2CN2). Vertical bars are the SE (four replications with 10 cutti ngs
each for each treatment).
100
80
60
t _
..Q
"O
x Control
o Gar l i c paste
20% Diallyl disulfide
A 2. 5% H 2CN 2 _ ] 1
20
I | _ I ~ : ) ' * I I I
0 10 20 30 40
Days after treatment
Fig. 3. Effects of painting with garlic paste, 20% diallyl disulfide, or 2.5%
H2CN 2 on budbreak of si ngl e-bud cutti ngs of Thompson Seedl ess grape-
vines. Onl y the upper cut surface of the cutti ngs was treated. Vertical
bars are the SE (10 replications with 10 cutti ngs each for each treat-
ment).
Tr e a t me nt wi t h 2.5% H2CN 2 r es ul t ed in a r at e of
budbr eak t hat was not uni form, al t hough t he first
budbr eak was sl i ght l y accel erat ed, as it was when gar-
lic past e was used.
T r e a t e d c a n e s . Pione: When 70% diallyl disulfide
or garlic past e was pai nt ed on t he cut surface of Pione
canes, budbr eak of t he t er mi nal bud was si gni fi cant l y
accel erat ed (5% level, t-test) (Fig. 4a). The garlic oil had
no clear effect on t he onset of budbr eak, and lowered
t he r at e of budbr eak. When t he Pione canes were ex-
posed to volatile subst ances, t he onset and r at e of
budbr eak were affected little if at all (Fig. 4b). Ear l i er
and hi gher r at e of budbr eak r esul t ed in l onger shoots
at t he end of experi ment , but t he mean number of
flower cl ust ers t hat developed on shoots was unaffect ed
r egar dl ess of t he met hod or subst ances used for t r eat -
ment (resul t s wi t h appl i cat i on by pai nt i ng are shown in
Tabl e 1).
Thompson Seedless: Tr eat ment wi t h garlic past e,
20% diallyl disulfide, or 2.5% H2CN 2 of t he ent i re sur-
face of Thompson Seedl ess canes except for t he cut
surface gave earl i er budbr eak t han in t he control (Fig.
5). Wi t h H2CN2, di al l yl di sul fi de, or garl i c past e,
budbr eak st ar t ed 9, 11, and 17 days, respectively, aft er
t r eat ment , but budbr eak st ar t ed 21 days aft er t he con-
trol t r eat ment . Canes t r eat ed wi t h H2CN 2 had t he most
uni form budbr eak; budbr eak was uneven wi t h garlic
past e t r eat ment and more uneven wi t h diallyl disul-
fide. Shoot growt h was most vigorous aft er t r eat ment
wi t h H2CN 2 (Table 1), followed by t r e a t me nt wi t h
diallyl disulfide and garlic past e (the difference wi t h
t hese two subst ances was not st at i st i cal l y significant).
Wi t h H2CN 2 t r eat ment ; however, t he number of clus-
t ers per shoot was no more t han in t he control, and less
t han wi t h diallyl disulfide or garlic past e t r eat ment s.
Am. J. Enol . Vi t i c. , Vol . 51, No. 4, 2 0 0 0
~
412 - - KUBOTA et aL
100
80
_~ 60
8
L
"O
= 40
20
,
100
80
-~ 60
8
L_
..Q
"O
:3
tn 40
20
a) C ut surface p a i n t e d , ~
,.. ~ .. O f ' /
I I I I I
b) Termi nal
portion
_ exl ocS~ t o
volatile
components
I
00 10
' x Control
t
o Gar l i c paste
100% Gar l i c oil
70% Diallyl disulfide
I I I I
20 30 40 50
Days af t er t r eat ment
Fig. 4. Effects of garlic paste, 100% garlic oil, or 70% diallyl disulfide on
budbreak of the terminal bud of mature Pione grapevines. The cut
surface of canes was painted with a substance (a), or else the terminal
portion of a cane, including one bud, was exposed to volatile compo-
nents of the preparation (b).
100
80
60
Table !. Mean shoot length and fl ower clusters per shoot at the end of experi ments
in mature Pione or potted Thompson Seedless grapevines painted with
garlic paste, garlic oil, diallyl disulfide, or H2CN 2.
Refer to Fig. 4a and Fig. 5 for Pione and Thompson Seedless, respectively.
