Reviewer Civil Code

Persons and Family Relations 2009 (Atty. Sta.
Maria)

CIVIL COD OF !" P"ILIPPI#S$ Preliminary !itle
Article Summary Summarized Annotation: Added Info:
Article 1: Civil Code of the
Philippines
Art. 2: Laws shall take effect 15
days following the completion
of their pulication
% Ci&il 'ode too( e))e't on A*+*st ,0- .9/0
% O 200 0as iss*ed 1y President A2*ino on 3*ne .945 06i'6
7ro&ided t6at 7*rs*ant to t6e r*lin+ in !a8ada &. !*&era
7*1li'ation need not 1e made in t6e O))i'ial 9a:ette- 'onsiderin+
its errati' release and limited readers6i7.
% #e0s7a7ers )or +eneral 'ir'*lation 'o*ld 1etter 7er)orm t6e
)*n'tion o) 'omm*ni'atin+ t6e la0s to t6e 7eo7le;more
a&aila1le- 0ider 'ir'*lation- 'omes o*t re+*larly.
% I) a stat*te does not 7ro&ide )or its e))e'ti&ity- it 0ill only ta(e
e))e't ./days a)ter t6e 'om7letion o) its 7*1li'ation. (#o one
s6all 1e '6ar+ed *nder t6e stat*te *ntil t6e 'om7letion o) t6e
7*1li'ation.)
% Stat*tes may 7ro&ide )or anot6er n*m1er o) days )or 7*1li'ation.
!6e statement <*nless ot6er0ise 7ro&ided= re)ers only to t6e ./
days (06i'6 'an 1e '6an+ed to a di))erent n*m1er) and not t6e
re2*irement o) 7*1li'ation. ;P*1li'ation is indis7ensa1le.
Co&ered >nder t6is R*le$
% Presidential de'rees and
e?e'*ti&e orders 1y t6e
7resident in e?er'ise o)
6is le+islati&e 7o0ers.
% Administrati&e r*les and
re+*lations i) t6eir
7*r7ose is to en)or'e or
im7lement e?istin+ la0
7*rs*ant to a &alid
dele+ation.
% City '6arter m*st 1e
7*1lis6ed e&en i) it is only
a77li'a1le to a 7ortion o)
national territory
@ Inter7retati&e re+*lation and
t6ose internal in nat*re need not
1e 7*1lis6ed.
Art. !: "gnorance of the law
e#cuses no one
% It is t6e 7res*m7tion t6at e&ery 7erson (no0s t6e la0.
% I+noran'e 'annot 1e 7*t *7 as a de)ense 1e'a*se it 'an al0ays
1e *sed 'a*sin+ disorder in so'iety
% !6is is t6e reason 06y 7*1li'ation is an essential element- so
t6at no one 'an e?'*se 6imsel) or 6ersel) )or not (no0in+.
Art. $: Laws shall not e
retroactive unless provided
% Stat*tes are to 1e 'onstr*ed as 6a&in+ 7ros7e'ti&e or )*t*re
o7eration only it is not meant to 1e a77li'a1le to t6e 7ast unless
it is e?7ressly 7ro&ided )or or is 'learly and ne'essarily im7lied
)rom t6e la0.
Cases 06en t6e la0 may 1e +i&en retroa'ti&e e))e't$
.. !6e la0 e?7ressly 7ro&ides
2. A6en t6e la0 is '*rati&e or remedial B meant to '*re de)e'ts in
order to en)or'e e?istin+ o1li+ations. !o ena1le 7eo7le to 'arry
into e))e't 06at t6ey intended in t6e o1li+ation 1*t 'o*ld not d*e
D. So1re7e8a 1
Persons and Family Relations 2009 (Atty. Sta. Maria)

to some stat*te. #ot meant to im7air o1li+ation or a))e't &ested
ri+6ts.
,. A6en t6e la0 is 7ro'ed*ral B 06en it deals 0it6 7ro'ed*re it
a77lies to all a'tions- 06i'6 6a&e a''r*ed- or 7endin+ and )*t*re
a'tions.
?. A6en t6e le+islat*re 7ro&ides t6at all 1ills s6o*ld *nder +o C
readin+s instead o) ,. !6is a))e'ts all 1ills t6at 6a&e 1een 'reated and
e&en t6ose already *nder+oin+ readin+s.
C. A6en t6e la0 is 7enal in '6ara'ter and is )a&ora1le to t6e
a''*sed.
Art. 5: Acts committed against
mandatory and prohiitory
laws shall e void.
MA#DA!ORD PROVISIO#S OF LAAS$ I) one )ails to 'ommit 'ertain
a'ts t6at are mandatory in t6e la0- it renders t6e 7ro'eedin+ or a'ts to
06i'6 it relates as ille+al or &oid.
?. !6e la0 7ro&ides < !6e a'tion to re&o(e t6e donation *nder t6is
arti'le m*st 1e 1ro*+6t 0it6in / years )rom t6e time t6e de'ree o) le+al
se7aration 6as 1e'ome )inal.= (Arti'le EC- Family Code)
PRO"IFI!ORD LAAS$ !6ose t6at one is not s*77osed to do. Co*'6ed
in ne+ati&e terms.
?. !6e la0 7ro&ides t6at < #o le+al se7aration may 1e de'reed *nless
t6e 'o*rt 6as ta(en ste7s to0ards re'on'iliation.= (Arti'le /9- Family
Code)
Art. %: &aiver of 'ights % Ri+6ts may 1e 0ai&ed *nless it is 'ontrary to la0- 7*1li' 7oli'y-
morals or +ood '*stoms- or 7reG*di'ial to a t6ird 7erson 0it6 a
ri+6t re'o+ni:ed 1y la0.
% !6e ri+6t m*st e?ist at t6e time o) t6e 0ai&er.
Re2*isites$
.. !6e 7erson (no0s t6at a ri+6t e?ists
2. "as ade2*ate (no0led+e *7on 06i'6 to ma(e an intelli+ent
de'ision
,. Hno0led+e o) t6e )a'ts related to t6e ri+6t to 1e 0ai&ed
C. M*st 1e s6o0n t6at t6e 0ai&er is made (no0in+ly and
intelli+ently
% Ri+6ts 7ro&ided )or in stat*tes 'an +enerally 1e 0ai&ed *nless t6e
o1Ge't o) t6e stat*te is to 7rote't or 7romote 7*1li' interest
?am7les o) 06at 'annot 1e
0ai&ed$
.. Aai&er a+ainst t6e ri+6t to
7*r'6ase land.
2. Aai&e an a'tion a+ainst
)*t*re )ra*d
,. Aai&e ri+6t to re'ei&e
less t6an t6e
'om7ensation a 0or(er is
to re'ei&e *nder t6e la0.
Art. (: 'epealed Laws % La0s are re7ealed only 1y s*1se2*ent ones
% Fet0een a la0 and t6e Constit*tion- t6e latter 7re&ails
D. So1re7e8a 2

% Administrati&e or e?e'*ti&e a'ts are &alid only 06en t6ey are not
'ontrary to la0s or t6e Constit*tion
RPAL$ le+islati&e a't o) a1olis6in+ a 7re&io*s stat*te t6ro*+6 a ne0
la0
% A6ere a 7ortion o) a stat*te is rendered *n'onstit*tional and
7art is &alid t6e arts may 1e se7arated i) t6ey 'an stand
inde7endently o) one anot6er.
Art. ): *udicial decisions form
case laws
% 3*di'ial de'isions- a77lyin+ and inter7retin+ la0s and t6e Constit*tion-
ass*me t6e same a*t6ority as la0s.
Art. +: 'esponsiility of the
courts
% 3*d+es m*st not e&ade 7er)orman'e o) t6eir res7onsi1ility 1e'a*se o)
an a77arent non%e?isten'e or &a+*eness o) a la0 +o&ernin+ a 7arti'*lar
le+al dis7*te.
Art. 1,: "t is presumed that the
lawmaking ody intended right
and -ustice to prevail
% !6e 'o*rt m*st )irst a77ly t6e la0- only 06en t6ere is am1i+*ity
in its a77li'ation s6o*ld t6ere 1e any (ind o) inter7retation.
% !6e inter7retation s6o*ld 1e in line 0it6 t6e intent o) t6e
le+islat*re or t6e end so*+6t to 1e attained.
Art. 11: Customs
Art. 12: Customs must e
proved accdg. to the rules of
evidence.
C>S!OM$ a r*le o) 'ond*'t )ormed 1y re7etition o) a'ts- *ni)ormly
o1ser&ed as a so'ial r*le- 06i'6 is le+ally 1indin+ and 6as o1li+atory
)or'e.
3>RIDICAL C>S!OM$ Can 1e a s*77lementIaddition to a stat*tory la0
*nli(e a so'ial '*stom- 06i'6 'annot do so.
Art. 1!: .ears/ days/ months Dears$ ,E/ days ea'6
Mont6s$ ,0 days B i) desi+nated 1y t6eir name- t6ey s6all 1e 'om7*ted
1y t6e n*m1er o) days t6at t6ey res7e'ti&ely 6a&e
"o*r$ 2C 6o*rs
#i+6ts$ S*nset to s*nrise
% In 'om7*tin+ a 7eriod )irst day e?'l*de last day in'l*ded
Art. 1$: Penal laws % All 'iti:ens or )orei+ners 06o soGo*rner are s*1Ge't to all 7enal
la0s and la0s meant )or 7*1li' se'*rity and sa)ety.
%
?'e7tion$
Forei+ners 06o are imm*ne )rom
s*it and t6*s 'annot 1e '6ar+ed
(di7lomati' a+ents)
Art. 15: 0ationality rule % Re+ardless o) 06ere a 'iti:en o) t6e P6ili77ines mi+6t 1e 6e or
s6e 0ill still 1e +o&erned 1y P6ili77ine la0s 06en it 'omes to
)amily ri+6ts- d*ties- or to 6is or 6er le+al stat*s and le+al
'a7a'ity-
!6*s a Fili7ino 'annot +et a
di&or'e e&en i) 6e or s6e +oes
a1road- sin'e di&or'e is not
re'o+ni:ed in t6e P6ili77ines
Art. 1%: 'eal 1 Personal % Real and Personal Pro7erty are s*1Ge't to t6e la0 o) t6e 'o*ntry
D. So1re7e8a 3

Property 06ere it is )o*nd. "o0e&er- 06en it 'omes to t6e order- amo*nt-
and intrinsi' &alidity o) t6e s*''ession it s6all 1e re+*lated 1y t6e
la0 o) t6e 7erson 06ose s*''ession is 1ein+ 'onsidered
re+ardless o) 06ere t6e 7ro7erty is to 1e )o*nd.
Art. 1(: 2orms and 3olemnities
of contracts4will/ acts done
efore consular officials/
prohiitive laws
Extrinsic validity$ t6e la0s s6all +o&ern t6e )orms o) 'ontra'ts and 0ills
06ere t6ey are made. !6*s a 0ill made in t6e >.S. m*st )ollo0 t6e la0s
re+ardin+ t6e )orms o) 0ills in t6e >.S.
Acts before Diplomatic and Consular Officials: Any a't or 'ontra't
made in a )orei+n 'o*ntry made 1e)ore t6e di7lomati' and 'ons*lar
o))i'ials m*st also 'on)orm to P6ili77ine la0s. !6is is 1e'a*se in t6e
7remises o) a di7lomati' o))i'e t6e )orei+n 'o*ntry 0ai&es its G*risdi'tion
so t6e P6ili77ine la0s +o&ern in t6e 7remises o) t6e P6ili77ine
Di7lomati' O))i'e in )orei+n 'o*ntries.
Prohibitive a!s: Pro6i1iti&e la0s 'on'ernin+ 7ro7erty- 7ersons- t6eir
a'ts and t6ose meant )or 7*1li' order- 7*1li' 7oli'y- or +ood '*stoms 0ill
'ontin*e to 1e in e))e't e&en i) t6e 7erson is in a di))erent 'o*ntry 0it6
di))erent la0s.
?. A Fili7ino +ets married to 2 0omen in anot6er 'o*ntry 06ere 1i+amy
is le+al- t6e se'ond marria+e is &oid sin'e 1i+amy is not 7ermitted in t6e
P6ili77ines.
Art. 1): 5eficiency in the Code
of Commerce and special laws
% A6en t6ere are de)i'ien'ies in t6e Code o) Commer'e and
S7e'ial La0s t6e 'i&il 'ode 0ill +o&ern s*'6 de)i'ien'y.
?. In t6e Code o) Commer'e t6ere is no stated 7res'ri7tion date )or a
'ertain a't- t6*s t6e 7ro&isions on 7res'ri7tion in t6e 'i&il 'ode 0ill
+o&ern.
% "o0e&er one m*st '6e'( t6e (ind o) transa'tion at 6and and
06et6er t6e 'i&il 'ode 7ro&ision is a77li'a1le
?. In a 7re&io*s 'ase- t6e Carria+e o) 9oods 1y Sea A't t6ere is a one
year 7res'ri7tion )or ma(in+ a 'laim )or loss or dama+e and t6e 7lainti))
1elie&ed t6at 6e 'o*ld e?tend t6e 7res'ri7ti&e 7eriod 1y +i&in+ a 0ritten
demand 7*rs*ant to Art. ..// o) t6e 'i&il 'ode- es7e'ially sin'e t6e 'i&il
'ode is meant to 1e s*77lementary a''ordin+ to Art. .4. "o0e&er t6e
S*7reme Co*rt r*led t6at it 0as not a77li'a1le 1e'a*se 06en it 'omes
to matters o) +oods in trans7ort it is desira1le t6at it 1e resol&ed at on'e
ta(in+ into 'onsideration t6e nat*re o) t6e +oods.
">MA# RLA!IO#S
D. So1re7e8a 4

Art. 1+: Ause of right
doctrine
% Meant to 1e a la0 o) G*sti'e and )airness es7e'ially in instan'es
06erein t6ere is no s7e'i)i' la0 to 7re&ent a'ts o) a1*se to anot6er.
% It is a r*le o) 'ond*'t t6at is meant to 'reate a 6armonio*s and orderly
relation s6i7 1et0een 7eo7le
@!6e t6ree arti'les are
related to ea'6 ot6er and
*nder t6ese arti'les an a't-
06i'6 'a*ses inG*ry to
anot6er- may 1e made t6e
1asis )or an a0ard )or
dama+es.
Art. 2,: willfully or negligently
causes damage to another
% S7ea(s o) t6e +eneral san'tion )or all ot6er 7ro&isions o) la0- 06i'6 do
not es7e'ially 7ro&ide t6eir o0n san'tion.
% Desi+ned to )ill in t6e 'o*ntless +a7s in t6e stat*es- 06i'6 lea&e many
&i'tims 0it6o*t re'o*rse.
Art. 21: Contrary to good
customs/ morals/ or pulic
policy
lements$
.. !6ere is an a't 06i'6 is le+al
2. F*t 06i'6 is 'ontrary to morals- +ood '*stoms- 7*1li' order- 7*1li'
7oli'y
,. And it is done 0it6 intent to inG*re
% Pres*77oses material or ot6er loss 06i'6 one may s*))er as a res*lt o)
anot6er 7ersonJs a't
Art. 22: 6ne who comes into
the possession of another is
oliged to make restitution
Art. 2!: 7ven if the act was not
due to ones fault or negligent
he is still liale for indemnity if
he was enefited.
>#3>S! #RIC"M#!$ one s6o*ld not *nd*ly 7ro)it on somet6in+ 06i'6 6e
does not o0n
% !6*s i) one is 1ene)ited at t6e e?7ense o) anot6er- 6e m*st 7ay or indemni)y
t6e ot6er )or 06at 6e 6as +ained.
Art. 2$: Protecting the rights
of the disadvantage
It is t6e 'o*rts d*ty to render G*sti'e and +i&e 7rote'tion on a''o*nt o) t6ose
06o are disad&anta+e d*e to moral de7enden'e- i+noran'e- indi+en'e
(7o&erty)- mental 0ea(ness- tender a+e or ot6er 6andi'a7.
Art. 25: 7#travagance during
acute pulic want or
emergency
!6e 'o*rts at t6e instan'e o) t6e +o&ernment or any 7ri&ate '6arita1le instit*tion
'an order one to sto7 e?treme s7endin+ d*rin+ times o) emer+en'y.
?. !6ere is a +asoline s'ar'ity and a ri'6 man 1*ys tons and tons o) +asoline
to 7o0er 6is 7ri&ate am*sement 7ar(. Bt6e 'o*rt may order 6im to sei:e s*'6 at
t6e instan'e o) t6e +o&ernment or '6arita1le instit*tion to 7re&ent s*'6 in times
o) emer+en'y.
Art. 2%: 'espect privacy of
others. 'espect for human
dignity
% Meant to en)or'e t6e ri+6t o) one to 6is 7ri&a'y in oneJs o0n 6ome- reli+io*s
)reedom- 7re&ent moral s*))erin+- &e?ation- 6*miliation-
Art. 2(: Pulic servant refuses
or neglects to do his duty
% One may )ile an a'tion )or dama+es a+ainst t6e o))i'er 06o does not 7er)orm
6is o))i'ial d*ty 0it6o*t G*st 'a*se.
@I) t6e o))i'er is no day o))-
t6en one 'annot )ile an
D. So1re7e8a 5

without -ust cause % A 7*1li' o))i'er 06o 'ommits a tort or ot6er 0ron+)*l a't is still lia1le to t6e
&i'tim.
a'tion a+ainst 6im.
Art. 2): 8nfair competition % #e'essary to 7romote a system o) )ree enter7rise and a )air '6an'e )or ot6ers
to en+a+e in 1*siness and earn a li&in+.
Art. 2+: Civil action when guilt
is not proved eyond
reasonale dout
% I) in a 'riminal 'ase- t6e a''*sed is not 7ro&en +*ilty 1eyond reasona1le do*1t
a 'i&il a'tion may 1e made and t6e de+ree o) 7roo) ne'essary is only a
7re7onderan'e o) e&iden'e 06i'6 means t6at more e&iden'e is add*'ed to
7ro&e t6e +*ilt o) t6e a''*sed 'om7ared to t6at to de)end 6im.
Art. !,: Civil oligation arising
from a criminal offense
% A 'i&il o1li+ation arisin+ )rom a 'riminal o))ense only needs a 7re7onderan'e
o) e&iden'e as t6e 2*ant*m o) 7roo)-
Art. !1: Civil oligation not
arising from the felony
% >s*ally a 'riminal 7ro'eedin+- i) 'ommen'ed- m*st 1e terminated
1e)ore a 'i&il 7ro'eedin+ 'an 1e+in. I) a 'i&il 7ro'eedin+ 6as 1e+*n and
later on a 'riminal 7ro'eedin+ is )iled- t6e 'i&il 7ro'eedin+ is 7*t on 6old
*ntil t6e 'riminal 7ro'eedin+ 6as )inis6ed.
% "o0e&er 06en t6e 'i&il o1li+ation is se7arate )rom t6e 'rime
'ommitted it may 7ro'eed inde7endently o) t6e 'riminal 7ro'eedin+.
% Certain inG*ries do not arise )rom t6e 'ommission o) a 'rime.
?. A 1*s dri&er 'ras6es t6e 1*s 1e'a*se 6e is dr*n(. !6e 'i&il a'tion 6ere is
1ased )rom t6e 1rea'6 o) t6e 'ontra't*al o1li+ation o) all 'ommon 'arriers to
ta(e e?tra dili+en'e in dri&in+ 6is 7assen+ers. !6e 'riminal a'tion 6ere is 1ased
on t6e dri&erJs 'riminal ne+li+en'e. !6e )irst is +o&erned 1y t6e 'i&il 'ode and
t6e se'ond is )rom t6e Re&ised Penal Code.
Art. !2: Civil action for
violation of constitutional
rights
% #e'essary to 6a&e an a1sol*te se7arate and inde7endent 'i&il a'tion )or t6e
&iolation o) 'i&il li1erties )or t6e e))e'ti&e maintenan'e o) demo'ra'y.
Art. !!: Civil action for
violation of private rights
% Prin'i7le is to allo0 t6e 'iti:en to en)or'e 6is ri+6ts re+ardless o) State a'tion
so t6at 'iti:ens 0ill not de7end *7on t6e +o&ernment )or t6e &indi'ation o) t6eir
o0n 7ri&ate ri+6ts.
% In'l*des )ra*d- de)amation- 76ysi'al inG*ries and are *nderstood in t6eir
ordinary sense.
@Criminal ne+li+en'e
(re'(less im7r*den'e) is not
in'l*ded in t6is arti'le- t6*s
an inde7endent a'tion )or
s*'6 'annot 1e made
inde7endently )rom t6e
'riminal 7rose'*tion.
Art. !$: 9emers of the Police
2orce
% A6en t6ere is dan+er to li)e or 7ro7erty- s*'6 7ea'e o))i'er s6all 1e
7rimarily lia1le )or dama+es- and t6e 'ity or m*ni'i7ality s6all 1e
s*1sidiarily res7onsi1le.
% An inde7endent 'i&il a'tion 'an 1e instit*ted 06erein a 7re7onderan'e
o) e&iden'e is all t6at is re2*ired.
D. So1re7e8a 6

Art !5: 'eservation of civil
action
% A6en a 7erson 'laimin+ to 1e inG*red 1y a 'riminal o))ense- '6ar+es anot6er
1*t t6e G*d+es )ails to )ind any 'rime to 6a&e 1een 'ommitted or i) t6e
7rose'*tin+ attorney re)*sesI)ails to instit*te 'riminal 7ro'eedin+s
Art. !%: Pre-udicial :uestions % !6e +eneral r*le is t6at t6e 'riminal 'ase ta(es 7re'eden'eK an
e?'e7tion 0o*ld 1e i) t6ere e?ist 7reG*di'ial 2*estions- 06i'6 s6o*ld 1e
resol&ed 1e)ore t6e 'riminal 'ase.
PR3>DICIAL L>S!IO#$ !6at 06i'6 m*st 7re'ede t6e 'riminal a'tion t6at
06i'6 re2*ires a de'ision 1e)ore a )inal G*d+ment is rendered in t6e 7rin'i7al
a'tion 06ere t6e said 2*estion is 'losely 'onne'ted. !6e resol*tion o) t6e
PreG*di'ial 2*estion 0ill determine i) t6e 'riminal a'tion may 7ro'eed.
?. A and F +ot married. F t6en married C. A )iled a 'ase )or 1i+amy a+ainst F.
F also )iled a 'i&il 'ase a+ainst C (t6e se'ond s7o*se) 'ontendin+ t6at s6e 0as
intimidated into marryin+ C. !6e 'i&il 'ase to determine 06et6er t6ere 0as
intimidation or not m*st ne'essary 1e resol&ed 1e)ore t6e 1i+amy 'ase. I) F
0as indeed intimidated in marryin+ C- t6ere is no 1i+amy.
CIVIL PRSO#ALI!D$ 9#RAL PROVISIO#S
Art. !(: *uridical Capacity and
Capacity to Act.
3>RIDICAL CAPACI!D$ )itness to 1e t6e s*1Ge't o) le+al relations- in6erent in
e&ery 7erson and is lost only t6ro*+6 deat6.
% A'2*ired 06en one is 'on'ei&ed (ri+6ts o) t6e *n1orn '6ild)
CAPACI!D !O AC!$ 7o0er to do a'ts 0it6 le+al e))e't- may 1e a'2*ired o) lost
% A'2*ired 06en one rea'6es t6e a+e o) maGority- lost in 'ases li(e 'i&il
interdi'tion
.
.
Art. !): 'estrictions on the
capacity to act
Art. !+: 9odification or limit
capacity to act
Restri'tions on t6e 'a7a'ity to a't$ Minority- insanity or im1e'ility- state o) 1ein+
a dea)%m*te- 7rodi+ality- and 'i&il interdi'tion are mere restri'tions on t6e
'a7a'ity to a't. B Do not e?em7t t6e 7erson )rom 'ertain o1li+ations.
Modi)yIlimit 'a7a'ity to a't$ a+e- insanity- im1e'ility- t6e state o) 1ein+ a dea)%
m*te- 7enalty- 7rodi+ality- )amily relations- aliena+e- a1sen'e- insol&en'y- and
tr*stees6i7.
@ Fot6 men and 0omen are
2*ali)ied )rom all a'ts o) 'i&il
li)e 06en t6ey rea'6 t6e a+e
o) maGority (.4 years old)
#A!>RAL PRSO#S
Art. $,: Commencement of
Civil personality
Art. $1: conditions to
determine when the child is
% Firt6 determines 7ersonality 1*t t6e 'on'ei&ed '6ild s6all 1e 'onsidered
1orn )or all 7*r7oses t6at are )a&ora1le to it. Pro&ided t6at t6e
'on'ei&ed '6ild is later 1orn 0it6 t6e 'onditions in Art. C..
% !6e )et*s is 'onsidered 1orn i) it is ali&e )rom t6e time it 0as 'om7letely
deli&ered )rom t6e mot6erJs 0om1. F>! i) t6e )et*s 0as ali&e in t6e
%For 7*r7oses o) in6eritan'e
and s*''ession- a '6ild
'on'ei&ed at t6e time o)
deat6 o) t6e de'edent 'an s
1
An a''essory 7enalty )or t6e 'ommission o) an o))ense- 06i'6 de7ri&es t6e o))ender d*rin+ t6e time o) 6is senten'e t6e ri+6ts o) 7arental a*t6ority- or
+*ardians6i7- ri+6t to mana+e 6is 7ro7erty and t6e ri+6t to dis7ose o) s*'6 7ro7erty 1y any a't.
D. So1re7e8a 7

considered conceived. 0om1 )or less t6an 5 mont6s it is not deemed 1orn i) it dies 0it6in 2C
6o*rs it is deli&ered )orm t6e 0om1.
Art. $2: Civil personality
e#tinguished at death
% Deat6 7*ts an end to 'i&il 7ersonality
% Dead 7erson 'ontin*es to 6a&e 7ersonality only t6ro*+6 'ontra't- 0ill-
or as determined 1y la0. B Creditors 'an still 'laim )rom t6e estate o)
t6e de'eased any o1li+ation d*e to t6em.
% #o 6*man 1ody s6all 1e 1*ried *nless t6e 7ro7er deat6 'erti)i'ate 6as
1een 7resented and re'orded 6o0e&er d*rin+ an e7idemi' 1odies may
1e 1*ried 7ro&ided t6at t6e deat6 'erti)i'ate 1e se'*red 0it6in / days
a)ter t6e 1*rial.
Art. $!: 5out etween the
death of two or more persons
% A77lies to 7ersons 06o are 'alled to s*''eed ea'6 ot6er li(e mot6er
and '6ild. (#e'essary to determine t6e amo*nt o) in6eritan'e one is to
re'ei&e- transmission o) ri+6ts- et'.)
% I) t6ere is no 7roo) as to 06o died )irst- t6ey are 7res*med to 6a&e died
at t6e same time and t6*s no transmission o) ri+6ts )rom one to t6e
ot6er.
% Proo) o) deat6 'annot 1e esta1lis6ed )rom mere in)eren'e or
7res*m7tions. It m*st 1e esta1lis6ed 1y 'lear 7ositi&e e&iden'e.
3>RIDICAL PRSO#S
Art. $$: &ho are -uridical
persons
Art. $5: &hat governs -uridical
persons
Art. $%: 'ights and oligations
of -uridical persons
3>RIDICAL PRSO#$ Fein+ o) le+al e?isten'e s*s'e7ti1le o) ri+6ts and
o1li+ations.
.. State$ or+ani:ed 'or7orate so'iety *nder a +o&ernment 0it6 t6e le+al
'om7eten'e to e?a't o1edien'e o) its 'ommands. It 'an enter into
treaties and 'ontra'ts.
% !6e state 'annot 1e s*ed 0it6o*t its 'onsent (im7lied or e?7ressed)
2. Political subdivisions$ m*ni'i7al 'or7orations t6at 'onsist o)
7ro&in'es- 'ities and m*ni'i7alities. !6ey 'an 1e s*ed 1e'a*se it is
+ranted 1y t6eir '6arters 1*t t6ey are +enerally not lia1le )or torts
'ommitted in t6e dis'6ar+e o) t6eir +o&ernmental )*n'tions.
,. Corporation: An arti)i'ial 1ein+ 'reated 1y o7eration o) la0 and 6as t6e
7o0ers and attri1*tes +ranted to it 1y t6e la0- 06i'6 'reated it.
C. Partnership: 2 or more 7ersons 1ind t6emsel&es to ma(e 'ontri1*tions
to a 'ommon )*nd 0it6 t6e intention o) di&idin+ t6e 7ro)its amon+
t6emsel&es.
@Cor7orations- 7artners6i7s- and asso'iations )or 7ri&ate interest and 7*r7ose
may 1e +ranted a se7arate and distin't 7ersonality )rom t6e s6are6olders or
mem1ers (t6is is (no0n as t6e &eil o) 'or7orate )i'tion). "o0e&er- t6is &eil may
D. So1re7e8a 8

1e 7ier'ed- t6*s ma(in+ t6e s6are6olders and mem1ers lia1le- 06en t6e )i'tion
is *sed to de)eat 7*1li' 'on&enien'e- G*sti)y 0ron+- 7rote't )ra*d- de)end 'rime-
7er7etrate de'e7tion- et'.
@State and 7oliti'al s*1di&isions- ot6er 'or7orations- instit*tions- and entities )or
7*1li' interest or 7*r7ose are +o&erned 1y t6e la0s 'reatin+ t6em.
@Pri&ate 'or7orations are re+*lated 1y la0s o) +eneral a77li'ation on t6e s*1Ge't
@Partners6i7s are +o&erned 1y t6e 7ro&isions o) t6is Code 'on'ernin+
7artners6i7s
@3*ridi'al 7ersons may a'2*ire and 7ossess 7ro7erty o) all (inds and in'*r
o1li+ations in 'on)ormity 0it6 t6e la0s and re+*lations o) t6eir or+ani:ation.
Art. $(: 5issolution of
corporations
% >7on t6e dissol*tion o) s*'6 entities mentioned a1o&e- t6eir 7ro7erties
and ot6er assets s6o*ld 1e dis7osed o) in 7*rs*an'e o) la0 or t6e
'6arter 'reatin+ it.
% I) t6ere is not6in+ in t6e la0- it s6all 1e a77lied )or a similar 7*r7ose )or
t6e 1ene)it o) t6e re+ionI7ro&in'eI'ity it is in.
CI!IM#S"IP A#D DOMICIL
Art. $): &ho are
citi;ens of the
Philippines
Art. $+: 0aturali;ation
and reac<uisition of
loss citi;enship
Art. 5,: 5omicile of
natural persons
Citi:ens o) t6e P6ili77ines$
.. !6ose 06o are 'iti:ens at t6e time o) t6e ado7tion o) t6e P6ili77ine
Constit*tion.
2. !6ose 1orn in t6e P6ili77ines- 1e)ore t6e ado7tion o) t6e said 'onstit*tion-
0it6 )orei+n 7arents 06o 6a&e 1een ele'ted to 7*1li' o))i'e in t6e
P6ili77ines.
,. !6ose 06ose Fat6ers are Fili7ino
C. !6ose 06ose mot6ers are Fili7ino and ele't P6ili77ine Citi:ens6i7 06en
t6ey rea'6 t6e a+e o) maGority.
/. !6ose 06o are nat*rali:ed
DOMICIL$ Fi?ed 7ermanent resident- a 7la'e 06erein- alt6o*+6 one may 1e
a1sent )rom- one still 6as t6e intention o) ret*rnin+ and remainin+ )or an *nlimited
time. !6ere is only one domi'ile.
% A minor )ollo0s t6e domi'ile o) 6is 7arents
C6an+e in Domi'ile$
.. An a't*al remo&al or an a't*al '6an+e or domi'ile
2. A bona fide intention o) a1andonin+ t6e )ormer domi'ile and esta1lis6in+ a
ne0 one.
,. A't- 06i'6 'orres7ond 0it6 t6e 7*r7ose (76ysi'al 7resen'e in t6e area-
mo&e )amily in area- re+ister as a &oter in t6e area- et'.)
RSID#C$ Indi'ates a 7la'e o) a1ode 06et6er 7ermanent or tem7orary- not
"us San#uinis$ Re)ers to
'iti:ens6i7 1y 1lood. !6is is t6e
'on'e7t )ollo0ed in t6e
P6ili77ines.
"us Soli$ Re)ers to 'iti:ens6i7 on
t6e 1asis o) t6e 7la'e o) 1irt6
Ac$uisition of Citizenship$ )or
a )orei+ner to 1e a1le to 1e'ome
a P6ili77ine 'iti:en- a 7ro7er
7etition s6all 1e )iled in t6e
7ro7er 'o*rt.
%round for &eac$uisition of
Citizenship:
..Fy nat*rali:ation
2.Re7atriation o) deserters o) t6e
Army- #a&y or Air Cor7s.
(Aoman 06o 6as lost 6er
'iti:ens6i7 1y reason o) marria+e
to an alien may 1e re7atriated
D. So1re7e8a 9

ne'essarily t6e domi'ile. !6ere may 1e more t6an one residen'e. a)ter t6e termination o) 6er
marital stat*s)
,.Fy dire't a't o) 'on+ress
Art. 51: 5omicile of
-uridical person
% A6en t6e la0 'reates or re'o+ni:es a G*ridi'al 7erson 1*t doesnJt )i? t6e domi'ile
it s6all 1e *nderstood to 1e t6e 7la'e 06ere it 6as le+al re7resentation
D. So1re7e8a 10

'(E )A*I+ CODE O) '(E P(IIPPI,ES: !oo( e))e't on A*+*st ,- .944 si+ned 1y President Cora:on A2*ino (?e'*ti&e Order 209)
REQUISITES OF MARRIAGE:
Arti'le S*mmary o) Annotation Additional
In)oI?'e7tionsIConne'ted
0it6$
Art. 1: Marriage is a special contract of permanent
union beteen a man and a oman entered into in
accordance it! t!e la for t!e establis!ment of
con"ugal and famil# life$
It is t!e foundation of t!e famil# and an in%iolable
social institution !ose nature& conse'uences& and
incidents are go%erned b# la and not sub"ect to
stipulation& e(cept t!at marriage settlements ma# fi(
t!e propert# relations during t!e marriage it!in t!e
limits pro%ided b# t!e code$
#at*re o) Marria+e$
%Marria+e is one o) t6e <1asi' 'i&il ri+6ts o) man.= !6e
)reedom to marry 6as 1een re'o+ni:ed as a &ital
7ersonal ri+6t to0ards t6e 7*rs*it o) manJs 6a77iness.
%Still 'onsidered as a s7e'ial 'i&il 'ontra't re+*lated 1y
la0 d*e to t6e 6i+6 state interest in 7rote'tin+ and
sa)e+*ardin+ t6e )amily.
%A 'ontra't to marry- *nli(e ot6er 'ontra'ts- 'annot 1e
modi)ied or '6an+ed. On'e it is e?e'*ted a relation is
)ormed 1et0een t6e 7arties t6at 'annot 1e altered. !6e
la0 ste7s in to 6old or 1ind t6e 7arties to+et6er.
%A s*1se2*ent marria+e 1et0een t6e ra7ist and ra7ed
&i'tim e?tin+*is6es t6e 'riminal a'tion or 7enalty o) t6e
ra7ist. In 'ase o) marital ra7e
2
Marria+e Stat*s$ Marria+e 'reates a so'ial stat*s-
06i'6 t6e state is interested in 7rote'tin+. It is a 'ase
06ere a do*1le stat*s is 'reated- in&ol&es and a))e'ts
t0o 7ersons.
Marria+e in International La0$ men and 0omen o) )*ll
a+e 0it6o*t any limitation d*e to ra'e- nationality or
reli+ion 6a&e t6e ri+6t to marry and )o*nd a )amily.
.. >ni&ersal De'laration o) "*man Ri+6ts
2. International Co&enant on 'onomi'- So'ial and
C*lt*ral Ri+6ts
,. International Co&enant on Ci&il and Politi'al Ri+6ts.
@Marria+e as a s7e'ial
'ontra't 'annot 1e restri'ted
1y dis'riminatory 7oli'ies o)
7ri&ate indi&id*als or
'or7orations.
*AI-O&DE& .&IDE$
'onsidered as a 'riminal
o))ense 1e'a*se marria+e is
&ested 0it6 7*1li' interest.
(Conne'ted 0it6 t6e Anti%
!ra))i'(in+ A't)
A'ts 7*nis6ed$
.. Carry on s*'6 a 1*siness
2. !o ad&ertise t6e 7romotion
o) s*'6 a'ts.
,. Soli'it or attra't or any
Fili7ino 0oman to 1e'ome a
mem1er in a 'l*1 t6at
mat'6es 0omen )or marria+e
to )orei+n nationals )or a )ee.
C. >se t6e 7ostal ser&i'e to
7romote t6e 7ro6i1ited a'ts.
VALIDI!D OF MARRIA9$
+o&erned 1y t6e la0 e))e'ti&e
at t6e time o) t6e 'ele1ration
o) t6e marria+e.
2
Marital ra7e is no0 'onsidered a 'rime 06erein t6e le+al 6*s1and is t6e o))ender and t6e 0i)e is t6e &i'tim. Prior to t6is marital ra7e 0as not 'onsidered a 'rime
1e'a*se it 0as 'onsidered t6e ri+6t o) t6e 6*s1and to 6a&e se?*al inter'o*rse 0it6 6is 0i)e 06ene&er 6e 7leased.
D. So1re7e8a 11

Constit*tional Prote'tion$ !6e State re'o+ni:es t6e
san'tity o) )amily li)e and s6all 7rote't and stren+t6en it.
!6e state also re'o+ni:es marria+e as an in&iola1le
so'ial instit*tion and t6e )o*ndation o) t6e )amily and
s6all 1e 7rote'ted 1y t6e state.
@ !6e 'onstit*tional 7ro&isions on marria+e 6o0e&er do
#O! mean t6at le+islat*re 'annot ena't a la0 allo0in+
a1sol*te di&or'e. Marria+e is s*1Ge't to t6e 'ontrol o)
t6e le+islat*re 1*t it m*st not 'ontra&ene mandates o)
Constit*tion.
Pro7erty Relations$ Only 7ro7erty relations may 1e )i?ed
and arran+ed in a marria+e settlement 7rior to t6e
marria+e 'eremony. "o0e&er it m*st still )ollo0 t6e
mandatory 7ro&isions o) t6e Family Code.
Art 2: )o marriage s!all be %alid unless t!ese
essential re'uisites are present:
*$ +egal capacit# of t!e contracting parties !o
must be a male and female$
,$ -onsent freel# gi%en in t!e presence of t!e
solemni.ing officer
E%A CAPACI'+$ Marryin+ a+e is .4 years old and
a1o&e- t6*s i) one o) t6e 'ontra'tin+ 7arties is 1elo0 .4
years o) a+e- t6e marria+e is &oid.
% !6ey 'annot 1e related to ea'6 ot6er as
7ro&ided 1y Art. ,5 and Art. ,4 (in'est*o*s
marria+es and t6ose a+ainst 7*1li' 7oli'y).
% !6ere s6o*ld 1e no 7re&io*s &alid s*1sistin+
marria+eK ot6er0ise t6e s*1se2*ent marria+e
0ill 1e 1i+amo*s.
DI))E&E,' SE/$ !6ere s6o*ld 1e a male and a
)emale. Marria+e is desira1le d*e to t6e im7ortan'e o)
7ro'reation 06i'6 is one o) t6e reasons 06y same se?
marria+es are 7ro6i1ited (d*e to t6e im7ossi1ility o)
re7rod*'tion)
CO,SE,':
.. M*st 1e )reely +i&en
2. Made in t6e 7resen'e o) t6e solemni:in+ o))i'er
% A1sen'e o) 'onsent ma(es t6e marria+e &oid.
"o0e&er i) t6ere is 'onsent 1*t s*'6 0as
o1tained t6ro*+6 )or'e- )ra*d- *nd*e in)l*en'e-
et' t6en it is only &oida1le.
Se? '6an+e$ 6as not 1een
s6o0n t6at se? reassi+nment
s*r+ery 0o*ld allo0 one to
7rod*'e 6*man 1ein+s.
!6o*+6ts to 7onder$ Marria+e
s6o*ld no to 1e enGoyed only
1y 6eterose?*al 'o*7les. !6e
ri+6t to marry- )o*nd a )amily-
identity- 7ersonality are all
ri+6ts o) 6*man 1ein+s.
@Parties m*st 1e 7ersonally
7resent- 7ro?y marria+es is
7ro6i1ited in t6e P6ili77ines.
D. So1re7e8a 12

Art. !: T!e formal re'uisites of marriage are:
*$ Aut!orit# of t!e solemni.ing officer
,$ A %alid marriage license e(cept in t!e cases
pro%ided for in -!apter , of t!is title
/$ A marriage ceremon# !ic! ta0es place it!
t!e appearance of t!e contracting parties
before t!e solemni.ing officer and t!eir
personal declaration t!at t!e# ta0e eac! ot!er
as !usband and ife in t!e presence of not
less t!an , itnesses of legal age$
Art. $: T!e absence of an# of t!e essential or formal
re'uisites s!all render t!e marriage %oid ab initio&
e(cept as stated in Article /1 2,3 206en one o) t6e
'ontra'tin+ 7arties 1elie&ed in +ood )ait6 t6at t6e
solemni:in+ o))i'er 6ad a*t6ority t6en t6e marria+e is
&alid)
A defect in an# of t!e essential re'uisites s!all render
t!e marriage %oidable as pro%ided in Article 41$
An irregularit# in t!e formal re'uisites s!all not affect
t!e %alidit# of t!e marriage but t!e part# or parties
responsible for t!e irregularit# s!all be ci%ill#&
criminall# and administrati%el# liable$
Art. 5: An# male or female of t!e age of eig!teen
#ears or upards not under an# of t!e impediments
mentioned in Articles /5 and /6 2in'est*o*s marria+es
and t6ose a+ainst 7*1li' 7oli'y$3 ma# contract
marriage$
Art. %: )o prescribed form or religious rite for t!e
solemni.ation of t!e marriage is re'uired$ It s!all be
necessar#& !oe%er& for t!e contracting parties to
appear personall# before t!e solemni.ing officer and
declare in t!e presence of not less t!an to itnesses
A0'(O&I'+ O) '(E SOE*I1I,% O))ICE&:
% !6ose en*merated in Arti'le 5- 6e m*st 6a&e
t6e a*t6ority. !6*s a 7riest 06o 6as not
rene0ed 6is li'ense to marry does not 6a&e t6e
a*t6ority and 'annot 1e 'onsidered )or
marria+e.
% !6e Lo'al 9o&ernment Code (3an. .- .992)
7ro&ides t6at a mayor o) a 'ity or m*ni'i7ality
may no0 solemni:e marria+es.
Chapter 2 'itle 3 of )amily Code: exempt from
license
.. Article ,5$ Fot6 7arties are in arti'*lo mortis
marria+e 0ill 1e &alid e&en i) t6e ailin+ 7arty
s*r&i&es.
2. Article ,6$ Residen'e is in a remote 7la'e
In 1ot6 'ases t6e solemni:in+ o))i'er m*st state
in an a))ida&it t6at t6e marria+e 0as 7er)ormed
as s*'6 and t6at 6e too( ne'essary ste7s to
as'ertain t6e a+es and t6at t6ere 0ere no le+al
im7ediments to t6e marria+e.
,. Article //$ Marria+es amon+ M*slims or et6ni'
'*lt*ral 'omm*nities- as lon+ as 7er)ormed in
a''ordan'e 0it6 t6eir '*stoms- rites- 7ra'ti'es.
C. Arti'le ,C$ Co6a1itation 1y t6e 'o*7le )or /
years
@ M*slims are +o&erned 1y Code o) M*slim 7ersonal
la0s o) t6e P6ili77ines and not t6e Family 'ode 1*t t6e
ot6er et6ni' +ro*7s m*st 'om7ly 0it6 t6e ot6er
re2*isites as t6ey are +o&erned 1y t6e Family 'ode.
/. Arti'le ,C$ Co6a1itation 1et0een man and
0oman )or at least / years 0it6 no le+al
im7ediment at time o) marria+e.
4AID *A&&IA%E ICE,SE:
% Lasts )or .20 days )rom t6e date o) iss*e and e))e'ti&e
@Pres*m7tion leans to0ards
t6e le+ality o) t6e marria+e
t6*s t6e a*t6ority o) t6e o))i'er
is 7res*med a1sen'e t6e
s6o0in+ any 7roo) to t6e
'ontrary.
Merely Irre+*larities in
marria+e li'ense$
.. Marria+e li'ense 0as
made in a di))erent
7la'e ot6er t6an t6eir
residen'e.
2. #ame stated t6erein
is di))erent or
miss7elled
,. Misre7resentation o)
a+e (1*t 6as to 1e
eman'i7ated;.4
years and a1o&e)
C. #on%dis'los*re o)
7rior marria+e and
di&or'e
/. Falsely stated t6at 6e
or s6e 6ad not 1een
7re&io*sly married.
E. Falsely s0ore t6at 6e
or s6e is not *nder
+*ardians6i7.
@ I) t6e 'o*7le 6a&e a &alid
marria+e li'ense 1*t )or+ot to
1rin+ it t6en marria+e 0ill 1e
&alid (1*t i) t6ey donJt 6a&e
one and 7ro'*red one a)ter
t6e marria+e 'eremony t6e
marria+e 0ill 1e &oid)
D. So1re7e8a 13

of legal age t!at t!e# ta0e eac! ot!er as !usband and
ife$ T!is declaration s!all be contained in t!e
marriage certificate !ic! !all be signed b# t!e
contracting parties and t!eir itnesses and attested
b# t!e solemni.ing officer$
In case of marriage in articulo mortis& !en t!e part#
is at t!e point of deat! is unable to sign t!e marriage
certificate& it s!all be sufficient for one of t!e itnesses
to t!e marriage to rite t!e name of said part#& !ic!
fact s!all be attested b# t!e solemni.ing officer$
0it6in any 7art o) t6e P6ili77ines only.
*A&&IA%E CE&E*O,+:
% Family 'ode only re'o+ni:es 'eremonial marria+es 1*t
t6ere is no 7res'ri1ed )orm o) marria+e 'eremony.
% !6e minim*m re2*irement is t6at t6e 7arties 7ersonally
a77ear 1e)ore t6e solemni:in+ o))i'er and de'lare t6at
t6ey ta(e ea'6 ot6er in t6e 7resen'e o) at least 2
0itness o) le+al a+e.
@ De'laration does not 6a&e to 1e &o'ally e?7ressed
may 1e in)erred 1y t6e 0ords *sed- t6e manner t6e
'eremony 0as made- et'. I) a 0eddin+ too( 7la'e t6ere
is a 7res*m7tion t6at t6ere 0as an e?'6an+e o) &o0s.
@ !6e a1sen'e o) 2 0itnesses o) le+al a+e is merely an
irre+*larity in t6e 'eremony and does not a))e't t6e
&alidity o) t6e marria+e.
@ Common la0 marria+es-
06i'6 are non%'eremonial- are
not re'o+ni:ed in t6e
P6ili77ines.
Art. (: Marriage ma# be solemni.ed b#:
*$ An# incumbent member of t!e "udiciar# it!in
t!e court7s "urisdiction
,$ An# priest& rabbi& imam& or minister of an#
c!urc! or religious sect dul# aut!ori.ed b# !is
c!urc! or religious sect and registered it!in
t!e ci%il registrar general& acting it!in t!e
limits of t!e ritten aut!orit# granted !im b#
!is c!urc! or religious sect and pro%ided t!at
at least one of t!e contracting parties belongs
to t!e solemni.ing officers c!urc! or religious
sect
/$ An# s!ip captain or airplane c!ief in cases
mentioned in Article /*
4$ An# militar# commander of a unit to !ic! a
% !6ere is a need to limit t6e 7ersons 06o 'an
solemni:e marria+es sin'e marria+e is an
im7ortant instit*tion t6e state 0ants to
sa)e+*ard and 7rote't.
% Fe'a*se t6e state is interested in marria+e- it
1e'omes a 7arty t6ereto 1y mani)ested in t6e
'onsent re2*ired and +ranted to limited n*m1er
o) o))i'ers.
3>D9S$ t6ey 'an only solemni:e marria+es 0it6in
t6eir G*risdi'tion and t6ey m*st 1e in'*m1ent.
Co*rt o) !a? A77eals- Sandi+an1ayan- Co*rt o)
A77eals- S*7reme Co*rt$ #ational G*risdi'tion
A1sen'e o) G*risdi'tion 0o*ld mean t6e a1sen'e
o) t6e a*t6ority o) t6e solemni:in+ o))i'er and
t6*s t6e marria+e 0ill 1e n*ll and &oid.
@ Sto7o&ers d*rin+ a )li+6t or
&oya+e are still 'onsidered
7art o) t6e Go*rney.

@I) t6e 6ost 'o*ntry allo0s
marria+es to 1e solemni:ed
1y 'ons*ls t6en e&en i)
1et0een a Fili7ino and non%
Fili7ino- t6e marria+e 0ill still
1e &alid in a''ordan'e 0it6
Art. 2E- 06i'6 re'o+ni:es
international 'omity.
%OOD )AI'( O) PA&'IES:
D. So1re7e8a 14

c!aplain is assigned& in t!e absence of t!e
latter& during a militar# operation& li0eise onl#
in t!e cases mentioned in Article /, or
1$ An# consul8general& consul or %ice consul in
t!e case pro%ided in Article *9$
PRIS!IMI#IS!R OF A C">RC" OR RLI9IO>S
SC!$ 6e s6o*ld 1e a*t6ori:ed 1y t6e '6*r'6 to do so-
6e m*st 1e re+istered 0it6 t6e 'i&il re+istry- and at least
one o) t6e 'ontra'tin+ 7arties 1elon+s to 6is or 6er
'6*r'6.
S"IP CAP!IA#IPILO!$ one o) t6e 7arties m*st 1e at t6e
7oint o) deat6- t6e marria+e m*st 1e 1et0een t6e
7assen+ers or 're0mem1ers- and t6e s6i7 or 7lane
m*st 1e at sea or in )li+6t.
An assistant 7ilot 6as no a*t6ority to solemni:e
marria+es e&en i) t6e main 7ilot dies.
MILI!ARD COMMA#DR$ "e or s6e s6o*ld 1e a
military 'ommander o) a *nit- 6e or s6e m*st 1e a
'ommissioned o))i'er (6is ran( s6o*ld start )rom se'ond
lie*tenant)- a '6a7lain s6o*ld 6a&e 1een assi+ned to t6e
*nit and s*'6 '6a7lain is a1sent- t6e 'ontra'tin+ 7arties
m*st also 1e in arti'*lo mortis eit6er mem1ers o) t6e
military o7eration or 'i&ilians- m*st 1e 0it6in military
:one (t6ere s6o*ld 1e 0ides7read military a'ti&ity not
merely 7ra'ti'e).
CO#S>L%9#RAL- CO#S>L- OR VIC CO#S>L$
t6ey 'an only solemni:e marria+es a1road 06en 1ot6
t6e 'ontra'tin+ 7arties are Fili7ino.
@ !6ey also 7er)orm t6e d*ties o) a lo'al 'i&il re+istrar
(li(e iss*in+ t6e li'ense et'.)
@ #o matter 06ere t6ey are t6e solemnities and
re2*irements mandated 1y P6ili77ine La0 s6all 1e
o1ser&ed.
MADOR$ P*rs*ant to t6e Lo'al 9o&ernment Code- t6e
mayor o) a 'ity or m*ni'i7ality 'an no0 solemni:e
marria+es.
@ A6en t6e mayor 'annot 7er)orm 6is d*ties- t6e a'tin+
mayor 6as t6e a*t6ority to solemni:e marria+es.
i) t6e 7erson 06o solemni:ed
t6e marria+e did not le+ally
6a&e t6e a*t6ority to
solemni:e a marria+e- i) 1ot6
or one o) t6e 'ontra'tin+
7arties 1elie&ed t6at s*'6 a
7erson did 6a&e t6e a*t6ority
t6e marria+e 0ill 1e &alid.
?. A 7riest did not rene0 6is
li'ense to marry t6ere)ore
does not 6a&e t6e a*t6ority to
marry. I) one o) t6e
'ontra'tin+ 7arties (ne0 o)
t6is 1*t t6e ot6er did not t6e
marria+e is still &alid.
"OAVR- t6ey m*st 1e one
o) t6e 7eo7le 06o 'an 1e
a*t6ori:ed i) t6ey are not t6e
marria+e 0ill 1e &oid
(i+noran'e o) t6e la0 e?'*ses
no one)
?. A 'o*7le +oes to a Ganitor
to +et married. &en i) 1ot6
7arties are in +ood )ait6 in
t6in(in+ t6at a Ganitor 'an
solemni:e a marria+e t6ey
s6o*ld (no0 06o 1y la0 are
a*t6ori:ed to.
D. So1re7e8a 15

Art. ): T!e marriage s!all be solemni.ed publicl# in
t!e c!ambers of t!e "udge or in open court in t!e
c!urc!& c!apel or temple& or in t!e office of t!e consul8
general& consul or %ice8consul& as t!e case ma# be&
and not else!ere& e(cept in t!e cases of marriages
contracted at t!e point of deat! or in remote places in
accordance it! Article ,: of t!is -ode& or !ere bot!
of t!e parties re'uest t!e solemni.ing officer in riting
in !ic! case t!e marriage ma# be solemni.ed at a
!ouse or place designated b# t!em in a sorn
statement to t!at effect$
% #ot mandatory 1*t dire'tory in nat*re.
% Its non%'om7lian'e 0ill not ma(e t6e marria+e
&oid 1*t 0ill only 'a*se 'i&il- 'riminal- or
administrati&e lia1ility.
?'e7tions to &en*e stated$
.. A6en t6e marria+e is in arti'*lo mortis
2. A6en t6e marria+e is in a remote 7la'e
(trans7ortation et'. is di))i'*lt to 'ome 1y)
,. A6en re2*ested 1y 1ot6 7arties in 0ritin+.
Art. +: A marriage license s!all be issued b# t!e local
ci%il registrar of t!e cit# or municipalit# !ere eit!er
contracting part# !abituall# resides& e(cept in
marriages !ere no license is re'uired in accordance
it! -!apter , of t!is Title$
% !6e marria+e li'ense s6o*ld 1e 7ro'*red )rom t6e 'i&il
re+istrar o) t6e 'ity or m*ni'i7ality 06ere eit6er o) t6em
resides. "o0e&er i) t6ey o1tain it )rom anot6er 7la'e it is
merely an irre+*larity and does not a))e't t6e &alidity o)
t6e marria+e.
Art. 1,: Marriages beteen Filipino citi.ens abroad
ma# be solemni.ed b# a consul8general& consul or
%ice consul of t!e Republic of t!e ;!ilippines$
T!e issuance of t!e marriage license and t!e duties of
t!e local ci%il registrar and of t!e solemni.ing officer
it! regard to t!e celebration of marriage s!all be
performed b# said consular official$
% !6e 'ons*lar o))i'ials a1sor1 t6e d*ties o) t6e
lo'al 'i&il re+istrar and t6e solemni:in+ o))i'er
06en Fili7inos 0is6 to 1e married a1road.
% !6e 'eremony and re2*irements s6o*ld 1e in
a''ordan'e 0it6 P6ili77ine la0.
Art. ..$ A6ere a marria+e li'ense is re2*ired- ea'6 o)
t6e 'ontra'tin+ 7arties s6all )ile se7arately a s0orn
a77li'ation )or s*'6 li'ense 0it6 t6e 7ro7er lo'al 'i&il
re+istrar 06i'6 s6all s7e'i)y t6e )ollo0in+$
.. F*ll name o) t6e 'ontra'tin+ 7arties
2. Pla'e o) 1irt6
,. A+e and date o) 1irt6
C. Ci&il Stat*s
/. I) 7re&io*sly married- 6o0- 06en and 06ere
t6e 7re&io*s marria+e 0as dissol&ed or
ann*lled
E. Present residen'e and 'iti:ens6i7
5. De+ree o) relations6i7 o) t6e 'ontra'tin+
7arties
% Statin+ all rele&ant )a'ts needed in order to
determine le+al 'a7a'ity to marry and t6e
eli+i1ility o) t6e 7arties.
% Main 7*r7ose is to dis'o*ra+e de'e7tion- and
relie&e )rom do*1t t6e stat*s o) 7arties 06o li&e
to+et6er.
% Pro&ides e&iden'e o) t6e stat*s and le+itima'y
o) o))s7rin+.
MARRIA9 APPLICA!IO#$ t6e 'i&il re+istrar 6as to
7ro'ess and iss*e a marria+e li'ense. &en i) t6e 'i&il
re+istrar (no0s o) a le+al im7ediment 6e 'annot
dis'ontin*e *nless sto77ed 1y t6e 'o*rt. (!6is is to
7re&ent 1ri1ery and a1*se 1y t6e 'i&il re+istrar)
D. So1re7e8a 16

4. F*ll name- residen'e and 'iti:ens6i7 o) t6e
)at6er
9. F*ll name- residen'e and 'iti:ens6i7 o) t6e
mot6er
.0. F*ll name- residen'e and 'iti:ens6i7 o) t6e
+*ardian or 7erson 6a&in+ '6ar+e- in 'ase t6e
'ontra'tin+ 7arties 6as neit6er )at6er nor
mot6er and is *nder t6e a+e o) t0enty one
years.
!6e a77li'ants- t6eir 7arents or +*ardians s6all not 1e
re2*ired to e?6i1it t6eir residen'e 'erti)i'ate in any
)ormality in 'onne'tion 0it6 t6e se'*rin+ o) t6e
marria+e li'ense.
Art. 12: T!e local ci%il registrar& upon recei%ing suc! application& s!all re'uire t!e presentation of t!e original birt!
certificates or& in default t!ereof& t!e baptismal certificates of t!e contracting parties or copies of suc! documents
dul# attested b# t!e persons !a%ing custod# of t!e originals$ T!ese certificates or certified copies of t!e
documents b# t!is Article need not be sorn to and s!all be e(empt from t!e documentar# stamp ta($ T!e
signature and official title of t!e person issuing t!e certificate s!all be sufficient proof of its aut!enticit#$
If eit!er of t!e contracting parties is unable to produce !is birt! or baptismal certificate or a certified cop# of eit!er
because of t!e destruction or loss of t!e original or if it is s!on b# an affida%it of suc! part# or of an# ot!er
person t!at suc! birt! or baptismal certificate !as not #et been recei%ed t!oug! t!e same !as been re'uired of
t!e person !a%ing custod# t!ereof at least fifteen da#s prior to t!e date of t!e application& suc! part# ma# furnis!
in lieu t!ereof !is current residence certificate or an instrument dran up and sorn to before t!e local ci%il
registrar concerned or an# public official aut!ori.ed to administer oat!s$ Suc! instrument s!all contain t!e sorn
declaration of to itnesses of laful age& setting fort! t!e full name& residence and citi.ens!ip of suc!
contracting part# and of !is or !er parents& if 0non& and t!e place and date of birt! of suc! part#$ T!e nearest of
0in of t!e contracting parties s!all be preferred as itnesses& or& in t!eir default& persons of good reputation in t!e
pro%ince or t!e localit#$
T!e presentation of birt! or baptismal certificate s!all not be re'uired if t!e parents of t!e contracting parties
appear personall# before t!e local ci%il registrar concerned and sear to t!e correctness of t!e laful age of said
parties& as stated in t!e application& or !en t!e local ci%il registrar s!all& b# merel# loo0ing at t!e applicants upon
t!eir personall# appearing before !im& be con%inced t!at eit!er or bot! of t!em !a%e t!e re'uired age$
Art. 1!$ In case eit!er of t!e contracting parties !as been pre%iousl# married& t!e applicant s!all be re'uired to
furnis!& instead of t!e birt! or baptismal certificate re'uired in t!e last preceding article& t!e deat! certificate of
% man'i7ation is o1tained at
.4K marria+e no lon+er
eman'i7ates a '6ild 1e'a*se
t6ey m*st 1e .4 years o) a+e
to marry.
% Contra'tin+ 7arties .4 years
old and a1o&e 1*t FLOA 2.
years o) a+e m*st o1tain t6e
'onsent o) t6eir )at6er-
mot6er- s*r&i&in+ 7arent- or
+*ardian in t6e order
mentioned. (#on%'om7lian'e
ma(es t6e marria+e
ann*lla1le)
D. So1re7e8a 17

t!e deceased spouse or t!e "udicial decree of t!e absolute di%orce& or t!e "udicial decree of annulment or
declaration of nullit# of !is or !er pre%ious marriage$
In case t!e deat! certificate cannot be secured& t!e part# s!all ma0e an affida%it setting fort! t!is circumstance
and !is or !er actual ci%il status and t!e name and date of deat! of t!e deceased spouse$
Art. 1$. In case eit!er or bot! of t!e contracting parties& not !a%ing been emancipated b# a pre%ious marriage&
are beteen t!e ages of eig!teen and tent#8one& t!e# s!all& in addition to t!e re'uirements of t!e preceding
articles& e(!ibit to t!e local ci%il registrar& t!e consent to t!eir marriage of t!eir fat!er& mot!er& sur%i%ing parent or
guardian& or persons !a%ing legal c!arge of t!em& in t!e order mentioned$ Suc! consent s!all be manifested in
riting b# t!e interested part#& !o personall# appears before t!e proper local ci%il registrar& or in t!e form of an
affida%it made in t!e presence of to itnesses and attested before an# official aut!ori.ed b# la to administer
oat!s$ T!e personal manifestation s!all be recorded in bot! applications for marriage license& and t!e affida%it& if
one is e(ecuted instead& s!all be attac!ed to said applications$
Art. 15: An# contracting part# beteen t!e age of tent#8one and tent#8fi%e s!all be obliged to as0 t!eir parents
or guardian for ad%ice upon t!e intended marriage$ If t!e# do not obtain suc! ad%ice& or if it be unfa%orable& t!e
marriage license s!all not be issued till after t!ree mont!s folloing t!e completion of t!e publication of t!e
application t!erefore$ A sorn statement b# t!e contracting parties to t!e effect t!at suc! ad%ice !as been
soug!t& toget!er it! t!e ritten ad%ice gi%en& if an#& s!all be attac!ed to t!e application for marriage license$
S!ould t!e parents or guardian refuse to gi%e an# ad%ice& t!is fact s!all be stated in t!e sorn statement$
Art. 1%$ In t!e cases !ere parental consent or parental ad%ice is needed& t!e part# or parties concerned s!all& in
addition to t!e re'uirements of t!e preceding articles& attac! a certificate issued b# a priest& imam or minister
aut!ori.ed to solemni.e marriage under Article 5 of t!is -ode or a marriage counselor dul# accredited b# t!e
proper go%ernment agenc# to t!e effect t!at t!e contracting parties !a%e undergone marriage counseling$ Failure
to attac! said certificates of marriage counseling s!all suspend t!e issuance of t!e marriage license for a period
of t!ree mont!s from t!e completion of t!e publication of t!e application$ Issuance of t!e marriage license it!in
t!e pro!ibited period s!all sub"ect t!e issuing officer to administrati%e sanctions but s!all not affect t!e %alidit# of
t!e marriage$
S!ould onl# one of t!e contracting parties need parental consent or parental ad%ice& t!e ot!er part# must be
present at t!e counseling referred to in t!e preceding paragrap!
% A1sen'e o) 7arental ad&i'e
does not a))e't t6e marria+e.
% Only delays t6e iss*an'e o)
t6e marria+e li'ense )or ,
mont6s 1*t a)ter , mont6s t6e
li'ense m*st 1e iss*ed.
Art5 36: !6e lo'al 'i&il re+istrar s6all 7re7are a noti'e-
06i'6 s6all 'ontain t6e )*ll names and residen'es o)
t6e a77li'ants )or a marria+e li'ense and ot6er data
% It is t6e d*ty o) t6e 'i&il re+istrar to 7ost a noti'e
in)ormin+ t6e 7*1li' o) t6e im7endin+ marria+e. !6e
7*r7ose o) 06i'6 is so t6at 7ersons 6a&in+ (no0led+e
-
D. So1re7e8a 18

+i&en in t6e a77li'ations. !6e noti'e s6all 1e 7osted )or
ten 'onse'*ti&e days on a 1*lletin 1oard o*tside t6e
o))i'e o) t6e lo'al 'i&il re+istrar lo'ated in a 'ons7i'*o*s
7la'e 0it6in t6e 1*ildin+ and a''essi1le to t6e +eneral
7*1li'. !6is noti'e s6all re2*est all 7ersons 6a&in+
(no0led+e o) any im7ediment to t6e marria+e to ad&ise
t6e lo'al 'i&il re+istrar t6ereo). !6e marria+e li'ense
s6all 1e iss*ed a)ter t6e 'om7letion o) t6e 7eriod o)
7*1li'ation.
o) any im7ediment to t6e marria+e 'an in)orm t6e lo'al
'i&il re+istrar.
% It is to 1e 7osted )or .0 'onse'*ti&e days on a 1*lletin
1oard o*tside t6e o))i'e
% !6e 'i&il re+istrar s6all 1e iss*ed a)ter t6e 7eriod o)
7*1li'ation.
Art. 1): In case of an# impediment 0non to t!e local
ci%il registrar or broug!t to !is attention& !e s!all note
don t!e particulars t!ereof and !is findings t!ereon in
t!e application for marriage license& but s!all
nonet!eless issue said license after t!e completion of
t!e period of publication& unless ordered ot!erise b# a
competent court at !is on instance or t!at of an#
interest part#$ )o filing fee s!all be c!arged for t!e
petition nor a corresponding bond re'uired for t!e
issuances of t!e order$
Art. 1+. T!e local ci%il registrar s!all re'uire t!e
pa#ment of t!e fees prescribed b# la or regulations
before t!e issuance of t!e marriage license$ )o ot!er
sum s!all be collected in t!e nature of a fee or ta( of
an# 0ind for t!e issuance of said license$ It s!all&
!oe%er& be issued free of c!arge to indigent parties&
t!at is t!ose !o !a%e no %isible means of income or
!ose income is insufficient for t!eir subsistence a fact
establis!ed b# t!eir affida%it& or b# t!eir oat! before t!e
local ci%il registrar$
% I) an im7ediment is made (no0n to t6e 'i&il re+istrar
6e s6all merely note it do0n 1*t 6e m*st nonet6eless
iss*e t6e li'ense. !6is is 1e'a*se t6e im7ediments
may not 1e &alid at all.
% !6e 7*r7ose o) 06i'6 is to 7re&ent +ra)t and
'orr*7tion on t6e 7art o) t6e 'i&il re+istry.
% I) t6e marria+e li'ense 0as iss*ed des7ite 'o*rt
inter&ention- t6e marria+e 0ill still 1e &alid 1*t t6e
7arties res7onsi1le may 1e 'riminally or
administrati&ely lia1le.
NCP!IO#S$
.. !6e 'o*rts dire't 'i&il
re+istry to re)*se
+i&in+ o*t t6e li'ense
2. A6en t6e re2*ited
'erti)i'ate o) le+al
'a7a'ity o) )orei+ners
is not +i&en (Art. 2.)
Art. 2,: T!e license s!all be %alid in an# part of t!e
;!ilippines for a period of one !undred tent# da#s
from t!e date of issue& and s!all be deemed
% !6e marria+e li'ense is only &alid 0it6in t6e
P6ili77ines and not a1road.
% It is +ood )or .20 days )rom t6e date o) iss*e.
D. So1re7e8a 19

automaticall# canceled at t!e e(piration of t!e said
period if t!e contracting parties !a%e not made use of
it$ T!e e(pir# date s!all be stamped in bold c!aracters
on t!e face of e%er# license issued
Art. 21: <!en eit!er or bot! of t!e contracting parties
are citi.ens of a foreign countr#& it s!all be necessar#
for t!em before a marriage license can be obtained& to
submit a certificate of legal capacit# to contract
marriage& issued b# t!eir respecti%e diplomatic or
consular officials$
Stateless persons or refugees from ot!er countries
s!all& in lieu of t!e certificate of legal capacit# !erein
re'uired& submit an affida%it stating t!e circumstances
s!oing suc! capacit# to contract marriage$
% A 'erti)i'ate o) le+al 'a7a'ity is meant to s6o0
t6at a )orei+ner is 'a7a'itated to marry in 6is or
6er 'o*ntry. !6e P6ili77ines ad6eres to t6e
national la0 o) t6e 'ontra'tin+ 7arties 0it6
res7e't to t6eir le+al 'a7a'ity to 'ontra't
marria+e.
?. In t6e >S .E years old is t6e a+e 06en one 'an
'ontra't marria+e. A .E%year%old >S 'iti:en may
'ontra't marria+e in t6e P6ili77ines 7ro&ided t6at 6e
+i&es a 'erti)i'ate )rom 6is em1assy statin+ t6at .E
years old is t6e le+al a+e to marry.
% I) 1ot6 are 'iti:ens o) a )orei+n 'o*ntry and t6ey are
married in t6eir em1assy t6ere is no need to )ollo0 t6e
re2*irement o) marria+e in t6e P6ili77ines- only t6ose
o) t6eir 'o*ntry.
%I) one is a )orei+ner and one is a Fili7ino e&en i) t6ey
marry in t6e 'ons*l o) t6e )orei+ner t6e 'erti)i'ate o)
le+al 'a7a'ity and a marria+e li'ense is still ne'essary.
@ !6e 'i&il re+istry 'annot
iss*e a li'ense 0it6o*t t6e
'erti)i'ate o) le+al 'a7a'ity
6o0e&er i) t6e 'i&il re+istry
does iss*e t6e marria+e 0ill
still 1e &alid.
Art. 22$ T!e marriage certificate& in !ic! t!e parties s!all declare t!at t!e# ta0e eac! ot!er as !usband and ife&
s!all also state:
*$ T!e full name& se( and age of eac! contracting part#
,$ T!eir citi.ens!ip& religion and !abitual residence
/$ T!e date and precise time of t!e celebration of t!e marriage
4$ T!at t!e proper marriage license !as been issued according to la& e(cept in marriage pro%ided for in -!apter
, of t!is Title
1$ T!at eit!er or bot! of t!e contracting parties !a%e secured t!e parental consent in appropriate cases
=$ T!at eit!er or bot! of t!e contracting parties !a%e complied it! t!e legal re'uirement regarding parental
ad%ice in appropriate cases and
5$ T!at t!e parties !a%e entered into marriage settlement& if an#& attac!ing a cop# t!ereof$
@Pres*m7tion is al0ays in t6e
&alidity o) marria+e.
Proo)s o) marria+e$
.. Marria+e 'ontra't or
'erti)i'ate
2. P6oto'o7ies o) t6e
'erti)i'ate or 'ontra't
)rom t6e lo'al 'i&il
re+istry
,. Family 1i1le
D. So1re7e8a 20

Art. 2!$ It s!all be t!e dut# of t!e person solemni.ing t!e marriage to furnis! eit!er of t!e contracting parties t!e
original of t!e marriage certificate referred to in Article = and to send t!e duplicate and triplicate copies of t!e
certificate not later t!an fifteen da#s after t!e marriage& to t!e local ci%il registrar of t!e place !ere t!e marriage
as solemni.ed$ ;roper receipts s!all be issued b# t!e local ci%il registrar to t!e solemni.ing officer transmitting
copies of t!e marriage certificate$ T!e solemni.ing officer s!all retain in !is file t!e 'uadruplicate cop# of t!e
marriage certificate& t!e cop# of t!e marriage certificate& t!e original of t!e marriage license and& in proper cases&
t!e affida%it of t!e contracting part# regarding t!e solemni.ation of t!e marriage in place ot!er t!an t!ose
mentioned in Article 6$
C. Fa7tismal- 1irt6
'erti)i'ates o) (ids
/. 3*di'ial de'isions
E. !estimonies o)
7arties- 0itness-
solemni:in+ o))i'ers
5. Co6a1itation and
'ond*'t
4. Statement in a 0ill
@ A 'erti)i'ate o) marria+e
made years a)ter t6e marria+e
is inadmissi1le as e&iden'e.
Art. 2$: It s!all be t!e dut# of t!e local ci%il registrar to
prepare t!e documents re'uired b# t!is Title& and to
administer oat!s to all interested parties it!out an#
c!arge in bot! cases$ T!e documents and affida%its
filed in connection it! applications for marriage
licenses s!all be e(empt from documentar# stamp ta($
Art. 25. T!e local ci%il registrar concerned s!all enter
all applications for marriage licenses filed it! !im in a
registr# boo0 strictl# in t!e order in !ic! t!e same are
recei%ed$ >e s!all record in said boo0 t!e names of t!e
applicants& t!e date on !ic! t!e marriage license as
issued& and suc! ot!er data as ma# be necessar#
- !6e lo'al 'i&il re+istrar is t6e +o&ernment o))i'ial
'6ar+ed 0it6 t6e 7re7aration and t6e (ee7in+ o) all t6e
o))i'ial do'*ments.
Art. 2%. All marriages solemni.ed outside t!e
;!ilippines& in accordance it! t!e las in force in t!e
countr# !ere t!e# ere solemni.ed& and %alid t!ere
as suc!& s!all also be %alid in t!is countr#& e(cept t!ose
pro!ibited under Articles /1 2*3& 243& 213 and 2=3& /=/5
and /6$ 2*5a3
<!ere a marriage beteen a Filipino citi.en and a
foreigner is %alidl# celebrated and a di%orce is
t!ereafter %alidl# obtained abroad b# t!e alien spouse
capacitating !im or !er to remarr#& t!e Filipino spouse
s!all !a%e capacit# to remarr# under ;!ilippine la$
% Art. 2E re)ers to )ormal re2*isites only- 6o0e&er
t6e marria+e m*st still 1e solemni:ed.
% Marria+es t6at are solemni:ed a1road and are
re'o+ni:ed as &alid t6ere 0ill also 1e
re'o+ni:ed as &alid 6ere (international 'omity)
?. I) in Vietnam a do'tor is a*t6ori:ed to solemni:e a
marria+e and a Fili7ino 'o*7le +ets married in Vietnam
1y a do'tor s*'6 marria+e 0ill 1e 'onsidered &alid in
t6e P6ili77ines.
PROOF OF FORI9# MARRIA9$ ne'essary to
7ro&e t6e )orei+n la0 and t6en 7ro&e t6e 'ele1ration o)
NCP!IO#S to international
'omity$
%it6er or 1ot6 'ontra'tin+
7arties are Fili7inos and
1elo0 .4 years o) a+e
%Poly+amo*s and 1i+amo*s
marria+es re'o+ni:ed a1road
0ill not 1e &alid 6ere.
%Marria+e a1road 06ere t6ere
is mista(e o) identity o) t6e
ot6er 'ontra'tin+ 7arty is not
re'o+ni:ed 6ere.
D. So1re7e8a 21

marria+e. I) t6e la0 o) t6e ot6er state is not 7leaded nor
7ro&ed t6e la0s o) t6e P6ili77ines 0ill 1e 7res*med to
1e similar to t6at o) )orei+n la0s.
RMMFR !" LAAS$
AR!. ./$ la0s relatin+ to )amily ri+6ts and d*ties- or to
t6e stat*s- 'onditions and le+al 'a7a'ity o) 7ersons are
1indin+ *7on 'iti:ens o) t6e P6ili77ines e&en li&in+
a1road.
AR!. .5$ 7ro6i1iti&e la0s 'on'ernin+ 7ersons- t6eir
a'ts or 7ro7erty and t6ose 06i'6 6a&e )or t6eir o1Ge't
7*1li' order- 7*1li' 7oli'y and +ood '*stoms s6all not
1e rendered ine))e'ti&e 1y la0s or G*d+ments
7rom*l+ated- or 1y determinations or 'on&entions
a+reed *7on in a )orei+n 'o*ntry
AFSOL>! DIVORC$
A1sol*te di&or'e is not re'o+ni:ed in t6e P6ili77inesK
e&en i) t6e 'o*7le 0as married a1road t6e di&or'e 0ill
not 1e re'o+ni:ed 6ere i) one o) t6em is a Fili7ino. !6e
di&or'e may 1e re'o+ni:ed in t6e )orei+n 'o*ntry 06ere
it 0as o1tained 1*t not in t6e P6ili77ines. F*t t6e
di&or'e o) a )orei+n 'iti:en a1road is re'o+ni:ed in t6e
P6ili77ines as t6e P6ili77ines re'o+ni:es le+al 'a7a'ity
o) a )orei+n 7erson.
@I) a Fili7ino '6an+es 'iti:ens6i7 t6en 6e 'an +et a
di&or'e and i) 6e rea'2*ires 6is Fili7ino 'iti:ens6i7
a)ter t6at t6e di&or'e 0ill still 6old.
% I) a Fili7ina marries a )orei+ner and t6e
)orei+ner o1tains a di&or'e- t6e Fili7ina 'an
marry.
% I) t6e Fili7ina o1tains a di&or'e alt6o*+6 not
re'o+ni:ed in t6e P6ili77ines- it 0ill 1e
re'o+ni:ed a+ainst t6e )orei+ner and t6*s t6e
)orei+ner 0ill not 6a&e le+al standin+ to s*e )or
ad*ltery or 'laim )or 7ro7erty a)ter t6e di&or'e.
%Marria+e 1y a Fili7ino to one
06o is 7sy'6olo+i'ally
in'a7a'itated is not &alid 6ere
%Marria+es t6at are
in'est*o*s are not &alid 6ere
e&en i) 'ele1rated a1road and
&alid t6ere. (Art. ,5)
%Marria+es a+ainst 7*1li'
7oli'y are not &alid 6ere eit6er
(Art. ,4)
%Common la0 marria+es are
not re'o+ni:ed 6ere- t6e
marria+e m*st still 1e
solemni:ed and not
'ontra'ted.
%Same se? marria+es
1et0een Fili7inos are not &alid
e&en i) done a1road.
@ I) a Fili7ino 'ontra'ts a
)orei+n marria+e 06i'6 is n*ll
and &oid *nder t6e la0s o) t6e
state 06ere it 6as 1een
solemni:ed t6en s*'6
marria+e 0ill li(e0ise 1e n*ll
and &oid in t6e P6ili77ines.
@I) a marria+e 'ele1rated
a1road is in&alid in t6at
'o*ntry 1*t 'onsidered &alid
in t6e P6ili77ines- t6e
marria+e 0ill still 1e in&alid.
!6e la0 06ere t6e marria+e
6as 1een solemni:ed s6all
a77ly.
D. So1re7e8a 22

MARRIA9S NMP! FROM LIC#S RL>IRM#!
Art. 2(: In case eit!er or bot! of t!e contracting parties
are at t!e point of deat!& t!e marriage ma# be
solemni.ed it!out necessit# of a marriage license and
s!all remain %alid e%en if t!e ailing part# subse'uentl#
sur%i%es$
% Solemni:in+ o))i'ers and t6e mayor are
em7o0ered to solemni:e marria+es e&en
0it6o*t a marria+e li'ense i) eit6er or 1ot6 o)
t6e 'ontra'tin+ 7arties are at t6e 7oint o) deat6.
% &en i) t6e ailin+ 7arty s*r&i&es a)ter t6e
marria+e- t6e marria+e 0ill still 1e &alid.
Art. 2). If t!e residence of eit!er part# is so located
t!at t!ere is no means of transportation to enable suc!
part# to appear personall# before t!e local ci%il
registrar& t!e marriage ma# be solemni.ed it!out
necessit# of a marriage license.
- !6is en&isions a sit*ation 06erein t6e residen'e o)
eit6er 7arty is so lo'ated t6at t6ere is no means o)
trans7ortation to ena1le s*'6 7arty to a77ear
7ersonally 1e)ore t6e lo'al 'i&il re+istrar- t6e marria+e
may 1e solemni:e 0it6o*t a marria+e li'ense.
Art. 2+: In t!e cases pro%ided for in t!e to preceding
articles& t!e solemni.ing officer s!all state in an
affida%it e(ecuted before t!e local ci%il registrar or an#
ot!er person legall# aut!ori.ed to administer oat!s t!at
t!e marriage as performed in articulo mortis or t!at
t!e residence of eit!er part#& specif#ing t!e barrio or
baranga#& is so located t!at t!ere is no means of
transportation to enable suc! part# to appear
personall# before t!e local ci%il registrar and t!at t!e
officer too0 t!e necessar# steps to ascertain t!e ages
and relations!ip of t!e contracting parties and t!e
absence of legal impediment to t!e marriage$
% !6e solemni:in+ o))i'er 6ere are t6ose
a*t6ori:ed to solemni:e *nder Arti'le 5 and t6e
mayor 7ro&ided t6at t6ey solemni:e t6e
marria+e 0it6in t6eir G*risdi'tion and 0it6in t6e
a*t6ority +i&en to t6em.
Art. !,: T!e original of t!e affida%it re'uired in t!e last
preceding article& toget!er it! t!e legible cop# of t!e
marriage contract& s!all be sent b# t!e person
solemni.ing t!e marriage to t!e local ci%il registrar of
t!e municipalit# !ere it as performed it!in t!e
period of t!irt# da#s after t!e performance of t!e
marriage$
Art. !1: A marriage in articulo mortis beteen
passengers or cre members ma# also be solemni.ed
b# a s!ip captain or b# an airplane pilot not onl# !ile
t!e s!ip is at sea or t!e plane is in flig!t& but also
during stopo%ers at ports of call$
% A 7ilot or s6i7 'a7tain may solemni:e only
marria+es at t6e 7oint o) deat6 06ile t6e 7lane
is in )li+6t or t6e s6i7 is at sea e&en d*rin+
sto7o&ers (it is still 'onsidered 7art o) t6e
)li+6tI&oya+e).
@ I) somet6in+ 6a77ens to t6e
main or 7rin'i7al 7ilot t6e
se'ond in 'ommand 'annot
solemni:e marria+es. (!6ey
are not a*t6ori:ed to 1y la0)
D. So1re7e8a 23