P i o n e T h o m p s o n S e e d l e s s
x Cont r ol 2 0 % Di al l yl di s ul f i de
o Gar l i c pa s t e A 2 . 5 % H2CN 2
M e a n M e a n T r e a t m e n t M e a n
s h o o t f l o w e r s h o o t
l e n g t h c l u s t e r s l e n g t h
(cm) p e r s h o o t (cm)
73.4 c z 1.38 a Control 48.5 c
112.6 b 1.34 a Garlic paste 85.5 b
20% Diallyl
143.3 a 1.22 a disulfide 96.9 b
68.8 c 1.06 a 2.5% H2CN 2 130.2 a
T r e a t m e n t
Control
Garlic paste
70% Diallyl
disulfide
100% Garlic oil
z Mean separation within each column by Duncan' s multiple range test (p = 0.01).
v
m ~ 4 0 "
2 0 - '
00 10 20 30 40
Days af t er t r eat ment
Fig. 5. Effects of painting with garlic paste, 20% diallyl disulfide, or 2.5%
H2CN 2 on budbreak of potted Thompson Seedless grapevines. The
entire cane surface except for the cut surface was treated. Vertical bars
are the SE (10 canes with five buds on each cane for each treatment).
Di s c u s s i o n
In Japan, supernat ant s of CaCN 2 suspensions have
been widely used for stimulation ofbudbreak in various
vine cultivars since a report by Kuroi et al. [14], but in
many other countries, including the US, the use of
H2CN 2 to enhance budbreak is common [1,8,18,29]. In
general, the supernat ant of a 20% suspension of CaCN 2
is painted on buds of canes [7,15], but H2CN 2 is sprayed
onto the canes at the concentration of 2% or less
[8,18,22,26]. On the other hand, fresh garlic paste,
which promotes budbreak of ' Muscat of Alexandria'
vines being forced, is painted on the cut surface of the
cane [9,10].
In this experiment with Pione and Thompson Seed-
less grapevines grown in greenhouses, all substances
tested were found under certain conditions to promote
budbreak in the cuttings and canes, which had received
no chilling hours. However, details of
the effects differed depending on the
substance, method of t reat ment , and
variety of grape. The application of ei-
t her 1.4% or 2.8% H2CN 2 on the upper
cut surface of Pione cuttings acceler-
ated budbreak and increased the uni-
formity of the timing of budbreak, but
such application of 2.5% H2CN 2 to Th-
ompson Seedless cut t i ngs i nhi bi t ed
Me an budbreak. At the end of experiment,
f l o w e r
c l u s t e r s stems on some of Thompson Seedless
per s h o o t cuttings became necrotic, while the re-
0. 15b mai ni ng cut t i ngs were still green.
0.43 a Judgi ng from these findings, buds of
Thompson Seedless vines seem to be
o.38 a more readily damaged by H~CN 2 t han
0.13 b those of Pione vines. However, the ap-
plication of 2.5% H2CN 2 to the entire
cane surface of Thompson Seedless
A m . J . E n o l . Vi ti c., Vol . 51, No. 4, 2 0 0 0
B U D B R E A K C O N T R O L - - 413
vines, except for t he cut surface, accel erat ed budbr eak
and i ncreased t he r at e of budbr eak, as it did for Pione
cuttings. The reasons for di fferent responses by buds of
di fferent cul t i vars to H2CN 2 are not known. Gibberellic
acid, a pl ant gr owt h r egul at or , i ncr eases per cent
budbr eak in peaches ( Pr u n u s pe r s i c a ) [2], but it has
t he opposite effect on grapes [24].
Whet her t he upper cut surface of Pione cut t i ngs
was pai nt ed wi t h t he s uper nat ant of a 20% suspensi on
of CaCN 2 or when t he upper hal f of such cut t i ngs except
for t he cut surfaces was pai nt ed wi t h 1.4% or 2.8%
H2CN2, t he effects on budbr eak were si mi l ar for t he two
chemicals. For bot h CaCN 2 and H2CN 2 budbr eak was
more uni form when t he mat er i al was appl i ed to t he
upper hal f except for t he cut surfaces, regardl ess of
concent rat i on. Kuroi [15] r epor t ed t hat appl i cat i on of
t he s uper nat ant of a 20% suspensi on of CaCN 2 to
Kyoho grapes, closely r el at ed to t he Pione gr apes used
her e [19], has more effect on budbr eak t han 3% H2CN 2
when appl i ed at any st age of dor mancy (from December
to February). The differences bet ween r esul t s of t he
two st udi es mi ght ari se from t he di fferent physiological
st at us of t he vine buds; Kuroi used vines t hat had
received some of chilling hours, but we used unchi l l ed
vines. Also t he resul t s obt ai ned when di fferent par t s of
Pione cut t i ngs were t r eat ed wi t h CaCN 2 or H2CN 2 sug-
gest ed t hat t he effects of t hese chemi cal s on budbr eak
depend on t he appl i cat i on site.