% !6ey 'an only solemni:e marria+es 1et0een
t6eir 7assen+ers and 're0 mem1ers
Art. !2: A militar# commander of a unit& !o is a
commissioned officer& s!all li0eise !a%e aut!orit# to
solemni.e marriages in articulo mortis beteen
persons it!in t!e .one of militar# operation& !et!er
members of t!e armed forces or ci%ilians$
% !6e military 'ommander m*st 1e a
'ommissioned o))i'er (6isI6er ran( s6o*ld start
)rom 2
nd
lie*tenant- ensi+n and a1o&e)
% "e s6o*ld 1e a 'ommander o) a *nit.
% !6ere s6o*ld 1e a '6a7lain assi+ned to t6e
*nit
% !6e marria+e s6o*ld 1e at t6e 7oint o) deat6
and in t6e a1sen'e o) t6e '6a7lain assi+ned
% !6e marria+e m*st 1e solemni:ed 0it6in t6e
:one o) military o7erations.
% !6e 'ontra'tin+ 7arties may eit6er 1e mem1er
o) t6e armed )or'es or 'i&ilians.
Art. !!: Marriages among Muslims or among members
of t!e et!nic cultural communities ma# be performed
%alidl# it!out t!e necessit# of marriage license&
pro%ided t!e# are solemni.ed in accordance it! t!eir
customs& rites or practices$
% Marria+es 1et0een 7arties t6at 1elon+ to
et6ni' +ro*7s- 7a+ans or M*slims are e?em7t
only )rom 7ro'*rin+ a marria+e li'ense. !6e
marria+e m*st still 1e solemni:ed in
a''ordan'e 0it6 t6eir '*stoms- rites and
7ra'ti'es.
% M*slims are +o&erned 1y t6e Code o) M*slim
Personal La0s o) t6e P6ili77ines t6*s t6ey are
not +o&erned 1y t6e Family Code *nli(e ot6er
et6ni' +ro*7s 06o do not 6a&e se7arate la0s.
Art. !$: )o license s!all be necessar# for t!e marriage
of a man and a oman !o !a%e li%ed toget!er as
!usband and ife for at least fi%e #ears and it!out
an# legal impediment to marr# eac! ot!er$ T!e
contracting parties s!all state t!e foregoing facts in an
affida%it before an# person aut!ori.ed b# la to
administer oat!s$ T!e solemni.ing officer s!all also
state under oat! t!at !e ascertained t!e 'ualifications
of t!e contracting parties are found no legal
% Persons 'o6a1itin+ )or at least / years li&in+
to+et6er as 6*s1and and 0i)e are e?em7t )rom
o1tainin+ a marria+e li'ense.
% At t6e time o) marria+e- t6ey s6o*ld 1e 0it6o*t
any le+al im7ediment to marry ea'6 ot6er.
!6*s d*rin+ t6e / year 7eriod- it is not
ne'essary t6at t6ere is no le+al im7ediment it
is only ne'essary at t6e time o) marria+e t6at
t6ere is none.
*!6e solemni:in+ o))i'er s6all
also state *nder oat6 t6at 6e
as'ertained t6e 2*ali)i'ations
o) t6e 7arties and t6at 6e
)o*nd no le+al im7ediment.
!6e )a't t6at t6e o))i'er to
in&esti+ate s6all not in&alidate
t6e marria+e.
D. So1re7e8a 24

impediment to t!e marriage$ % !6e 7arties s6all state t6e )a't o) t6eir
'o6a1itation and t6e a1sen'e o) any le+al
im7ediment to marry in an a))ida&it *nder oat6.
*atters that don7t affect the validity of the marria#e:
Article 38$ i) t6e 'i&il re+istry +i&es t6e li'ense des7ite t6e 'o*rts orderin+ an inG*n'tion to order t6e 'i&il re+istry not to +i&e t6e marria+e li'ense.
Article 23: i) t6e 'i&il re+istry +i&es t6e li'ense des7ite a1sen'e o) 'erti)i'ate o) le+al 'a7a'ity o) )orei+ners.
Article 9:: A6en t6e solemni:in+ o))i'er )ailed to in&esti+ate 06et6er or not t6ere 0as an im7ediment to t6e marria+e in marria+es a)ter / years o)
'o6a1itation.
MARRIA9S VOID AF I#I!IO$ #ot &alid )rom its in'e7tion. #o ri+6ts 'an )lo0 )rom it and 'an ne&er 1e rati)ied. (3*di'ial de'laration o) n*llity).
Art. !5: T!e folloing marriages s!all be %oid from t!e
beginning:
2*3 T!ose contracted b# an# part# belo eig!teen
#ears of age e%en it! t!e consent of parents or
guardians?
2,3 T!ose solemni.ed b# an# person not legall#
aut!ori.ed to perform marriages unless suc!
marriages ere contracted it! eit!er or bot! parties
belie%ing in good fait! t!at t!e solemni.ing officer !ad
t!e legal aut!orit# to do so?
2/3 T!ose solemni.ed it!out license& e(cept t!ose
co%ered t!e preceding -!apter?
243 T!ose bigamous or pol#gamous marriages not
failing under Article 4*?
213 T!ose contracted t!roug! mista0e of one
contracting part# as to t!e identit# of t!e ot!er? and
2=3 T!ose subse'uent marriages t!at are %oid under
Article 1/$
Article 2; 9; <$ 06en all t6e essential and )ormal re2*isites o) a marria+e are a1sent
% Only marria+es de'lared 1y t6e le+islat*re- as &oid s6o*ld 1e treated as s*'6.
!6ere 'an 1e no ot6er &oid marria+e e?'e7t t6ose 7ro&ided 1y la0.
Void Marria+e Voida1le
CanJt 1e a so*r'e o) ri+6ts Can 1e so*r'e o) ri+6ts
CanJt 1e rati)ied Rati)ied 1y 7res'ri7tion or
'o6a1itation
Can 1e atta'(ed 'ollaterally. Can only 1e atta'(ed dire'tly
Can 1e 2*estioned a)ter deat6
o) 7arties
Only assailed d*rin+ li)etime
o) 7arties
A'tion )or n*llity 6as no
7res'ri7tion
A'tion 7res'ri1es
% sto77el or a'2*ies'en'e does not a77ly to remedy t6e in)irmity o) a &oid
marria+e. !6*s i) one o) t6e 7arties stated *nder oat6 t6at t6ey 0ere 2/ 06en
t6ey 0ere a't*ally .E t6e marria+e is &oid des7ite t6e oat6.
% 9ood )ait6 and 1ad )ait6 +enerally is immaterial in &oid marria+es e?'e7t$ 06en
eit6er o) t6e 7arties 1elie&ed in +ood )ait6 t6at t6e solemni:in+ o))i'er 6ad t6e
a*t6ority to solemni:e t6e marria+e 06en in )a't 6e 6ad none. Se'ond- in 'ase
t6e s7o*se disa77ears )or C years or 2 years in 7ro7er 'ases t6e 7resent s7o*se
D. So1re7e8a 25

may marry a+ain i) t6ere is a G*di'ial de'laration o) 7res*m7ti&e deat6 and at t6e
time o) t6e 'ele1ration o) marria+e eit6er s7o*se is in +ood )ait6 t6at t6e a1sent
s7o*se is still a1sent.
?. A is married to " and A disa77ears )or C years and is G*di'ially de'lared
7res*m7ti&ely dead. " later on is to marry A2. A2 6o0e&er sees A t6e day
1e)ore t6e 0eddin+ 1*t does not tell ". As lon+ as " is in +ood )ait6 and does not
(no0 o) t6e 7resen'e o) A t6e marria+e 0ill still 1e &alid.
% 9enerally e&iden'e ot6er t6an a G*di'ial de'laration o) n*llity 'an 1e 7resented
e?'e7t (dire't atta'( needed) )or 7*r7oses o) remarria+e- &alidity o) marria+e is
essential to t6e determination o) t6e 'ase- and 06en a donor desires to re&o(e a
donation propter nuptias$
FLOA .4 DARS OF A9$ not 'a7a'itated to marry e&en i) 0it6 7arental 'onsent.
(istory$ .C male- .2 )emale$ minim*m a+e )or e))e'ti&e 7ro'reation
.E male- .C )emale$ Mat*rity and res7onsi1ility 0ere ta(en into 'onsideration.
9ender Roles$ a1ility o) men to 7ro&ide and a1ility o) 0omen to 'are )or t6e
6o*se6old.
.4 )or 1ot6$ #o si+ni)i'ant di))eren'e in terms o) mat*rity o) male and )emale.
S'ien'e s6o0s 1elo0 .4 leads to *nsa)e 7re+nan'ies.
#O#%A>!"ORI!D OF SOLM#IMR$
?'e7tion$ I) I!"R or 1ot6 o) t6e 'ontra'tin+ 7arties 1elie&ed in +ood )ait6 t6at 6e 6ad
s*'6 a*t6ority. !6e +ood )ait6 o) t6e 7arty is 06at is re)erred to not t6e solemni:in+
o))i'er.
% >nless it 0as i+noran'e o) t6e la0 t6en t6e marria+e 0ill 1e &oid. !6e 7erson m*st 1e
one o) t6e 7eo7le in Arti'le 5 t6*s i) a 'o*7le is married 1y a Ganitor- t6em 1elie&in+ t6at a
Ganitor 'an 'ele1rate a marria+e- t6e marria+e 0ill 1e &oid.
?'e7tion$ Marria+e 0as done a1road and s*'6 o))i'er is &alid in t6at 'o*ntry
FI9AMO>S OR POLD9AMO>S MARRIA9$ la0 7ro6i1its married men or 0omen )rom
'ontra'tin+ a s*1se2*ent marria+e 06en t6eir 'onsort is still ali&e.
?'e7tion$
% !6at mentioned in Arti'le C. re+ardin+ a77earan'e o) a s7o*se a)ter a
de'laration o) 7res*m7ti&e deat6.
% !6ose 7ro&ided )or *nder t6e M*slim 'ode.
% A6en t6e )irst marria+e 0as a't*ally &oid 0it6 a G*di'ial de'laration o) n*llity.
D. So1re7e8a 26

Ait6o*t G*di'ial de'laration o) n*llity t6en 2
nd
marria+e 0ill 1e &oid *nder Arti'le
C0.
MIS!AH I# ID#!I!D$ An instan'e o) )ra*d- 06i'6 is a +ro*nd )or t6e n*llity o) t6e
marria+e. "ere t6e 'ontra'tin+ 7arty a1sol*tely did not intend to marry t6e ot6er- as t6e
same is not t6e 7erson 6e or s6e a't*ally (ne0 1e)ore t6e marria+e.
Does not in'l*de$ mista(e in name- '6ara'ter o) 7erson- attri1*tes- a+e- so'ial standin+-
reli+ion- 7edi+ree- 7e'*niary means- tem7eraments- a'2*irements- 'ondition in li)e-
7re&io*s 6a1it.
VOID >#DR AR!ICL /,$ Marria+es t6at 6a&e ann*lled or de'lared n*ll and &oid m*st
*nderta(e t6e li2*idation- 7artition and distri1*tion o) t6eir 7ro7erties- deli&ery o)
7res*m7ti&e le+itimes- et'. to 1e a1le to remarry.
Art. !%: A marriage contracted b# an# part# !o& at
t!e time of t!e celebration& as ps#c!ologicall#
incapacitated to compl# it! t!e essential marital
obligations of marriage& s!all li0eise be %oid e%en if
suc! incapacit# becomes manifest onl# after its
solemni.ation$
Psy'6olo+i'al in'a7a'ity to 'om7ly 0it6 t6e essential
marital o1li+ation o) marria+e at t!e time of marriage-
e&en i) it 1e'omes mani)est a)ter t6e solemni:ation o)
t6e marria+e.
% #ot de)ined and t6*s le)t on a 'o*rt%to%'o*rt
1asis. A 7erson may a't*ally 1e e))i'ient in
doin+ ot6er t6in+s s*'6 as 6is 7ro)ession 1*t
0it6 re+ards to 6is married li)e it 'an 1e
di))erent.
% #ot G*st st*11orn re)*sal 1*t attri1*ted to
7sy'6olo+i'al 'a*ses (not ne'essarily insane)
% La'(in+ in t6e e?er'ise o) t6e G*d+ment not
la'( o) G*d+ment
% !r*e ina1ility to 'ommit onesel) to t6e
essentials o) marria+e B 7sy'6ose?*al
disorders or ot6er 7ersonality disorders
% Ina1ility to 'ommit to t6e essentials o) marria+e
B 7ro'reation- ed*'ation o) o))s7rin+-
'omm*nity o) li)e and lo&e
M*st 1e '6ara'teri:ed 1y$
.. 9ra&ity% +ra&e or serio*s
2. 3*ridi'al ante'eden'e B rooted in 6istory o) t6e
7arty and may mani)est a)ter t6e marria+e.
,. In'*ra1ility
P.I. Insanity
Cannot 1e
'*red
Can 1e
'*red
#o 'onsent
7resent
sin'e 6e
does not
(no0 t6e
tr*e meanin+
o) marria+e
Consent 'an
1e +i&en
d*rin+ l*'id
inter&al
PROOF to s6o0 P.I.$
.. O1ser&e o) d*ties
(li&in+ to+et6er- et'.)
2. Pro'reation
,. O1li+ation o) 7arents
to '6ildren.
C. Senseless and
7rotra'ted re)*sal to
6a&e inter'o*rse
/. >nreasona1le
atta'6ment to ones
ot6er )amily or 1ar(ada
E. !rans&estism
5. Ind*l+en'e o) 7ri&ate
)antasy
D. So1re7e8a 27

3*ris7r*dential 9*idelines (CA &. Molina)$
.. F*rden o) 7roo) to s6o0 t6e n*llity o) marria+e
1elon+s to t6e 7lainti)).
2. Root 'a*se m*st 1e medicall# or clinicall#
identified- alle+ed in t6e 'om7laint- sufficientl#
pro%en b# e(perts- 'learly e?7lained 1y t6e
de'ision- must be ps#c!ological not 76ysi'al.
,. Pro&en to 1e e?istin+ at t6e time o) t6e
'ele1ration o) t6e marria+e
C. M*st 1e in'*ra1le (may 1e a1sol*te or relati&e
to t6e +i&en s7o*se)
/. M*st 1e +ra&e
6. ssential marria+e o1li+ations are t6ose
em1ra'ed in arti'les E4 to 5.
,
and Arti'les 220-
22.- 22/ 0it6 re+ards to 7arents and '6ildren.
5. Inter7retations in #ational A77ellate
Matrimonial tri1*nal o) Cat6oli' C6*r'6 t6o*+6
not 1indin+ are 7ers*asi&e
4. Al'o6olIs*1stan'e
a1*se
9. ?treme immat*rity
Art. !(: Marriages beteen t!e folloing are
incestuous and %oid from t!e beginning& !et!er
relations!ip beteen t!e parties be legitimate or
illegitimate:
2*3 @eteen ascendants and descendants of an#
degree? and
2,3 @eteen brot!ers and sisters& !et!er of t!e full or
!alf blood$
Reasons to Condemn In'est*o*s Marria+es$
.. A16orrent to nat*re
2. Frin+s a1o*t 'on)*sion o) ri+6ts and d*ties
,. De)i'ient and de+enerate o))s7rin+
C. Control se? ri&alries 0it6in )amilies
/. !o +*ide one to0ards t6e 'reation o) ne0
n*'lear )amily
E. Frin+s a1o*t 'on)*sion 0it6 stat*s
@ !6e relations6i7 1ein+
le+itimate or ille+itimate is
immaterial
Art. !): T!e folloing marriages s!all be %oid from t!e
beginning for reasons of public polic#
2*3 @eteen collateral blood relati%es !et!er
legitimate or illegitimate& up to t!e fourt! ci%il
degree?
2,3 @eteen step8parents and step8c!ildren?
2/3 @eteen parents8in8la and c!ildren8in8la?
% Sim*lates 1lood relations alt6o*+6 le+al )i'tion (1ond 'reated 1y la0- a+ainst
7*1li' 7oli'y)
COLLA!RAL FLOOD RLA!IVS$ may 'a*se t6e same reasons as Art. ,5 1*t to a
lesser de+ree.
COLLA!RAL "ALF%FLOOD RLA!IVS FD CO#SA#9>I#I!D$ t6e la0 does not
7ro&ide t6at marria+es 1et0een 'ollateral 1lood relati&es 1y t6e 6al)%1lood are 7ro6i1ited.
Case La0$ In Re$ Simms state
3
Arti'le E4$ 6*s1and and 0i)e are o1li+ed to li&e to+et6er- o1ser&e m*t*al lo&e- res7e't- and )idelity- and render m*t*al 6el7 and s*77ort. Arti'le E9$ "*s1and and 0i)e s6all )i? t6e
domi'ile and in 'ase o) disa+reement t6e 'o*rt s6all de'ide. Arti'le 50$ s7o*ses are Gointly res7onsi1le )or t6e s*77ort o) t6e )amily and t6e e?7enses )or s*'6 s*77ort and ot6er
'onG*+al o1li+ations s6all 1e 7aid )rom 'omm*nity 7ro7erty- in'ome or )r*its o) se7arate 7ro7erty- or se7arate 7ro7erty. Arti'le 5.$ mana+ement o) 6o*se6old s6all 1e ri+6t and d*ty o)
1ot6 s7o*ses.
D. So1re7e8a 28

243 @eteen t!e adopting parent and t!e adopted
c!ild?
213 @eteen t!e sur%i%ing spouse of t!e adopting
parent and t!e adopted c!ild?
2=3 @eteen t!e sur%i%ing spouse of t!e adopted c!ild
and t!e adopter?
253 @eteen an adopted c!ild and a legitimate c!ild of
t!e adopter?
263 @eteen adopted c!ildren of t!e same adopter?
2:3 @eteen parties !ere one& it! t!e intention to
marr# t!e ot!er& 0illed t!at ot!er personAs spouse&
or
!is or !er on spouse$
% Fe'a*se o) s7e'i)i'ation in 1rot6ers and sisters and no s7e'i)i'ation 0it6 *n'les
and nie'es- marria+e 1et0een *n'les and nie'es are not 7ro6i1ited
% >nli(e r*lin+ in A*dley 06ere it deemed it 0as *nne'essary
% Marria+e 1et0een *n'les and nie'es 06o are 6al)%1lood is &alid d*e to t6e
7res*m7tion in )a&or o) marria+e.
RLA!IO#S"IP FD AFFI#I!D (made t6ro*+6 marria+e)$ !6e only marria+es 1y a))inity
7ro6i1ited in t6e Family Code are marria+es 1et0een ste77arents and ste7'6ildren and
7arents%in%la0 and '6ildren%in%la0. (May destroy t6e 7ea'e)*lness in )amily relations)
Ste71rot6er and ste7sister 'an marry ea'6 ot6er sin'e not in'l*ded in
t6e 7ro6i1ition.
@In t6e e&ent t6at t6e marria+e is ann*lled or n*lli)ied or in t6e e&ent t6at t6e marria+e is
terminated 1y deat6 a))inity is terminated and t6*s t6ose t6at 0ere 7ro6i1ited d*e to
a))inity 'an no0 marry ea'6 ot6er. >nless t6ere are li&in+ iss*es ('6ildren) in 06om t6e
1lood o) t6e 7arties 'ontin*e to 'ommin+le.
ADOP!IV RLA!IO#S"IP$
A6o t6ey 'annot marry$
Ado7ter Ado7ted
!6e ado7ted !6e ado7ter
!6e s*r&i&in+ s7o*se o) t6e ado7ted
(n&isions t6at t6e marria+e 0as
terminated d*e to deat6. F*t i) t6e
marria+e 0as terminated a)ter t6e )inality
o) a n*llity or ann*lment de'ree t6en t6ey
'an +et married)
!6e s*r&i&in+ s7o*se o) ado7ter
(n&isions t6at t6e marria+e 0as
terminated d*e to deat6. F*t i) t6e
marria+e 0as terminated a)ter t6e )inality
o) a n*llity or ann*lment de'ree t6en t6ey
'an +et married)
Le+itimate '6ildren o) ado7ter
Ot6er ado7ted '6ildren o) t6e ado7ter
A6o 'an t6ey marry$
Ado7ter Ado7ted
C6ildren o) ado7ted Parents o) ado7ter
#at*ral 7arent Ille+itimate '6ild o) t6e ado7ter
Ot6er relati&es Ot6er relati&es
S7o*se o) ado7ted i) ali&e and not
married to ado7ted
S7o*se o) ado7ter i) ali&e and not married
to ado7ter
D. So1re7e8a 29

I#!#!IO#AL HILLI#9 OF SPO>S$ !6e +*ilty 7arty m*st 1e animated 1y an intention
to marry t6e ot6er 7erson- i) not t6en not 'onsidered a+ainst 7*1li' 7oli'y.
?. A 0anted to marry F. F 0as married to C. A (ills C 1e'a*se C stole )rom A. !6en A
later on marries F. S*'6 a marria+e is &alid.
@#o 'riminal 'on&i'tion is ne'essary mere 7re7onderan'e o) e&iden'e is re2*ired to
7ro&e t6e (illin+.
Art. !+: T!e action or defense for t!e declaration of
absolute nullit# of a marriage s!all not prescribe
% !ime to )ile an a'tion )or de'laration o) n*llity o)
a marria+e or to in&o(e s*'6 n*llity as a
de)ense does not 7res'ri1e.
% it6er 7arty in a &oid marria+e 'an )ile a n*llity
'ase e&en t6o*+6 s*'6 7arty is t6e 0ron+doer.
Only 6*s1and and 0i)e 'an )ile a 'o*rt 'ase
de'larin+ t6e marria+e &oid. F*t it 'an still 1e
'ollaterally atta'(ed 1y any interested 7arty in
any 7ro'eedin+ 06ere t6e determination o) t6e
&alidity o) marria+e is ne'essary to +i&e rise to
'ertain ri+6ts.
Art. $,: T!e absolute nullit# of a pre%ious marriage
ma# be in%o0ed for purposes of remarriage on t!e
basis solel# of a final "udgment declaring suc!
pre%ious marriage %oid$
In relation to$
Art. 52: T!e "udgment of annulment or of absolute
nullit# of t!e marriage& t!e partition and distribution of
t!e properties of t!e spouses and t!e deli%er# of t!e
c!ildrenAs presumpti%e legitimes s!all be recorded in
t!e appropriate ci%il registr# and registries of propert#?
ot!erise& t!e same s!all not affect t!ird persons$
Art. 5!: Eit!er of t!e former spouses ma# marr# again
after compliance it! t!e re'uirements of t!e
immediatel# preceding Article? ot!erise& t!e
subse'uent marriage s!all be null and %oid$
% A G*di'ial de'laration o) marria+e is t6e only
a''e7ta1le 7roo) so t6at a 7arty 'an 'ontra't a
s*1se2*ent &alid marria+e. Ait6o*t it t6e
s*1se2*ent marria+e 0ill 1e 'onsidered &oid.
% In 'onne'tion 0it6 it- Arti'les /2 and /, 06i'6
6as to do 0it6 t6e li2*idation- 7artition and
distri1*tion o) t6e 7ro7erties 0it6o*t 06i'6 t6e
marria+e 0ill li(e0ise 1e &oid.
FI9AMD$ Committed 1y any 7erson 06o s6all 'ontra't
a se'ond or s*1se2*ent marria+e 1e)ore t6e )ormer
marria+e 6as 1een le+ally dissol&ed or 1e)ore t6e
a1sent s7o*se 6as 1een de'lared 7res*m7ti&ely dead
1y G*d+ment.
% Marria+e 1e'omes &oid not 1e'a*se o) 1i+amy 1*t
1e'a*se o) 'ertain im7ositions in la0 t6at m*st 1e
done 1e)ore 'onta'tin+ a se'ond marria+e.
@Ait6o*t arti'le C0 one 'annot 7er)orm Arti'le /2.
@ !6e s*1se2*ent marria+e is
not 'onsidered 1i+amo*s sin'e
t6e )irst marria+e is not &alid. In
a 1i+amo*s marria+e t6e )irst
s*1sistin+ marria+e is &alid.
Fi+amy en&isions 2 &alid
marria+es. I) t6e )irst or t6e
se'ond marria+e is &oid t6en
t6ere 'an 1e no 1i+amy.
Art. $1: A marriage contracted b# an# person during - A de'laration o) 7res*m7ti&e deat6 is needed Exception: Prior s7o*se 6as
D. So1re7e8a 30

subsistence of a pre%ious marriage s!all be null and
%oid& unless before t!e celebration of t!e subse'uent
marriage& t!e prior spouse !ad been absent for four
consecuti%e #ears and t!e spouse present !as a ell8
founded belief t!at t!e absent spouse as alread#
dead$ In case of disappearance !ere t!ere is danger
of deat! under t!e circumstances set fort! in t!e
pro%isions of Article /:* of t!e -i%il -ode& an absence
of onl# to #ears s!all be sufficient$
For t!e purpose of contracting t!e subse'uent
marriage under t!e preceding paragrap! t!e spouse
present must institute a summar# proceeding as
pro%ided in t!is -ode for t!e declaration of
presumpti%e deat! of t!e absentee& it!out pre"udice
to t!e effect of reappearance of t!e absent spouse$
)or t6e a1sentee in order to 'onta't a ne0
marria+e.
Article <2: !6e s*1se2*ent marria+e made 0ill
1e'ome &oid 0it6 t6e re'ordin+ o) t6e a))ida&it o)
rea77earan'e o) t6e s*1se2*ent s7o*se. S*'6 noti'e
0ill 1e )iled in t6e 'i&il re+istry o) t6e residen'e o) t6e
7arties in s*1se2*ent marria+e- and +i&e t6em d*e
noti'e% O#LD CAS A"R MARRIA9 IS
!RMI#A!D N!RA3>DICIALLD. Any interested
7arty 'an )ile )or t6e a))ida&it o) rea77earan'e.
Exception to <2: i) t6e a))ida&it is )ra*d*lent t6en it is
ine))e't*al.
1een a1sent )or C 'onse'*ti&e
years and t6ere is a 0ell
)o*nded 1elie) (m*st e?er'ise
d*e dili+en'e to as'ertain
06erea1o*ts or i) s6e is dead
or ali&e) t6at a1sent s7o*se is
dead (2 years 0ill s*))i'e i)
t6ere 0as dan+er o) deat6)
Art. $!: T!e termination of t!e subse'uent marriage
referred to in t!e preceding Article s!all produce t!e
folloing effects
2*3 T!e c!ildren of t!e subse'uent marriage
concei%ed prior to its termination s!all be considered
legitimate?
2,3 T!e absolute communit# of propert# or t!e
con"ugal partners!ip& as t!e case ma# be& s!all be
dissol%ed and li'uidated& but if eit!er spouse
contracted said marriage in bad fait!& !is or !er s!are
of t!e net profits of t!e communit# propert# or
con"ugal partners!ip propert# s!all be forfeited in fa%or
of t!e common c!ildren or& if t!ere are none& t!e
c!ildren of t!e guilt# spouse b# a pre%ious marriage or
in default of c!ildren& t!e innocent spouse?
2/3 Bonations b# reason of marriage s!all remain
%alid& e(cept t!at if t!e donee contracted t!e marriage
in bad fait!& suc! donations made to said donee are
re%o0ed b# operation of la?
243 T!e innocent spouse ma# re%o0e t!e
designation of t!e ot!er spouse !o acted in bad fait!
as beneficiar# in an# insurance polic#& e%en if suc!
% A77lies to Arti'le C0- Arti'le C. and &oida1le
marria+es.
S'A'0S O) C(ID&E,: C6ildren 'on'ei&ed d*rin+
t6e s*1se2*ent marria+e 'ontem7lated in Art. C. are
le+itimate e&en i) one o) t6e 'ontra'tin+ 7arties is in
1ad )ait6.
E))EC' O) 'E&*I,A'IO, O, '(E P&OPE&'+
&E%I*E: !6e 7ro7erty re+ime s6all 1e dissol&ed and
li2*idated. A)ter t6e 7ayment o) all de1ts- t6e s7o*ses
s6all di&ide t6e net 7ro)its o) t6e 7ro7erty e2*ally or in
a''ordan'e 0it6 t6e sti7*lated s6arin+. I) a s7o*se
a'ted in 1ad )ait6- t6e +*ilty s7o*se s6all not +et 6is
s6are in t6e net 7ro)its (6isI6er s6are 0ill 1e )or)eited in
)a&or o) t6e 'ommon '6ildren- i) none t6e '6ildren o)
t6e +*ilty s7o*se 1y a 7re&io*s marria+e- i) none to t6e
inno'ent s7o*se.
DO,A'IO,S .+ &EASO, O) *A&&IA%E$ I) 1ot6
7arties are in +ood )ait6- t6e donation s6all 1e &alid. I)
t6e donee a'ted in 1ad )ait6 in 'ontra'tin+ t6e
marria+e- t6e donation 1y reason o) marria+e is
terminated 1y o7eration o) la0. I) 1ot6 are in 1ad )ait6
neit6er 'an re'o&er 06at t6ey 6a&e +i&en.
@Donation made 1et0een
7ersons 06o are +*ilty o)
ad*ltery or 'on'*1ina+e at t6e
time o) t6e donation is &oid.
D. So1re7e8a 31

designation be stipulated as irre%ocable? and
213 T!e spouse !o contracted t!e subse'uent
marriage in bad fait! s!all be dis'ualified to in!erit
from t!e innocent spouse b# testate and intestate
succession$
DESI%,A'IO, AS .E,E)ICIA&+ I, I,S0&A,CE
POIC+: !6e inno'ent s7o*se 6as t6e '6oi'e o)
re&o(in+ t6e 1ene)i'iary in an ins*ran'e 7oli'y e&en i)
t6e 7oli'y is irre&o'a1le. (S6o*ld in)orm t6e ins*ran'e
'om7any)
DIS=0AI)ICA'IO, AS 'O I,(E&I'A,CE: !6e
s7o*se 06o a'ted in 1ad )ait6 s6all 1e dis2*ali)ied to
in6erit )rom t6e inno'ent s7o*se. I) 1ot6 s7o*ses are in
1ad )ait6 a''ordin+ to Arti'le CC t6e marria+e is &oid
and t6e 7arties 'annot in6erit.
Art. $$: If bot! spouses of t!e subse'uent marriage
acted in bad fait!& said marriage s!all be %oid ab initio
and all donations b# reason of marriage and
testamentar# dispositions made b# one in fa%or of t!e
ot!er are re%o0ed b# operation of la$
- !6e marria+e s6all 1e 'onsidered &oid only i)
1ot6 s7o*ses in t6e s*1se2*ent marria+e are
in 1ad )ait6.
- !6e +ood )ait6 o) t6e s7o*se m*st 1e 7resent
*7 to t6e time o) t6e 'ele1ration o) t6e
s*1se2*ent marria+e.
VOIDAFL MARRIA9S$ &alid *7 to t6e 7oint 06en t6ey are ann*lled. !6ese are t6e only +ro*nds- 06i'6 'an 1e 'onsidered )or ann*lment
(e?'l*si&e).
Arti'le Annotation ?'e7tionI Filin+$
Article <:: *ust exist at the time of
marria#e
35 !6at t6e 7arty in 06ose 1e6al) it is so*+6t to
6a&e t6e marria+e ann*lled 0as ei+6teen
years o) a+e or o&er 1*t 1elo0 t0enty%one- and
t6e marria+e 0as solemni:ed 0it6o*t t6e
'onsent o) t6e 7arents- +*ardian or 7erson
6a&in+ s*1stit*te 7arental a*t6ority o&er t6e
7arty- in t6at order- *nless a)ter attainin+ t6e
a+e o) t0enty%one- s*'6 7arty )reely 'o6a1ited
0it6 t6e ot6er and 1ot6 li&ed to+et6er as
6*s1and and 0i)e
% !6e 7arents o) t6e '6ild 'an ann*l t6e
marria+e at any time 7rior to t6e time t6e '6ild
rea'6es t6e a+e o) 2..
Rati)i'ation$ !6ro*+6 'o6a1itation a)ter
rea'6in+ t6e a+e o) 2. years old.
Party to )ile s*it$ Parent or +*ardian 1e)ore t6e
'6ild rea'6es 2. and t6e 7arty 06o did not
o1tain 'onsent 0it6in / years a)ter rea'6in+
2..
25 !6at eit6er 7arty 0as o) *nso*nd mind-
*nless s*'6 7arty a)ter 'omin+ to reason-
)reely 'o6a1ited 0it6 t6e ot6er as 6*s1and and
0i)e
% M*st 1e 'lear t6at illness is serio*s t6at
'annot *nderstand marria+e 'ontra't at t6e
time o) t6e marria+e.
@ I) t6e s7o*se (ne0 t6at t6e s7o*se 0as
insane 7rior to t6e 'ele1ration o) t6e marria+e
s6e 'annot ann*l t6e marria+e.
D. So1re7e8a 32

Rati)i'ation$ !6ro*+6 'o6a1itation 1y t6e
7erson 0it6 t6e *nso*nd mind a)ter 6e 6as
'ome to reason
@On'e rati)ied t6e marria+e 0ill 1e &alid and no
lon+er ann*lla1le e&en i) t6e insanity 'omes
1a'(.
Party to )ile s*it$ Sane s7o*se 0it6o*t
(no0led+e 1e)ore t6e deat6 o) eit6er 7arty-
relati&e or +*ardian o) insane at any time
1e)ore t6e deat6 o) eit6er 7arty- and insane
s7o*se 1e)ore t6e deat6 o) eit6er 7arty.
95 !6at t6e 'onsent o) eit6er 7arty 0as
o1tained 1y )ra*d- *nless s*'6 7arty
a)ter0ards- 0it6 )*ll (no0led+e o) t6e )a'ts
'onstit*tin+ t6e )ra*d- )reely 'o6a1ited 0it6 t6e
ot6er as 6*s1and and 0i)e
Article <>: Fra*d$ e?istin+ at time o) marria+e
.. #on%dis'los*re o) 7re&io*s 'on&i'tion
1y )inal G*d+ment o) a 'rime in&ol&in+
moral t*r7it*de.
2. Con'ealment o) t6e 0i)e o) t6e )a't
t6at s6e 0as 7re+nant at t6e time o)
marria+e 1y anot6er man.
,. Con'ealment o) S!D re+ardless o) its
nat*re e?istin+ at t6e time o) t6e
marria+e.
C. Con'ealment o) dr*+ addi'tion-
6a1it*al al'o6olism- or 6omose?*ality
or les1ianism e?istin+ at t6e time o)
t6e marria+e.
@#o ot6er misre7resentations 0ill 1e
a''e7ta1le to 'onstit*te )ra*d to ann*l a
marria+e.
PRVIO>S CO#VIC!IO#$ #o need )or
in&esti+ation on t6e 7art o) t6e 7arty 1*t t6ere
m*st 1e a )inal G*d+ment.
CO#CALM#! OF PR9#A#CD$
Con'ealment m*st 1e done in 1ad )ait6. !6*s-
i) t6e 0oman tr*ly 1elie&ed s6e 0as not
7re+nant 06en s6e 0as t6e marria+e 'annot
1e ann*lled.
- Misre7resentation t6at s6e 0as
7re+nant to ind*'e t6e man to marry
6er 06en s6e 0as in )a't not 7re+nant
is not 'onsidered )or ann*lment.
CO#CALM#! OF S!D$ #at*re or +ra&ity is
irrele&antK t6e )a't t6at it 0as 'on'ealed 0as
eno*+6.
CO#CALM#! OF ADDIC!IO#S$ #o e?a't
meanin+ 1*t 6as 1een de)ined as 7ersistent
6a1it o) 1e'omin+ into?i'ated- irresisti1le 6a1it.
@Does not need to +et dr*n( all t6e time- t6e
6a1it o) 1e'omin+ 7eriodi'ally dr*n( and 1ein+
*na1le to resist 06en t6e o77ort*nity arises.
CO#CALM#! OF 9#DR
PRFR#C$ 'onsiders t6e e))e't on t6e
inG*red s7o*se in 7er)ormin+ 6isI6er marital
d*ties. Mental )itness- 6ealt6- et'. Does not
n*rt*re a nat*ral and 06olesome )amily-
Rati)i'ation$ Co6a1itation a)ter t6e inno'ent
Exception to <>?2@: I) t6e 0oman 0as
*n'6aste and t6e man (ne0 o) 6er *n'6aste
'6ara'ter.
Exception to <>?2@: I) 0oman did not in)orm
t6e man 1*t 7re+nan'y 0as a77arent.
Party to )ile s*it$ InG*red 7arty 0it6in / years
a)ter t6e dis'o&ery o) )ra*d
D. So1re7e8a 33

s7o*se 6as )*ll (no0led+e o) t6e )a'ts
'onstit*tin+ t6e )ra*d
<5 !6at t6e 'onsent o) eit6er 7arty 0as
o1tained 1y )or'e- intimidation or *nd*e
in)l*en'e- *nless t6e same 6a&in+ disa77eared
or 'eased- s*'6 7arty t6erea)ter )reely
'o6a1ited 0it6 t6e ot6er as 6*s1and and 0i)eK
% Violen'e 6ere may 1e 76ysi'al or moral.
% Intimidation is 06en t6ere is a reasona1le
and 0ell%ro*nded )ear o) an imminent and
+ra&e e&il *7on 6is 7erson or 7ro7erty.
Rati)i'ation$ Co6a1itation a)ter t6e 'a*se o) t6e
&itiated 'onsent 'eases.
Party to )ile t6e s*it$ InG*red 7arty 0it6in /
years )rom t6e time t6e )or'e- intimidation or
*nd*e in)l*en'e disa77eared or 'eased.
:5 !6at eit6er 7arty 0as 76ysi'ally in'a7a1le o)
'ons*mmatin+ t6e marria+e 0it6 t6e ot6er-
and s*'6 in'a7a'ity 'ontin*es and a77ears to
1e in'*ra1le
% Permanent ina1ility on t6e 7art o) one o) t6e
s7o*ses to 7er)orm t6e 'om7lete a't o) se?*al
inter'o*rse (m*st 1e in'*ra1le).
- Can ori+inate )rom a 7sy'6olo+i'al 7ro1lem-
06i'6 a))e'ts t6e 76ysi'al.
% M*st e?ist at t6e time o) t6e marria+e.
% May 1e 'a*sed 1ot6 1y 6*s1and and 0i)e.
#O RA!IFICA!IO# 1y 'o6a1itation
R*le o) triennial 'o6a1itation$ 7res*m7tion o)
im7oten'e arises 06en 0i)e remains a &ir+in
a)ter , years )rom t6e time o) marria+e.
Exception: Sterility is not 'onsidered
im7oten'y 1e'a*se 6e 'an still en+a+e in
se?*al 'oition. Or+ans )or 'on'e7tion not
ne'essary 1e'a*se t6ere is still 7assion.
Party to )ile t6e s*it$ Ait6in / years a)ter t6e
marria+e 'eremony
>5 !6at eit6er 7arty 0as a))li'ted 0it6 a
se?*ally%transmissi1le disease )o*nd to 1e
serio*s and a77ears to 1e in'*ra1le
#o rati)i'ation 1y 'o6a1itation
Art. $): In all cases of annulment or
declaration of absolute nullit# of marriage& t!e
-ourt s!all order t!e prosecuting attorne# or
fiscal assigned to it to appear on be!alf of t!e
State to ta0e steps to pre%ent collusion
beteen t!e parties and to ta0e care t!at
e%idence is not fabricated or suppressed
In t!e cases referred to in t!e preceding
paragrap!& no "udgment s!all be based upon a
stipulation of facts or confession of "udgment
- !6e state 0ill ens*re t6e 7re&ention o)
'oll*sion 1et0een t6e 7arties (06o
may ma(e *7 a +ro*nd to ann*l t6e
marria+e) and to ens*re t6at t6e
e&iden'e is not )a1ri'ated
- #o G*d+ment s6all 1e 1ased on a
'on)ession and a sti7*lation o) )a'ts
only.
Art. $+: Buring t!e pendenc# of t!e action and - A6ile trial is on +oin+ t6e s*77ort o) @ In n*llity 'ases- i) t6e marria+e is deemed to
D. So1re7e8a 34

in t!e absence of ade'uate pro%isions in a
ritten agreement beteen t!e spouses& t!e
-ourt s!all pro%ide for t!e support of t!e
spouses and t!e custod# and support of t!eir
common c!ildren$ T!e -ourt s!all gi%e
paramount consideration to t!e moral and
material elfare of said c!ildren and t!eir
c!oice of t!e parent it! !om t!e# is! to
remain as pro%ided to in Title IC$ It s!all also
pro%ide for appropriate %isitation rig!ts of t!e
ot!er parent$
t6e s7o*ses and '*stody o) t6e
'6ildren s6all 1e +o&erned 1y
06ate&er a+reement t6e 7arties 6a&e
made. I) none t6en t6ey s6all 1e
s*77orted )rom t6e a1sol*te
'omm*nity o) 7ro7erty or 'onG*+al
7artners6i7 o) +ains.
- !6e 'o*rt may 6o0e&er ma(e t6e
ne'essary adG*stments in 'ase t6e
a+reement is inade2*ate.
1e &oid t6en t6e one 06o +ot s*77ort s6o*ld
ret*rn it 0it6 le+al interest to t6e 7erson 06o
)*rnis6ed s*77ort sin'e s*'6 7erson 0as not
entitled to t6e s*77ort t6ere 1ein+ no marria+e.
Art. 5,: T!e effects pro%ided for b#
paragrap!s 2,3& 2/3& 243 and 213 of Article 4/
and b# Article 44 s!all also appl# in t!e proper
cases to marriages !ic! are declared ab
initio or annulled b# final "udgment under
Articles 49 and 41$
T!e final "udgment in suc! cases s!all pro%ide
for t!e li'uidation& partition and distribution of
t!e properties of t!e spouses& t!e custod# and
support of t!e common c!ildren& and t!e
deli%er# of t!ird presumpti%e legitimes& unless
suc! matters !ad been ad"udicated in pre%ious
"udicial proceedings$
All creditors of t!e spouses as ell as of t!e
absolute communit# or t!e con"ugal
partners!ip s!all be notified of t!e proceedings
for li'uidation$
In t!e partition& t!e con"ugal delling and t!e
lot on !ic! it is situated& s!all be ad"udicated
in accordance it! t!e pro%isions of Articles
*9, and *,:$
Arti'le C,$ e))e'ts o) termination o) s*1se2*ent
marria+e (li2*idation- dis7osition- donation-
ins*ran'e- in6eritan'e)
Arti'le CC$ Fot6 s7o*ses o) t6e s*1se2*ent
marria+e are in 1ad )ait6 t6e marria+e s6all 1e
&oid
Arti'le C0$ Final G*d+ment de'larin+ a marria+e
0as &oid )or a s*1se2*ent marria+e.
% In all ot6er 'ases o) a &oid marria+e t6e
7ro7erty re+ime 0ill 1e +o&erned 1y Art. .C5
(0a+es and salaries o0ned 1y t6em in e2*al
s6ares 7ro7erty +o&erned 1y 'o%o0ners6i7)
Art. .C4 (7ro7erties a'2*ired t6ro*+6 Goint
'ontri1*tions only and di&ided in 7ro7ortion to
t6eir 'ontri1*tions)
@!6e G*d+ment and de'ree o) n*llity or
ann*lment 0ill 1e'ome )inal *7on t6e
e?7iration o) ./ days )rom t6e re'ei7t o) t6e
7arties o) t6e de'ision. (!6*s any marria+e
7rior to t6e ./ days may 1e 'onsidered
1i+amo*s sin'e t6e marria+e is still s*1sistin+
at t6at time.)
Art. 51: In said partition& t!e %alue of t!e
presumpti%e legitimes of all common c!ildren&
computed as of t!e date of t!e final "udgment
Pres*m7ti&e Le+itime$ Part o) t6e 7ro7erty o)
t6e testator- 06i'6 'annot 1e dis7osed o)
1e'a*se t6e la0 6as reser&ed it )or 'ertain
@ !6e '6ildren or t6e +*ardian may see( t6e
en)or'ement )or t6e deli&ery o) t6e 7res*m7ti&e
le+itime.
D. So1re7e8a 35

of t!e trial court& s!all be deli%ered in cas!&
propert# or sound securities& unless t!e
parties& b# mutual agreement "udiciall#
appro%ed& !ad alread# pro%ided for suc!
matters$
T!e c!ildren or t!eir guardian or t!e trustee of
t!eir propert# ma# as0 for t!e enforcement of
t!e "udgment$
T!e deli%er# of t!e presumpti%e legitimes
!erein prescribed s!all in no a# pre"udice t!e
ultimate successional rig!ts of t!e c!ildren
accruing upon t!e deat! of eit!er of bot! of t!e
parents? but t!e %alue of t!e properties alread#
recei%ed under t!e decree of annulment or
absolute nullit# s!all be considered as
ad%ances on t!eir legitime$
'om7*lsory 6eirs. !6e de'ree o) ann*lment or
n*llity o) marria+e 7ro&ides )or t6e deli&ery o)
t6e 7res*m7ti&e le+itimes t6is is in order to
7rote't t6e le+itime o) t6e '6ildren )rom
s*1se2*ent marria+e.
?. I) A 6*s1and o) F dies- t6eir '6ild C 0ill
in6erit a le+itime )rom AJs 7ro7erties. In t6is
'ase t6ere is no deat6 t6*s t6e le+itime is
7res*med (06at AJs 7ro7erties 0o*ld 1e i) 6e
died at t6is time) and t6at is 06at is +i&en to C.
In t6e e&ent t6at t6e eit6er or 1ot6
7arents die later on t6e 7res*m7ti&e
le+itime +i&en is 'onsidered an
ad&an'e on t6eir le+itime and are G*st
+i&en t6e remainin+ 1alan'e d*e t6em.
In &oid marria+es ot6er t6an t6at
7ro&ided )or in Art. C0- t6e 7res*m7ti&e
le+itime is not deli&ered.
Art. 5$: -!ildren concei%ed or born before t!e
"udgment of annulment or absolute nullit# of
t!e marriage under Article /= !as become final
and e(ecutor# s!all be considered legitimate$
-!ildren concei%ed or born of t!e subse'uent
marriage under Article 1/ s!all li0eise be
legitimate$
% 9enerally- '6ildren 'on'ei&ed and 1orn
o*tside a &alid marria+e or inside a &oid
marria+e are ille+itimate e?'e7t t6ose 'omin+
)rom a marria+e &oid d*e to 7sy'6olo+i'al
in'a7a'ity and t6ose d*e to la'( o) G*di'ial
de'ree o) n*llity or li2*idation or dissol*tion o)
7ro7erty.
@ I) t6e '6ild is 'on'ei&ed 7rior to t6e marria+e
and t6e marria+e is terminated *nder Art. ,E or
/, '6ild 0ill 1e ille+itimate (t6e s*1se2*ent
&oid marria+e e&en *nder t6ese arti'les 0ill not
le+itimate t6em)
L9AL SPARA!IO#$ Does not a))e't t6e marital stat*s o) t6e 'o*7le- merely a se7aration o) 1ed and 1oard. (?'l*si&e list)
Violen'e A+ainst Aomen and C6ildren (VAAC RA 92E2)$ in'l*des s7o*se- +irl)riends- and e&en one%ni+6t stands (le&el o) intima'y). Men 'an )ile
on 1e6al) o) '6ildren. Many arti'les o) VAAC en'om7ass le+al se7aration and i) t6is is so t6e re2*ired 'oolin+ o)) 7eriod is no lon+er ne'essary.
In'l*ded as 7art o) VAAC s*'6 as 'orr*7tion (O,) in'l*ded as &iolen'e- e&en 7sy'6olo+i'al &iolen'e (1i+amy- se?*al in)idelity).
% !6e '6ildren in'l*ded in VAAC are t6ose *nder t6e 'are o) t6e 0omen e&en t6ose o) t6e res7ondentJs '6ild )rom a 7re&io*s marria+e.
Article 55: >appens after marriage ceremon#
1. Repeated p!#sical %iolence or grossl#
abusi%e conduct directed against t!e
P6ysi'al &iolen'e 6ere is meas*red not 1y t6e
se&erity 1*t 1y t6e )re2*en'y. "o0e&er i) it is
not re7eated or is not 76ysi'al &iolen'e it may
@ Does not in'l*de a +ro*nd )or le+al
se7aration 06en t6e res7ondent%s7o*se in)li'ts
&iolen'e on 6isI6er o0n '6ild )rom a 7re&io*s
D. So1re7e8a 36

petitioner& a common c!ild& or a c!ild of t!e
petitioner
1e 'onsidered as +rossly a1*si&e 'ond*'t.
9rossly a1*si&e 'ond*'t need not 1e re7eated
1*t more o) a serio*s a't$ rely on
7ro7ortionality and a1*si&e 'ond*'t to 06at
0as 'ommitted.
- Contin*ed indi))eren'e or a&ersion to
s7o*se and 7ersistent ne+le't o)
d*ties in'ident to marital relation- et'.
- >se o) o))ensi&e and a1*si&e lan+*a+e
0it6 intent and )i?ed 7*r7ose o)
'a*sin+ *n6a77iness.
- Ot6er a'ts o) 'orr*7tion- 06i'6 do not
)all *nder 7rostit*tion.
marria+e 1*t may 'a*se to s*s7end or
terminate 7arental a*t6ority.
Art. 2,. (.)$ Parental a*t6ority 'an 1e
s*s7ended 06en t6e 7arent treats t6e '6ild
0it6 e?'essi&e 6ars6ness or 'r*elty
,$ ;!#sical %iolence or moral pressure to
compel t!e petitioner to c!ange religious or
political affiliation
% !6ere s6o*ld 1e *nity in t6e )amily and t6*s
t6e 'o*7le s6o*ld learn to li&e 0it6 ea'6
ot6erJs 7oliti'al ideas.
@n)or'e 6*man ri+6ts t6ro*+6 a''e7tan'e o)
t6e ot6erJs ri+6t
/$ Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce
t!e petitioner& a common c!ild& or a c!ild of t!e
petitioner& to engage in prostitution& or
conni%ance in suc! corruption or inducement
% !6e '6ildren 6ere may or may not 1e
eman'i7ated.
% !6e 'orr*7t a't 6ere re)ers to 7rostit*tion
only- a mere attem7t is eno*+6 t6e res7ondent
need not 1e s*''ess)*l at t6e 'orr*7tion or
ind*'ement.
% !6ere is no 'a*se o) a'tion 06en t6e '6ild
in&ol&ed is t6at o) t6e res7ondent )rom anot6er
marria+e.
@ Ot6er )orms o) 'orr*7tion 'an )all *nder +ra&e
a1*se o) 'ond*'t
4$ Final "udgment sentencing t!e respondent
to imprisonment of more t!an si( #ears& e%en if
pardoned
% !6e 'rime need not 1e a+ainst t6e ot6er
s7o*se. It 'an 1e a+ainst anyone.
% !6e )a't t6at t6e 'rime 6ad 1een 7ardoned
doesnJt matter as lon+ as t6ere is a )inal
G*d+ment.
1$ Brug addiction or !abitual alco!olism of t!e
respondent
% !6e e?tent and nat*re o) s*'6 is t6e same-
as t6ose in ann*lment 'ases 1*t s*'6 +ro*nds
may e?ist e&en a)ter t6e marria+e 'eremony
*nli(e ann*lment.
=$ +esbianism or !omose(ualit# of respondent % Considered as a )orm o) 'r*elty or mental
an+*is6
D. So1re7e8a 37

% M*st en+a+e in 6omose?*al a'ts
5$ Respondent contracts a subse'uent
bigamous marriage
% Ille+ally 'ontra'tin+ a marria+e des7ite )*ll
(no0led+e t6at t6e )irst marria+e still &alidly
e?ists or 0it6o*t o1tainin+ a G*di'ial de'laration
o) 7res*m7ti&e deat6.
@A6et6er t6e marria+e 0as done in t6e
P6ili77ines or a1road is immaterial.
6$ Se(ual infidelit# or per%ersion % Ot6er a'ts o) se?*al in)idelity s6ort o)
'on'*1ina+e and ad*ltery are eno*+6 as lon+
as t6ey 'onstit*te a 'lear 1etrayal o) tr*st.
% Se?*al 7er&ersion 'an 1e done to ones o0n
0i)e.
Exception: I) t6e 0i)e 'ondones se?*al
7er&ersion 0it6 6er 6*s1and t6en it 'annot 1e
a +ro*nd )or le+al se7aration.
:$ Attempt b# t!e respondent against t!e life of
t!e petitioner
% M*st 'ome )rom an e&il desi+n or *nla0)*l
'a*se
% #o nee )or any 'riminal 'on&i'tion-
7re7onderan'e o) e&iden'e is eno*+6. (I) t6ere
is a 'riminal 'on&i'tion- t6e ot6er s7o*se 'an
1e disin6erited e&en i) t6ere is no le+al
se7aration 'ase )iled)
Exception: 06en it is )or sel)%de)ense (or
some ot6er G*sti)ia1le reason)
Exception: S7o*se 'a*+6t t6e ot6er in
flagrante delicto
*9$ Abandonment of petitioner b# respondent
it!out "ustifiable cause for more t!an one
#ear$
For purposes of t!is Article& t!e term Dc!ildD
s!all include a c!ild b# nature or b# adoption
Aill)*lly le)t t6e d0ellin+ 0it6o*t intention o)
ret*rnin+.
@!6ere m*st 1e a 0ron+)*l intent to desert-
'ontin*ed )or t6e stat*tory 7eriod.
@I) t6ere is an *nG*sti)ia1le )or lea&in+ t6en it is
not 'onsidered a1andonment.
Article :>: Denial of le#al separation if they fall on the follo!in# #rounds
1. <!ere t!e aggrie%ed part# !as condoned t!e offense or
act complained of
% May 1e e?7ressed or im7lied )or+i&eness
% #ot loo(in+ )or an errin+ 0i)e a)ter s6e 'ommits
an o))ense does not mean )or+i&eness.
Exception: i) a)ter t6e
'ondonation t6e +*ilty s7o*se
re7eats t6e o))ense t6en 'an
still )ile )or le+al se7aration.
25 <!ere t!e aggrie%ed part# !as consented to t!e
commission of t!e offense or act complained of
it6er s7o*se a+reed or did not o1Ge't to t6e
o))ense FFOR it 0as 'ommitted.
95 <!ere t!ere is conni%ance beteen t!e parties in t!e
commission of t!e offense or act constituting t!e ground for
legal separation
% A6ere t6e s7o*ses a+ree t6at one s7o*se 0ill
'ommit t6e o))ense to +i&e +ro*nds )or le+al
se7aration.
% A6ere one o) t6e 7arties em7loyed a ,
rd
7arty to
ind*'e t6e ot6er s7o*se to 'ommit t6e o))ense to
+i&e +ro*nds.
% Corr*7t 'onsentin+
D. So1re7e8a 38

<5 <!ere bot! parties !a%e gi%en ground for legal
separation
% A6en t0o 7ersons a'ted in 1ad )ait6- t6ey s6o*ld
1e 'onsidered as 6a&in+ a'ted in +ood )ait6.
:5 <!ere t!ere is collusion beteen t!e parties to obtain
decree of legal separation
% In 'oll*sion t6e 'o*7le ma(es it a77ear t6at t6ere
is a +ro*nd )or le+al se7aration 1*t a't*ally t6ere is
none.
% Corr*7t a+reement
% !6e a't need not a't*ally 6a77en
>5 <!ere t!e action is barred b# prescription % An a'tion )or le+al se7aration m*st 1e )iled 0it6in
/ years )rom t6e o''*rren'e o) t6e 'a*se.
% From t6e time t6e a't o''*rred not t6e dis'o&ery
o) t6e 'a*se o) a'tion.
Art5 :6$ An action for legal
separation s!all be filed it!in
fi%e #ears from t!e time of t!e
occurrence of t!e cause
Art. 5): An action for legal separation s!all in no case be
tried before si( mont!s s!all !a%e elapsed since t!e filing
of t!e petition
% !6e de)endant is re2*ired to ans0er t6e 7etition
./ days )rom t6e date o) t6e re'ei7t o) t6e
'om7laint. "o0e&er 06et6er or not t6e de)endant
)iles an ans0er or not t6ere s6o*ld 1e no 6earin+
on t6e merits 1y t6e 'o*rt *ntil a)ter a E%mont6
'oolin+%o)) 7eriod is terminated.
@Fail*re to o1ser&e t6e E%
mont6 'oolin+ o)) 7eriod is a
+ro*nd to set aside a de'ision
+rantin+ le+al se7aration.
@Ot6er in'idents may 1e
6eard d*rin+ t6e E%mont6
7eriod s*'6 as s*77ort and
'*stody.
Art. 5+: )o legal separation ma# be decreed unless t!e
-ourt !as ta0en steps toard t!e reconciliation of t!e
spouses and is full# satisfied& despite suc! efforts& t!at
reconciliation is !ig!l# improbable$
% !6e 'o*rt m*st try to sal&a+e t6e marria+e 1y
ta(in+ ste7s to0ards re'on'iliation.
@ "o0e&er e&en i) t6ere is no
trial t6e 'o*7le may '6oose
not to li&e to+et6er. !6ey
'annot 1e )or'ed to li&e
to+et6er.
Art. %,: )o decree of legal separation s!all be based upon
a stipulation of facts or a confession of "udgment$
In an# case& t!e -ourt s!all order t!e prosecuting attorne#
or fiscal assigned to it to ta0e steps to pre%ent collusion
beteen t!e parties and to ta0e care t!at t!e e%idence is
not fabricated or suppressed$
- I) t6e de)endin+ 7arty )ails to ans0er 6e or
s6e 'annot 1e de)a*lted and t6e 'o*rt s6all
order t6e 7rose'*tin+ attorney to
in&esti+ate 06et6er t6ere is 'oll*sion or not
1et0een t6e 7arties.
- &en i) t6e 7arty ans0ers t6e )is'al is still
mandated to ma(e s*re t6ere is no
'oll*sion and t6at t6e e&iden'e is +en*ine.
@ I) t6e 'ase is &e6emently
o77osed and 'ontested and it
is 'lear t6at t6e liti+ation is a
no%6olds 1arred 'ontest and
not 'oll*sion t6e non%
inter&ention o) t6e 7rose'*tin+
attorney is not )atal to t6e
&alidity o) t6e 7ro'eedin+s.
Art. %1: After t!e filing of t!e petition for legal separation&
t!e spouses s!all be entitled to li%e separatel# from eac!
ot!er
T!e court& in t!e absence of a ritten agreement beteen
- In t6e a1sen'e o) a 0ritten a+reement
1et0een t6e s7o*ses- t6e 'o*rt s6all
desi+nate 06o s6all administer t6e
7ro7erties (it 'an 1e a t6ird 7erson).
@ Deat6 o) t6e 7lainti)) 1e)ore
t6e )inal de'ree in an a'tion
)or le+al se7aration terminates
t6e 'ase.
D. So1re7e8a 39

t!e spouses& s!all designate eit!er of t!em or a t!ird
person to administer t!e absolute communit# or con"ugal
partners!ip propert#$ T!e administrator appointed b# t!e
court s!all !a%e t!e same poers and duties as t!ose of a
guardian under t!e Rules of -ourt$
Art. %2: Buring t!e pendenc# of t!e action for legal
separation& t!e pro%isions of Article 4: s!all li0eise appl#
to t!e support of t!e spouses and t!e custod# and support
of t!e common c!ildren$
Art. C9$ D*rin+ t6e 7enden'y o) t6e a'tion and in
t6e a1sen'e o) a 0ritten a+reement- t6e 'o*rt 0ill
7ro&ide )or t6e s*77ort and '*stody.
Art. %!: T!e decree of legal separation s!all !a%e t!e
folloing effects:
*$ T!e spouses s!all be entitled to li%e separatel# from
eac! ot!er& but t!e marriage bonds s!all not be se%ered?
,$ T!e absolute communit# or t!e con"ugal partners!ip
s!all be dissol%ed and li'uidated but t!e offending spouse
s!all !a%e no rig!t to an# s!are of t!e net profits earned b#
t!e absolute communit# or t!e con"ugal partners!ip& !ic!
s!all be forfeited in accordance it! t!e pro%isions of
Article 4/2,3?
/$ T!e custod# of t!e minor c!ildren s!all be aarded to
t!e innocent spouse& sub"ect to t!e pro%isions of Article ,*/
of t!is -ode? and
4$ T!e offending spouse s!all be dis'ualified from in!eriting
from t!e innocent spouse b# intestate succession$
Moreo%er& pro%isions in fa%or of t!e offending spouse made
in t!e ill of t!e innocent spouse s!all be re%o0ed b#
operation of la$
% !6o*+6 t6e s7o*ses are entitled to li&e se7arately
t6e marria+e 1ond s6all not 1e se&ered. !6ey are
still married to ea'6 ot6er.
% !6e 7ro7erty s6all 1e li2*idated- t6e o))endin+
s7o*se s6all 6a&e no s6are or ri+6t to t6e 7ro)its
earned and s6all 1e )or)eited in )a&or o) t6e
'ommon '6ildren i) none t6e '6ildren o) t6e +*ilty
s7o*se i) none t6en to t6e inno'ent s7o*se.
% !6e inno'ent s7o*se s6all +enerally 6a&e '*stody
o) t6e '6ildren 6o0e&er t6e maGor 'onsideration is
al0ays t6e 7aramo*nt interest o) t6e '6ildren.
% !6e o))endin+ s7o*se s6all 1e dis2*ali)ied )rom
in6eritin+ )orm t6e inno'ent s7o*se 1y intestate
s*''ession )*rt6ermore 7ro&isions in )a&or o) t6e
o))endin+ s7o*se made in t6e 0ill o) t6e inno'ent
s7o*se s6all 1e re&o(ed 1y o7eration o) la0.
@ #o '6ildren 1elo0 5 years
old s6all 1e se7arated )rom
t6e mot6er *nless t6e 'o*rt
)inds 'om7ellin+ reasons to
order ot6er0ise (!ender
Dears Do'trine)
Art. %$: After t!e finalit# of t!e decree of legal separation&
t!e innocent spouse ma# re%o0e t!e donations made b#
!im or b# !er in fa%or of t!e offending spouse& as ell as
t!e designation of t!e latter as beneficiar# in an# insurance
polic#& e%en if suc! designation be stipulated as
irre%ocable$ T!e re%ocation of t!e donations s!all be
recorded in t!e registries of propert# in t!e places !ere
t!e properties are located$ Alienations& liens and
encumbrances registered in good fait! before t!e recording
of t!e complaint for re%ocation in t!e registries of propert#
- !6e la0 +i&es t6e o7tion to inno'ent 7arty
06et6er to re&o(e or not t6e donation o)
t6e +*ilty 7arty in an ins*ran'e.
- !6e re&o'ation m*st 1e made 0it6in /
years )rom t6e time t6e de'ree o) le+al
se7aration 6as 1e'ome )inal.
@ !6e re&o'ation o) or '6an+e in t6e desi+nation o)
ins*ran'e 1ene)i'iary s6all ta(e e))e't a)ter 0ritten
noti)i'ation to t6e ins*rer not t6e ins*red sin'e it
ma(es more sense 6o0e&er t6e la0 states
D. So1re7e8a 40

s!all be respected$ T!e re%ocation of or c!ange in t!e
designation of t!e insurance beneficiar# s!all ta0e effect
upon ritten notification t!ereof to t!e insured
T!e action to re%o0e t!e donation under t!is Article must
be broug!t it!in fi%e #ears from t!e time t!e decree of
legal separation become final$
noti)i'ation s6o*ld 1e +i&en to t6e ins*red t6*s t6at
s6o*ld 1e )ollo0ed.
Art. %5: If t!e spouses s!ould reconcile& a corresponding
"oint manifestation under oat! dul# signed b# t!em s!all be
filed it! t!e court in t!e same proceeding for legal
separation$
- I) t6e 'ase is still 7endin+ t6en it s6all 1e
terminated- i) t6e de'ree 6as 1een iss*ed
t6en it s6all 1e set aside.
- Se7aration o) 7ro7erties 0ill still s*1sist-
1*t t6e 7arties 'an enter into an a+reement
to re&i&e t6e 7rior 7ro7erty re+ime.
@ !6e 'reditors s6o*ld 1e
in)ormed o) t6e '6an+es 0it6
re+ard to t6e 7ro7erty et'.
Art. %%: T!e reconciliation referred to in t!e preceding
Articles s!all !a%e t!e folloing conse'uences:
*$ T!e legal separation proceedings& if still pending& s!all
t!ereb# be terminated at !ate%er stage? and
,$ T!e final decree of legal separation s!all be set aside&
but t!e separation of propert# and an# forfeiture of t!e
s!are of t!e guilt# spouse alread# effected s!all subsist&
unless t!e spouses agree to re%i%e t!eir former propert#
regime$
T!e courtAs order containing t!e foregoing s!all be
recorded in t!e proper ci%il registries$
Art. %(: T!e agreement to re%i%e t!e former propert#
regime referred to in t!e preceding Article s!all be
e(ecuted under oat! and s!all specif#:
*$ T!e properties to be contributed ane to t!e restored
regime
,$ T!ose to be retained as separated properties of eac!
spouse? and
/$ T!e names of all t!eir 0non creditors& t!eir addresses
and t!e amounts oing to eac!$
T!e agreement of re%i%al and t!e motion for its appro%al
s!all be filed it! t!e court in t!e same proceeding for legal
separation& it! copies of bot! furnis!ed to t!e creditors
named t!erein$ After due !earing& t!e court s!all& in its
order& ta0e measure to protect t!e interest of creditors and
- 9enerally t6e la0 7ro&ides t6at one 'an
only )i? t6e 7ro7erty re+ime 1e)ore t6e
marria+e 'ele1ration 1*t t6e r*les no0 set
)ort6 t6at t6e ado7tion o) anot6er 7ro7erty
re+ime 'an 1e made aside )rom t6at 06i'6
t6ey 6ad 7re&io*sly e?istin+ d*rin+ t6eir
marria+e.
FFC! OF RVIVAL$
.. I) 'reditors are noti)ied t6ey s6o*ld )ile
o77osition on 7ro7erties i) t6ey 6a&e de1ts
t6at s6o*ld 1e 7aid 1y eit6er s7o*se.
2. I) 'reditors are noti)ied 1*t t6ey donJt )ile
t6ey 'annot +et )rom t6e 7ro7erties t6at 0ill
1e 7la'ed in 'o%o0ners6i7 in t6e re&i&al.
,. I) 'reditors are not noti)ied t6en t6ey 'an
'olle't )rom 7ro7erties 'o%o0ned.
C. I) 'reditors are not noti)ied 1*t t6ere are
se7arate 7ro7erties t6ey 'anJt +et )rom 'o%
o0ned 7ro7erties.
D. So1re7e8a 41

suc! order s!all be recorded in t!e proper registries of
properties$
T!e recording of t!e ordering in t!e registries of propert#
s!all not pre"udice an# creditor not listed or not notified&
unless t!e debtor8spouse !as sufficient separate properties
to satisf# t!e creditorAs claim$
RI9"!S A#D OFLI9A!IO#S F!A# ">SFA#D A#D AIF
Art. %): T!e !usband and ife are obliged to
li%e toget!er& obser%e mutual lo%e& respect and
fidelit#& and render mutual !elp and support.
Reason$ So 'o*7les 0ont a1andon ea'6 ot6er
1ased on t6eir 06ims and 'a7ri'es
- Pro'reation is also an essential marital
o1li+ation.
- A 'o*rt 'annot 'om7el t6e s7o*ses to
li&e to+et6er- o1ser&e m*t*al lo&e-
res7e't and )idelity.
RAP$
.. Committed 1y a man a+ainst a 0oman 06o
s6all 6a&e 'arnal (no0led+e o) 6er t6ro*+6
)or'e- intimidation or t6reatK 06en s6e is
de7ri&ed o) reason or 'ons'io*sness-
ma'6inations or +ra&e a1*se o) a*t6ority.
2. &en i) none o) t6e 'ir'*mstan'es are
7resent i) 0oman is 1elo0 .2 or demented.
,. Any 7erson 06o inserts any )orei+n o1Ge't
into +enital or anal ori)i'e (ra7e 'an 1e
'ommitted a+ainst a man)
C. Any 7erson 06o inserts 7enis into oral or
anal ori)i'e.
@ Remedy i) ot6er s7o*se is not li&in+ 0it6 yo*$
see( relie) )rom 'o*rt so t6at yo* do not 6a&e
to +i&e 6im s*77ort.
A 6*s1and 'an 1e lia1le )or ra7in+ 6is
0i)e 6o0e&er t6e s*1se2*ent
)or+i&eness 1y t6e 0i)e to t6e o))ended
7arty s6all e?tin+*is6 t6e 'riminal
a'tion.
FFOR$ Matrimonial e?em7tion )rom ra7e
.. Man and 0oman 1e'ome . so man
'annot ra7e 6imsel)
2. Marria+e 'ontra't means 0i)e
'onsents to all and any se?*al
inter'o*rse 0it6 6*s1and.
RF>!$
.. Aoman 6as 'ertain ri+6ts and li1erties-
06i'6 se7arate 6er )rom t6e man.
2. A1sol*te 'onsent is not so*nd sin'e
marria+e itsel) is re&o'a1le.
Art. %+: T!e !usband and ife s!all fi( t!e
famil# domicile$ In case of disagreement& t!e
court s!all decide$
T!e court ma# e(empt one spouse from li%ing
it! t!e ot!er if t!e latter s!ould li%e abroad or
t!ere are ot!er %alid and compelling reasons
for t!e e(emption$ >oe%er& suc! e(emption
s!all not appl# if t!e same is not compatible
it! t!e solidarit# of t!e famil#$
- !6e domi'ile o) nat*ral 7ersons is t6e
7la'e o) t6eir 6a1it*al residen'e-
06ere 7arties intend to 6a&e t6eir
7ermanent residen'e.
- In 'ase o) disa+reement 1et0een t6e
6*s1and and t6e 0i)e t6e 'o*rt s6all
de'ide.
- !6e s7o*se not li&in+ in t6e domi'ile
m*st 7ro&e t6e intent o) 6*s1and is )or
D. So1re7e8a 42

solidarity o) )amily.
Art. (,: T!e spouses are "ointl# responsible
for t!e support of t!e famil#$ T!e e(penses for
suc! support and ot!er con"ugal obligations
s!all be paid from t!e communit# propert#
and& in t!e absence t!ereof& from t!e income
or fruits of t!eir separate properties$ In case of
insufficienc# or absence of said income or
fruits& suc! obligations s!all be satisfied from
t!e separate properties$
NP#SS FOR S>PPOR! A#D O!"R
CO#3>9AL OFLI9A!IO#S$
.. From t6e 'omm*nity 7ro7erty
2. In a1sen'e t6ereo) in'ome o) )r*its o)
t6e se7arate 7ro7erties
,. I) ins*))i'ient or a1sent )rom t6e
se7arate 7ro7erties t6emsel&es.
Art. (1: T!e management of t!e !ouse!old
s!all be t!e rig!t and t!e dut# of bot! spouses$
T!e e(penses for suc! management s!all be
paid in accordance it! t!e pro%isions of
Article 59$
Art. (2: <!en one of t!e spouses neglects !is
or !er duties to t!e con"ugal union or commits
acts !ic! tend to bring danger& dis!onor or
in"ur# to t!e ot!er or to t!e famil#& t!e
aggrie%ed part# ma# appl# to t!e court for
relief$
- S6all 1e t6e ri+6t and d*ty o) 1ot6
s7o*ses re+ardless o) 06at t6e
7ro7erty re+ime is.
- In t6e e&ent t6at one o) t6e s7o*ses
ne+le'ts 6is or 6er d*ties or 'ommits
a'ts t6at endan+er or dis6onor t6e
)amily 6e a++rie&ed 7arty may a77ly to
t6e 'o*rt )or relie).
FORMS OF RLIF$
.. Le+al se7aration
2. Psy'6olo+i'al in'a7a'ity
,. Petition )or re'ei&ers6i7 G*di'ial-
se7aration o) 7ro7erty to 1e'ome sole
administrator o) 7ro7erty.
Art. (!: Eit!er spouse ma# e(ercise an#
legitimate profession& occupation& business or
acti%it# it!out t!e consent of t!e ot!er$ T!e
latter ma# ob"ect onl# on %alid& serious& and
moral grounds$
In case of disagreement& t!e court s!all decide
!et!er or not:
*$ T!e ob"ection is proper? and
,$ @enefit !as occurred to t!e famil# prior to
t!e ob"ection or t!ereafter$ If t!e benefit
accrued prior to t!e ob"ection& t!e resulting
- Fased on 7res*m7tion- des7ite
o1Ge'tion (1e)ore or a)ter) it 0ill still +o
to )amily.
- VAAC$ I) 6*s1and 7re&ents yo* )rom
doin+ a ri+6t t6en 7*nis6a1le 1y la0.
- !6e o1Ge'tion m*st 1e all &alid-
serio*s- and on moral +ro*nds at t6e
same time.
- I) it is an isolated a'ti&ity;'ontra't;
0it6o*t 'onsent o) ot6er s7o*se- t6e
'onG*+al s7o*se 'anJt 1e lia1le
?'e7tions$ For t6e se7arate 7ro7erties to 1e
lia1le t6e ot6er s7o*se m*st 6a&e no
(no0led+e o) t6e immoral a'ti&ity and
t6ere)ore 'o*ld not +i&e an o1Ge'tion e&en i)
1ene)it a''r*es to t6e )amily.
?'e7tion lia1ility a+ainst se7arate 7ro7erty$ I)
t6e 'reditor did not (no0 o) t6e immoral a'ti&ity
or t6o*+6t it 0as to 1e *sed )or a le+itimate
1*siness- 'reditor 'an 'olle't )rom 'onG*+al
7ro7erties.
D. So1re7e8a 43

obligation s!all be enforced against t!e
separate propert# of t!e spouse !o !as not
obtained consent$
T!e foregoing pro%isions s!all not pre"udice
t!e rig!ts of creditors !o acted in good fait!$
9#RAL R>L$
.. O1li+ations in'*rred 1e)ore or a)ter t6e
marria+e 1*t redo*ndin+ to t6e 1ene)it
o) t6e )amily s6all 1e '6ar+ed to t6e
'onG*+al 7ro7erties
2. S7o*seJs Go1 redo*nds to t6e 1ene)it
o) t6e )amily t6*s o1li+ations 'an 1e
satis)ied )rom t6e 'onG*+al 7ro7erty.
,. I) t6e 1ene)it a''r*ed 7rior to t6e
o1Ge'tion- t6e res*ltin+ o1li+ation s6all
1e en)or'ed a+ainst t6e se7arate
7ro7erty o) t6e s7o*se 06o 6as not
o1tained 'onsent.
PROPR!D RLA!IO#S
Art5 6<: !6e 7ro7erty relations6i7 1et0een
6*s1and and 0i)e s6all 1e +o&erned in t6e
)ollo0in+ order$
.. Fy marria+e settlements e?e'*ted 1e)ore
t6e marria+eK
2. Fy t6e 7ro&isions o) t6is CodeK and
,. Fy t6e lo'al '*stom.
Marria+e Settlements$ m*st 1e in 0ritin+
si+ned 1y t6e 7arties- and made 7rior to t6e
'ele1ration o) t6e marria+e i) it is not in 0ritin+
it s6all 1e *nen)or'ea1le.
- I) t6ere is no marria+e settlement
a+reed *7on or i) t6e same is &oid-
t6en t6e a1sol*te 'omm*nity i)
7ro7erty 0ill 7re&ail.
FFC! OF MARRIA9 S!!LM#!$
.. Pro7erty in marria+e settlement is
re+istered did not redo*nd to )amily-
'reditor 'ant +et )rom 'o%o0ned
2. I) marria+e settlement is not
re+istered- 'an +et )rom 'o%o0ned
,. I) redo*nded to 1ene)it o) )amily 'an
+et )rom 'o%o0ned e&en i) not
re+istered.
@Marria+e settlement m*st 1e )air- t6ey m*st
e?er'ise +ood )ait6 in 'ontra'tin+ t6e marria+e
settlement. "o0e&er i) t6e a+reement is not
)air as lon+ as t6e disad&anta+ed s7o*se
FFC! OF #O MARRIA9 S!!LM#!$
.. I) t6e mort+a+e 0as re+istered t6en
t6e ne0 s7o*seJs 7ro7erty 0ill also 1e
lia1le.
2. I) t6e mort+a+e 0as not re+istered t6e
ne0 s7o*se 0ill not 1e lia1le 1*t t6e
mort+a+e 0ill 1e im7aired and t6e
de1tor s7o*se 0ill loose t6e ri+6t to
ma(e *se o) t6e 7eriod.
M*st +i&e ne0 se'*rities so as
not to loose t6e 7eriod.
@ I) t6e marria+e settlement does not
7arti'*lari:e any &alid 7ro7erty re+ime s*'6
7ro&ision is &oid and t6*s t6e a1sol*te
'omm*nity o) 7ro7erty s6all 7re&ail.
D. So1re7e8a 44

s6o0s t6at 6eIs6e *nderstood it t6en t6e
marria+e settlement s6all 1e maintained.
LOCAL C>S!OMS$ r*le o) 'ond*'t )ormed 1y
re7etition o) a'ts *ni)ormly o1ser&ed as a
so'ial r*le- le+ally 1indin+ and o1li+atory.
Art. (5: T!e future spouses ma#& in t!e
marriage settlements& agree upon t!e regime
of absolute communit#& con"ugal partners!ip of
gains& complete separation of propert#& or an#
ot!er regime$ In t!e absence of a marriage
settlement& or !en t!e regime agreed upon is
%oid& t!e s#stem of absolute communit# of
propert# as establis!ed in t!is -ode s!all
go%ern$
% I) a marria+e settlement is a1sent or 7ro7erty
re+ime a+reed *7on is &oid- A1sol*te
'omm*nity o) 7ro7erty 0ill +o&ern.
Article (%: Modifications in marriage
settlement must be made before t!e
celebration of t!e marriage$
Art5 66: !6e marria+e settlements and any
modi)i'ation t6ereo) s6all 1e in 0ritin+- si+ned
1y t6e 7arties and e?e'*ted 1e)ore t6e
'ele1ration o) t6e marria+e. !6ey s6all not
7reG*di'e t6ird 7ersons *nless t6ey are
re+istered in t6e lo'al 'i&il re+istry 06ere t6e
marria+e 'ontra't is re'orded as 0ell as in t6e
7ro7er re+istries o) 7ro7erties.
(Oral marria+e settlement is VOID)
Exception under Article >> and >6: Re&i&al
or ado7tion o) ne0 7ro7erty re+ime 06en t6ose
le+ally se7arated 6a&e re'on'iled.
Exception under Article 328: in 'ase o)
a1andonment o) a s7o*se ot6er s7o*se 'an
7etition )or re'ei&ers6i7 or administration o)
7ro7erties or G*di'ial de'ree o) se7aration o)
7ro7erties
Exception under Article 39:: F*rt6er +ro*nds
)or G*di'ial se7aration o) 7ro7erty
Exception under Article 39>: &ol*ntary and
&eri)ied 7etition in 'o*rt o) 1ot6 s7o*ses to
modi)y re+ime into se7arate 'omm*nity o)
7ro7erty re+ime.
Art. (): A minor !o according to la ma#
contract marriage ma# also e(ecute !is or !er
marriage settlements& but t!e# s!all be %alid
onl# if t!e persons designated in Article *4 to
gi%e consent to t!e marriage are made parties
to t!e agreement& sub"ect to t!e pro%isions of
Title IC of t!is -ode$
- #o0 a minor or a 7erson 1elo0 .4 years old
'annot 'ontra't to a marria+e. An .4%year%old
7erson de'idin+ to +et married 'an e?e'*te a
marria+e settlement 0it6o*t o1tainin+ 'onsent.
Art. (+: For t!e %alidit# of an# marriage
settlement e(ecuted b# a person upon !om a
- It is mandatory t6at a 7erson 0it6 'i&il
interdi'tion m*st 6a&e a +*ardian a77ointed 1y
D. So1re7e8a 45

sentence of ci%il interdiction !as been
pronounced or !o is sub"ect to an# ot!er
disabilit#& it s!all be indispensable for t!e
guardian appointed b# a competent court to be
made a part# t!ereto$
t6e 'o*rt to 1e in&ol&ed in ma(in+ t6e marria+e
settlement
CIVIL I#!RDIC!IO#$ de7ri&es t6e o))ender
d*rin+ t6e senten'e- ri+6ts in marria+e-
7arental ri+6ts- and administration o) 7ro7erty.
Art. ),: In t!e absence of a contrar#
stipulation in a marriage settlement& t!e
propert# relations of t!e spouses s!all be
go%erned b# ;!ilippine las& regardless of t!e
place of t!e celebration of t!e marriage and
t!eir residence
T!is rule s!all not appl#:
*$ <!ere bot! spouses are aliens?
,$ <it! respect to t!e e(trinsic %alidit# of
contracts affecting propert# not situated in t!e
;!ilippines and e(ecuted in t!e countr# !ere
t!e propert# is located? and
/$<it! respect to t!e e(trinsic %alidit# of
contracts entered into in t!e ;!ilippines but
affecting propert# situated in a foreign countr#
!ose las re'uire different formalities for its
e(trinsic %alidit#$
?trinsi' &alidity$ !6e )orm o) t6e 'ontra't 6as
to )ollo0 06ate&er is t6e la0 in t6e 'o*ntry )or
'6an+es to 1e made ('6an+e title et'.)
Art. )1: E%er#t!ing stipulated in t!e
settlements or contracts referred to in t!e
preceding articles in consideration of a future
marriage& including donations beteen t!e
prospecti%e spouses made t!erein& s!all be
rendered %oid if t!e marriage does not ta0e
place$ >oe%er& stipulations t!at do not
depend upon t!e celebration of t!e marriages
s!all be %alid.
- !6e reason )or t6e marria+e settlement is t6e
marria+e itsel) t6*s i) it does not ta(e 7la'e t6e
marria+e settlement s6all not 1e &alid.
- !6e 7ro&isions in a marria+e settlement are
se7ara1le t6*s i) t6ere are 7ro&isions 06i'6
are in&alid t6en only t6e in&alid 7ro&isions 0ill
1e ine))e't*al 06ile t6e rest 0ill 1e en)or'ed.
A Donations in marria+e settlements are
re&o(ed 1y o7eration o) la0.
VOID MARRIA9 S!!LM#!S
AR!ICL 5E !6ose not 0ritten- si+ned and made 1e)ore t6e
'ele1ration
Arti'le 5E !6ose t6at sti7*late t6at neit6er lo'al '*stom
nor a1sol*te 'omm*nity o) 7ro7erty 0ill +o&ern
0it6o*t sti7*latin+ any ot6er (ind o) 7ro7erty
D. So1re7e8a 46

re+ime.
Arti'le 40 !6ose made 1y a 7erson *7on 06o a senten'e
o) 'i&il interdi'tion is +i&en
Exception: *nless a +*ardian a77ointed made
1y a 'om7etent 'o*rt is made 7arty t6ereto
Arti'le 4. !6ose sti7*lated in marria+e settlement or
'ontra'ts made in 'onsideration o) marria+e
(donations) 0ill 1e &oid i) marria+e does not
ta(e 7la'e
Exception: sti7*lations t6at donJt de7end on
t6e 'ele1ration o) t6e marria+e s6all remain
&alid.
))e'ts on 'reditors
Marria+e settlements % Only needs to 1e re+istered in order to 1ind t6ird
7arties. I) re+istered t6ird 7arties 'annot +o a)ter 'onG*+al
7ro7erty
Exception to third party rule: I) inde1tedness
1ene)ited to t6e )amily t6en 'an +o a)ter 'omm*nity
o) 7ro7erty.
#o marria+e settlements$
A1sol*te 'omm*nity o)
7ro7erty.
I) t6ere is no marria+e settlement$
.. I) 7ro7erty is re+istered t6en s7o*se is 1o*nd 1y
mort+a+e
2. I) 7ro7erty is not re+istered t6en 7ro7erty is
im7aired and t6e de1tor looses 7eriod o) loan.
Exception to impairment of property: i) de1tor
immediately +i&es ne0 7ro7erty e2*ally satis)a'tory
or +et 'onsent o) N to t6e se'*rity or 'ollateral
already esta1lis6ed- t6en 6e does not loose 7eriod
o) loan.
DO#A!IO#S
Art5 82$ Bonations b# reason of marriage are
t!ose& !ic! are made before its celebration& in
consideration of t!e same& and in fa%or of one
or bot! of t!e future spouses$
Art. )!: T!ese donations are go%erned b# t!e
rules on ordinar# donations establis!ed in Title
III of @oo0 III of t!e -i%il -ode& insofar as t!e#
are not modified b# t!e folloing articles$
Art. )$: If t!e future spouses agree upon a
regime ot!er t!an t!e absolute communit# of
propert#& t!e# cannot donate to eac! ot!er in
t!eir marriage settlements more t!an one8fift! of
t!eir present propert#$ An# e(cess s!all be
considered %oid$
Bonations of future propert# s!all be go%erned
b# t!e pro%isions on testamentar# succession
and t!e formalities of ills$
DO#A!IO#S PROP!R #>P!IAS$
.. Donations are to 1e made 7rior to t6e 'ele1ration o)
marria+e
2. M*st 1e made in )a&or o) . or 1ot6 o) t6e s7o*ses.
Can 1e made 1y a t6ird 7arty in t6e settlement.
Donation bet!een spouses:
.. A &alid marria+e settlement m*st sti7*late
anot6er re+ime t6an A1sol*te Comm*nity o)
Pro7erty (ACP)
2. Donation 'annot 1e more t6an .I/ o) t6e
7resent 7ro7erty o) t6e donee s7o*se.
,. M*st 1e a''e7ted and 'om7ly 0it6 ot6er.
?'e7tion$ .I/ r*le 0ill not a77ly i) donation is in a
se7arate deed- 7ro&ided 6e 6as eno*+6 to s*77ort
6imsel) and t6ose relyin+ on 6im.
Pro'ed*re%%Mo&a1le$
.. A''e7ted 7ersonally or
re7resentati&e
2. Made in li)etime o) donor and
donee
,. Can 1e orally +i&en as lon+ as
0it6 sim*ltaneo*s deli&ery or
do'*ment re7resentin+ ri+6t o)
donated (i) a1o&e /000 t6en m*st
1e in 0ritin+)
Pro'ed*re%%Immo&a1le$
..m*st 1e in 7*1li' do'*ment
2. A''e7tan'e made in t6at
do'*ment or se7arate
,. M*st 1e made in li)etime o)
donor.
DO#A!IO#S NCL>DD$
.. Made in )a&or o) t6e
D. So1re7e8a 47

s7o*ses a)ter t6e
'ele1ration o) t6e marria+e
2. ?e'*ted in )a&or o) t6e
)*t*re s7o*ses 1*t not in
'onsideration o) marria+e
,. 9ranted to 7ersons ot6er
t6an t6e s7o*ses e&en
t6o*+6 t6ey may 1e
)o*nded on t6e marria+e.
Article )5: Bonations b# reason of marriage of
propert# sub"ect to encumbrances s!all be %alid$
In case of foreclosure of t!e encumbrance and
t!e propert# is sold for less t!an t!e total
amount of t!e obligation secured& t!e donee
s!all not be liable for t!e deficienc#$ If t!e
propert# is sold for more t!an t!e total amount
of said obligation& t!e donee s!all be entitled to
t!e e(cess$
#C>MFRA#C$ Anyt6in+ t6at im7airs t6e *se or
trans)er o) 7ro7erty (1*rdened)
% I) t6e o1Ge't o) t6e donation is en'*m1ered it is still
&alid 1*t t6e doneeJs ri+6ts is still s*1Ge't to t6e
en'*m1ran'e.
I# CAS OF #C>MFRA#C OF PROPR!D$
.. Donee 0ont 1e lia1le )or ins*))i'ien'y o) 7ro7erty to
'reditor. !6e donor 0ill still 1e lia1le )or t6at.
2. Donee 'an (ee7 e?'ess i) 7ro7erty more t6an
satis)ies t6e de1t.
,. Donee 'annot as( )or reim1*rsement )rom donor i)
mort+a+e is )ore'losed.
% F*t 0ont 1e lia1le )or de)i'ien'y- and +ets t6e e?'ess i)
sold )or more t6an amo*nt.
Art. )%: A donation b# reason of marriage ma#
be re%o0ed b# t!e donor in t!e folloing cases:
*$ If t!e marriage is not celebrated or "udiciall#
declared %oid ab initio e(cept donations made in
t!e marriage settlements& !ic! s!all be
go%erned b# Article 6*?
,$ <!en t!e marriage ta0es place it!out t!e
consent of t!e parents or guardian& as re'uired
b# la?
/$ <!en t!e marriage is annulled& and t!e
donee acted in bad fait!?
4$ Upon legal separation& t!e donee being t!e
guilt# spouse?
1$ If it is it! a resolutor# condition and t!e
.. Marria+e is not 'ele1rated or is &oid a1 initio
(in'l*din+ art. /2%/,)
Prescription:
- Marria+e is &oid$ / years )rom 3*di'ial
De'laration o) #*llity (i) doesnJt 0ant to +i&e it
1a'(- 7res'ri1e a)ter 4 years )or mo&a1le- ,0
years )or immo&a1le)
- Marria+e not 'ele1rated$ / years )rom 06en it
0as not 'ele1rated
Exception$ I) t6e donation is in t6e
marria+e settlement it 0ill 1e
re&o(ed 1y o7eration o) la0.
Exception: I) t6e marria+e is &oid
d*e to Arti'le C0- or Arti'le CC- t6en
a*tomati'ally re&o(ed
2. Marria+e ta(es 7la'e 0it6o*t 'onsent o) 7arents
Prescription:
% / years )rom t6e time 6e 6ad (no0led+e t6at 'onsent
0as not o1tained- a)ter t6e marria+e.
,. >7on le+al se7aration 06en donee is t6e +*ilty Exception: i) t6e +ro*nd )or le+al
D. So1re7e8a 48