The appl i cat i on of fresh garlic pr epar at i on to t he
cut surface of t he cane promot es budbr eak in several
grapevi ne cul t i vars [10]. Here, garlic past e accel erat ed
budbr eak and i ncreased t he r at e of budbr eak t hereaf-
t er in bot h Pione and Thompson Seedless cut t i ngs and
canes, as in our earl i er resul t s wi t h ot her cul t i vars
grown under forcing conditions [9,10]. The subst ances
in garlic t hat st i mul at e budbr eak in grapevi nes are
volatile compounds cont ai ni ng sul fur and wi t h an allyl
gr oup (CH2CHCH2), pa r t i c ul a r l y di al l yl di sul f i de
[12,13], whi ch is t he most abundant sulfide in garlic
[28], but t he effect of diallyl disulfide on t he br eaki ng of
bud dor mancy in grapevi nes t hat were not chilled was
not est abl i shed in our earl i er studies. Both t he applica-
tion of 70% diallyl disulfide on t he cut surface of Pione
canes and t he appl i cat i on of 20% diallyl disulfide to t he
ent i re cane except for t he cut surface of Thompson
Seedless vines accel erat ed budbr eak more t han t he
appl i cat i on of garlic paste. This is in agr eement wi t h
t he resul t s obt ai ned in ot her grape cul t i vars [12]. These
findings support our suggest i on t hat diallyl disulfide is
t he most i mpor t ant subst ance in garlic for t he br eaki ng
of bud dormancy [13]. Diallyl disulfide was found by
Hosoki et al. [4,5] to br eak bud dormancy of corms and
t ubers, and by Wang and Faus t [23] to have t hi s effect
for apples. However, when diallyl disulfide was appl i ed
to t he ent i re cane surface except for t he cut surface of
Thompson Seedless vines, t he r at e of budbr eak de-
creased, al t hough dat e of first budbr eak was earlier.
The r eason for an earl i er onset of budbr eak and a
slower r at e of budbr eak t her eaf t er is unknown.
Kubot a et al. [12] previ ousl y r epor t ed t hat t he
gr ape cut t i ngs exposed to volatiles from 70% diallyl
disulfide for 24 hours were si gni fi cant l y accel erat ed
budbr eak compared to t he control cut t i ngs. But no
difference in promot i ng budbr eak of Pione canes was
observed her e dur i ng t r eat ment wi t h volatile compo-
nent s of garlic past e, garlic oil, or diallyl disulfide.
Per haps exposure to t he volatile component s was too
long for differences in effects to be detected. Anaerobi c
conditions st i mul at e budbr eak of grapevi nes [3].
We i nvest i gat ed shoot growt h and t he number of
flower cl ust ers t hat developed normal l y on shoots at
t he end of t he experi ment , because it is of pract i cal
i mpor t ance t hat gr owt h aft er budbr eak be normal .
Wi t h Pione vines, earl i er budbr eak r esul t ed in l onger
shoot l engt h, and t he chemi cal used had little effect on
t he number of cl ust ers per shoot. In Thompson Seed-
less vines, shoot l engt h t ended to be l onger wi t h earl i er
budbr eak as in Pione vines, but t he number of cl ust ers
per shoot in canes t r eat ed wi t h H2CN 2 was fewer t han
aft er t r eat ment wi t h garlic past e or diallyl disulfide.
The r eason for superi or shoot growt h but fewer flower
cl ust ers is unknown; however, vigorous shoot gr owt h
mi ght be r el at ed to t he abort i on of some flower clusters,
whi ch became t endri l -l i ke in vines forced from deep
dor mant st age [9], wi t h all shoots allowed to grow aft er
budbreak.
Co n c l u s i o n s
Fr es h garl i c past e, commer ci al garl i c oil, and
diallyl disulfide promot ed budbr eak wi t hout phytotox-
icity in cut t i ngs and canes of grapevi nes not exposed to
chilling. Al t hough det ai l s of t he effects differed depend-
i ng on t he subst ance, appl i cat i on site, and vari et y, we
concluded t hat t he use of fresh garlic past e, commerci al
garlic oil, or diallyl disulfide could be used i nst ead of
t he s uper nat ant of a 20% suspensi on of CaCN 2 or of
H2CN 2, now commonl y used for t he br eaki ng of bud
dor mancy in t abl e grapes t hr oughout t he world. Fur-
t her i nvest i gat i on is needed to est abl i sh t he sui t abl e
met hods for appl yi ng t he garlic pr epar at i ons.
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