condition is complied it!?
=$ <!en t!e donee !as committed an act of
ingratitude as specified b# t!e pro%isions of t!e
-i%il -ode on donations in general$
s7o*se
Prescription:
- / years )rom )inality o) de'ree.
se7aration is in)idelity in t6e )orm o)
ad*ltery or 'on'*1ina+e it 0ill 1e
a*tomati'ally &oid.
C. A6en t6ere is a resol*tory 'a*se and t6e
'ondition 6as 1een 'om7lied 0it6
Prescription:
/ years )rom t6e 6a77enin+ o) t6e resol*tory 'ondition.
Exception: 1et0een 6*s1and and
0i)e 7res'ri7tion does not r*n.
E. A'ts o) in+ratit*de$
% Donee 'ommits an o))ense a+ainst t6e 7erson or
7ro7erty o) t6e donor- 6is 0i)e- or '6ildren
% Donee im7*tes to t6e donor any 'riminal o))ense
in&ol&in+ moral t*r7it*de *nless it a+ainst t6e donee
% Donee *nd*ly re)*ses to s*77ort donor 06en 6e is
le+ally or morally 1o*nd to +i&e s*77ort.
Prescription:
% . year )rom t6e time t6e donor 6ad (no0led+e o) t6e
)a't o) in+ratit*de
Art. )(: E%er# donation or grant of gratuitous
ad%antage& direct or indirect& beteen t!e
spouses during t!e marriage s!all be %oid&
e(cept moderate gifts !ic! t!e spouses ma#
gi%e eac! ot!er on t!e occasion of an# famil#
re"oicing$ T!e pro!ibition s!all also appl# to
persons li%ing toget!er as !usband and ife
it!out a %alid marriage$
- A6at 'onstit*tes a moderate +i)t de7ends on
t6e )inan'ial 'a7a'ity o) t6e donor.
- >nder t6e last senten'e o) Art. 45it m*st 1e
s6o0n t6at t6e donation 0as made at a time
06en t6ey 0ere still li&in+ to+et6er as 6*s1and
and 0i)e 0it6o*t t6e 1ene)it o) marria+e.
- Validity o) donation or trans)er 'annot 1e
'6allen+ed 1y anyone *nless t6ose t6at 0ill 1e
a))e'ted 1y t6e donation.
RSRVA !RO#CAL$ t6e as'endant 06o in6erits )rom
6is des'endant any 7ro7erty 06i'6 t6e later may 6a&e
a'2*ired 1y +rat*ito*s title )rom anot6er as'endant or
si1lin+ is o1li+ed to reser&e s*'6 7ro7erty )or t6e 1ene)it
o) relati&es 0it6in t6e ,
rd
de+ree and 06o 1elon+ to t6e
same line.
?. " is married to A and 6as a son S. " 6as a 1rot6er
F. " dies and donates to S 6is 7ro7erty. A)ter 06i'6- S
dies 0it6o*t any 6eirs and t6*s t6e 7ro7erty +oes to A.
I) A dies t6e 7ro7erty does not +o to 6er 6eir 1*t to F so
t6at t6e 7ro7erty stays in t6e same line o) t6e ori+inal
4oid Donations: ('onsidered
indire't donations to t6e s7o*se)
.. !o a ste7'6ild 06o 6as no
'om7*lsory or le+al 6eirs
2. !o a 'ommon '6ild 06o 6as
o 'om7*lsory or le+al 6eirs
,. !o t6e 7arents o) t6e ot6er
s7o*se
C. !o t6e ot6er so*seJs
ado7ted '6ild
/. !o 'ommon ado7ted '6ild
06o 6as no ot6er
'om7*lsory and or le+al
6eirs.
D. So1re7e8a 49

o0ner (on'e o0ed 1y ") and is 0it6in t6e t6ird de+ree o)
S.
Property &e#ime Bhat included Bhat excluded ,otes Char#es i$uidation process
Absolute
community of
property
Art. ))$ T!e
absolute
communit# of
propert# beteen
spouses s!all
commence at t!e
precise moment
t!at t!e marriage is
celebrated$ An#
stipulation& e(press
or implied& for t!e
commencement of
t!e communit#
regime at an# ot!er
time s!all be %oid
(De)a*lt re+ime i)
not6in+ sti7*late B
e?'e7tion$
s*1se2*ent
marria+e a)ter
deat6 0ill
a*tomati'ally 1e
CSP i) t6ere 0as
no 7ro7er
li2*idation o) t6e
7ro7erties o) t6e
7re&io*s marria+e)
All 7ro7erties
o0ned 1e)ore and
a)ter.
Art. +1: Unless
ot!erise pro%ided
in t!is -!apter or in
t!e marriage
settlements& t!e
communit#
propert# s!all
consist of all t!e
propert# oned b#
t!e spouses at t!e
time of t!e
celebration of t!e
marriage or
ac'uired t!ereafter$
Art. +!: ;ropert#
ac'uired during t!e
marriage is
presumed to
belong to t!e
communit#& unless
it is pro%ed t!at it is
one of t!ose
e(cluded
t!erefrom$
Article C2:
..7ro&ided in marria+e
settlement
2. Personal and e?'l*si&e
*se o) eit6er s7o*se
(e?'e7t Ge0elry)
% "o0e&er i) e?'l*si&e
7ro7erty is *sed to
7*r'6ase somet6in+ else
s*'6 7ro7erty 1e'omes
7art o) ACP
..Pro7erty a'2*ired 1y
+rat*ito*s title in'l*din+
t6e )r*its and in'ome
>#LSS t6e +*arantor
e?7ressly said t6ey 0ill
)orm 7art o) ACP
% M*st 1e a &alid donation
('ant 1e donation made
1y one s7o*se to
anot6er)
2.Pro7erty a'2*ired 1y
eit6er s7o*se 06o 6as
le#itimate descendants
and t6e )r*its o) t6at
7ro7erty
@Ainnin+s )rom +am1lin+
(losses 1orne 1y looser)
Art5 8C$ )o ai%er of rig!ts&
s!ares and effects of t!e
absolute communit# of
propert# during t!e
marriage can be made
e(cept in case of "udicial
separation of propert#$
<!en t!e ai%er ta0es
place upon a "udicial
separation of propert#& or
after t!e marriage !as been
dissol%ed or annulled& t!e
same s!all appear in a
public instrument and s!all
be recorded as pro%ided in
Article 55$ T!e creditors of
t!e spouse !o made suc!
ai%er ma# petition t!e
court to rescind t!e ai%er
to t!e e(tent of t!e amount
sufficient to co%er t!e
amount of t!eir credits$
@ #o 0ai&er o) ri+6ts-
interests- s6ares- and
e))e'ts 0it6o*t G*di'ial
se7aration or dissol*tion or
ann*lment o) marria+e B
s6all a77ear in a 7*1li'
instr*ment ('reditors may
res'ind 0ai&er *7 to e?tent
o) t6e de1t)
Article C<$
35 S*77ort (s7o*ses-
'ommon P le+itimate
'6ildren)
% &en 1eyond a+e o)
maGority
25 De1ts P o1li+ations
made 1y 1ot6-
administrator- or 0it6
'onsent o) ot6er s7o*se
(e&en i) did not redo*nd)
95 D P O 0it6o*t 'onsent
1*t redo*nded.
<5 ?7enses )or
'omm*nity 7ro7erty
(ta?es- liens- '6ar+es)
:. !a?es P e?7enses )or
7reser&ation d*rin+
marria+e o) se7arate
7ro7erty used 1y )amily
>. ?7enses )or sel)%
im7ro&ement or
7ro)ession.
6. Anten*7tial de1ts
redo*ndin+ to )amily
85 Donation made 1y both
s7o*ses )or '6ildren to
7*rs*e &o'ation or sel)%
im7ro&ement
C. For ille+itimate '6ildren-
)ines )or 'rimesI2*asi
deli't in 'ase o)
'ermination:
Art. +(: Eit!er
spouse ma# dispose
b# ill of !is or !er
interest in t!e
communit# propert#$
Art. +): )eit!er
spouse ma# donate
an# communit#
propert# it!out t!e
consent of t!e ot!er$
>oe%er& eit!er
spouse ma#& it!out
t!e consent of t!e
ot!er& ma0e
moderate donations
from t!e communit#
propert# for c!arit# or
on occasions of
famil# re"oicing or
famil# distress
Article CC:
.. Deat6
% Same 7ro'eedin+
as settlement o)
estate.
S7o*se s6all li2*idate
7ro7erty i) no G*di'ial
settlement
7ro'eedin+ 0it6in .
year. A)ter . year
D. So1re7e8a 50

Art. +,: T!e
pro%isions on co8
oners!ip s!all
appl# to t!e
absolute
communit# of
propert# beteen
t!e spouses in all
matters not
pro%ided for in t!is
-!apter$
Art. +%: T!e administration
and en"o#ment of t!e
communit# propert# s!all
belong to bot! spouses
"ointl#$ In case of
disagreement& t!e
!usbandAs decision s!all
pre%ail& sub"ect to recourse
to t!e court b# t!e ife for
proper remed#& !ic! must
be a%ailed of it!in fi%e
#ears from t!e date of t!e
contract implementing suc!
decision$
In t!e e%ent t!at one
spouse is incapacitated or
ot!erise unable to
participate in t!e
administration of t!e
common properties& t!e
ot!er spouse ma# assume
sole poers of
administration$ T!ese
poers do not include
disposition or encumbrance
it!out aut!orit# of t!e
court or t!e ritten consent
of t!e ot!er spouse$ In t!e
absence of suc! aut!orit#
or consent& t!e disposition
or encumbrance s!all be
%oid$ >oe%er& t!e
transaction s!all be
construed as a continuing
offer on t!e part of t!e
consenting spouse and t!e
insufficiency. (Ad&an'es)
3D. ?7enses )or liti+ation
@ Solidary lia1ility does not
in'l*de ante%n*7tial de1ts
not redo*ndin+- s*77ort o)
ille+itimate- lia1ilities t6r*
'rimeIdeli't.
Art. +5: <!ate%er ma# be
lost during t!e marriage in
an# game of c!ance&
betting& seepsta0es& or
an# ot!er 0ind of
gambling& !et!er
permitted or pro!ibited b#
la& s!all be borne b# t!e
loser and s!all not be
c!arged to t!e communit#
but an# innings
t!erefrom s!all form part
of t!e communit# propert#$
'annot may
en'*m1ran'e on
7ro7erty.
2. Le+al se7aration
C. Ann*lled or &oid
(+o&erned 1y art. .C5
P .C4 e?'e7t i) &oid
*nder Arti'le C0)
/. 3*di'ial se7aration
o) 7ro7erty
E. Rea77earan'e o) a
s7o*se 7res*med
dead.
Procedure:
Article 3D2:
.. In&entory (se7arate
and 'omm*nity)
2. DPO o) ACP s6all
1e 7aid o*t- in 'ase
o) ins*))i'ien'y
solidarily lia1le 0it6
se7arate 7ro7erty.
,. ?'l*si&e 7ro7
deli&ered.
C. #et remainder o)
ACP di&ided e2*ally
*nless di))erent
7ro7ortion in
settlement or 0ai&er.
/. Deli&ery o)
7res*m7ti&e
le+itimates
E. ConG*+al d0ellin+
0it6 s7o*se 0it6
most '6ildren
D. So1re7e8a 51

t!ird person& and ma# be
perfected as a binding
contract upon t!e
acceptance b# t!e ot!er
spouse or aut!ori.ation b#
t!e court before t!e offer is
it!dran b# eit!er or bot!
offerors.
@ S7o*ses administer and
enGoy 7ro7erty Gointly.
"*s1and de'ision 7re&ails
s*1Ge't to re'o*rse o) 0i)e
0it6in / years )rom date o)
'ontra't im7lementin+
de'ision. F>! i) 0i)e rati)ies
'ontra't e?7ress or im7lied
'ant ann*l anymore.
% I) dis7osition is made
0it6o*t (no0led+e or
'onsent o) ot6er 7erson no
7res'ri7tion.
ACP SE;ARATIO) I) FA-T:
Art. 1,,: T!e separation in fact beteen
!usband and ife s!all not affect t!e regime of
absolute communit# e(cept t!at:
*$T!e spouse !o lea%es t!e con"ugal !ome or
refuses to li%e t!erein& it!out "ust cause& s!all
not !a%e t!e rig!t to be supported?
,$<!en t!e consent of one spouse to an#
transaction of t!e ot!er is re'uired b# la&
"udicial aut!ori.ation s!all be obtained in a
summar# proceeding?
/$ In t!e absence of sufficient communit#
propert#& t!e separate propert# of bot! spouses
s!all be solidaril# liable for t!e support of t!e
famil#$ T!e spouse present s!all& upon proper
- A1andonment is di))erent )rom se7aration in )a't.
A1andonment 6as to do 0it6 total a1di'ation o) all marital
and 7arental a*t6ority.
% I) t6e s7o*se le)t 0it6 a &alid 'a*se 6e or s6e 'an still
1e s*77orted )rom t6e ACP.
% !6e ACP 'an still 1e lia1le )or o1li+ations in'*rred 1y
t6e se7aratin+ s7o*se t6at may redo*nd to t6e 1ene)it o)
t6e )amily.
% &en t6e +*ilty s7o*se 'an 'om7el t6e sale o) 7ro7erty-
06i'6 0ill redo*nd to t6e 1ene)it o) t6e )amily.
% Only t6e 7resent s7o*se is +i&en standin+ 1y t6e la0 to
)ile a 7etition to en'*m1er or administer t6e 7ro7erty o)
t6e ot6er s7o*se.
D. So1re7e8a 52

petition in a summar# proceeding& be gi%en
"udicial aut!orit# to administer or encumber an#
specific separate propert# of t!e ot!er spouse
and use t!e fruits or proceeds t!ereof to satisf#
t!e latterAs s!are$
ACP Art. 1,1: If a spouse it!out "ust cause
abandons t!e ot!er or fails to compl# it! !is or
!er obligations to t!e famil#& t!e aggrie%ed
spouse ma# petition t!e court for recei%ers!ip&
for "udicial separation of propert# or for aut!orit#
to be t!e sole administrator of t!e absolute
communit#& sub"ect to suc! precautionar#
conditions as t!e court ma# impose$
T!e obligations to t!e famil# mentioned in t!e
preceding paragrap! refer to marital& parental or
propert# relations$
A spouse is deemed to !a%e abandoned t!e
ot!er !en !er or s!e !as left t!e con"ugal
delling it!out intention of returning$ T!e
spouse !o !as left t!e con"ugal delling for a
period of t!ree mont!s or !as failed it!in t!e
same period to gi%e an# information as to !is or
!er !ereabouts s!all be prima facie presumed
to !a%e no intention of returning to t!e con"ugal
delling$
A.A,DO,*E,': Im7lies a de7art*re 1y one s7o*se
0it6 t6e a&o0ed intent ne&er to ret*rn- )ollo0ed 1y
7rolon+ed a1sen'e 0it6o*t G*st 'a*se.
% S6o*ld not only 1e 76ysi'al 1*t also )inan'ial and moral
desertion.
ConEu#al
Partnership of
%ains:
Art5 3D:: In case
t!e future spouses
agree in t!e
marriage
settlements t!at t!e
regime of con"ugal
partners!ip gains
Article 3D>:
% Pro'eeds- 7rod*'ts-
)r*its and in'ome
)rom t6eir se7arate
7ro7erties
% !6ose a'2*ired 1y
t6eir e))orts or '6an'e
% In'ome and )r*its 1y
+rat*ito*s title (di))
)rom ACP)
Article 3DC:
.. Fro*+6t into t6e
marria+e as 6is or 6er
o0n
2. A'2*ired 1y
+rat*ito*s title
% Fy 0ay o) s*''ession
% "onorari*m (+i&en in
a77re'iation )or
ser&i'es rendered)
Art5 3D6$ T!e rules
pro%ided in Articles 66 and
6: s!all also appl# to
con"ugal partners!ip of
gains$
Art. 1,): T!e con"ugal
partners!ip s!all be
go%erned b# t!e rules on
t!e contract of partners!ip
Article 323:
..s*77ort o) s7o*se
'ommon and le+itimate
'6ildren
2.DPO 1y admin- 1ot6 or
eit6er s7o*se 0it6 'onsent
o) ot6er.
,.DPO 0it6o*t 'onsent o)
ot6er 1*t redo*ndin+.
C.e?7enses )or 'onG*+al 7ro7
'ermination:
Article 32>:
..Deat6
2.Le+al Se7aration
,. Ann*lled or
de'lared &oid.
C.3*di'ial Se7aration
Arti'le .25 and .24$
%Pro&isions on
D. So1re7e8a 53

s!all go%ern t!eir
propert# relations
during marriage&
t!e pro%isions in
t!is -!apter s!all
be of
supplementar#
application$
T!e pro%isions of
t!is -!apter s!all
also appl# to
con"ugal
partners!ips of
gains alread#
establis!ed
beteen spouses
before t!e
effecti%it# of t!is
-ode& it!out
pre"udice to %ested
rig!ts alread#
ac'uired in
accordance it!
t!e -i%il -ode or
ot!er las& as
pro%ided in Article
,1=$
Pres*m7tion is t6at
all 7ro7erty
a'2*ired d*rin+
marria+e e&en i) in
t6e name o) one
s7o*se is 'onG*+al
*nless ot6er0ise
7ro&ided.
% Ann*ity$ retirement
on an ann*ity
(re'ei&ed as a matter
o) ri+6t)
%Pension$ serio*s
7re&io*sly rendered
)or 06i'6 )*ll and
ade2*ate
'om7ensation 0as
not re'ei&ed at t6e
time.
Article 336:
.. A'2*ired 1y
onero*s title *sin+
'ommon )*nds.
2. O1tained 1y la1or
or ind*stry or 0or(
,. Fr*its- nat*ral-
ind*strial- or 'i&il d*e
re'ei&ed d*rin+
marria+e )rom
'ommon 7ro7
% ,et )r*its o)
e?'l*si&e 7ro7erty
F>! 7ersonal
dama+es are not
'onG*+al.
C. S6are in 6idden
treas*re
/. Fis6in+ and
6*ntin+
E. ?'ess li&esto'(
(t6ose 1ro*+6t in to
t6e marria+e 1y one
0ill reim1*rsed
5. A'2*ired 1y
'6an'e
,. A'2*ired 1y ri+6t o)
redem7tion- 1arter-
e?'6an+e
% &en i) money *sed
to redeem is 'onG*+al
(reim1*rsement)
C. Fo*+6t 0it6
e?'l*si&e money o)
eit6er s7o*se.
@Onero*s donations
@Desi+nated s6are in
donation
@9rat*ity (amo*nt
+i&en 1y +o1Js )or
7re&io*s 0or()

Art. 11,: T!e spouses
retain t!e oners!ip&
possession&
administration and
en"o#ment of t!eir
e(clusi%e properties$
Eit!er spouse ma#&
during t!e marriage&
transfer t!e
administration of !is or
!er e(clusi%e propert#
to t!e ot!er b# means
of a public instrument&
!ic! s!all be
recorded in t!e
registr# of propert# of
t!e place t!e propert#
is located.
in all t!at is not in conflict
it! !at is e(pressl#
determined in t!is -!apter
or b# t!e spouses in t!eir
marriage settlements$
Pro6i1ition on 0ai&er.
@Pro7erties 1ro*+6t into
t6e marria+e 1y t6e
'ontra'tin+ 7arties 1elon+
to ea'6 o) t6em
e?'l*si&ely.
% it6er s7o*se 'an
trans)er admin o) 7ro7 to
ot6er s7o*se t6r* 7*1li'
instr*ment.
Art. 11): ;ropert# boug!t
on installments paid partl#
from e(clusi%e funds of
eit!er or bot! spouses and
partl# from con"ugal funds
belongs to t!e bu#er or
bu#ers if full oners!ip
as %ested before t!e
marriage and to t!e
con"ugal partners!ip if
suc! oners!ip as
%ested during t!e
marriage$ In eit!er case&
an# amount ad%anced b#
t!e partners!ip or b#
eit!er or bot! spouses
s!all be reimbursed b# t!e
oner or oners upon
li'uidation of t!e
partners!ip$
(ta?es- liens)
/.ta?es and e?7enses )or
preservation o) se7arate
7ro7erty (no need )or *se)
E.e?7enses )or s7o*se )or
7ro)ession or sel)%
im7ro&ement.
5.Anten*7tial de1ts
redo*ndin+ to )amily.
4.donation o) 1ot6 )or
'6ildren )or 7ro)ession or
sel)%im7ro&ement.
9.e?7enses o) liti+ation
1et0een s7o*ses
,ot to be paid by cp#:
Article 322:
%Payment o) 7ersonal de1ts
'ontra'ted 1y t6e 6*s1and
or 0i)e 1e)ore or d*rin+ t6e
marria+e *nless t6ey
redo*nded to t6e 1ene)it o)
t6e )amily.
"o0e&er- )ines and
indemnities im7osed s*77ort
o) ille+itimate '6ildren 'an
1e 7aid 1y t6e assets
AF!R t6e 7ayment o)
o1li+ations 7ro&ided in Art.
.2.. F*t at t6e time o)
li2*idation t6e s7o*se 06o
*sed s*'6 )*nds 0ill 1e
'6ar+ed.
If char#es are paid; and no
property or insufficient
CP% pays:
%Fines- de1ts before t6e
marria+e
se7aration in )a't and
a1andonment 6as t6e
same a77li'ation as
in ACP arti'le .00
and .0..
Procedure:
Article 32C:
..In&entory o)
se7arate and
'onG*+al 7ro7
2.Payment o)
ad&an'es
,.Reim1*rsement to
t6e s7o*ses.
C.DPO 7aid o*t 1y
CP9- ins*))i'ien'y
solidarily lia1le.
/.e?'l*si&e 7ro7
deli&ered
E.loss or deterioration
o) mo&a1les 7aid
)rom CP9
5.#et remainder to 1e
di&ided (*nless MS
or 0ai&er)
4.Deli&ery o)
7res*m7ti&e le+itimes
9.ConG*+al d0ellin+
Arti'le .,0$ in 'ase o)
deat6 t6e li2*idation
7ro'eedin+ 0ill 1e in
t6e same 7ro'eedin+
as t6e settlement o)
t6e estate o) t6e
de'eased. (Same
a77li'ation as in ACP
D. So1re7e8a 54

Property bou#ht before
but title re#istered after
marria#e: still 'onsidered
e?'l*si&e 7ro7erty e&en i)
s7o*se is made 'o%o0ner
in title ('onsidered a tr*st)
Separate property plus
conEu#al funds to buy a
ne! property: ne0
7ro7erty 0ill 1e 'onsidered
'onG*+al.
Property bou#ht on
installment partly from
exclusive and partly
from conEu#al: 06en title
0as &ested 0ill +o&ern-
t6en reim1*rse (Art. ..9)
Principal payments and
interest paid to a spouse
durin# marria#e: 7rin'i7al
amt is e?'l*si&e 06ile
interest is 'onG*+al.
%S*77ort o) ille+itimate
@S*1Ge't to reim1*rsement
(ACP no need to 7ay o*t all
'6ar+es )irst)
Article 32D
35I) im7ro&ement made 1y
'7 is more t6an &al*e o) t6e
7ro7erty- entire 7ro7erty 0ill
1e 'onG*+al Breim1*rse
s7o*se.
25 I) amo*nt is not more t6an
it 0ill still 1e se7arate
7ro7erty s*1Ge't to
reim1*rsement to CP9.
(O0ners6i7 0ill &est *7on
reim1*rsement)
Art5 329$ <!ate%er ma# be
lost during t!e marriage in
an# game of c!ance or in
betting& seepsta0es& or an#
ot!er 0ind of gambling
!et!er permitted or
pro!ibited b# la& s!all be
borne b# t!e loser and s!all
not be c!arged to t!e
con"ugal partners!ip but an#
innings t!erefrom s!all
form part of t!e con"ugal
partners!ip propert#$
arti'le .0,)
Art5 399: From t!e
common mass of
propert# support s!all
be gi%en to t!e
sur%i%ing spouse and
to t!e c!ildren during
t!e li'uidation of t!e
in%entoried propert#
and until !at
belongs to t!em is
deli%ered? but from
t!is s!all be deducted
t!at amount recei%ed
for support !ic!
e(ceeds t!e fruits or
rents pertaining to
t!em$
CP% Art. 11,: T!e spouses retain t!e oners!ip&
possession& administration and en"o#ment of
t!eir e(clusi%e properties$
Eit!er spouse ma#& during t!e marriage&
transfer t!e administration of !is or !er
- a'6 s7o*se is to retain o0ners6i7-
administration- 7ossession and enGoyment o)
t6eir e?'l*si&e 7ro7erties.
- Administration in'l*des enterin+ into 'ontra'ts-
en+a+in+ in liti+ation- and 'olle'tion o) )r*its-
7ro)its and in'ome arisin+ )rom se7arate
D. So1re7e8a 55

e(clusi%e propert# to t!e ot!er b# means of a
public instrument& !ic! s!all be recorded in
t!e registr# of propert# of t!e place t!e propert#
is located$
7ro7erty.
- !6e o0ner s7o*se 'an trans)er administration o)
t6e 7ro7erty not only to t6e ot6er s7o*se 1*t also
to any t6ird 7erson 0it6o*t t6e 'onsent o) t6e
ot6er s7o*se.
CP% Art5 333: A spouse of age ma# mortgage&
encumber& alienate or ot!erise dispose of !is
or !er e(clusi%e propert#& it!out t!e consent of
t!e ot!er spouse& and appear alone in court to
litigate it! regard to t!e same$
Art5 332: T!e alienation of an# e(clusi%e
propert# of a spouse administered b# t!e ot!er
automaticall# terminates t!e administration o%er
suc! propert# and t!e proceeds of t!e
alienation s!all be turned o%er to t!e oner8
spouse$
- Art. ... is no lon+er ne'essary- as t6e a+e o)
marria+e is also t6e a+e o) eman'i7ation.
- I) t6e o0ner%s7o*se alienates 6is 7ro7erty t6e
administration 1y t6e ot6er s7o*se o&er s*'6
7ro7erty 0ill 'ease and t6e 7ro'eeds 0ill +o to
t6e o0ner.
- !6e o0ner%s7o*se 'annot re&o(e a G*di'ially
a77ro&ed administration 1y t6e ot6er s7o*se o)
6is 7ro7erty 1y alienatin+ it. !6*s to alienate t6e
7ro7erty 6e m*st +et t6e 'onsent o) t6e
administrator%s7o*se or 'o*rt a77ro&al.
CP% Art. 11!: ;ropert# donated or left b# ill to t!e
spouses& "ointl# and it! designation of
determinate s!ares& s!all pertain to t!e donee8
spouses as !is or !er on e(clusi%e propert#&
and in t!e absence of designation& s!are and
s!are ali0e& it!out pre"udice to t!e rig!t of
accretion !en proper$
Art. 11$: If t!e donations are onerous& t!e
amount of t!e c!arges s!all be borne b# t!e
e(clusi%e propert# of t!e donee spouse&
!ene%er t!e# !a%e been ad%anced b# t!e
con"ugal partners!ip of gains$
Art. 115: Retirement benefits& pensions&
annuities& gratuities& usufructs and similar
benefits s!all be go%erned b# t!e rules on
gratuitous or onerous ac'uisitions as ma# be
proper in eac! case$
- !6e donor may donate 06ate&er 6e 0is6es to
06ome&er 6e 0ants. !6*s 6e may donate a
7ie'e o) 7ro7erty to 1ot6 s7o*ses Gointly or may
s7e'i)y 6o0 m*'6 o) t6e 7ro7erty s6o*ld +o to
t6e 6*s1and and 6o0 m*'6 s6o*ld +o to t6e
0i)e.
ACCR!IO#$ addition o) 7ro7erty to anot6er 7ro7erty
9eneral r*le$ in a Goint donation one 'annot a''e7t
inde7endently o) 6is 'o%donee *nless it is sti7*lated or
*nless it is 1et0een 6*s1and and 0i)e.
?. D donates land to " and A 06o are married. D
donates .I, to A and 2I, to ". I) A does not a''e7t t6e
donation it 0ill 1e 'onsidered added on to t6e s6are o)
t6e 6*s1and. "o0e&er i) it is a s7e'i)i' desi+nation s*'6
as " 0ill +et a 'ar and A 0ill +et a 6orse- a''retion 0ill
not a77ly.
% In t6e 'ase o) 0ills )or a''retion to ta(e e))e't- t6e
nat*re o) t6e in6eritan'e m*st 1e pro indi%isio (not
di&ided- t6e terms Q or in e2*al s6ares is does not ma(e
it di&ided).
D. So1re7e8a 56

CP% Art. 12$: T!e administration and en"o#ment of
t!e con"ugal partners!ip s!all belong to bot!
spouses "ointl#$ In case of disagreement& t!e
!usbandAs decision s!all pre%ail& sub"ect to
recourse to t!e court b# t!e ife for proper
remed#& !ic! must be a%ailed of it!in fi%e
#ears from t!e date of t!e contract
implementing suc! decision$
In t!e e%ent t!at one spouse is incapacitated or
ot!erise unable to participate in t!e
administration of t!e con"ugal properties& t!e
ot!er spouse ma# assume sole poers of
administration$ T!ese poers do not include
disposition or encumbrance it!out aut!orit# of
t!e court or t!e ritten consent of t!e ot!er
spouse$ In t!e absence of suc! aut!orit# or
consent& t!e disposition or encumbrance s!all
be %oid$ >oe%er& t!e transaction s!all be
construed as a continuing offer on t!e part of
t!e consenting spouse and t!e t!ird person&
and ma# be perfected as a binding contract
upon t!e acceptance b# t!e ot!er spouse or
aut!ori.ation b# t!e court before t!e offer is
it!dran b# eit!er or bot! offerors$ ?3>:a@
Art. 125: )eit!er spouse ma# donate an#
con"ugal partners!ip propert# it!out t!e
consent of t!e ot!er$ >oe%er& eit!er spouse
ma#& it!out t!e consent of t!e ot!er& ma0e
moderate donations from t!e con"ugal
partners!ip propert# for c!arit# or on occasions
of famil# re"oicing or famil# distress$
- Any alienation made 1y eit6er s7o*se 0it6o*t t6e
'onsent o) t6e ot6er is in&alid.
- In 'ase t6e 6*s1and dis7oses o) 7ro7erty o&er
t6e o1Ge'tion o) t6e 0i)e- t6e 0i)e may )ile a 'ase
to ann*l t6e entire 'ontra't or 7art o) it.
Separation of
property
Art. 1!$: In t!e
absence of an
e(press declaration
- !6ey o0n e&eryt6in+ se7arately 1*t still lia1le
)or )amily e?7enses in 7ro7ortion to t6eir in'ome
or in de)a*lt t6ereo) in 7ro7ortion to se7arate
7ro7. F*t lia1ility to t6eir 'reditor is still solidary.
Article 39:: Sufficient cause for Eudicial
Article 39>: Vol*ntary Se7aration
%S7o*ses may a+ree on t6e se7aration o) t6eir 7ro7erties
0it6 'o*rt a77ro&al- no reason needed. (F*t i) reason is
stated and it is a+ainst 7*1li' 7oli'y t6e 'o*rt 0ill reGe't it)
%Di&ision o) 7ro7erty m*st 1e e2*al *nless t6ere is a
&evival:
Article 3<3:
..termination o) 'i&il
interdi'tion
2.A1sentee
D. So1re7e8a 57

in t!e marriage
settlements& t!e
separation of
propert# beteen
spouses during t!e
marriage s!all not
ta0e place e(cept
b# "udicial order$
Suc! "udicial
separation of
propert# ma# eit!er
be %oluntar# or for
sufficient cause$
(Can 1e sti7*lated
in MS 06i'6 s6all
+o&ern and FC 0ill
only 1e
s*77lementary in
nat*re- in t6e
a1sen'e t6erein it
'annot ta(e 7la'e
d*rin+ t6e marria+e
e?'e7t 1y G*di'ial
order)
%May re)er to
7resent or )*t*re
7ro7erty or 1ot6
%May 1e 7artial or
total
%!6ose not a+reed
as se7arate 0ill 1e
ACP
separation of property:
.. Ci&il interdi'tion
2. A1sentee s7o*se
%2 years )rom last ne0s a1o*t a1sentee- or /
years i) an administrator 6as 1een le)t.
,. Loss o) 7arental a*t6ority de'reed 1y
'o*rt (termination or de7ri&ation not
mere s*s7ension)
%O&er le+itimate or ille+itimate '6ild 06et6er o)
7re&io*s or 7resent marria+e
C. A1andonment or )ail*re to 'om7ly 0it6
6is or 6er o1li+ations
/. A1*sed 7o0er o) administration
E. Se7aration in )a't )or at least . yr
Art. 1!(: Once t!e separation of propert# !as
been decreed& t!e absolute communit# or t!e
con"ugal partners!ip of gains s!all be li'uidated
in conformit# it! t!is -ode$
Buring t!e pendenc# of t!e proceedings for
separation of propert#& t!e absolute communit#
or t!e con"ugal partners!ip s!all pa# for t!e
support of t!e spouses and t!eir c!ildren.
Art. 1!): After dissolution of t!e absolute
communit# or of t!e con"ugal partners!ip& t!e
pro%isions on complete separation of propert#
s!all appl#$
Art. 1$$: Separation of propert# ma# refer to
present or future propert# or bot!$ It ma# be
total or partial$ In t!e latter case& t!e propert#
not agreed upon as separate s!all pertain to t!e
absolute communit#$
di))erent 7ro7ortion a+reed in MS or 0ai&er.
%!a(es e))e't a)ter G*di'ial order o) de'ree (not si+nin+ o)
a+reement)
%Creditors 0ill 1e listed in 7etition and noti)ied)
%In 7ro'ess deli&ery o) 7res*m7ti&e le+itimes is not
ne'essary.
@Art5 3<2: Admin o) e?'l*si&e 7ro7 o) eit6er s7o*se may
1e trans)erred 1y 'o*rt to ot6er s7o*se or i) not 2*ali)ied
to anot6er 7erson 06en$
..s7o*se 1e'omes t6e +*ardian
2.t6e ot6er is G*di'ially de'lared an a1sentee
,.'i&il interdi'tion
C.)*+iti&e )rom G*sti'e- 6idin+ as an a''*sed
Art 3<9: I) t6e 'o*7le 0ants a re+ime o) se7aration o)
7ro7erty t6ey 6a&e to enter into a &alid marria+e
settlement 7rior to t6e marria+e sti7*latin+ s*'6 re+ime.
Art5 3<:: Administration is le)t 0it6 ea'6 s7o*se 0it6
re+ard to 6isI6er o0n 7ro7erty 0it6o*t t6e need )or t6e
'onsent o) t6e ot6er. arnin+s o) ea'6 s6all also 1elon+
to ea'6 s7o*se.
Art5 3<>$ Fot6 s7o*ses s6all 1ear t6e )amily e?7enses in
7ro7ortion to t6eir in'ome or t6eir se7arate 7ro7erty.
Lia1ility o) s7o*ses to 'reditors to )amily e?7enses are
solidary (t6ey are 1ot6 lia1le to t6e 'reditor )or t6e 06ole
amo*nt i) t6e 'reditor see(s it )rom one o) t6em. S*'6
s7o*se is entitled to reim1*rsement )rom t6e ot6er
s7o*se).
@ &en i) t6ere is an a+reement on 7ro7ortion o) s6arin+
et'- it 0ont a))e't t6e 'reditors.
rea77ears
,.'o*rt satis)ied t6at
administration 0ill not
1e a+ain a1*sed
C.Res*m7tion o)
'ommon li)e 0it6
ot6er s7o*se
/.7arental a*t6ority
restored
E.re'on'iliation o)
t6ose se7arated in
)a't
5.For t6ose 06o
&ol*ntarily se7arated
7ro7erty- a+ree to
re&i&e )ormer
7ro7erty re+ime (1*t
a)ter t6at 'anJt
se7arate 7ro7erty
anymore)
- Art5 >6 revival:
A+reement *nder
oat6 0ill state$
..7ro7erties to 1e
'ontri1*ted
2.t6ose to 1e retained
as se7arate
,.names o) (no0n
'reditors
*arria#e !ithout
unions ?#overns
void marria#es@
Art5 3<6: <!en a man and a oman !o are
capacitated to marr# eac! ot!er& li%e e(clusi%el#
it! eac! ot!er as !usband and ife it!out
&e$uisites:
..Ca7a'itated to marry ea'6 ot6er
%#ot 'a7a'itated$ in'est*o*s- a+ainst 7*1li' 7oli'y- *nder
D. So1re7e8a 58

t!e benefit of marriage or under a %oid
marriage& t!eir ages and salaries s!all be
oned b# t!em in e'ual s!ares and t!e
propert# ac'uired b# bot! of t!em t!roug! t!eir
or0 or industr# s!all be go%erned b# t!e rules
on co8oners!ip$
In t!e absence of proof to t!e contrar#&
properties ac'uired !ile t!e# li%ed toget!er
s!all be presumed to !a%e been obtained b#
t!eir "oint efforts& or0 or industr#& and s!all be
oned b# t!em in e'ual s!ares$ For purposes
of t!is Article& a part# !o did not participate in
t!e ac'uisition b# t!e ot!er part# of an#
propert# s!all be deemed to !a%e contributed
"ointl# in t!e ac'uisition t!ereof if t!e formerAs
efforts consisted in t!e care and maintenance of
t!e famil# and of t!e !ouse!old$
)eit!er part# can encumber or dispose b# acts
inter %i%os of !is or !er s!are in t!e propert#
ac'uired during co!abitation and oned in
common& it!out t!e consent of t!e ot!er& until
after t!e termination of t!eir co!abitation$
<!en onl# one of t!e parties to a %oid marriage
is in good fait!& t!e s!are of t!e part# in bad
fait! in t!e co8oners!ip s!all be forfeited in
fa%or of t!eir common c!ildren$ In case of
default of or ai%er b# an# or all of t!e common
c!ildren or t!eir descendants& eac! %acant
s!are s!all belong to t!e respecti%e sur%i%ing
descendants$ In t!e absence of descendants&
suc! s!are s!all belong to t!e innocent part#$ In
all cases& t!e forfeiture s!all ta0e place upon
termination of t!e co!abitation$
.4- 1i+amo*s marria+e
2.li&e e?'l*si&ely 0it6 ea'6 ot6er as 6*s1and and 0i)e
,.Ait6o*t 1ene)it o) marria+e or *nder a &oid marria+e.
@In'l*des marria+es o) 7sy'6olo+i'al in'a7a'ity-
rea77earan'e o) 0i)e- non%li2*idation o) 7ro7erty-
a1sen'e o) )ormal re2*isites.
Structure:
.. Salaries and 0a+es s6all 1e o0ned 1y e2*al
s6ares
2. Pro7erty a'2*ired 0it6 e?'l*si&e )*nds is o0ned
1y t6em e?'l*si&ely
,. Pro7erty a'2*ired t6ro*+6 0or( or ind*stry
+o&erned 1y 'o%o0ners6i7
C. Pro7erty a'2*ired 06ile t6ey li&e to+et6er 0ill 1e
o0ned 1y t6em in e2*al s6ares. (Contri1*tion
'an 1e in t6e )orm o) 'are and maintenan'e o)
)amily- 6o*se6old)
/. Fr*its o) se7arate 7ro7erty not 7art o) 'o%
o0ners6i7
E. ConG*+al 6ome 0ill 1e o0ned e2*ally.
%CanJt en'*m1er or dis7ose o) 6isI6er s6are 0it6o*t
'onsent o) t6e ot6er or a)ter 'o6a1itation.
%Can alienate in )a&or o) t6e ot6er 6is or 6er s6are F>!
'ant 0ai&e any interest in 'o%o0ners6i7
%4oid marria#e: net share of bad faith is forfeited to:
.. Common '6ildren
2. Aai&er o) 'ommon '6ildren- des'endants
,. A1sen'e o) des'endants- inno'ent 7arty
Void marria+es in'l*ded$
Art. ,E$ 7sy'6olo+i'al in'a7a'ity
Art. CC$ 1ad )ait6 o) 1ot6 s7o*ses in a s*1se2*ent
marria+e
Art. /,$ non%li2*idation- dissol*tion- distri1*tion o) 7ro7.
!6ose 06ere t6ere is a1sen'e o) 'onsent- a*t6ority o)
solemni:er- li'ense- marria+e 'eremony.
*arria#e !ithout
unions ?#overns
Art5 3<8: In cases of co!abitation not falling
under t!e preceding Article& onl# t!e properties
&e$uisites:
% Co6a1itation not )allin+ *nder arti'le .C5.
D. So1re7e8a 59

void marria#es@ ac'uired b# bot! of t!e parties t!roug! t!eir
actual "oint contribution of mone#& propert#& or
industr# s!all be oned b# t!em in common in
proportion to t!eir respecti%e contributions$ In
t!e absence of proof to t!e contrar#& t!eir
contributions and corresponding s!ares are
presumed to be e'ual$ T!e same rule and
presumption s!all appl# to "oint deposits of
mone# and e%idences of credit$
If one of t!e parties is %alidl# married to
anot!er& !is or !er s!are in t!e co8oners!ip
s!all accrue to t!e absolute communit# or
con"ugal partners!ip e(isting in suc! %alid
marriage$ If t!e part# !o acted in bad fait! is
not %alidl# married to anot!er& !is or !er s!all
be forfeited in t!e manner pro%ided in t!e last
paragrap! of t!e preceding Article$
T!e foregoing rules on forfeiture s!all li0eise
appl# e%en if bot! parties are in bad fait!
Structure:
% Parties are 'o%o0ners o) 7ro7erty a'2*ired
d*rin+ 'o6a1itation only *7on 7roo) t6at ea'6 o)
t6em made an a't*al 'ontri1*tion.
.. Salaries and 0a+es are se7arately o0nedK i)
eit6er is married t6e salaries +o to t6at marria+e.
2. Pro7erty a'2*ired 1y t6e money o) one- 1elon+s
to t6at 7erson e?'l*si&ely
,. Only 7ro7erties a'2*ired 1y 1ot6 o) t6em t6ro*+6
Goint 'ontri1*tion 0ill 1e o0ned 1y t6e in 'ommon
in 7ro7ortion to 06at t6ey +a&e (money- 7ro7erty-
or ind*stry B 1*t 'ant 1e mere 'are and
maintenan'e o) )amilyI6o*se6old). (Pres*m7tion
is t6at s6ares o&er 7ro7erty o0ned is e2*al
s6ares 1*t 'an 1e re1*tted t6ro*+6 7roo)
s6o0in+ ot6er0ise.
C. I) one o) t6e 7arties is &alidly married- t6at
7ersonJs s6are in t6e 'o%o0ners6i7 0ill a''r*e to
t6e marria+e.
Fad )ait6$ net share of bad faith is forfeited to:
.. Common '6ildren
2. Aai&er o) 'ommon '6ildren- des'endants
,. A1sen'e o) des'endants- inno'ent 7arty
% I) 1ot6 are in 1ad )ait6 t6ey s6all 1e 'onsidered as in
+ood )ait6 and t6eir s6ares s6all +o to t6em.
Exception to insolvency: i) redo*nded to t6e 1ene)it o) t6e )amily t6en t6e 7ro7erty 'an 1e assi+ned )or 7ayment o) insol&en'y
% Administration is Goint 1y 1ot6 s7o*ses- 6*s1ands de'ision 0ill 7re&ail s*1Ge't to re'o*rse 1y t6e 0i)e 0it6in / years )rom t6e 'ontra't
im7lementin+ t6e de'ision. Contra't 0ill 1e a 'ontin*in+ o))er *7on a''e7tan'e 1y ot6er s7o*se or 'o*rt order.
!" FAMILD AS A# I#S!I!>!IO#
Art. 1$+: T!e famil#& being t!e foundation of t!e nation&
is a basic social institution !ic! public polic# c!eris!es
and protects$ -onse'uentl#& famil# relations are
% Paramo*nt im7ortan'e is +i&en to t6e )amily as
7ro&ided in t6e .945 'onstit*tion.
% Family relations are +o&erned t la0 and no '*stom
D. So1re7e8a 60

go%erned b# la and no custom& practice or agreement
destructi%e of t!e famil# s!all be recogni.ed or gi%en
effect$
or 7ra'ti'e destr*'ti&e o) t6e )amily 0ill 1e
re'o+ni:ed.
Art. 15,: Famil# relations include t!ose:
*$ @eteen !usband and ife?
,$ @eteen parents and c!ildren?
/$ Among brot!ers and sisters& !et!er of t!e full or
!alf8blood$
Art. 151: )o suit beteen members of t!e same famil#
s!all prosper unless it s!ould appear from t!e %erified
complaint or petition t!at earnest efforts toard a
compromise !a%e been made& but t!at t!e same !a%e
failed$ If it is s!on t!at no suc! efforts ere in fact
made& t!e same case must be dismissed$
T!is rules s!all not appl# to cases !ic! ma# not be t!e
sub"ect of compromise under t!e -i%il -ode
% Any 7erson not in'l*ded in t6e en*meration 'annot
1e 'onsidered as 0it6in t6e term <)amily relations.=
% Fe)ore a s*it 'an 1e )iled 1y 7eo7le 1elon+in+ to
t6e same )amily as 7ro&ided in Art. ./0- earnest
e))orts m*st 1e made to settle t6e 'ase ami'a1ly.
@arnest e))ort s meant )or 'i&il a'tions only.
!6e )ollo0in+ are e?'*sed )rom 'riminal lia1ility (only 'i&il
lia1ility in'*rred) )or t6e)t- s0indlin+ or mali'io*s mis'6ie)$
.. S7o*ses- as'endants- and des'endents or
relati&es 1y a))inity in t6e same line.
2. !6e 0ido0ed s7o*se 0it6 res7e't to t6e 7ro7erty
o) t6e de'eased FFOR someone else 7ossess
it.
,. Frot6ers and sisters and 1rot6ers%in%la0 and
sisters%in%la0 i) t6ey are li&in+ to+et6er.
?em7tion is not a77li'a1le to stran+ers
7arti'i7atin+ t6erein.
Pres'ri7tion does not r*n 1et0een 6*s1and and 0i)e-
7arents and '6ildren d*rin+ t6e latterJs minority or insanity-
and 1et0een +*ardian and 0ard d*rin+ t6e +*ardians6i7.
?'e7tion to earnest
e))orts$
% arnest e))ort is not
re2*ired i) in'l*ded in t6e
s*it 1et0een )amily
mem1ers is a stran+er
not o) t6e same )amily.
% Does not a77ly to
'ases- 06i'6 may not 1e
'om7romised.
% Does not a77ly to
settlement o) estate
+*ardians6i7- '*stody o)
'6ildren- and 6a1eas
'or7*s
!" FAMILD "OM
Art. 152: T!e famil# !ome& constituted "ointl# b# t!e
!usband and t!e ife or b# an unmarried !ead of a
famil#& is t!e delling !ouse !ere t!e# and t!eir famil#
reside& and t!e land on !ic! it is situated$
Art. 15!: T!e famil# !ome is deemed constituted on a
!ouse and lot from t!e time it is occupied as a famil#
residence$ From t!e time of its constitution and so long
as an# of its beneficiaries actuall# resides t!erein& t!e
famil# !ome continues to be suc! and is e(empt from
e(ecution& forced sale or attac!ment e(cept as
!ereinafter pro%ided and to t!e e(tent of t!e %alue
% "ome is deemed 'onstit*ted )orm t6e time it is
a't*ally resided *7on and o''*7ied 1y t6e )amily.
#o need )or G*di'ial or e?traG*di'ial re2*irement-
deemed 'onstit*ted 1y o7eration o) la0.
% !6ere m*st 1e t6e element o) 7ermanen'e (t6*s a
1oat on 0ater 'annot 1e 'onsidered a )amily 6ome)
% M*st 1e 'onstit*ted 1y 1ot6 6*s1and and 0i)e
Gointly- t6e *nmarried 6ead o) t6e )amily- or t6e
o''*7an'y o) 1ene)i'iaries in a 6ome 'an 1e
'onstit*ted as a )amily 6ome.
% !6e )amily 6ome is e?em7t )rom e?e'*tion- )or'ed
sale or atta'6ment as 7ro&ided 1y la0
@ ?em7tion )rom
e?e'*tion is not a1sol*te
as it is s*1Ge't to 'ertain
limitation s*'6 as
inde1tedness in 'ertain
instan'es (to 1e
dis'*ssed in t6e ne?t
arti'les)
D. So1re7e8a 61

alloed b# la$
Art. 15$: T!e beneficiaries of a famil# !ome are:
*$ T!e !usband and ife& or an unmarried person !o is
t!e !ead of a famil#? and
,$ T!eir parents& ascendants& descendants& brot!ers
and sisters& !et!er t!e relations!ip be legitimate or
illegitimate& !o are li%ing in t!e famil# !ome and !o
depend upon t!e !ead of t!e famil# for legal support
% !6e a't*al o''*7an'y o) t6e 1ene)i'iaries in a
6ome may 'onstit*te t6e same as a )amily 6ome
as lon+ as t6ey 6a&e t6e 'onsent o) t6e 6*s1and or
0i)e 06o o0n t6e 6o*se and lot e&en i) t6e o0ners
do not reside in t6em.
Art. 155: T!e famil# !ome s!all be e(empt from
e(ecution& forced sale or attac!ment e(cept:
*$ For nonpa#ment of ta(es?
,$ For debts incurred prior to t!e constitution of t!e
famil# !ome?
/$ For debts secured b# mortgages on t!e premises
before or after suc! constitution? and
4$ For debts due to laborers& mec!anics& arc!itects&
builders& material men and ot!ers !o !a%e rendered
ser%ice or furnis!ed material for t!e construction of t!e
building$
% !6e 06ole &al*e o) t6e )amily 6ome may 1e *sed
to 7ay o1li+ations *nder Art. .//.
Art. 15%: T!e famil# !ome must be part of t!e properties
of t!e absolute communit# or t!e con"ugal partners!ip&
or of t!e e(clusi%e properties of eit!er spouse it! t!e
latterAs consent$ It ma# also be constituted b# an
unmarried !ead of a famil# on !is or !er on propert#$
)e%ert!eless& propert# t!at is t!e sub"ect of a
conditional sale on installments !ere oners!ip is
reser%ed b# t!e %endor onl# to guarantee pa#ment of
t!e purc!ase price ma# be constituted as a famil# !ome$
% !6e )amily 6ome m*st 1e 'onstit*ted at a 7la'e
06ere t6ere is a )i?ed and 7ermanent 'onne'tion
0it6 t6e 7ersons 'onstit*tin+ it.
#ot 'onsidered$
.. Foat or &essel
2. A7artment or 6o*se 1ein+ rented
,. "o*se on anot6erJs 7ro7erty
Considered$ Pro7erty 06ere o0ners6i7 is reser&ed to
t6e one ma(in+ t6e )amily 6ome.
Art. 15(: T!e actual %alue of t!e famil# !ome s!all not
e(ceed& at t!e time of its constitution& t!e amount of t!e
t!ree !undred t!ousand pesos in urban areas& and to
!undred t!ousand pesos in rural areas& or suc!
amounts as ma# !ereafter be fi(ed b# la$
In an# e%ent& if t!e %alue of t!e currenc# c!anges after
t!e adoption of t!is -ode& t!e %alue most fa%orable for
t!e constitution of a famil# !ome s!all be t!e basis of
e%aluation$
% !6ose a1o&e t6e amo*nt sti7*lated (,00-000 in
*r1an- 200-000 in r*ral) 0ill not 1e e?em7t )rom
e?e'*tion )or'ed sale or atta'6ment.
% Prior to t6e )amily 'ode 'onstit*tion o) a )amily
6ome 0as not a*tomati' t6ere 0as a need to )ile
)or s*'6. I) 7rior to t6e )amily 'ode t6ere are 'ertain
6o*ses )allin+ *nder t6e &al*e o) a )amily 6ome at
t6e time o) t6e 'onstit*tion o) t6e )amily 'ode (A*+.
,- .944) 7ro&ided )or t6e )amily 6ome is deemed
D. So1re7e8a 62

For purposes of t!is Article& urban areas are deemed to
include c!artered cities and municipalities !ose annual
income at least e'uals t!at legall# re'uired for c!artered
cities$ All ot!ers are deemed to be rural areas$
a*tomati'ally 'onstit*ted.
Art. 15): T!e famil# !ome ma# be sold& alienated&
donated& assigned or encumbered b# t!e oner or
oners t!ereof it! t!e ritten consent of t!e person
constituting t!e same& t!e latterAs spouse& and a ma"orit#
of t!e beneficiaries of legal age$ In case of conflict& t!e
court s!all decide
Aritten 'onsent needed )or t6e dis7osition o) t6e )amily
6ome$
.. Persons 'onstit*tin+ t6e )amily 6ome
2. LatterJs s7o*se
,. MaGority o) 1ene)i'iaries o) le+al a+e
Art. 15+: T!e famil# !ome s!all continue despite t!e
deat! of one or bot! spouses or of t!e unmarried !ead
of t!e famil# for a period of ten #ears or for as long as
t!ere is a minor beneficiar#& and t!e !eirs cannot
partition t!e same unless t!e court finds compelling
reasons t!erefor$ T!is rule s!all appl# regardless of
!oe%er ons t!e propert# or constituted t!e famil#
!ome$
% Se'*rity o) t6e )amily is t6e 'on'ern o) t6e la0 t6*s
t6ey 7ro&ide )or a .0 year 7eriod des7ite t6e deat6
o) t6e 7erson 06o 'onstit*ted t6e )amily 6ome.
F*rt6ermore t6e 6eirs 'annot 7artition t6e same
*nless t6e 'o*rt )inds 'om7ellin+ reasons
t6ere)ore.
Art. 1%,: <!en a creditor !ose claims is not among
t!ose mentioned in Article *11 obtains a "udgment in !is
fa%or& and !e !as reasonable grounds to belie%e t!at t!e
famil# !ome is actuall# ort! more t!an t!e ma(imum
amount fi(ed in Article *15& !e ma# appl# to t!e court
!ic! rendered t!e "udgment for an order directing t!e
sale of t!e propert# under e(ecution$ T!e court s!all so
order if it finds t!at t!e actual %alue of t!e famil# !ome
e(ceeds t!e ma(imum amount alloed b# la as of t!e
time of its constitution$ If t!e increased actual %alue
e(ceeds t!e ma(imum alloed in Article *15 and results
from subse'uent %oluntar# impro%ements introduced b#
t!e person or persons constituting t!e famil# !ome& b#
t!e oner or oners of t!e propert#& or b# an# of t!e
beneficiaries& t!e same rule and procedure s!all appl#$
At t!e e(ecution sale& no bid belo t!e %alue alloed for
a famil# !ome s!all be considered$ T!e proceeds s!all
be applied first to t!e amount mentioned in Article *15&
% Fidders 'annot 1id 1elo0 t6e amo*nt o) ,00-000
% I) t6e 6o*se is sold- ,00-000 is +i&en to t6e o0ner
o) t6e 6o*se and t6e 1alan'e to t6e 'reditor to
satis)y 6is de1t. !6is 6a77ens e&en i) t6e de1t is
not )*lly satis)ied. (Idea is to +i&e ,00-000 so t6at
t6e de1tor 'an 1*y a 6o*se) !6is 6o0e&er does
not a77ly 06en i) t6e 'reditor is one o) t6ose
mentioned in Arti'le .// (t6e de1t m*st 1e satis)ied
e&en i) not6in+ is le)t 0it6 t6e o0ner).
D. So1re7e8a 63

and t!en to t!e liabilities under t!e "udgment and t!e
costs$ T!e e(cess& if an#& s!all be deli%ered to t!e
"udgment debtor$
Art. 1%1: For purposes of a%ailing of t!e benefits of a famil# !ome as pro%ided for in t!is -!apter& a person ma#
constitute& or be t!e beneficiar# of& onl# one famil# !ome$
Art. 1%2: T!e pro%isions in t!is -!apter s!all also go%ern e(isting famil# residences insofar as said pro%isions are
applicable$
E%I'I*A'E IE%I'I*A'E #O!S
C6ildren 'on'ei&ed or 1orn d*rin+ t6e
marria+e
C6ildren 1orn or 'on'ei&ed o*tside a &alid
marria+e or in a &oid marria+e *nless
ot6er0ise 7ro&ided
C6ildren as a res*lt o) arti)i'ial insemination
are le+itimate 7ro&ided t6at 1ot6 a*t6ori:ed or
rati)ied t6e insemination in a 0ritten instr*ment
si+ned 1y 1ot6 o) t6em 1e)ore t6e 1irt6 o) t6e
'6ild (re+istered 0it6 t6e 1irt6 'erti)i'ate). I
I) t6e re2*isites are not )ollo0ed and t6e )at6er
does not im7*+n t6e le+itima'y o) t6e '6ild- t6e
'6ild s6all still 1e 'onsidered le+itimate.
I) 6*s1and is a1le to im7*+n le+itima'y
0it6 re+ards to 6im '6ild 0ill sim7ly not 1e
related- 1*t in relation to t6e mom t6e '6ild
0ill 1e 'onsidered ille+itimate
PA!R#I!D A#D FILIA!IO#
Art5 3>9$ T!e filiation of c!ildren ma# be b# nature
or b# adoption$ )atural filiation ma# be legitimate or
illegitimate$
% Paternity and )iliation re)er to t6e relations6i7 or tie- 06i'6
e?ists 1et0een 7arents and t6eir '6ildren.
Art. 1%$: -!ildren concei%ed or born during t!e
marriage of t!e parents are legitimate$
-!ildren concei%ed as a result of artificial
insemination of t!e ife it! t!e sperm of t!e
!usband or t!at of a donor or bot! are li0eise
legitimate c!ildren of t!e !usband and !is ife&
pro%ided& t!at bot! of t!em aut!ori.ed or ratified
suc! insemination in a ritten instrument e(ecuted
and signed b# t!em before t!e birt! of t!e c!ild$ T!e
instrument s!all be recorded in t!e ci%il registr#
toget!er it! t!e birt! certificate of t!e c!ild$
% Ille+itimate '6ildren are t6ose 'on'ei&ed and 1orn
o*tside a &alid marria+e or inside a &oid marria+e.
AR!IFICIAL I#SMI#A!IO#$ 0i)e is arti)i'ially
im7re+nated 0it6 t6e semen o) 6er 6*s1and or 0it6 t6e
semen o) a t6ird 7erson.
% C6ild o) arti)i'ial insemination is 'onsidered
le+itimate 7ro&ided t6at 1ot6 t6e 6*s1and and 0i)e
a*t6ori:e or rati)y s*'6 insemination in a 0ritten
instr*ment and si+ned 1y t6em 1e)ore t6e 1irt6 o)
t6e '6ild and t6at it is re'orded in t6e 'i&il re+istry
to+et6er 0it6 t6e 1irt6 'erti)i'ate o) t6e '6ild.
% I) t6e re2*irements +i&en are not )ollo0ed and t6e
D. So1re7e8a 64

Art. 1%5: -!ildren concei%ed and born outside a
%alid marriage are illegitimate& unless ot!erise
pro%ided in t!is -ode$
6*s1and does not im7*+n t6e le+itima'y o) t6e
'6ild on +ro*nds 7ro&ided 1y la0 0it6in t6e
7res'ri7ti&e 7eriod t6e '6ild 0ill still 1e 'onsidered
le+itimate.
Art5 3>>: +egitimac# of a c!ild ma# be impugned
onl# on t!e folloing grounds:
*$ T!at it as p!#sicall# impossible for t!e !usband
to !a%e se(ual intercourse it! !is ife it!in t!e
first *,9 da#s of t!e /99 da#s !ic! immediatel#
preceded t!e birt! of t!e c!ild because of:
2a3 t!e p!#sical incapacit# of t!e !usband to
!a%e se(ual intercourse it! !is ife?
2b3 t!e fact t!at t!e !usband and ife ere
li%ing separatel# in suc! a a# t!at
se(ual intercourse as not possible? or
2c3 serious illness of t!e !usband& !ic!
absolutel# pre%ented se(ual intercourse?
,$T!at it is pro%ed t!at for biological or ot!er
scientific reasons& t!e c!ild could not !a%e been t!at
of t!e !usband& e(cept in t!e instance pro%ided in
t!e second paragrap! of Article *=4? or
/$ T!at in case of c!ildren concei%ed t!roug!
artificial insemination& t!e ritten aut!ori.ation or
ratification of eit!er parent as obtained t!roug!
mista0e& fraud& %iolence& intimidation& or undue
influence$
%rounds to impu#n le#itimacy of the child:
1. P6ysi'ally im7ossi1le )or 6*s1and to 6a&e se?*al
inter'o*rse 0it6 0i)e 0it6in t6e )irst .20 days o) t6e
,00 days immediately 7re'edin+ t6e 1irt6 o) '6ild
d*e to$
a. P6ysi'al in'a7a'ity
1. Li&in+ se7arately$ m*st 1e li&in+ in s*'6 a
0ay t6at se?*al inter'o*rse is im7ossi1le.
(Mere remoteness is not s*))i'ient)
'. Serio*s illness
% A6en a '6ild is 1orn inside a marria+e- se?*al inter'o*rse
is 7res*med to 6a&e o''*rred 1et0een t6e 6*s1and and
0i)e 0it6in t6e )irst .20 days o) t6e ,00%day 7eriod 1e)ore
t6e 1irt6 o) t6e '6ild. (Lon+est +estation 7eriod)
2. Fiolo+i'al or s'ienti)i' reasons t6e '6ild 'o*ld not
6a&e 1een t6at o) t6e 6*s1and (e?'e7t )or arti)i'ial
insemination);i) )or 1iolo+i'al reasons o))s7rin+
'o*ld not 6a&e 1een t6at o) t6e 6*s1and li(e i) t6e
'6ild 0as a di))erent ra'e )rom t6e )at6erJs.
% Vase'tomy is not eno*+6 7roo) 1e'a*se t6ere are times
06en t6e s7erm 'an re%'6annel itsel) and e))e't )ertili:ation.
3. In 'ase o) arti)i'ial insemination t6e a*t6ori:ation or
rati)i'ation 0as o1tained t6ro*+6 mista(e- )ra*d-
&iolen'e or intimidation or *nd*e in)l*en'e.
@ In t6e e&ent t6at any o) t6e +ro*nds are 7ro&en- t6e '6ild
0ill not 1e 'onsidered le+itimate or ille+itimate 1*t t6at
sim7ly t6e 6*s1and and '6ild are not related. In so )ar as
t6e mot6er is 'on'erned t6e '6ild 0ill 1e 'onsidered
ille+itimate.
% Pres*m7tion is in )a&or o) le+itima'y.
Art. 1%(: T!e c!ild s!all be
considered legitimate
alt!oug! t!e mot!er ma#
!a%e declared against its
legitimac# or ma# !a%e been
sentenced as an adulteress.
@&en i) 0i)e im7*+ns
le+itima'y- '6ild is still
le+itimate- only 6*s1and and
in 7ro7er 'ases t6e 6eirs 'an
im7*+n t6e le+itima'y.
0nless: s6e did not deli&er
t6e '6ild 6ersel)- or did not
'ome )rom 6er o0n 0om1.
Art. 1%): If t!e marriage is terminated and t!e
mot!er contracted anot!er marriage it!in t!ree
A Merely s*77letory- i) t6ere is 1etter 7roo) t6en s*'6
s6o*ld 1e a''e7ted.
D. So1re7e8a 65

!undred da#s after suc! termination of t!e former
marriage& t!ese rules s!all go%ern in t!e absence of
proof to t!e contrar#:
*$ A c!ild born before one !undred eig!t# da#s after
t!e solemni.ation of t!e subse'uent marriage is
considered to !a%e been concei%ed during t!e
former marriage& pro%ided it be born it!in t!ree
!undred da#s after t!e termination of t!e former
marriage?
,$ A c!ild born after one !undred eig!t# da#s
folloing t!e celebration of t!e subse'uent marriage
is considered to !a%e been concei%ed during suc!
marriage& e%en t!oug! it be born it!in t!e t!ree
!undred da#s after t!e termination of t!e former
marriage$
% Se?*al inter'o*rse is 7res*med 1et0een s7o*ses d*rin+
t6eir marria+e.
I# CAS OF 2 MARRIA9S$
% I) '6ild is 1orn 0it6in .40 days a)ter t6e se'ond
marria+e and 0it6in ,00 days a)ter t6e termination
o) t6e )irst marria+e t6e '6ild s6all 1e 'onsidered to
6a&e 1een 'on'ei&ed o) t6e )irst marria+e *nless
ot6er 7roo) is +i&en.
% I) t6e '6ild is 1orn a)ter .40 days a)ter t6e se'ond
marria+e t6e '6ild s6all 1e 'onsidered to 6a&e
1een 'on'ei&ed o) t6e se'ond marria+e *nless
ot6er 7roo) is +i&en.
@F*t eit6er 0ay t6e '6ild is still le+itimate.
Art. 1%+: T!e legitimac# or illegitimac# of a c!ild
born after t!ree !undred da#s folloing t!e
termination of t!e marriage s!all be pro%ed b#
!oe%er alleges suc! legitimac# or illegitimac#$
- I) t6ere is no s*1se2*ent marria+e a)ter ,00 days a)ter t6e
termination o) t6e marria+e t6ere is no 7res*m7tion and
t6*s 'on&in'in+ 7roo) is ne'essary.
Art. 1(,: T!e action to impugn t!e legitimac# of t!e
c!ild s!all be broug!t it!in one #ear from t!e
0noledge of t!e birt! or its recording in t!e ci%il
register& if t!e !usband or& in a proper case& an# of
!is !eirs& s!ould reside in t!e cit# or municipalit#
!ere t!e birt! too0 place or as recorded$
If t!e !usband or& in !is default& all of !is !eirs do
not reside at t!e place of birt! as defined in t!e first
paragrap! or !ere it as recorded& t!e period s!all
be to #ears if t!e# s!ould reside in t!e ;!ilippines?
and t!ree #ears if abroad$ If t!e birt! of t!e c!ild !as
been concealed from or as un0non to t!e
!usband or !is !eirs& t!e period s!all be counted
from t!e disco%er# or 0noledge of t!e birt! of t!e
c!ild or of t!e fact of registration of said birt!&
!ic!e%er is earlier$
Prescription for impu#nin# the le#itimacy of the child
.. Ait6in one year )rom t6e (no0led+e o) t6e 1irt6 or
its re'ordin+ i) 6*s1and resides in 'ity 06ere 1irt6
too( 7la'e or re'orded.
2. Ait6in 2 years- i) t6e 6*s1and li&es else06ere in
t6e P6ili77ines.
,. Ait6in , years- i) 6e li&es a1road
C. I) t6e 1irt6 o) t6e '6ild 6as 1een 'on'ealed-
7res'ri7tion 0ill 1e+in )rom t6e dis'o&ery or
(no0led+e o) 1irt6 o) '6ild or t6e )a't o) re+istration
o) t6e 1irt6 (06i'6e&er is earlier).
@It is )rom t6e (no0led+e o)
t6e '6ildJs birth not t6e
(no0led+e t6at it is not 6is
'6ild.
@&en i) t6e 1irt6 0as
'on'ealed- i) it 0as
re+istered and t6e )at6er did
not im7*+n t6e '6ildJs
le+itima'y d*rin+ t6e 7eriod
7ro&ided t6en t6e '6ild is
le+itimate. (Cannot im7*+n
sin'e re+istry is earlier)
Art. 1(1: T!e !eirs of t!e !usband ma# impugn t!e - Le+itima'y 'annot 1e 'ollaterally atta'(ed or im7*+ned.
D. So1re7e8a 66

filiation of t!e c!ild it!in t!e period prescribed in
t!e preceding article onl# in t!e folloing cases:
*$ If t!e !usband s!ould died before t!e e(piration
of t!e period fi(ed for bringing !is action?
,$ If !e s!ould die after t!e filing of t!e complaint
it!out !a%ing desisted t!erefrom? or
/$ If t!e c!ild as born after t!e deat! of t!e
!usband$
Prin'i7ally only t6e 6*s1and 'an )ile a dire't a'tion to
im7*+n t6e le+itima'y o) t6e '6ild e&en i) t6e '6ild is not
6is.
% !6e 6eirs are mere s*1stit*tes o) t6e 6*s1and and 'annot
)ile t6e a'tion i) t6e 6*s1and 6imsel) )ailed to )ile s*'6
a'tion des7ite (no0led+e o) t6e ille+itima'y 0it6in t6e
7res'ri1ed 7eriod.
PROOF OF FILIA!IO#
Art. 1(2: T!e filiation of legitimate c!ildren is
establis!ed b# an# of t!e folloing:
*$ T!e record of birt! appearing in t!e ci%il register
or a final "udgment? or
,$ An admission of legitimate filiation in a public
document or a pri%ate !andritten instrument and
signed b# t!e parent concerned$
In t!e absence of t!e foregoing e%idence& t!e
legitimate filiation s!all be pro%ed b#:
*$ T!e open and continuous possession of t!e
status of a legitimate c!ild? or
,$ An# ot!er means alloed b# t!e Rules of -ourt
and special las$
- !6e re'ord o) 1irt6 a77earin+ in t6e 'i&il re+istry s6o*ld
6a&e t6e 6*s1andJs si+nat*re and s*'6 1irt6 'erti)i'ate
si+ned 1y t6e 7arents is ade2*ate 7roo) o) 7aternity 0it6o*t
need )or )*rt6er 'o*rt a'tion.
% Admission in 7*1li' or 7ri&ate 6and0ritten do'*ment is a
'om7lete a't o) re'o+nition 0it6o*t need )or 'o*rt a'tion
A mere instr*ment not in t6e 6and0ritin+ o
t6e 7arent or not a 7*1li' instr*ment 0ill not
2*ali)y.
% O7en 'ontin*o*s 7ossession means t6e )at6er treats t6e
'6ild as 6is o0n dire'tly and not t6ro*+6 ot6ers-
s7ontaneo*sly and 0it6o*t 'on'ealment
M*st 1e s7ontaneo*s and *ninterr*7ted
Proo)s )rom r*les o) t6e 'o*rt
or s7e'ial la0$
.. Fa7tismal 'erti)i'ate
2. 3*di'ial admission
,. Family 1i1le
C. Common re7*tation
/. Admission 1y silen'e
E. !estimony o) 0itness
Art. 1(!: T!e action to claim legitimac# ma# be
broug!t b# t!e c!ild during !is or !er lifetime and
s!all be transmitted to t!e !eirs s!ould t!e c!ild die
during minorit# or in a state of insanit#$ In t!ese
cases& t!e !eirs s!all !a%e a period of fi%e #ears
it!in !ic! to institute t!e action$
Action to claim le#itimacy by the child
May 1e 1ro*+6t 1y t6e '6ild d*rin+ 6is or 6er li)etime and
may 1e transmitted to 6eirs i) t6e '6ild dies d*rin+ minority
or in a state o) insanity or a)ter it 6as already 1een
instituted by the child and child dies5
"eirs 6a&e )i&e years to instit*te a'tion
Article 36:: Ille#itimate
child
%Same as le+itimate '6ildren
e?'e7t 06en 7roo) is t6ro*+6
o7en and 'ontin*o*s
relations6i7 or ot6er r*les o)
'o*rt in 06i'6 'ase it may
only 1e 1ro*+6t d*rin+ t6e
li)etime o) t6e alle#ed 7arent.
Exception: i) t6e '6ild is 1orn
in a &alid marria+e t6o*+6
di))erent man- 6e 'annot 'laim
ille+itima'y. !6e man in t6e
marria+e m*st )irst im7*+n
D. So1re7e8a 67

t6e le+itima'y o) t6e '6ild
Article 36>: &i#hts of an ille#itimate child
.. Fear t6e s*rname o) t6e mot6er
&en i) 7aternity is 'ertain- mot6er
s*rnames unless )at6er admits t6at is
6is '6ild and li&es 0it6 t6em t6en
s*rname o) )at6er 'an 1e *sed.
2. Fe *nder t6e 7arental a*t6ority o) t6e
mot6er- entitled to s*77ort )rom 6er
&en i) 7aternity is 'ertain- i) )at6er is
not li&in+ 0it6 t6em 6e 'annot 6a&e
7arental a*t6ority.
I) t6e )at6er a'(no0led+es t6e '6ild and
'o6a1its- 6e 0ill 1e &ested 0it6 7arental
a*t6ority. &en i) 6e lea&es a)ter t6at it
0ill not 1e 'onsidered a 0ai&er o) 6is
7arental a*t6ority *nless &iolated le+al
+ro*nds 7ro&ided )or termination o)
7arental a*t6. (6e 0ill also 1e
&i'ario*sly lia1le )or dama+es 'a*sed
1y t6e '6ild)
,. Le+itime 0ill 1e Q o) t6e le+itime o) a
le+itimate '6ild
C. Can +et s*77ort only *7 to t6e
+rand7arents- and no ri+6t o)
re7resentation (i) 7arent dies 'ant in6erit
strai+6t )rom +rand7arents)
/. Ille+itimate '6ild 6as 6is or 6er li)etime to
)ile an a'tion to 'laim ille+itima'y i) 6eIs6e
6as 7roo) *nder Art. .52 ('laim )or 6is
stat*s in not transmissi1le to 6is 6eirs)
Article 1($: +egitimate c!ildren s!all !a%e t!e rig!t:
*$ To bear t!e surnames of t!e fat!er and t!e mot!er& in
conformit# it! t!e pro%isions of t!e -i%il -ode on
Surnames?
,$ To recei%e support from t!eir parents& t!eir ascendants&
and in proper cases& t!eir brot!ers and sisters& in
conformit# it! t!e pro%isions of t!is -ode on Support? and
/$ To be entitled to t!e legitimate and ot!er successional
rig!ts granted to t!em b# t!e -i%il -ode$
% A le+itimate '6ild 6as 6is or 6er 06ole li)etime to )ile an
a'tion to 'laim 6is or 6er le+itima'y.
D. So1re7e8a 68

Art5 366: Onl# c!ildren concei%ed and born outside
of edloc0 of parents !o& at t!e time of t!e
conception of t!e former& ere not dis'ualified b#
an# impediment to marr# eac! ot!er ma# be
legitimated$
Art. 1(): +egitimation s!all ta0e place b# a
subse'uent %alid marriage beteen parents$ T!e
annulment of a %oidable marriage s!all not affect
t!e legitimation$
Art. 1(+: +egitimated c!ildren s!all en"o# t!e same
rig!ts as legitimate c!ildren$ 2,5,a3
Art. 1),: T!e effects of legitimation s!all retroact
to t!e time of t!e c!ildAs birt!$
e#itimated Children ?le#itimate by operation of la!@
&e$uirements:
.. C6ildren 'on'ei&ed and 1orn o*tside 0edlo'(
2. O) 7arents 06o 6ad no le+al im7ediments to marry
at t6at time t6e '6ild 0as conceived and
,. !6ey +et married later on. (!6e )a't t6at it is a
&oida1le marria+e 0ill not a))e't t6e le+itimation-
1*t i) it is a &oid marria+e t6en ille+itimate)
IF t6e '6ild dies 1e)ore t6e 'ele1ration o) t6e
marria+e- it 0ill still 1ene)it t6eir des'endants.
Only 1y t6ose 06o are 7reG*di'ed in t6eir ri+6ts
0it6in / years )rom t6e time t6eir 'a*se o) a'tion
a''r*es. (Re)ers 1asi'ally to in6eritan'e ri+6ts 1*t i)
t6e 'reditors are really 7reG*di'ed t6ey m*st s6o0
6o0 le+itimation a))e'ted s*'6;&ested ri+6ts 7rior
to le+itimation t6en t6ose ri+6ts 0ill not 1e ta(en
)rom t6em)
Ri+6t o) a'tion a''r*es only *7on deat6 o) 7arents
06en le+itimes 0ill &est
Ado7ted '6ildren 'an 1e 7reG*di'ed 0it6 re+ards to
ado7ter 7arents or e&en nat*ral 7arents.
@S6all enGoy same ri+6ts as
le+itimate '6ildren- s6all
retroa't to t6eir 1irt6.
@#o need )or t6e
a'(no0led+ment o) t6e )at6er
*nli(e t6e 'i&il 'ode.
@Le+itimation 0ill not a))e't
7ro7erty ri+6ts already &ested.
@I) t6ere is a le+al im7ediment
at t6e time o) 'on'e7tion t6e
remedy is ado7tion.
Exception: t6ose 1orn
t6ro*+6 ad*ltero*s
relations6i7 and 1i+amo*s
marria+e 'annot 1e
le+itimated.
Art. 1)1: T!e legitimation of c!ildren !o died
before t!e celebration of t!e marriage s!all benefit
t!eir descendants$
% In e))e't +i&es t6e '6ildren 06at t6ey s6o*ld 6a&e
enGoyed d*rin+ t6e li)etime o) t6eir )at6er or mot6er.
Art. 1)2: +egitimation ma# be impugned onl# b#
t!ose !o are pre"udiced in t!eir rig!ts& it!in fi%e
#ears from t!e time t!eir cause of action accrues$
% Contem7lates in6eritan'e or s*''essional ri+6ts-
'reditors ('ommer'ial or 7ro7erty ri+6ts) are
e?'l*ded *nless it 'an 1e s6o0n t6at t6e
le+itimation a))e'ted t6eir ri+6ts and t6ey are really
7reG*di'ed.
S>PPOR!
Art. 1+$: Support comprises e%er#t!ing
indispensable for sustenance& delling& clot!ing&
medical attendance& education and
&eryt6in+ indis7ensa1le )or s*stenan'e-
d0ellin+- 'lot6in+- medi'al attendan'e-
ed*'ation- and trans7ortation (in (ee7in+ 0it6 t6e
Art5 2D:: ri+6t to +i&e or o1tain
s*77ort s6all not 1e le&ied *7on
on atta'6ment or e?e'*tion.
D. So1re7e8a 69

transportation& in 0eeping it! t!e financial
capacit# of t!e famil#$
T!e education of t!e person entitled to be
supported referred to in t!e preceding paragrap!
s!all include !is sc!ooling or training for some
profession& trade or %ocation& e%en be#ond t!e
age of ma"orit#$ Transportation s!all include
e(penses in going to and from sc!ool& or to and
from place of or0$
)inan'ial 'a7a'ity o) t6e )amily)
S'6oolin+ or trainin+ s6all 1e a77li'a1le e&en
1eyond t6e a+e o) maGority
!rans7ortation in'l*des +oin+ to and )rom s'6ool
and 7la'e o) 0or(
Can 1e +i&en e&en 1eyond t6e a+e o) maGority
S*77ort is ne&er )inal (no res G*di'ata) 'an 1e
'6an+ed
% Cannot 1e made to satis)y any
G*d+ment a+ainst t6e re'i7ient.
Except: t6e e?'ess 1eyond
re2*ired )or le+al s*77ort in a 0ill
or 'ontra't*al s*77orts 6all 1e
s*1Ge't to le&y or e?e'*tion.
(Contra't*al s*77ort is s*1Ge't to
adG*stment 06ene&er modi)i'ation
is ne'essary)
Art5 3C:: Sub"ect to t!e pro%isions of t!e
succeeding articles& t!e folloing are obliged to
support eac! ot!er to t!e !ole e(tent set fort!
in t!e preceding article:
*$ T!e spouses?
,$ +egitimate ascendants and descendants?
/$ ;arents and t!eir legitimate c!ildren and t!e
legitimate and illegitimate c!ildren of t!e latter?
4$ ;arents and t!eir illegitimate c!ildren and t!e
legitimate and illegitimate c!ildren of t!e latter?
and
1$ +egitimate brot!ers and sisters& !et!er of full
or !alf8blood
.. S7o*ses
2. Le+itimate as'endant and des'endants
,. Parents and t6eir le+itimate '6ildren and t6eir
ille+itimateIle+itimate +rand'6ildren
C. Parents and t6eir ille+itimate '6ildren and t6eir
ille+itimateIle+itimate +rand'6ildren
/. Le+itimate 1rot6ers and sisters 06et6er 06ole or
6al) 1lood
E. Frot6ers and sisters not le+itimately related are
also o1li+ed to s*77ort unless i) 6eIs6e is o) a+e
and is d*e to 'laimants )a*lt or ne+li+en'e no
s*77ort.
% A '6ild inside a 0om1 is already 'onsidered 1orn t6*s
entitled to all 1ene)its t6at a''r*e to 6imI6er 7ro&ided t6at
t6e '6ild is 1orn a)ter.
@Ado7ted '6ildren only *7 to
7arents )or s*77ort. Ot6ers arenJt
o1li+ed to s*77ort. (I) t6e ado7ter
dies or a1andons t6en t6e state
ta(es o&er)
@Mandatory and essential 'annot
1e transmitted to a ,
rd
7erson nor
'an it 1e 0ai&ed.
(Pro6i1ition a+ainst any
'om7romise o) t6e ri+6t to )*t*re
s*77ort)
@I) relations6i7 1et0een one to 1e
s*77orted and t6e one to s*77ort
is in iss*e- stat*s o) t6e 7arties
s6o*ld 1e esta1lis6ed )irst.
Art. 1+%: @rot!ers and sisters not legitimatel#
related& !et!er of t!e full or !alf8blood& are
li0eise bound to support eac! ot!er to t!e full
e(tent set fort! in Article *:4& e(cept onl# !en
t!e need for support of t!e brot!er or sister&
being of age& is due to a cause imputable to t!e
claimantAs fault or negligence$
% !6ey are no lon+er 1o*nd 06en t6e '6ild is
a1o&e t6e a+e o) maGority or d*e to t6e
ne+li+en'e.
Article 1+(: In case of legitimate ascendants?
descendants& !et!er legitimate or illegitimate?
and brot!ers and sisters& !et!er legitimatel# or
illegitimatel# related& onl# t!e separate propert#
S*77ort )or le+itimate as'endants- des'endants
(le+itimate or ille+itimate)- 1rot6ers and sisters
(le+itimate or ille+itimately related) s6all 1e ta(en
)rom se7arate 7ro7erty
@IF t6e le+itimate des'endants are
t6e 'ommon '6ildren t6en ACP
and CP9 s6all 1e 7rin'i7ally
'6ar+ed.
D. So1re7e8a 70

of t!e person obliged to gi%e support s!all be
anserable pro%ided t!at in case t!e obligor !as
no separate propert#& t!e absolute communit# or
t!e con"ugal partners!ip& if financiall# capable&
s!all ad%ance t!e support& !ic! s!all be
deducted from t!e s!are of t!e spouse obliged
upon t!e li'uidation of t!e absolute communit# or
of t!e con"ugal partners!ip
If no separate properties )rom ACP or CP9
(ad&an'ement).
.ut i) it is t6e ille+itimate '6ildren- ins*))i'ien'y is
eno*+6 to ma(e ACP lia1le and ins*))i'ien'y 7l*s
7ayment o) '6ar+es to ma(e CP9 lia1le.
For s7o*ses- +enerally )rom ACP or CP9 absence
o) t6en )rom )r*its o) ACP or CP9 insufficiency or
absence o) )rom t6e se7arate 7ro7erties
t6emsel&es.
@S*77ort 'anJt 1e ta(en )rom t6e
'6ildrenJs 7ro7erty *nless t6ere
0as no need or demand )rom
re'i7ient. (I) t6is 6a77ens 'an
)or)eit 1ond made 1y +*ardian
7arent o&er 7ro7erty%art. 22/)
Art. 1+): Buring t!e proceedings for legal
separation or for annulment of marriage& and for
declaration of nullit# of marriage& t!e spouses
and t!eir c!ildren s!all be supported from t!e
properties of t!e absolute communit# or t!e
con"ugal partners!ip$ After t!e final "udgment
granting t!e petition& t!e obligation of mutual
support beteen t!e spouses ceases$ >oe%er&
in case of legal separation& t!e court ma# order
t!at t!e guilt# spouse s!all gi%e support to t!e
innocent one& specif#ing t!e terms of suc! order$
S*77ort 7endin+ liti+ation +enerally o1tain )rom
ACP or CP9
In 'ase o) s*77ort 1et0een 6*s1and and 0i)e 06ere
&alidity o) marria+e is in iss*e- a++rie&ed 'annot 1e
+i&en s*77ort 7endent elite 1y t6e ot6er s7o*se
()rom 6is se7arate 7ro7erty)
Le+al se7aration or ann*lment$ s7o*ses s6all 1e
s*77orted 1y ACP or CP9.
@A)ter de'laration o) n*llity or
ann*lment no more o1li+ation to
s*77ort
@In le+al se7aration s*77ort
'eases *nless +*ilty s7o*se is
ordered to s*77ort inno'ent.
@I) 0i)e is ad*ltero*s it 'an 1e a
de)ense in an a'tion )or s*77ort
a+ainst se7arate 7ro7erty o) t6e
s7o*se but 0i)e 'an still +et
s*77ort )rom ACP or CP9.
Art. 1++: <!ene%er to or more persons are
obliged to gi%e support& t!e liabilit# s!all de%ol%e
upon t!e folloing persons in t!e order !erein
pro%ided:
*$ T!e spouse?
,$ T!e descendants in t!e nearest degree?
/$ T!e ascendants in t!e nearest degree? and
4$ T!e brot!ers and sisters$
Art. 2,,: <!en t!e obligation to gi%e support
falls upon to or more persons& t!e pa#ment of
t!e same s!all be di%ided beteen t!em in
proportion to t!e resources of eac!$
>oe%er& in case of urgent need and b# special
circumstances& t!e "udge ma# order onl# one of
t!em to furnis! t!e support pro%isionall#& it!out
!6e list is in order o) 7riority o) 06o s6o*ld
s*77ort )irst. !6e ot6ers are not o1li+ed to +i&e
s*77ort i) t6ose 6i+6er on t6e list are 7resent.
Art5 2DD$i) t6e lia1ility to s*77ort )alls on 2 7eo7le it 0ill
1e di&ided 1et0een t6em in t6e 7ro7ortion o) t6eir
reso*r'es.
%F*t in 'ase o) *r+en'y- t6e G*d+e may order only one o)
t6em to +i&e and t6en G*st +et reim1*rsed )rom t6e ot6er
a)ter.
%A6en t6ere are t0o or more 7eo7le 'laimin+ )or s*77ort
and t6e one o1li+ed to +i&e doesnJt 6a&e eno*+6- order
0ill 1e )ollo0ed except 06en t6e one 06o needs s*77ort
is a s7o*se and a '6ild in 06i'6 'ase t6e '6ild s6all 1e
7re)erred. (Ai)e is 7re)erred 06en it is an ille+itimate
'6ild)
D. So1re7e8a 71

pre"udice to !is rig!t to claim from t!e ot!er
obligors t!e s!are due from t!em$
<!en to or more recipients at t!e same time
claim support from one and t!e same person
legall# obliged to gi%e it& s!ould t!e latter not
!a%e sufficient means to satisf# all claims& t!e
order establis!ed in t!e preceding article s!all be
folloed& unless t!e concurrent obligees s!ould
be t!e spouse and a c!ild sub"ect to parental
aut!orit#& in !ic! case t!e c!ild s!all be
preferred$
Art. 2,1: T!e amount of support& in t!e cases
referred to in Articles *:1 and *:=& s!all be in
proportion to t!e resources or means of t!e gi%er
and to t!e necessities of t!e recipient$
Art. 2,2: Support in t!e cases referred to in t!e
preceding article s!all be reduced or increased
proportionatel#& according to t!e reduction or
increase of t!e necessities of t!e recipient and
t!e resources or means of t!e person obliged to
furnis! t!e same$
Art. 2,!: T!e obligation to gi%e support s!all be
demandable from t!e time t!e person !o !as a
rig!t to recei%e t!e same needs it for
maintenance& but it s!all not be paid e(cept from
t!e date of "udicial or e(tra8"udicial demand$
Support pendente lite ma# be claimed in
accordance it! t!e Rules of -ourt$
;a#ment s!all be made it!in t!e first fi%e da#s
of eac! corresponding mont! or !en t!e
recipient dies& !is !eirs s!all not be obliged to
return !at !e !as recei%ed in ad%ance$
S*77ort 'an 1e in'reased or de'reased
de7endin+ on t6e needs of the recipient and
t6e resources of the person obli#ed to #ive it5
3*d+ment )or s*77ort does not 1e'ome )inal
Demandin# support
Demanda1le )rom t6e time 7erson 06o 6as t6e
ri+6t to re'ei&e it needs it (need )or s*77ort is
not 7res*med- m*st 1e esta1lis6ed).
,o support #iven !ithout Eudicial or
extraEudicial demand. (Made 0it6in t6e )irst /
years o) e&ery mont6)
Demand is essential s6o0s mani)estation o)
needs.
Art5 2D<: T!e person obliged to gi%e support
s!all !a%e t!e option to fulfill t!e obligation eit!er
(o! to provide support
Can 1e 1y +i&in+ t6e money or allo0an'e
D. So1re7e8a 72

b# pa#ing t!e alloance fi(ed& or b# recei%ing
and maintaining in t!e famil# delling t!e person
!o !as a rig!t to recei%e support$ T!e latter
alternati%e cannot be a%ailed of in case t!ere is a
moral or legal obstacle t!ereto$
Or 1y allo0in+ t6e 7erson to stay in )amily
d0ellin+ unless t6ere is a le+al or moral o1sta'le
(*s*ally re)ers to ille+itimate '6ildren 06o are
+enerally not allo0ed to +et )rom ACP or CP9)
Art. 2,5: T!e rig!t to recei%e support under t!is
Title as ell as an# mone# or propert# obtained
as suc! support s!all not be le%ied upon on
attac!ment or e(ecution$
!6e ri+6t to re'ei&e s*77ort and t6e money or
7ro7erty o1tained as s*'6 s*77ort 'annot 1e
made to satis)y any G*d+ment a+ainst t6e
re'i7ient
A "o0e&er in 'ase o) 'ontra't*al
s*77ort or t6at +i&en 1y 0ill- t6e
e?'ess amo*nt 1eyond t6at
re2*ired )or le+al s*77ort 'an 1e
s*1Ge't o) e?e'*tion.
Art. 2,%: <!en& it!out t!e 0noledge of t!e
person obliged to gi%e support& it is gi%en b# a
stranger& t!e latter s!all !a%e a rig!t to claim t!e
same from t!e former& unless it appears t!at !e
ga%e it it!out intention of being reimbursed$
Art. 2,(. <!en t!e person obliged to support
anot!er un"ustl# refuses or fails to gi%e support
!en urgentl# needed b# t!e latter& an# t!ird
person ma# furnis! support to t!e need#
indi%idual& it! rig!t of reimbursement from t!e
person obliged to gi%e support$ T!is Article s!all
particularl# appl# !en t!e fat!er or mot!er of a
c!ild under t!e age of ma"orit# un"ustl# refuses to
support or fails to gi%e support to t!e c!ild !en
urgentl# needed$
Art5 2D> &e$uisites:
!6ere is a need to be supported and !ithout
Fno!led#e of person obli#ed to #ive support
it is +i&en 1y anot6er- 6e 'an reim1*rse *nless
6e 6as no intention o) 1ein+ reim1*rsed.
I) 7erson o1li+ed to +i&e s*77ort unEustly
refuses a t6ird 7erson 'an +i&e it 0it6 ri+6t o)
reim1*rsement.
Art5 2D6 &e$uisites:
.. >r+ent need to 1e s*77orted on t6e 7art o) t6e
re'i7ient
2. !6e 7erson o1li+ed to s*77ort *nG*stly re)*ses or
)ails to +i&e s*77ort.
,. !6ird 7erson )*rnis6es t6e s*77ort to t6e needy
indi&id*al
@I) all are 7resent ,
rd
7erson s6all 6a&e ri+6t to
reim1*rsment.
L*asi%'ontra't$ G*ridi'al relation
06i'6 arises )rom 'ertain la0)*l-
&ol*ntary and *nilateral a'ts to t6e
end t6at no one s6all 1e *nG*stly
enri'6ed or 1ene)ited at t6e
e?7ense o) anot6er (1asis )or
reim1*rsement o) one 06o +i&es
s*77ort)
Art. 2,): In case of contractual support or t!at
gi%en b# ill& t!e e(cess in amount be#ond t!at
re'uired for legal support s!all be sub"ect to le%#
on attac!ment or e(ecution
% !6is is di))erent )rom le+al s*77ort- 06i'6 'annot
1e le&ied *7onK 'ontra't*al s*77ort 6o0e&er is
not mandated 1y la0.
% !6e e?'ess in amo*nt o) le+al s*77ort s6all 1e
s*1Ge't to le&y on atta'6ment or e?e'*tion.
PAR#!AL A>!"ORI!D
D. So1re7e8a 73

Art. 2,+: ;ursuant to t!e natural rig!t and dut# of
parents o%er t!e person and propert# of t!eir
unemancipated c!ildren& parental aut!orit# and
responsibilit# s!all include t!e caring for and
rearing t!em for ci%ic consciousness and
efficienc# and t!e de%elopment of t!eir moral&
mental and p!#sical c!aracter and ell8being$
% #at*ral a))e'tion 1et0een t6e 7arents and t6e
o))s7rin+ 6as al0ays 1een re'o+ni:ed as an
in6erent and nat*ral ri+6t.
% Parental a*t6ority in&ol&es a mass o) ri+6ts and
o1li+ations.
Art. 21,: ;arental aut!orit# and responsibilit#
ma# not be renounced or transferred e(cept in
t!e cases aut!ori.ed b# la$
% Parental a*t6ority and res7onsi1ility may not 1e
reno*n'ed or trans)erred e?'e7t in t6e 'ases
a*t6ori:ed 1y la0. Parental a*t6ority and
res7onsi1ility 'annot 1e reno*n'ed or trans)erred
Except 06en 7ro&ided 1y la0
(Cases o) ado7tion- +*ardians6i7
and s*rrender to a '6ildrenJs
6ome or or76ana+e)
%A6en a 7arent +i&es a*t6ority to
anot6er it merely tem7orary
'*stody not ren*n'iation.
Art. 211: T!e fat!er and t!e mot!er s!all "ointl#
e(ercise parental aut!orit# o%er t!e persons of
t!eir common c!ildren$ In case of disagreement&
t!e fat!erAs decision s!all pre%ail& unless t!ere is
a "udicial order to t!e contrar#$
-!ildren s!all ala#s obser%e respect and
re%erence toards t!eir parents and are obliged
to obe# t!em as long as t!e c!ildren are under
parental aut!orit#$
In 'ase o) disa+reement t6e )at6erJs de'ision
s6all 7re&ail *nless t6ere is a G*di'ial order.
C6ildren s6o*ld o1ser&e res7e't and are o1li+ed
to o1ey t6em as lon+ as t6ey are *nder t6eir
7arental a*t6ority
A77lies to 1ot6 le+itimate and ille+itimate
&e$uisites for it to apply to ille#itimate:
.. Paternity is (no0s or t6e )at6er is 'ertain.
2. Ille+itimate is li&in+ 0it6 t6e )at6er and mot6er
06o are 'o6a1itin+ 0it6o*t t6e 1ene)it o)
marria+e.
(I) one o) t6e re2*isites are missin+ only mot6er 6as
7arental a*t6ority)
@Fat6erJs s*1se2*ent se7aration does not mean a
ren*n'iation. On'e 7arental a*t6ority is &ested 'annot 1e
0ai&ed.
Art. 212: In case of absence or deat! of eit!er
parent& t!e parent present s!all continue
e(ercising parental aut!orit#$ T!e remarriage of
t!e sur%i%ing parent s!all not affect t!e parental
aut!orit# o%er t!e c!ildren& unless t!e court
appoints anot!er person to be t!e guardian of
I) a s7o*se dies- t6e ot6er s7o*se still 6as
7arental a*t6ority
Remarria+e does not a))e't t6e 7arental a*t6ority
o) t6e 7arent.
Les1ianism not a +ro*nd to de7ri&e o) '*stody.
A#e0 s7o*se does not +et
7arental a*t6ority 1y t6e )a't o)
marria+e. #e0 s7o*se m*st ado7t
t6e '6ildren to 6a&e 7arental
a*t6ority.
D. So1re7e8a 74

t!e person or propert# of t!e c!ildren$
Art. 21!: In case of separation of t!e parents&
parental aut!orit# s!all be e(ercised b# t!e
parent designated b# t!e -ourt$ T!e -ourt s!all
ta0e into account all rele%ant considerations&
especiall# t!e c!oice of t!e c!ild o%er se%en
#ears of age& unless t!e parent c!osen is unfit$
In 'ase o) se7aration t6e 'o*rt s6all desi+nate a
7arent to 6a&e 7arental a*t6ority (ta(in+ into
'onsideration '6oi'e o) t6ose 5 and a1o&e)
#o '6ild 1elo0 5 s6all 1e se7arated )rom mot6er
unless there is compellin# reason not to do
so. (A+e is 'onsidered )rom 06en t6e de'ision is
made or 06en '*stody is +i&en)
C*stody may also 1e +i&en to ,
rd
7ersons i) t6e
sit*ation so 0arrants.
A!6is does not mean t6at t6e
ot6er 7arent 6as no more PA.
@"a1eas 'or7*s is 7ro7er remedy
to +et '*stody o) a '6ild )rom t6e
ot6er 7arent or ,
rd
7ersons.
Art. 21$: In case of deat!& absence or
unsuitabilit# of t!e parents& substitute parental
aut!orit# s!all be e(ercised b# t!e sur%i%ing
grandparent$ In case se%eral sur%i%e& t!e one
designated b# t!e court& ta0ing into account t!e
same consideration mentioned in t!e preceding
article& s!all e(ercise t!e aut!orit#$
In 'ase o) deat6- a1sen'e or *ns*ita1ility o) t6e
7arents s*1stit*te 7arental a*t6ority s6all 1e
e?er'ised 1y t6e s*r&i&in+ +rand7arent.
In 'ase se&eral +rand7arents s*r&i&e- t6e 'o*rt
0ill de'ide.
Art. 215: )o descendant s!all be compelled& in a
criminal case& to testif# against !is parents and
grandparents& e(cept !en suc! testimon# is
indispensable in a crime against t!e descendant
or b# one parent against t!e ot!er$
#o des'endant s6all 1e 'om7elled in a 'riminal
'ase to testi)y a+ainst 6is 7arents or
+rand7arents *nless t6e 'rime is a+ainst t6e
des'endant or 1y one 7arent a+ainst t6e ot6er.
"*s1and and 0i)e d*rin+ or a)ter t6e marria+e
'annot 1e e?amined 0it6o*t t6e 'onsent o) t6e
ot6er (marital 7ri&ile+e). Except: in a 'i&il 'ase
1y one a+ainst t6e ot6er- in a 'riminal 'ase 1y
one a+ainst t6e ot6er or to t6e latterJs
des'endant or as'endant.
A#ot mandatory in nat*re so i) t6e
'6ild 0ants to 6e 'an do so
&ol*ntarily.
S>FS!I!>! A#D SPCIAL PAR#!AL A>!"ORI!D
Art. 21%: In default of parents or a "udiciall#
appointed guardian& t!e folloing person s!all
e(ercise substitute parental aut!orit# o%er t!e c!ild
in t!e order indicated:
*$ T!e sur%i%ing grandparent& as pro%ided in Art$
,*4?
.
st
$ 7arents e?er'ise 7arental a*t6ority t6en a G*di'ially
a77ointed +*ardian in de)a*lt o) s*'6 +*ardian$
.. S*r&i&in+ +rand7arent
2. Oldest 1rot6er or sister o&er 2.
,. C6ildJs a't*al '*stodian o&er 2.
@ !6e list is merely a +*ideline- )itness- 'a7a1ilities-
A!6ey 0ill 6a&e t6e ri+6ts and
res7onsi1ilities o) a 7arent
en*merated in art. 220 on0ards.
@Order is not mandatory$
7aramo*nt interest
D. So1re7e8a 75

,$ T!e oldest brot!er or sister& o%er tent#8one
#ears of age& unless unfit or dis'ualified? and
/$ T!e c!ildAs actual custodian& o%er tent#8one
#ears of age& unless unfit or dis'ualified$
<!ene%er t!e appointment or a "udicial guardian
o%er t!e propert# of t!e c!ild becomes necessar#&
t!e same order of preference s!all be obser%ed$
et' m*st still 1e 'onsidered.
Art. 21(: In case of foundlings& abandoned
neglected or abused c!ildren and ot!er c!ildren
similarl# situated& parental aut!orit# s!all be
entrusted in summar# "udicial proceedings to
!eads of c!ildrenAs !omes& orp!anages and similar
institutions dul# accredited b# t!e proper
go%ernment agenc#$
In 'ase o) no )amily mem1ers ()o*ndlin+- a1andoned-
ne+le'ted or a1*sed '6ildren and ot6er '6ildren similarly
sit*ated)
- Parental a*t6ority s6all 1e entr*sted in
s*mmary G*di'ial 7ro'eedin+s to 6eads o)
'6ildrenJs 6omes- or76ana+es- et'.
'ransfer of parental authority:
.. In&ol*ntary$ 1y DSAS 06o )iles 0it6 'o*rt to
6a&e '*stody o&er t6e '6ild.
2. Vol*ntary$ 7arent or '6ild 'ommits to t6e DSAS
(s*rrendered in 0ritin+ 1y 7arents- i) only . and
t6e ot6er is dead or a1andoned )or at least .
year . 7arent a*t6ori:ation is eno*+6)
Art. 21): T!e sc!ool& its administrators and
teac!ers& or t!e indi%idual& entit# or institution
engaged in c!ild are s!all !a%e special parental
aut!orit# and responsibilit# o%er t!e minor c!ild
!ile under t!eir super%ision& instruction or
custod#$
Aut!orit# and responsibilit# s!all appl# to all
aut!ori.ed acti%ities !et!er inside or outside t!e
premises of t!e sc!ool& entit# or institution$
Art. 21+: T!ose gi%en t!e aut!orit# and
responsibilit# under t!e preceding Article s!all be
principall# and solidaril# liable for damages caused
b# t!e acts or omissions of t!e unemancipated
minor$ T!e parents& "udicial guardians or t!e
persons e(ercising substitute parental aut!orit#
o%er said minor s!all be subsidiaril# liable$
S'6ool- administrators- tea'6ers- indi&id*als or
entities en+a+ed in '6ild 'are s6all 6a&e s7e'ial
7arental a*t6ority and res7onsi1ility o&er t6e
minor '6ild 06ile *nder t6eir s*7er&ision-
instr*'tion- '*stody. (!6is a*t6ority a77lies to
a*t6ori:ed a'ti&ities inside or o*tside t6e
7remises)
!6ose +i&en s7e'ial a*t6ority s6all 1e 7rin'i7ally
and solidariliy lia1le ('i&il lia1ility) )or dama+es
'a*sed 1y t6e a'ts or omissions o) t6e minor.
(M*st 1e tea'6er in '6ar+e et').
Parents or t6ose 06o 6a&e s*1stit*te 7arental
a*t6ority s6all 1e subsidiarily liable ?i) 7ersons
0it6 s7e'ial a*t6ority 'annot 'o&er t6e lia1ility)
>nder t6e 'i&il 'ode- arti'le 2.40- tea'6ers et'
'an still 1e 6eld lia1le 06en '6ildren are not
Except: no lia1ility 1y t6ose 0it6
s7e'ial 7arental a*t6ority i) it 'an
1e 7ro&en t6at s*'6 7erson
e?er'ised t6e 7ro7er dili+en'e in
t6e 'ir'*mstan'es. Parents
can7t use dili#ence as a
defense (im7*ted lia1ility )lo0s
)rom )ilial relation).
@Can 1e an a'ademi' or non%
a'ademi' s'6ool.
D. So1re7e8a 76

T!e respecti%e liabilities of t!ose referred to in t!e
preceding paragrap! s!all not appl# if it is pro%ed
t!at t!e# e(ercised t!e proper diligence re'uired
under t!e particular circumstances$
All ot!er cases not co%ered b# t!is and t!e
preceding articles s!all be go%erned b# t!e
pro%isions of t!e -i%il -ode on 'uasi8delicts$
anymore minors s*1Ge't to t6e de)ense o)
7ro7er dili+en'e.
FFC! OF PAR#!AL A>!"ORI!D >PO# !" PRSO#S OF !" C"ILDR#
Art. 22,: T!e parents and t!ose e(ercising
parental aut!orit# s!all !a%e it! t!e respect to
t!eir unemancipated c!ildren on ards t!e
folloing rig!ts and duties:
*$ To 0eep t!em in t!eir compan#& to support&
educate and instruct t!em b# rig!t precept and
good e(ample& and to pro%ide for t!eir upbringing
in 0eeping it! t!eir means?
,$ To gi%e t!em lo%e and affection& ad%ice and
counsel& companions!ip and understanding?
/$ To pro%ide t!em it! moral and spiritual
guidance& inculcate in t!em !onest#& integrit#& self8
discipline& self8reliance& industr# and t!rift&
stimulate t!eir interest in ci%ic affairs& and inspire in
t!em compliance it! t!e duties of citi.ens!ip?
4$ To furnis! t!em it! good and !olesome
educational materials& super%ise t!eir acti%ities&
recreation and association it! ot!ers& protect
t!em from bad compan#& and pre%ent t!em from
ac'uiring !abits detrimental to t!eir !ealt!& studies
and morals?
1$ To represent t!em in all matters affecting t!eir
interests?
=$ To demand from t!em respect and obedience?
5$ To impose discipline on t!em as ma# be
re'uired under t!e circumstances? and
Ri+6ts and d*ties o) 7arents$
.. S*77ort- ed*'ate and instr*'t t6em- 7ro&ide )or
t6eir *71rin+in+ in (ee7in+ 0it6 t6eir means.
2. Lo&e and a))e'tion- ad&i'e- 'o*nselin+-
'om7anions6i7- and *nderstandin+
,. Moral and s7irit*al +*idan'e
C. P6ysi'al and mental 6ealt6
/. 9ood and 06olesome ed*'ational materials and
7re&ent t6em )rom 1ad 'om7any
E. Re7resent t6em in all matters a))e'tin+ t6eir
interest.
5. Demand res7e't and o1edien'e
4. Im7ose dis'i7line
9. Ot6ers im7osed 1y la0
Dis'i7linary A'tions$ 7arents may in)li't a reasona1le
meas*re o) 'or7oral 7*nis6ment.
(Read C6ild and Do*t6 Ael)are Code BRi+6ts o) t6e
'6ild)
ACases in t6e >S 0o*ld s6o0
t6at s*77ort 'an 1e 0it66eld )rom
t6e '6ild as a dis'i7linary
san'tion i) t6e '6ild re)*ses to
o1ey t6e )at6er. (F*t mere
disa+reements or delin2*ent
1e6a&ior does not +enerally
terminate s*77ort). RO V. DO.
D. So1re7e8a 77

6$ To perform suc! ot!er duties as are imposed b#
la upon parents and guardians$
Art. 221: ;arents and ot!er persons e(ercising
parental aut!orit# s!all be ci%ill# liable for t!e
in"uries and damages caused b# t!e acts or
omissions of t!eir unemancipated c!ildren li%ing in
t!eir compan# and under t!eir parental aut!orit#
sub"ect to t!e appropriate defenses pro%ided b#
la$
Parents are 7rimarily lia1le ('i&illy) )or inG*ries
and dama+es 'a*sed 1y t6e a'ts and omissions
o) t6eir *neman'i7ated '6ildren li&in+ in t6eir
'om7any and *nder t6eir 7arental a*t6ority.
Exception: i) 7arents 'an s6o0
t6at t6ey e?er'ised t6e dili+en'e
o) a +ood )at6er- t6en no lia1ility.
Art. 222: T!e courts ma# appoint a guardian of t!e
c!ildAs propert# or a guardian ad litem !en t!e
best interests of t!e c!ild so re'uires$
Co*rt may a77oint a +*ardian )or 7*r7oses o)
t6e la0s*it 06en t6e 1est interest o) t6e '6ild
re2*ires it.
9>ARDIA#S"IP$ tr*st relation o) t6e most sa'red
'6ara'ter.
Art5 229: T!e parents or& in t!eir absence or
incapacit#& t!e indi%idual& entit# or institution
e(ercising parental aut!orit#& ma# petition t!e
proper court of t!e place !ere t!e c!ild resides&
for an order pro%iding for disciplinar# measures
o%er t!e c!ild$ T!e c!ild s!all be entitled to t!e
assistance of counsel& eit!er of !is c!oice or
appointed b# t!e court& and a summar# !earing
s!all be conducted !erein t!e petitioner and t!e
c!ild s!all be !eard$
>oe%er& if in t!e same proceeding t!e court finds
t!e petitioner at fault& irrespecti%e of t!e merits of
t!e petition& or !en t!e circumstances so arrant&
t!e court ma# also order t!e depri%ation or
suspension of parental aut!orit# or adopt suc!
ot!er measures as it ma# deem "ust and proper$
Person 06o 6as 7arental a*t6ority may see( t6e
assistan'e o) t6e 'o*rt to dis'i7line t6e '6ild
and 0it6 a 'o*nsel s6all *nder+o a s*mmary
6earin+.
I) t6e 'o*rt )inds t6at it is t6e 7etitioner at )a*lt-
t6e 'o*rt may s*s7end or de7ri&e 6im o)
7arental a*t6ority.
D*rin+ t6e 'ommitment o) t6e '6ild t6e 7arent
'annot inter)ere 0it6 t6e 'are o) t6e '6ild but
0ill provide support.
!6e 'o*rt may terminate t6e 'ommitment o) t6e
'6ild 06ene&er G*st and 7ro7er.
Art. 22$: T!e measures referred
to in t!e preceding article ma#
include t!e commitment of t!e
c!ild for not more t!an t!irt#
da#s in entities or institutions
engaged in c!ild care or in
c!ildrenAs !omes dul# accredited
b# t!e proper go%ernment
agenc#$
T!e parent e(ercising parental
aut!orit# s!all not interfere it!
t!e care of t!e c!ild !ene%er
committed but s!all pro%ide for
!is support$ Upon proper petition
or at its on instance& t!e court
ma# terminate t!e commitment
of t!e c!ild !ene%er "ust and
proper$
FFC! OF PAR#!AL A>!"ORI!D >PO# !" PROPR!D OF !" C"ILDR#
Art. 2255 T!e fat!er and t!e mot!er s!all "ointl#
e(ercise legal guardians!ip o%er t!e propert# of t!e
unemancipated common c!ild it!out t!e necessit# of
a court appointment$ In case of disagreement& t!e
#o need )or a G*di'ial 'o*rt to a77oint
7arents as +*ardians. It is 7res*med t6at t6e
7arents a't )or t6e 1est interest o) t6e '6ild.
D. So1re7e8a 78

fat!erAs decision s!all pre%ail& unless t!ere is a "udicial
order to t!e contrar#$
<!ere t!e mar0et %alue of t!e propert# or t!e annual
income of t!e c!ild e(ceeds ;19&999& t!e parent
concerned s!all be re'uired to furnis! a bond in suc!
amount as t!e court ma# determine& but not less t!an
ten per centum 2*9E3 of t!e %alue of t!e propert# or
annual income& to guarantee t!e performance of t!e
obligations prescribed for general guardians$
A %erified petition for appro%al of t!e bond s!all be
filed in t!e proper court of t!e place !ere t!e c!ild
resides& or& if t!e c!ild resides in a foreign countr#& in
t!e proper court of t!e place !ere t!e propert# or
an# part t!ereof is situated$
T!e petition s!all be doc0eted as a summar# special
proceeding in !ic! all incidents and issues regarding
t!e performance of t!e obligations referred to in t!e
second paragrap! of t!is Article s!all be !eard and
resol%ed$
T!e ordinar# rules on guardians!ip s!all be merel#
suppletor# e(cept !en t!e c!ild is under substitute
parental aut!orit#& or t!e guardian is a stranger& or a
parent !as remarried& in !ic! case t!e ordinar# rules
on guardians!ip s!all appl#$
Pro6i1ition ('ases 06ere a 7arent 'annot 1e t6e
administrator o) t6e 7ro7erty)$
.. A6en a 7arent is disin6erited and 6isI6er
'6ild in6erits )rom t6e '6ildJs +rand7arents
6is s6are o) t6e 'om7*lsory in6eritan'e- t6e
7arent 'annot administer s*'6 7ro7erty. !6e
7arent 6o0e&er 'an administer 06ate&er is
+i&en to t6e '6ild 1y 0ay o) &ol*ntary 0ill.
2. A6en t6e 7arent is *n)it to administer t6e
7ro7erty and t6*s a +*ardian is needed.
- ParentJs a*t6ority o&er t6e estate o) t6e 0ard
as a le+al%+*ardian 0o*ld not e?tend to a'ts
o) en'*m1ran'e or dis7osition- as
distin+*is6ed )rom a'ts o) mana+ement or
administration.
.. i) t6e mar(et &al*e o) total 7ro7erty or in'ome o)
'6ild is more t6an P/0(- t6e 7arent 6as to +i&e a
1ond not less t6an .0R o) &al*e o) 7ro7erty to
+*arantee 7er)orman'e o) t6e o1li+ations 7res'ri1ed
)or +eneral +*ardians. (to 1e s*re t6at +*ardians
donJt a1*se t6eir a*t6ority and do 06at t6ey are
re2*ired to do)
2. r*les on +*ardians6i7 a77ly s*77lementary to
7arents- 1*t i) '6ild is *nder s*1stit*te 7arental
a*t6ority or +*ardian is a stran+er t6en r*les on
+*ardians6i7 a77ly.
@7arentJs a*t6ority o&er t6e estate does not in'l*de
alienation or en'*m1ran'e- or 'om7romise or 0ai&er
(&oid). B a*t6ority is needed )rom 'o*rt.
Art. 22%. T!e propert# of t!e unemancipated c!ild
earned or ac'uired it! !is or0 or industr# or b#
onerous or gratuitous title s!all belong to t!e c!ild in
oners!ip and s!all be de%oted e(clusi%el# to t!e
latterAs support and education& unless t!e title or
transfer pro%ides ot!erise$
T!e rig!t of t!e parents o%er t!e fruits and income of
t!e c!ildAs propert# s!all be limited primaril# to t!e
C6ildJs salary still )or 6isI6er e?'l*si&ely *sed
)or 1ene)it o) '6ild 1*t '6ild also 6as
o1li+ation to s*77ort as'endants t6*s salary
'an 1e *sed.
ParentJs 'annot *se 7ro7erty )or 7ersonal
*se.
-t6e '6ild s6all o0n exclusively 06ate&er 6e earns
or 1y onero*s or +rat*ito*s title.
D. So1re7e8a 79

c!ildAs support and secondaril# to t!e collecti%e dail#
needs of t!e famil#$
%t6e )r*its o) s*'6 'an only 1e *sed 1y t6e 7arents )or
t6e s*77ort o) t6e '6ild and se'ondarily )or t6e
s*77ort o) t6e )amily.
Art. 22(: If t!e parents entrust t!e management or
administration of an# of t!eir properties to an
unemancipated c!ild& t!e net proceeds of suc!
propert# s!all belong to t!e oner$ T!e c!ild s!all be
gi%en a reasonable mont!l# alloance in an amount
not less t!an t!at !ic! t!e oner ould !a%e paid if
t!e administrator ere a stranger& unless t!e oner&
grants t!e entire proceeds to t!e c!ild$ In an# case&
t!e proceeds t!us gi%e in !ole or in part s!all not be
c!arged to t!e c!ildAs legitime$
Parents 06o en+a+e t6eir *neman'i7ated
'6ild to ta(e 'are o) t6eir 7ro7erties are to
+i&e t6eir '6ild a mont6ly allo0an'e ta(en
)rom t6e +ross 7ro'eeds o) t6e 7ro7erty )or
t6e mont6. S*'6 0ill not 1e '6ar+ed to t6e
'6ildJs le+itime.
!6e net 7ro'eeds or t6e 1alan'e le)t a)ter t6e
7ayment o) t6e allo0an'e and e?7enses 0ill
+o to t6e 7arents
S>SP#SIO# OR !RMI#A!IO# OF PAR#!AL A>!"ORI!D
Art. 22): ;arental aut!orit# terminates permanentl#:
*$ Upon t!e deat! of t!e parents?
,$ Upon t!e deat! of t!e c!ild? or
/$ Upon emancipation of t!e c!ild.
!6e 'o*rt *7on t6e deat6 o) t6e 7arents 'an
a77oint a +*ardian on 7etition o) a relati&e-
)amily )riend- or DSAD.
!6ese sit*ations e?tin+*is6es 7arental
a*t6ority
A7arental a*t6ority 'annot 1e
re&i&ed in t6ese 'ases.
Art. 22+: Unless subse'uentl# re%i%ed b# a final
"udgment& parental aut!orit# also terminates:
*$ Upon adoption of t!e c!ild?
,$ Upon appointment of a general guardian?
/$ Upon "udicial declaration of abandonment of t!e
c!ild in a case filed for t!e purpose?
4$ Upon final "udgment of a competent court di%esting
t!e part# concerned of parental aut!orit#? or
1$ Upon "udicial declaration of absence or incapacit#
of t!e person e(ercising parental aut!orit#$
9ro*nds )or termination$
.. Ado7tion B all le+al ties are se&ered an are
&ested on t6e ado7ter.
2. a77ointment o) +*ardian
,. a1andonment o) '6ild (*7on G*di'ial
de'laration in a 'ase )iled )or t6e 7*r7ose)
C. )inal G*d+ment )rom 'o*rt de7ri&in+ 7arental
a*t6ority
/. G*di'ial de'laration o) a1sen'e or in'a7a'ity
o) 7erson
A)or t6e reinstatement o) 7arental
a*t6ority G*di'ial de'laration is
needed )or reinstatement o)
7arental a*t6ority.
Art. 2!,: ;arental aut!orit# is suspended upon
con%iction of t!e parent or t!e person e(ercising t!e
same of a crime !ic! carries it! it t!e penalt# of
ci%il interdiction$ T!e aut!orit# is automaticall#
reinstated upon ser%ice of t!e penalt# or upon pardon
or amnest# of t!e offender$
% 7arental a*t6ority is s*s7ended *7on 'on&i'tion o)
t6e 7arent o) a 'rime t6at 6as 'i&il interdi'tion (loss o)
ri+6ts o) 7arental a*t6ority- +*ardians6i7 to 7erson
and 7ro7erty o) 0ard- marital a*t6ority- ri+6t to
mana+e 6is 7ro7erty and ri+6t to dis7ose o) s*'6.
A7arental a*t6ority is
automatically reinstated *7on
ser&i'e o) senten'e or 7ardon.
Art. 2!1: T!e court in an action filed for t!e purpose in Suspension of parental authority ('an 1e )rom a Ai) t6e de+ree or serio*sness so
D. So1re7e8a 80

a related case ma# also suspend parental aut!orit# if
t!e parent or t!e person e(ercising t!e same:
*$Treats t!e c!ild it! e(cessi%e !ars!ness or cruelt#
,$ Gi%es t!e c!ild corrupting orders& counsel or
e(ample?
/$ -ompels t!e c!ild to beg? or
4$ Sub"ects t!e c!ild or allos !im to be sub"ected to
acts of lasci%iousness$
T!e grounds enumerated abo%e are deemed to
include cases& !ic! !a%e resulted from culpable
negligence of t!e parent or t!e person e(ercising
parental aut!orit#$
If t!e degree of seriousness so arrants& or t!e
elfare of t!e c!ild so demands& t!e court s!all
depri%e t!e guilt# part# of parental aut!orit# or adopt
suc! ot!er measures as ma# be proper under t!e
circumstances$
T!e suspension or depri%ation ma# be re%o0ed and
t!e parental aut!orit# re%i%ed in a case filed for t!e
purpose or in t!e same proceeding if t!e court finds
t!at t!e cause t!erefor !as ceased and ill not be
repeated$
'ase related- o))s6oot o) anot6er 'ase. Does not
6a&e to 1e 'ase )iled )or t6e 7*r7ose)
.. treats t6e '6ild 0it6 excessive 6ars6ness or
'r*elty
2. +i&es '6ild 'orr*7tin+ orders- e?am7le or
'o*nsel
,. Com7els t6e '6ild to 1e+
C. S*1Ge'ts or allo0s 6im to 1e s*1Ge't to a'ts
o) las'i&io*sness (not a't*al se?*al a't-
)or'e or intimidation 0it6 le0d desi+n)
@ !6is may in'l*de 'ases 06ere t6e 7arent 0as
ne#li#ent or didnJt do anyt6in+ a1o*t t6e sit*ation.
0arrants 7arent may 1e de7ri&ed
o) a*t6ority.
@Parental a*t6ority may 1e
re&i&ed in a 'ase )iled )or its
7*r7ose or in t6e same
7ro'eedin+ i) t6e 'o*rt )inds t6at
t6e 'a*se 6as 'eased.
Art. 2!2: If t!e person e(ercising parental aut!orit#
!as sub"ected t!e c!ild or alloed !im to be sub"ected
to se(ual abuse& suc! person s!all be permanentl#
depri%ed b# t!e court of suc! aut!orit#$
I) t6e 7erson e?er'isin+ 7arental a*t6ority
6as sub"ected t6e '6ild or alloed !im to be
sub"ected ('*l7a1le ne+li+en'e o) a 7arent)
to sexual abuse parental authority !ill be
permanently deprived
0nder &PC: any 7erson entr*sted 0it6 7arental
a*t6ority o) a '6ild *nder .E years o) a+e to deli&er-
+rat*ito*sly or in 'onsideration o) a 7ri'e- s*'6 '6ild
to &a+rant or 1e++ar- em7loys '6ildren in e?6i1itions
('ir'*s- 'arni&al- et'.)
A7arental a*t6ority 'annot 1e
re&i&ed )or se?*al a1*se.
@RPC$ 7arental a*t6ority 'an 1e
de7ri&ed or s*s7ended *7 to t6e
dis'retion o) t6e 'o*rts.
Art. 2!!: T!e person e(ercising substitute parental
aut!orit# s!all !a%e t!e same aut!orit# o%er t!e
person of t!e c!ild as t!e parents$
In no case s!all t!e sc!ool administrator& teac!er of
indi%idual engaged in c!ild care e(ercising special
Corporal punishment of those !ith special
parental authority:
- t6ose e?er'isin+ s*1stit*te 7arental a*t6ority
0ill 6a&e all t6e same ri+6ts and a*t6orities
o&er t6e '6ild ('an in)li't 'or7oral
D. So1re7e8a 81

parental aut!orit# inflict corporal punis!ment upon t!e
c!ild$
7*nis6ment)
- t6ose 0it6 s7e'ial 7arental a*t6ority 'annot
in)li't 'or7oral 7*nis6ment on t6e '6ild.
(s'6ools 'an im7ose 'ertain meas*res o)
dis'i7linary a'tion 1*t 'annot in)li't any
76ysi'al 7*nis6ment)
Criminal liability of parents:
.. 'on'eals or a1andons t6e '6ild 0it6 intent to ma(e 6imI6er loose 6is 'i&il stat*s
2. a1andons '6ild de7ri&in+ 6im o) t6e lo&e- 'are- and 7rote'tion 6e needs
,. sells or a1andons '6ild )or a &al*a1le 'onsideration
C. ne+le'ts t6e '6ild 1y not +i&in+ 6im t6e ed*'ation 06i'6 t6e )amily 'an a))ord
/. )ails or re)*ses 0it6o*t G*sti)ia1le reason to enroll '6ild
E. 'a*ses- a1ates- or 7ermits tr*an'y o) t6e '6ild. (a1sen'e 0it6o*t 'a*se )or more t6an 20 days- not ne'essarily 'onse'*ti&e)
5. e?7loits '6ild 1y *sin+ 6im )or 1e++in+- et'.
4. in)li'ts 'r*el and *n*s*al 7*nis6ment
9. en'o*ra+es or 'a*ses '6ild to lead an immoral or dissol*te li)e
.0. 7ermits '6ild to *se or 'arry dan+ero*s 0ea7ons
... allo0s or re2*ires '6ild to dri&e 0it6o*t a li'ense.
MA#CIPA!IO#
Art. 2!$: Emancipation ta0es place b# t!e
attainment of ma"orit#$ Unless ot!erise
pro%ided& ma"orit# commences at t!e age of
eig!teen$
- man'i7ation is attained *7on rea'6in+ .4 years o)
a+e. Marria+e is no lon+er a +ro*nd )or eman'i7ation
sin'e no0 one 'an only 'ontra't a marria+e 06en t6ey
marry.
Art. 2!%: Emancipation for an# cases s!all
terminate parental aut!orit# o%er t!e person
and propert# of t!e c!ild !o s!all t!en be
'ualified and responsible for all acts of ci%il of
life& sa%e t!e e(ceptions establis!ed b#
e(isting las in special cases$
-ontracting marriage s!all re'uire parental
consent until t!e age of ,*$
)ot!ing in t!is code s!all be construed to
derogate from t!e dut# or responsibilit# of
- Parental 'onsent is more in (ee7in+ 0it6 Fili7ino '*lt*re
and tradition.
- On'e eman'i7ated 6eIs6e 'an s*e or 1e s*ed alone-
and is res7onsi1le and 2*ali)ied )or all a'ts o) 'i&il li)e
ParentJs lia1ility$
- !6e )at6er and in 'ase o) deat6 or in'a7a'ity t6e
mot6er are res7onsi1le )or t6e dama+es 'a*sed 1y t6e
'6ildren 1et0een .4 and 2. 06o li&e in t6eir 'om7any.
- Parents are also s*1sidiary lia1le )or t6e a'ts or
omission o) t6eir eman'i7ated '6ild li&in+ in t6eir
@Ille+itimate '6ildren$ lia1ility
is 0it6 t6e mot6erK t6e )at6er
is only relied *7on )or s*77ort.
D. So1re7e8a 82

parents and guardians for c!ildren and ards
belo tent#8one #ears of age mentioned in
t!e second and t!ird paragrap!s of Article
,*69 of t!e ci%il code$
'*stody-
9*ardianJs lia1ility$
- 9*ardians are lia1le )or dama+es i) t6e 7erson is *nder
t6eir a*t6ority and li&e in t6eir 'om7any.
Summary proceedin#s:
- 'laims )or dama+es 1y eit6er s7o*se m*st 1e done in a se7arate a'tion.
- Preliminary 'on)eren'e$ done 1y G*d+e 0it6 t6e 7arties !Go counsel5 F*t i) t6e 'o*rt deems it ne'essary- t6ey 'an 1e assisted 1y 'o*nsel
a)ter.
- De'isions 1e'ome )inal and e?e'*tory immediately (no more la7se o) ./ days et') 6o0e&er a++rie&ed 7arty 'an still a77eal to 6i+6er
'o*rts on t6e 1asis o) denial o) d*e 7ro'ess.
)amily courts:
- s6all esta1lis6 )amily 'o*rts in e&ery 7ro&in'e and 'ity. I) t6e 'ity is t6e 'a7ital o) t6e 7ro&in'e t6en in t6e m*ni'i7ality 0it6 t6e 6i+6est
n*m1er o) 7eo7le.
3*risdi'tion o&er$
.. 'riminal 'ases o) t6ose 9%.4 years o) a+e (1*t all 'ases 'on'ernin+ determination o) a+e still 0it6 )amily 'o*rts)
2. 7etitions )or +*ardians6i7- '*stody- 6a1eas 'or7*s
,. ado7tion and re&o'ation t6ereo)
C. ann*lment- n*llity- relatin+ to marital stat*s- 7ro7erty relations- dissol*tion o) CP9
/. s*77ort and a'(no0led+ment
E. s*mmary G*di'ial 7ro'eedin+s
5. de'laration o) stat*s o) '6ildren- 'ommitment o) '6ildren- s*s7ension termination or restoration o) 7arental a*t6ority.
4. Constit*tion o) )amily 6ome
9. Cases a+ainst minors (dan+ero*s dr*+s a't)
.0. Violations o) 5E.0
... Violations a+ainst VAAC (*nless 1e'omes 'riminal in 06i'6 'ase o))ender 0ill 1e s*1Ge't to 'riminal 7ro'eedin+s)
@i) any 1e'ome an in'ident to a 'ase 7endin+ in t6e re+*lar 'o*rts it s6all 1e de'ided t6ere.
)unerals:
- same arran+ement esta1lis6ed )or s*77ort (s7o*ses- des'endants t6en as'endants in t6e nearest de+ree- 1rot6ers and sisters a1o&e 2.)
Frot6ers and sisters or des'endants Boldest are 7re)erred- as'endants B 7aternal is 7re)erred.
- In (ee7in+ 0it6 t6e so'ial 7osition o) t6e de'eased- and in a''ordan'e to t6e e?7ressed 0is6es o) t6e de'eased- in t6e a1sen'e reli+io*s
1elie)s- in 'ase o) do*1t s6all 1e de'ided *7on 1y t6e 7erson ma(in+ t6e arran+ements a)ter 'ons*ltation 0it6 t6e )amily.
- "*man remains 'anJt 1e dis7osed or e?6*med 0it6o*t t6e 'onsent o) t6e 7ersons in arran+ement.
- A 7erson 06o allo0s disres7e't to t6e dead 0ill 1e lia1le to t6e )amily )or moral and material dama+es.
- Ma*sole*m or a tom1 is 7art o) )*neral e?7enses- 06i'6 s6all 1e '6ar+ea1le to t6e 7ro7erty re+ime i) t6e s7o*se is ma(in+ arran+ements.
D. So1re7e8a 83

>S OF S>R#AMS
Art. !%$: +egitimate and legitimated c!ildren s!all
principall# use t!e surname of t!e fat!er$
- Le+itimate- le+itimated '6ildren *se s*rname o)
t6eir dad
Art. !%5: An adopted c!ild s!all bear t!e surname
of t!e adopter$
- Ado7ted '6ildren are 'onsidered t6e le+itimate
'6ild o) t6e ado7ter )or all intents and 7*r7oses
and t6*s is entitled to all t6e ri+6ts and
o1li+ations 7ro&ided 1y la0.
- Ado7ted '6ildren 1ear t6e name o) t6eir
ado7ter.
Art. !%%: A natural c!ild ac0noledged b# bot!
parents s!all principall# use t!e surname of t!e
fat!er$ If recogni.ed b# onl# one of t!e parents& a
natural c!ild s!all emplo# t!e surname of t!e
recogni.ing parent$
Art. !%(: )atural c!ildren b# legal fiction s!all
principall# emplo# t!e surname of t!e fat!er$
Art. .5E$ ille+itimate '6ildren s6all *se t6e s*rname o)
t6e mot6er and s6all 1e *nder t6eir 7arental 'ontrol.
- Art. .5E 6o0e&er does not a77ly i) t6e )at6er o)
t6e ille+itimate '6ild is 'ertain as 06en t6e said
)at6er 'ate+ori'ally admits t6at t6e ille+itimate
'ommon '6ild is 6is and at t6e same time s*'6
)at6er li&es 0it6 t6e ille+itimate '6ild and t6e
mot6er.
Art. !%): Illegitimate c!ildren referred to in Article
,65 s!all bear t!e surname of t!e mot!er$
- Ille+itimate '6ildren s6all 7rin'i7ally *se t6e
name o) t6e mot6er
Exception: )at6er is 'ertain or
re'o+ni:es ille+itimate '6ild and
t6e )at6er li&es 0it6 t6e ille+itimate
'6ild and mot6er. !6en 'an *se
)at6ers s*rname
Art. !%+: -!ildren concei%ed before t!e decree
annulling a %oidable marriage s!all principall# use
t!e surname of t!e fat!er$
- C6ildren conceived 1e)ore t6e de'ree ann*llin+
a &oida1le marria+e s6all *se s*rname o) )at6er.
- De'ree o) ann*lment is )inal ./ days a)ter it is
made t6*s e&en i) t6e '6ild 0as 1orn d*rin+ t6at
./ day 7eriod t6e '6ild 0ill still 1e le+itimate.
Art. !(,: A married oman ma# use:
*$ >er maiden first name and surname and add
!er !usbandAs surname& or
,$ >er maiden first name and !er !usbandAs
surname or
Married 0oman may *se$
.. "er o0n name
2. maiden )irst name- s*rname and 6*s1ands
s*rname
,. maiden name and 6er 6*s1ands s*rname
D. So1re7e8a 84

/$ >er !usbandAs full name& but prefi(ing a ord
indicating t!at s!e is !is ife& suc! as DMrs$D
C. 6*s1ands )*ll name 7l*s <Mrs.=
@ O7tion is +i&e to t6e 0oman.
Art. !(1: In case of annulment of marriage& and
t!e ife is t!e guilt# part#& s!e s!all resume !er
maiden name and surname$ If s!e is t!e innocent
spouse& s!e ma# resume !er maiden name and
surname$ >oe%er& s!e ma# c!oose to continue
emplo#ing !er former !usbandAs surname& unless:
*$ T!e court decrees ot!erise& or
,$ S!e or t!e former !usband is married again to
anot!er person$
Art. !(2: <!en legal separation !as been
granted& t!e ife s!all continue using !er name
and surname emplo#ed before t!e legal
separation$
Art. !(!: A ido ma# use t!e deceased
!usbandAs surname as t!oug! !e ere still li%ing&
in accordance it! Article /59$
In case of annulment:
.. 0i)e is +*ilty$ s6all res*me 6er maiden name
2. inno'ent$ res*me 6er maiden name or 'ontin*e
*sin+ 6er 6*s1ands name unless t6e 'o*rt
de'rees ot6er0ise or i) eit6er o) t6em remarries.
In case of le#al separation: 0i)e !ill 'ontin*e to *se
t6e name s6e *sed 7rior to se7aration
Bido!: may 'ontin*e to *se de'eased 6*s1andJs
s*rname
Art. !($: In case of identit# of names and
surnames& t!e #ounger person s!all be obliged to
use suc! additional name or surname as ill
a%oid confusion$
Art. !(5: In case of identit# of names and
surnames beteen ascendants and descendants&
t!e ord DFuniorD can be used onl# b# a son$
Grandsons and ot!er direct male descendants
s!all eit!er:
*$ Add a middle name or t!e mot!erAs surname& or
,$ Add t!e Roman )umerals II& III& and so on$
I) t6ere are similar names- t6e yo*n+er 0ill 1e
o1li+ed to *se additional names
I) 1et0een as'endants and des'endants t6e
0ord <G*nior= 'an only 1e *sed 1y a son .
%randsons and direct male
descendants !ill use:
.. add middle name or
mot6ers s*rname
add roman n*merals
Art. !(%: )o person can c!ange !is name or
surname it!out "udicial aut!orit#$
#o '6an+e in name or s*rname 0it6o*t G*di'ial
a*t6ority
Exception: i) it is )or merely
'6an+in+ 'leri'al or ty7o+ra76i'al
D. So1re7e8a 85

&easons for chan#e in surname:
.. ridi'*lo*s name
2. '6an+e o) 'i&il stat*s
,. to a&oid 'on)*sion
@la0s do not 7ermit a le+itimate '6ild o) anot6er to ado7t
t6e s*rname o) anot6er 7erson e&en i) t6at 7erson is
e?er'isin+ 7arental a*t6ority. F*t i) it is an ille+itimate
'6ild- '6an+e o) s*rname is 7ermitted
- '6an+e o) name does not alter )amily relations-
ri+6ts or d*ties- le+al 'a7a'ity- 'i&il stat*s or
'iti:ens6i7.
error no need )or G*di'ial a*t6ority
(m*st not in&ol&e a '6an+e in
nationality- a+e- stat*s- or se?)
Chan#e in nicFname:
.. ridi'*lo*s- tainted 0it6
dis6onor- di))i'*lt to
7rono*n'e
2. 6a1it*ally *sed and
(no0n 1y ot6er 7eo7le as
t6at
,. '6an+e 0ill a&oid
'on)*sion.
Art. !((: Usurpation of a name and surname ma#
be t!e sub"ect of an action for damages and ot!er
relief$
Art. !(): T!e unaut!ori.ed or unlaful use of
anot!er personAs surname gi%es a rig!t of action
to t!e latter$
!6e *s*r7ation or *se o) a name and s*rname
0it6o*t a*t6ority 'o*ld res*lt in a 'laim )or
dama+es
>na*t6ori:ed or *nla0)*l *se o) anot6erJs name
also +i&es ri+6t )or an a'tion to t6e latter.
A*s*r7ation means some inG*ry to
t6e interests o) t6e 7erson
(7ossi1ility o) 'on)*sion o) identity
et')
Art. !(+: T!e emplo#ment of pen names or stage
names is permitted& pro%ided it is done in good
fait! and t!ere is no in"ur# to t!ird persons$ ;en
names and stage names cannot be usurped$
Art. !),: E(cept as pro%ided in t!e preceding
article& no person s!all use different names and
surnames$
Pen names and sta+e names 7ermitted as lon+
as done in +ood )ait6 and no one +ets inG*red.
Asta+e names 'annot 1e *s*r7ed
as t6e 7eo7le 6a&e &ested ri+6ts
in t6em as 0ell.
Absence:
- at t6e instan'e o) an interested 7arty t6e G*d+e may a77oint a 7erson to re7resent 6im
- G*d+e s6all ta(e ne'essary meas*res to sa)e+*ard ri+6ts and interests o) a1sentee (s7e'i)y 7o0ers- re+*lations et'.) Bs7o*se is 7re)erred
i) no le+al se7aration.
Declaration of absence - 2 yrs i) no ne0s a1o*t t6e a1sentee
- : yrs i) a1sentee le)t someone in '6ar+e
Bho may seeF
declaration of absence
- s7o*se 7resent
- 6eirs instit*ted in a 0ill
- relati&es 06o may s*''eed 1y t6e la0 o) intesta'y
@G*di'ial de'laration s6all not ta(e e))e't *ntil >
months a)ter its 7*1li'ation.
D. So1re7e8a 86

(le+itimate- ille+itimate relati&es- 'ollateral relati&es)
- t6ose 06o 6a&e ri+6t to t6e 7ro7erty s*1ordinated to t6e
'ondition o) 6is deat6
Some of its effects - 'a*se )or in&ol*ntary G*di'ial se7aration
- 1asis )or termination o) 7ro7erty re+ime
- trans)er o) e?'l*si&e 7ro7erties to t6e 7resent s7o*se
- termination o) 7arental a*t6ority
@s7o*se 'anJt alienateIen'*m1er 7ro7erty
0it6o*t G*di'ial a*t6ority.
'ermination of
administration
- 06en a1sentee a77ears o) 6is a+ent
- deat6 o) t6e a1sentee is 7ro&ed and 6is 6eirs a77ear
- ,
rd
7erson a77ears 0it6 a ri+6t o&er t6e 7ro7erty
Presumption of death
throu#h absence
- 6 years )or intents and 7*r7oses e?'e7t s*''ession
- 3D yrs )or 7*r7oses o) o7enin+ s*''ession
- i) disa77eared a)ter t6e a+e o) 5/- / years eno*+6
@i) t6e a1sentee a77ears or 6is e?isten'e is
7ro&en 6e s6all re'o&er all 6is 7ro7erty in t6e
'ondition t6ey are in 1*t 'annot 'laim t6e )r*its
or rents.
@i) t6e a1sentee is t6e 6eir- 6is s6are s6all
a''r*e to 6is 'o%6eirs- *nless 6i 6as 6eirs or a
re7resentati&e. (ri+6t o) re7resentation). If
absentee reappears 6e 6as 'laim to +et 06at
0as s*77osed to 1e 6is )rom t6ose t6at +ot it
0it6in t6e 7res'ri7ti&e 7eriod.
Presumption of death in
dan#erous situations
- on 1oard a lost vessel d*rin+ sea &oya+e- air7lane t6at is
missin+ and 6as not 1een 6eard o) in < years sin'e loss.
(i) t6ere is a 0re'(a+e and 7erson is missin+- not C years)
- Person in t6e armed )or'es en#a#ed in !ar and is
missin+ )or C years
- Person in dan+er o) deat6 and e?isten'e 6as not 1een
(no0n )or C years.
D. So1re7e8a 87

ADDI'IO,A ,O'ES A,D &E4IEB AIDS:
Adoption: Rig!t to create relations!ip of parent and c!ild beteen persons !o are not related e(ists onl# b# %irtue of statute$
Domestic adoption
- Poli'y o) t6e state to ens*re t6at '6ild is 7ro&ided 0it6 lo&e- 'are and remains 0it6 7arents and only 06en t6e '6ild 'anJt 1e 7la'ed 0it6
e?tended )amily s6all ado7tion 1y *nrelated 7erson 1e 'onsidered.
In a''ordan'e 0it6 tenets o)$
.. ># Con&ention on Ri+6ts o) a C6ild
2. ># De'laration o) So'ial and Le+al Prin'i7les Relatin+ to t6e Prote'tion and Ael)are o) C6ildren
,. "a+*e Con&ention on t6e Prote'tion o) C6ildren and Coo7eration in Res7e't o) Inter%'o*ntry Ado7tion.
State Poli'y$
.. Sa)e+*ard 1iolo+i'al 7arents )rom ma(in+ 6*rried de'isions. (Co*nselin+- no 'ommitment to a 7otential ado7ter 1e)ore 1irt6- et'.)
2. Pre&ent '6ild )rom *nne'essary se7aration )rom 7arents
,. Prote't ado7ti&e 7arents )rom dist*r1an'e o) t6eir 7arental a*t6ority o&er ado7ted.
C. Promote sensiti&e en&ironment )or ado7tion t6ro*+6 'am7ai+ns and 7*1li' in)ormation
/. 9o&ernment 6as s*))i'ient 'a7a'ity to 7ro&ide )or ado7tion 7ro7erly.
E. n'o*ra+e domesti' ado7tion and ma(e inter%'o*ntry ado7tion a last resort.
- Fein+ a stat*tory 'reation- all re2*irements m*st 1e met 0it6 i) not- no ri+6ts may )lo0 )rom t6is.
Pre%Ado7tion Ser&i'es$ Co*nselin+ )or nat*ral 7arents- ado7ter- and ado7tee.
li+i1ility$
.. Fili7ino 'iti:en o) le+al a+e 0it6 )*ll 'i&il 'a7a'ity and le+al ri+6ts.
a. #ot 'on&i'ted o) a 'rime in&ol&in+ moral t*r7it*de
1. motionallyIPsy'6olo+i'ally 'a7a1le o) 'arin+ )or '6ildren
'. At least .E years older t6en t6e ado7tee (*nless ado7ter is t6e 1iolo+i'al 7arent or s7o*se o) t6e 1iolo+i'al 7arent)
d. In a 7osition to s*77ort and 'are )or
2. Aliens 0it6 same 2*ali)i'ations 7l*s
a. Co*ntry 6as di7lomati' relations 0it6 P6ili77ines
1. Li&in+ in t6e P6ili77ines )or at least , 'ontin*o*s years
i. Residen'y re2*irement is 0ai&ed i) t6e ado7ter 0as$
.. Former Fili7ino 'iti:en 06o see(s to ado7t a relati&e 0it6 in t6e C
t6
de+ree o) 'onsan+*inity or a))inity
2. See(s to ado7t le+itimate '6ild o) Fili7ino s7o*se
,. One 06o is married to a Fili7ino and see(s to ado7t Gointly 0it6 6er a relati&e 0it6in t6e C
t6
de+ree o)
'onsan+*inity or a))inity o) Fili7ino s7o*se.
'. Forei+n 'o*ntry 0ill allo0 t6e ado7tee to enter s*'6 'o*ntry
d. Certi)ied to 1e le+ally 'a7a'itated to ado7t
D. So1re7e8a 88

,. 9*ardian 0it6 res7e't to 0ard (a)ter 'learan'e o) )inan'es
"*s1and and 0i)e s6all Gointly ado7t e?'e7t$
.. One s7o*se see(s to ado7t le+itimate '6ild o) ot6er
2. One s7o*se ado7ts 6isI6er o0n ille+itimate '6ild 7ro&ided ot6er s7o*se si+ni)ies 'onsent to t6is
,. S7o*ses are le+ally se7arated
A6o may 1e ado7ted$
.. Felo0 .4- G*di'iallyIadministrati&ely de'lared a&aila1le )or ado7tion
2. Le+itimate '6ild o) one s7o*se 1y t6e ot6er
,. Ille+itimate '6ild 1y 2*ali)ied ado7ter to im7ro&e stat*s
C. A 7erson o) le+al a+e o) 06en yo*n+er 0as treated as ado7terJs '6ild sin'e minority
/. A '6ilde 06ose ado7tion 6as 1een 7re&io*sly res'inded
E. C6ild 06ere 7arents 6a&e died (no 7ro'eedin+ *ntil a)ter E mont6s )rom time o) deat6)
Consent needed$ !o ma(e s*re e&eryone (no0s and a''e7ts t6e ado7tion
.. !6e ado7tee i) .0 years and o&er
2. A6o e&er 6as le+al '*stody o) t6e '6ild (7arent- +*ardian- +o&Jt.)
,. Le+itimate and ado7ted '6ildren o) ado7tee (.0 years and a1o&e)
C. Ille+itimate '6ildren i) li&in+ 0it6 ado7ter (.0 years or o&er)
/. S7o*se o) ado7ter
- #o 'onsent 'an 1e +i&en 7rior to 1irt6 o) '6ild. E%mont6 7eriod to re&o(e 'onsent 1y 7arent a)ter de'ision 6as 1een made. A)ter t6at
'onsent is 1indin+.
Pro'ed*re$
.. Co*rt needs 7roo) t6at t6ere 0asnJt a 6*rried de'ision.
2. So'ial 0or(er s6o*ld ma(e 'ase st*dy o) ado7ter and ado7tee 7rior to any 6earin+ )or ado7tion
,. Fe)ore ado7tion de'ree 1e'omes )inal t6ere is E mont6 '*stody 7eriod
- Only a dire't atta'( in 'ases o) ado7tion- 'anJt 1e 'ollaterally atta'(ed
- De'ree 1e'omes e))e'ti&e as o) t6e date 7etition 0as )iled
Retroa'ts e?'e7t 06en it 'omes to &i'ario*s lia1ility
- "earin+ in ado7tion 'ases 0ill 1e 'onsidered 'on)idential and not o7en to 7*1li'.
))e'ts o) Ado7tion$
.. Parental a*t6ority B all le+al ties 1et0een 1iolo+i'al 7arent and ado7tee se&ered (*nless 1iolo+i'al is t6e one ado7tin+)
2. Le+itima'y B )or all intents and 7*r7oses ado7tee is 'onsidered le+itimate '6ild
a. Relations6i7 esta1lis6ed is only 1et0een 7arent and '6ild- does not e?tend to ot6er relati&es *nless e?7ressly 7ro&ided 1y la0
,. S*''ession % ado7ter and ado7tee 1e'ome le+itimateI le+al 6eirs o) one anot6er (entitled to le+itime)- 1iolo+i'al 7arents 0onJt +et
anyt6in+.
- #o ri+6t o) re7resentation (Meanin+ i) ado7ter dies- ado7tee 'anJt +et )rom 7arents o) ado7ter)
- Does not in6erit )orm t6e ot6er relati&es- et'.
- "o0e&er i) somet6in+ is le)t 1y 0ill t6e ado7teeI1iolo+i'al 7arent 'an in6erit ()rom t6e )ree 7ortion)
D. So1re7e8a 89

Res'ission o) ado7tion$ 1y ado7tee or +*ardian$
.. Re7eated 76ysi'al or &er1al maltreatment
2. Attem7t on t6e li)e o) t6e ado7tee
,. Se?*al assa*lt or &iolen'e
C. A1andonment and )ail*re to 'om7ly 0it6 7arental o1li+ations
- Ado7ter 'annot res'ind ado7tion ('an only disin6erit)
- I) ado7tion is res'inded t6en 7arental a*t6ority o) 1iolo+i'al 7arents or De7artment o) So'ial Ael)are 0ill 1e restored i) ado7tee is still a
minor. F*t ado7ter and ado7tee relations6i7 e?tin+*is6ed.
Inter-country Adoption:
- So'io%le+al 7ro'ess o) ado7tin+ a Fili7ino C6ild 1y a )orei+n national or Fili7ino Citi:en residin+ a1road 06ere 7etition )or ado7tion is )iled
Inter%'o*ntry ado7tion 1oard$ a't as 'entral a*t6ority )or all matters relatin+ to inter%'o*ntry ado7tion
- Foard s6all ens*re t6at ado7tion in )amily 'ode 6as 1een e?6a*sted and inter%'o*ntry ado7tion is in t6e 1est interest o) t6e '6ild.
- !6e 1oard *7on re'ommendation o) t6e 7la'ement 'ommittee s6all only a77ro&e mat'6in+ o) a '6ild to a )orei+n ado7ti&e )amily.
F*n'tions o) Foard$
.. R*les and re+*lations
2. 9*idelines )or t6e 'on&enin+ o) inter%'o*ntry ado7tion 7la'ement 'ommittee
,. 9*idelines )or Mat'6in+IColle'tion
C. Fees and C6ar+es to 1e e?e'*ted
/. Form and Contents o) a77li'ation
E. Form*late 7oli'ies et' to 7rote't '6ildren
5. Pre&ent im7ro7er )inan'ial +ain
4. Promote de&elo7ment o) ado7tion ser&i'e
9. A''reditIa*t6ori:e )orei+n ado7tion a+en'y
.0. ns*re 'on)identiality o) re'ords
... Pre7areIModi)y a+reements
.2. Assist ot6er a+en'ies
.,. Ot6ers
A6o may 1e ado7ted$ Only a le+ally )ree '6ild (&ol*ntarily or in&ol*ntarily 'ommitted)
A6o may ado7t$ Any alien or Fili7ino 'iti:en residin+ a1road 7ro&ided$
.. At least 25 years old and .E years older t6en t6e ado7ted *nless ado7ter is 1iolo+i'al 7arent. I) married- t6ey m*st Gointly )ile ado7tion.
2. "as 'a7a'ity to a't and ass*me ri+6ts and res7onsi1ilities o) a 7arent *nder 6is national la0s. Also 6as *nder+one 'o*nselin+ )orm an
a''redited 'o*nselor in 6isI6er 'o*ntry
,. #ot 1een 'on&i'ted o) a 'rime in&ol&in+ moral t*r7it*de
C. li+i1le to ado7t *nder 6is nationality la0s
/. A1le to +i&e 7ro7er 'are and s*77ort
E. A+rees to *76old 1asi' ri+6ts o) '6ild
D. So1re7e8a 90

5. Comes )rom a 'o*ntry t6at t6e P6ili77ines 6as di7lomati' ties 0it6. (P6ili77ine maintains a*t6ori:ed and a''redited a+en'y- ado7tion is
allo0ed *nder 6is or 6er la0s)
- !o 1e )iled 0it6 t6e R!C or t6e 1oard t6ro*+6 an a+en'y.
Mat'6in+$ 3*di'io*s 7airin+ o) t6e a77li'ant and t6e '6ild to 7romote a mentally satis)yin+ 7arent%'6ild relations6i7.
- #o mat'6in+ arran+ement 1et0een a77li'ant and 7arents 1e)ore t6e 'ommitteeJs 7ro7osal *nless it is relati&e or it is )or t6e '6ildJs 1est
interest.
- A77li'ant m*st )et'6 '6ild 0it6in ,0 days a)ter noti'e o) iss*an'e o) &isa.
!rial '*stody$ E mont6s 0it6 s*1mission o) 7ro+ress re7orts 1e)ore ado7tion de'ree 1e'omes )inal.
- I) 7re%ado7ti&e relations6i7 is *nsatis)a'tory- it 0ill 1e terminated and Foard may '6oose )rom roster o) a77li'ants a 2*ali)ied )amily-
a1sen'e t6e )orei+n a+en'y may 7ro7ose.
?e'*ti&e A+reement$ DFA *7on re7resentation o) t6e Foard s6all 'a*se t6e 7re7aration o) ?e'*ti&e A+reements 0it6 'o*ntries o) t6e
)orei+n ado7tion a+en'ies.
Ille+al Ado7tion (7res*med)$
.. Consent )or ado7tion a'2*ired t6ro*+6 or attended 1y )or'e- 'oer'ion- et'.
2. #o a*t6ority )rom 1oard
,. Pro'ed*res and sa)e+*ards not 'om7lied 0it6
C. C6ild e?7osed to dan+er- a1*se and e?7loitation
- Attem7t to 'ommit o))ense 7*nis6a1le
- A'ts 7*nis6a1le a1o&e 'onsidered '6ild tra))i'(in+
'A (%1,: 3pecial Protection of Children Against Child Ause/ 7#ploitation and 5iscrimination Act.
- State s6all inter&ene 06en 7erson 06o is s*77osed to 7rote't a '6ild 'annot or i) t6ose a'ts are 1ein+ 'ommitted 1y t6e 7arent a+ainst t6e
'6ild.
C6ildren .4 years or 1elo0 or t6ose a1o&e .4 1*t are *na1le to 7rote't t6emsel&es )rom e?7loitationIdis'rimination d*e to 76ysi'al or mental
disa1ility.
C6ild A1*se$ 6a1it*al or non%6a1it*al maltreatment
.. Psy'6olo+i'al or 76ysi'al a1*se (ne+le't- 'r*elty emotional maltreatment- se?*al a1*se)
2. A'ts 1y deeds or 0ords- 06i'6 de+rades or demeans intrinsi' 0ort6 or 6*man di+nity o) '6ild.
,. >nreasona1le de7ri&ation o) 1asi' needs
C. Fail*re to +i&e immediate medi'al treatment 06en needed.
Cir'*mstan'es- 06i'6 +ra&ely t6reaten or endan+er s*r&i&al and normal de&elo7ment$
.. Li&in+ in an area a))e'ted 1y armed 'on)li't
2. Aor(in+ *nder 'onditions 6a:ardo*s to li)e- sa)ety- morals
,. Li&in+ or )endin+ )or t6emsel&es 0it6o*t t6e 'are o) anyone
C. Li&in+ in an area la'(in+ 1asi' ser&i'es (indi+eno*s '*lt*ral 'omm*nity- e?treme 7o&erty- *nderde&elo7ed area)
/. Vi'tim o) 'alamity
E. Analo+o*s sit*ations.
D. So1re7e8a 91

C6ild 7rostit*tion and ot6er se?*al a'tsIa1*se$ For any 'onsideration or t6ro*+6 'oer'ion or in)l*en'e ind*l+e in se?*al a'ts.
Attem7t to 'ommit$ Any 7erson 06o is in a se'l*ded area 0it6 a '6ild and s*'6 7erson is not a relati&e.
C6ild tra))i'(in+$ tradin+- dealin+- 1*yin+- and sellin+ o) '6ildren
Attem7t to 'ommit$ C6ild tra&els alone to )orei+n 'o*ntry 0it6o*t reason or 'learan'e )orm DSAS- 7re+nant 0omen 'onsents to ado7tion
)or a 'onsideration- esta1lis6ment 06i'6 re'r*its 0omen to 1ear '6ildren. Person en+a+ed in )indin+ '6ildren )rom lo0%in'ome )amilies.
O1s'ene 7*1li'ations and inde'ent s6o0s$ 7er)orm o1s'ene e?6i1itions in s6o0s- &ideo or model and sellsIdistri1*tes t6is.
Ot6er a'ts o) a1*se$ *se 'oer'ion- )or'e or intimidation to ma(e a '6ild 1e+- tra))i' dr*+s- or 'ond*'t ot6er ille+al a'ti&ities
- sta1lis6ments 06ere t6ese a'ts are done 0ill 1e 'losed and t6eir li'ense to o7erate 0ill 1e 'an'eled.
Aor(in+ C6ildren$ 1elo0 ./ years o) a+e 'an 0or( 7ro&ided$
.. Aor( 7ermit )rom DOL
2. m7loyer s6all ens*re 7rote'tion- 6ealt6- sa)ety- morals
,. Pre&ent e?7loitation or dis'rimination
C. Contin*o*s trainin+ o) '6ild
- Cant em7loy '6ild in 'ommer'ials )or al'o6ol- to1a''o- &iolen'e
C6ildren o) Indi+eno*s C*lt*ral Comm*nities$
- Instit*te an alternati&e ed*'ation )or '6ildren 06i'6 is '*lt*re s7e'i)i' and rele&ant to t6eir needs
- Deli&ery o) 1asi' so'ial ser&i'es.
Sit*ations o) Armed Con)li't$
- Poli'y o) state to resol&e s*'6 )or 1est interest o) '6ildren
.. S6all not 1e o1Ge't o) atta'(K entitled to s7e'ial res7e't
2. #ot re'r*ited in army
,. Deli&ery o) 1asi' so'ial ser&i'es
C. P*1li' in)rastr*'t*res (s'6ools- 6os7itals) not to 1e *sed
/. Fa'ilitate re*nion o) )amilies
C6ildren arrested )or reasons o) armed 'on)li't$
.. Se7arate detention 'ells )rom ad*lts *nless t6ey are )amily.
2. Immediate )ree le+al assistan'e
,. Immediate noti'e to 7arents
C. Release 0it6in 2C 6o*rs to DSAD or ot6er
A6o may )ile$ o))ended 7arentsI +*ardians- as'endants- relati&e 0it6in t6e ,
rd
de+ree o) 'onsan+*inity so'ial 0or(er o) DSAS or ot6er-
Faran+ay '6airman- , 'iti:ens o) t6e 7la'e 06ere it o''*rred.
D. So1re7e8a 92

Article 8>: Donor may revoFe
donation by reason of marria#e in
the follo!in# cases
/. Marria+e is not 'ele1rated or is &oid a1 initio
(in'l*din+ art. /2%/,)
Prescription:
- marria+e is &oid$ / years )rom 3*di'ial De'laration
o) #*llity (i) doesnJt 0ant to +i&e it 1a'(- 7res'ri1e
a)ter 4 years )or mo&a1le- ,0 years )or immo&a1le)
- marria+e not 'ele1rated$ / years )rom 06en it 0as
not 'ele1rated
Exception$ I) t6e donation is in t6e
marria+e settlement it 0ill 1e re&o(ed 1y
o7eration o) la0.
Exception: I) t6e marria+e is &oid d*e to
Arti'le C0- or Arti'le CC- t6en a*tomati'ally
re&o(ed
E. Marria+e ta(es 7la'e 0it6o*t 'onsent o) 7arents
Prescription:
% / years )rom t6e time 6e 6ad (no0led+e t6at 'onsent 0as
not o1tained- a)ter t6e marria+e.
5. >7on le+al se7aration 06en donee is t6e +*ilty
s7o*se
Prescription:
- / years )rom )inality o) de'ree.
Exception: i) t6e +ro*nd )or le+al
se7aration is in)idelity in t6e )orm o)
ad*ltery or 'on'*1ina+e it 0ill 1e
a*tomati'ally &oid.
4. A6en t6ere is a resol*tory 'a*se and t6e 'ondition
6as 1een 'om7lied 0it6
Prescription:
/ years )rom t6e 6a77enin+ o) t6e resol*tory 'ondition.
Exception: 1et0een 6*s1and and 0i)e
7res'ri7tion does not r*n.
E. A'ts o) in+ratit*de$
% donee 'ommits an o))ense a+ainst t6e 7erson or 7ro7erty
o) t6e donor- 6is 0i)e- or '6ildren
% donee im7*tes to t6e donor any 'riminal o))ense in&ol&in+
moral t*r7it*de *nless it a+ainst t6e donee
% donee *nd*ly re)*ses to s*77ort donor 06en 6e is le+ally
or morally 1o*nd to +i&e s*77ort.
Prescription:
% . year )rom t6e time t6e donor 6ad (no0led+e o) t6e )a't
o) in+ratit*de
Article 86 %6*s1and and 0i)e 'anJt donate to ea'6 ot6er
%also t6ose 06o 'o6a1itate 0it6 ea'6 ot6er
Exception: 'an +i&e moderate +i)ts.
&evoFed by operation of la!$
.. Article <9: Donations made in s*1se2*ent marria+es 0it6o*t G*di'ial de'laration o) n*llity or in 'ase o) rea77earan'e i) t6e donee a'ted
0it6 1ad )ait6.
D. So1re7e8a 93

2. Article <<: A6en 1ot6 s7o*ses a'ted 0it6 1ad )ait6 t6en all donations and testamentary dis7ositions s6all 1e re&o(ed.
,. Article ><: (Le+al se7aration) t6e o))endin+ s7o*se 0ill 1e dis2*ali)ied )rom in6eritin+ )rom inno'ent s7o*se in intestate s*''ession-
7ro&isions in )a&or o) t6e o))endin+ s7o*se in t6e 0ill o) t6e inno'ent s7o*se s6all 1e re&o(ed 1y o7eration o) la0.
C. Article 83: Donations and ot6er sti7*lations made in t6e marria+e settlement 1y reason o) marria+e s6all 1e re&o(ed 1y o7eration o) la0
is marria+e is not 'ele1rated
/. Article 86: Donations 1et0een 6*s1and and 0i)e (dire't or indire't)- or t6ose 06o 'o6a1it S &oid
a. &en i) made 1y 1ot6 s7o*ses )or a 7*r7ose ot6er t6an &o'ational or 7ro)essional.
E. Donations +i&en to one 1y anot6er 06en t6ey 6a&e 'ommitted ad*ltery or 'on'*1ina+e is &oid and re&o(ed 1y o7eration o) la0.
C(ID&E,:
&i#hts under title 32 of civil code
.. entitled to 7arental 'are
2. re'ei&e at least elementary ed*'ation
,. moral and 'i&i' trainin+
C. li&e in an atmos76ere 'ond*'i&e to 6is 76ysi'al- moral and intelle't*al de&elo7ment
duties of the child
.. o1ey and 6onor 6is 7arents or +*ardian
2. res7e't 6is +rand7arents- old relati&es and t6ose 0it6 s*1stit*te 7arental a*t6ority.
,. ?ert 6is *tmost )or 6is ed*'ation and trainin+.
C. Coo7erate 0it6 t6e )amily
Le+itimate Ille+itimate
!6ose 'on'ei&ed in t6e ./%day 7eriod 7rior to t6e )inality o) t6e
de'ree o) ann*lment.
C6ildren 1orn in a &alid marria+e 1*t is im7*+ned 1y t6e
)at6er
Con'ei&ed or 1orn 1e)ore a &oida1le marria+e is terminated C6ildren 'on'ei&ed or 1orn in a &oid marria+e
C6ildren 'on'ei&ed or 1orn in a &oid marria+e 7*rs*ant to arti'le
C0- /2- and /,
Cannot 1e le+itimated$ 06en )rom an ad*ltero*s
relations6i7 or 1i+amo*s marria+e.
C6ildren 'on'ei&ed or 1orn in a &oid marria+e 1e'a*se o)
7sy'6olo+i'al in'a7a'ity
@1*t i) '6ild 0as 'on'ei&ed and 1orn 7rior to t6e marria+e- marria+e
does not ma(e '6ild le+itimate
C6ildren 'on'ei&ed and 1orn 7rior to t6e marria+e i) t6ere are no
le+al im7ediments at t6at time t6en t6e s*1se2*ent marria+e 0ill
ma(e t6em le+itimate.
Exception to !hen parents cannot administer property:
D. So1re7e8a 94

.. '6ildren and des'endants o) 6e 7erson disin6erited s6all ta(e 6is 7la'e and s6all 7reser&e ri+6ts o) 'om7*lsory 6eirs 0it6 res7e't to
le+itime.
i. Arti'le. 9.9$ )ollo0in+ s6all 1e s*))i'ient 'a*ses )or disin6eritan'e o) '6ildren- des'endants
.. C6ild or des'endant 6as 1een )o*nd +*ilty o) an attem7t a+ainst t6e li)e o) t6e testator 6is or 6er s7o*se-
des'endants or as'endants.
2. A6en t6e '6ild- des'endant 6as a''*sed t6e testator o) a 'rime- 06i'6 t6e la0 7res'ri1es im7risonment )or E
years or more- i) it is )o*nd to 1e +ro*ndless.
,. A6en a '6ild or d 6as 1een 'on&i'ted 0it6 ad*ltery or 'on'*1ina+e 0it6 t6e s7o*se o) t6e testator.
C. A6en a '6ild or d 1y )ra*d- &iolen'e- intimidation- or *nd*e in)l*en'e 'a*ses t6e testator to ma(e a 0ill or '6an+e
one 6e 6as already made.
/. A re)*sal 0it6o*t G*sti)ia1le 'a*se to s*77ort t6e 7arent or as'endant 06o disin6erits s*'6 '6ild or des'endant
E. Maltreatment o) t6e testator 1y 0ord or deed 1y t6e '6ild or d
5. C6ild or des'endant leads a dis6onora1le or dis+ra'e)*l li)e
4. Con&i'tion o) a 'rime 0it6 'i&il interdi'tion
ii. Arti'le 920$ )ollo0in+ s6all 1e s*))i'ient 'a*ses )or disin6eritan'e o) 7arents or as'endants- 06et6er le+itimate or
ille+itimate
.. A6en 7arents 6a&e a1andoned t6eir '6ildren- ind*'ed t6eir da*+6ters to li&e 'orr*7t or immoral li)e- or attem7ted
a+ainst t6eir &irt*e
2. Parent or as'endant 6as 1een 'on&i'ted o) an attem7t a+ainst t6e li)e o) t6e testator 6is or 6er s7o*se-
des'endants or as'endants.
,. A''*sed testator o) a 'rimeT
C. Parent or as'endant 'on&i'ted o) 'on'*1ina+e 0it6 s7o*se o) testator
/. Parent or as'endant 1y )ra*d- &iolen'e- *nd*e in)l*en'e 'a*ses ne0 0ill or '6an+e 0ill
E. Loss o) 7arental a*t6ority
5. Re)*sal to s*77ort '6ildren or des'endants 0it6o*t G*sti)ia1le 'a*se.
4. Attem7t o) one o) t6e 7arents a+ainst t6e li)e o) t6e ot6er- *nless t6ere 6as 1een re'on'iliation
iii. Arti'le 92.$ disin6eritin+ a s7o*se
.. S7o*se 'on&i'ted o) attem7t a+ainst..
2. S7o*se a''*sed testator o) 'rimeT
,. S7o*se 1y )ra*d- intimidationT
C. S7o*se 6as +i&en 'a*se )or le+al se7aration
/. A6en t6e s7o*se 6as +i&en +ro*nds )or loss o) 7arental a*t6ority.
E. >nG*sti)ia1le re)*sal to s*77ort t6e '6ildren or ot6er s7o*se
2. A6en 7arent is in'a7a'itated to s*''eed one d*e to *n0ort6iness$
i. Art. .0,2$ *n0ort6iness
.. Parents a1andoned t6eir '6ildren- or ind*'ed t6eir da*+6ters to li&e a 'orr*7t or immoral li)e- attem7ted a+ainst
6er &irt*e
D. So1re7e8a 95

2. Con&i'ted o) an attem7t a+ainst t6e li)e o) t6e testator- 6is s7o*se- or des'endants or as'endants.
,. A''*sed o) a 'rimeT
C. Any 6eir o) )*ll a+e 06o- 6a&in+ (no0led+e o) t6e &iolent deat6 o) t6e testator- s6o*ld )ail to re7ort it to an o))i'er
0it6in a mont6 *nless a*t6orities 6a&e already ta(en a'tion. (not a77li'a1le 06erein la0 t6ere is no o1li+ation to
ma(e an a''*sation.
/. Person 'on&i'ted or ad*ltery or 'on'*1ina+e 0it6 t6e s7o*se o) t6e testator
E. Ca*se testator to ma(e or '6an+e 0ill
5. Fy same means- 7re&ents one )rom ma(in+ 0ill- re&o(in+ 0ill- or 'on'ealin+ 0ill
4. Falsi)ies or )or+es 0ill o) de'edent
1. In'a7a1le o) s*''eedin+
i. Art. .025$ t6e )ollo0in+ are in'a7a1le o) s*''eedin+
.. Priest et' 06o 6ear 'on)ession o) testator d*rin+ 6is last illness or minister 06o e?tended s7irit*al aid to 6im
2. Relati&es o) . 0it6in t6e )o*rt6 de+ree- t6e '6*r'6 or instit*tion to 06i'6 s*'6 minister may 1elon+
,. !6ose made to a +*ardian 1y 6is 0ard 1e)ore t6e )inal a''o*nts 6a&e 1een a77ro&ed *nless +*ardian is
as'endant- des'endant- 1rot6er or sister or s7o*se
C. Any attestin+ 0itness to t6e e?e'*tion o) a 0ill- t6e s7o*se- 7arents or '6ildren or an one 'laimin+ *nder s*'6
0itness- s7o*se- 7arents or '6ildren.
/. P6ysi'ian- s*r+eon- n*rse- et' 06o too( 'are o) testator d*rin+ last illness
E. Indi&id*als- asso'iations- 'or7orations not 7ermitted 1y la0 to in6erit.
Pro6i1ited 'om7romise$ matters 06i'6 'annot 1e ne+otiated nor set 1y a+reement$
Ci&il stat*s
Validity o) marria+e or o) a le+al se7aration
9ro*nd )or le+al se7aration
F*t*re s*77ort
3*risdi'tion o) t6e 'o*rts
F*t*re le+itimes
A1andonment$ 6e or s6e 6as le)t t6e 'onG*+al d0ellin+ 0it6o*t intention o) ret*rnin+. A s7o*se 06o 6as le)t t6e 'onG*+al d0ellin+ )or a 7eriod o) ,
mont6s or 6as )ailed 0it6in t6e same 7eriod to +i&e any in)ormation as to 6is or 6er 06erea1o*ts s6all 1e 7rima )a'ie 7res*med to 6a&e no
intention o) ret*rnin+ to t6e 'onG*+al d0ellin+. (76ysi'al- )inan'ial and moral desertion)
- s7o*se 'an see( )or re'ei&ers6i7- G*di'ial se7aration o) 7ro7erty- and sole administration
- a1andonment )or more t6an one year 'an lead to le+al se7aration
D. So1re7e8a 96

Deadlines:
Article Contents DeadlinesGprescriptions
Arti'le ,0 Marria+e 'erti)i'ate 0it6 a))ida&it )or marria+es in
articulo mortis or remote residen'e
Ait6in ,0 days a)ter t6e 7er)orman'e o) t6e
marria+e
Arti'le ,4 A'tion or de)ense )or a1sol*te n*llity (anyone 'an )ile) Does not 7res'ri1e
Arti'le C5
@I) rati)ied t6en 'an no lon+er
1e ann*lled.
For one 06o o1tains a marria+e 0it6o*t 7rior 'onsent
a)ter 6e rea'6es t6e a+e o) 2.
% Any time 1et0een .4%2. years old 1y 7arents
% / years a)ter rea'6in+ 2. 1y t6e 7arty.
Arti'le C5 Fy t6e sane s7o*se 0it6o*t (no0led+e o) insanity-
relati&e- +*ardian- or 7erson 6a&in+ le+al '6ar+e
Anytime 1e)ore t6e deat6 o) eit6er 7arty.
Arti'le C5 Fy t6e insane d*rin+ a l*'id inter&al Anytime 1e)ore t6e deat6 o) eit6er
Arti'le C5 Consent t6ro*+6 )ra*d / years a)ter 6a&in+ (no0led+e
Arti'le C5 Consent t6ro*+6 intimidation- )or'e- *nd*e in)l*en'e / years a)ter it 'eases
Arti'le C5 For S!D and 76ysi'al in'a7a'ity / years a)ter t6e marria+e
Arti'le /0%/. ntry o) G*d+ment and de'ree o) n*llity 1e'ome )inal ./ days )rom re'ei7t o) t6e 7arties o) t6e de'ision
Arti'le /5 Pres'ri7tion o) a'tion )or le+al se7aration /years )rom t6e occurrence of the cause5
Arti'le /4 Le+al se7aration trial (d*rin+ trial t6ey are entitled to
li&e se7arately already)
A)ter t6e la7s o) E mont6s a)ter t6e )ilin+ o) t6e
7etition.
Arti'le E. A)ter )ilin+ o) 'om7laint res7ondent s6o*ld ans0er 1*t
is not in de)a*lt i) not ans0ered
./ days a)ter re'ei7t o) s*mmons
Arti'le E. A'tion )or le+al se7aration !erminates *7on deat6 o) eit6er s7o*se
Arti'le EC Re&o'ation 1y '6oi'e o) t6e inno'ent s7o*se o)
donations a)ter de'ree o) le+al se7aration
/ years a)ter t6e de'ree o) le+al se7aration
1e'omes )inal. (>nless t6e donation is a't*ally &oid
Art. 45)
Arti'le .42 Im7*+nin+ le+itima'y 1y t6ose 06o are 7reG*di'ed / years )rom t6e time t6eir 'a*se o) a'tion a''r*es
D. So1re7e8a 97

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Persons and Family Relations 2009 (Atty. Sta.

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