MINI PROJECT ON

GENERATORS AND ITS PROTECTION IN VIJJESWARAM

POWER PLANT
A Study report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
the degree
BACHELOR OF ECH!OLO"# $!
ELECR$CAL A!% ELECRO!$CS E!"$!EER$!"
Submitted by
N.BHAGYASRI (!""#A"$%&
G.SAINATH (!""#A"#'& V.SAMPATH (!""#A"("&
S.SWAROOP (!""#A")(& G.RAJ* (!""#A"#$&
&nder the esteemed guidan'e of
Ele'tri'al Engineer
"(()(S
DEPARTMENT O+ ELECTRICAL , ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
B(*(C Engineering College
+Affiliated to ,!&- .a/inada- A()0
O%ALARE*&- ALLA*ARA1 1A!%AL2344567(

CERTI+ICATE
his is to 'ertify that the following students-
!(BHA"#ASR$ 78556A7549
"(SA$!AH 78556A756:
*(SA1)AH 78556A75;5
S(S<AROO) 78556A753;
"(RA,& 78556A7564
Ha=e undergone industrial training at ")S- *i>>eswaram in partial fulfilment of the
industrial training of ba'helor of te'hnology in the department of ELECR$CAL A!%
ELECRO!$CS E!"$!EER$!"- $! BO!A1 *E!.AA CHALA1A##A
E!"$!EER$!" COLLE"E and is a bonified wor/ 'arried out of them under my
guidan'e and super=ision during the a'ademi' year 5766
AC-NOWLEDGMENT
<e sin'erely and whole heartedly e?press our gratitude to our B*C
E!"$!EER$!" COLLE"E- O%ALARE*& for the 'are they showed on us( <e
also than/ our HO% 1r(,(*("(RA1ARAO for his 'onstant support during our
1$!$ )RO,EC as well as study period(
<e ta/e great pleasure to e?press our sin'ere gratitude to
SRI.M.CHITTIBAB*- "eneral 1anager+operational0- A) gas power 'orporation
Ltd(- who ga=e this opportunity to do pro>e't wor/ at ")S- *i>>eswaram-
ACHA!A( SR$!$*AS- )LA! 1A!A"ER(
"(SR$!$*AS RAO- O)ERA$O!AL 1A!A"ER(
O@1 SOL&$O!S L$1$E%(
<e spe'ial than/ the staff in our department and at ")S
for their 'o2operation help @ guidan'e in our 'ompletion of this mini pro>e't
)RO,EC 1E1BERS
!(BHA"#ASR$ 78556A7549
"(SA$!AH 78556A756:
*(SA1)AH 78556A75;5
S(S<AROO) 78556A753;
"(RA,& 78556A7564
$!%EA
$!RO%&C$O!
S$!"LE L$!E %$A"RA1S OF S((" @ "(("
"E!ERAOR A!% $S F&!C$O!
CO!SR&C$O!
COOL$!" S#SE1
EAC$A$O!
S#!CHRO!$BA$O!
RA$!"S
)ROEC$O! SCHE1ES
CO!CL&S$O!
INTROD*CTION.
)ower is most essential 'ommodity today to one and all in the uni=erse(
he e'onomi'al growth of the 'ountry depends on only one fa'tor i(e(- growth of
power i(e(- installed 'apa'ity of the power generation
Andhra )radesh "as )ower Corporation Ltd(- +A)")CL0 is a 'ompany
promoted by A!%HRA )radesh State Ele'tri'ity Board +A)SEB0 in asso'iation
with industries in the pri=ate and publi' se'tor to supplement power supply
from the grid( he pioneering effort has 'ome in to being weft 46(67(88 pa=ing
way for many more "as based stations around the region( $t was among the first
'ompanies to be permitted in the pri=ate se'tor after the ele'tri'ity laws in the
'ountry restri'ted entry only go=ernment bodies andCor go=ernment owned
'ompanies in to power generation and before the opening up in 6DD6(
"as urbo )ower "eneration- *i>>eswaram owned by 1CS(A)")CL is
e?isting in an island amidst the "oda=ari water of the western delta 'anal and
na=igation 'anal bran'hing out from the great ri=er "oda=ari at Sitampet =illage
of .o==ur 1andal in west "oda=ari %istri't of A()(
T/e 0b1e2ti3e4 05 t/e 20m678y 79e.
Supplementing power from grid(
1eet the demands of energy of the parti'ipating industries without
restri'tions(
Enabling 'heaper and reliable sour'e of power to all its
parti'ipating industries than what a 'apti=e generation plant would
gi=e them( Ensuring appre'iations on the in=estment
made by the 'ompany(
")S has generation 'apa'ity of 5951< in two stages( Stage2$ is of 6771<
and stage2$$ is of 6951<(
STAGE #.
he 'ompany installed a 6771< "as based 'ombined 'y'le power plant
'omprising two "as urbines(
"enerations of 441< ea'h and one steam turbine generator of 4:1<
'apa'ity with natural gas as main fuel (1CS(BHEL had under ta/en to
e?e'ute the most re'ent 'ombined 'y'le plant indigenously built 441<
"as urbine "enerator units for the first gas pro>e't in Andhra )radesh at
*i>>eswaram( he 'ompany su''essfully 'ommissioned first phase of the
plant 'ontaining 5 nos( gas turbine generators and 6 no( steam turbine
generator on 46(78(6DD7- 75(74(6DD6 and 69(74(6DD5 respe'ti=ely(

STAGE ".
he se'ond stage installed 'apa'ity is 6951< with total 'apa'ity is 5951< in
'ombined 'y'le as a natural gas as prime fuel( he plant 'ontaining 6 no( 6651<
"as turbine of "E- &SA 1a/e- model frame DE and 6no( ;71< steam turbine of
"E- &SA ma/e at site 'onditions( he plant engineering and design was
'ommissioned on 46(74(6DD9 and steam turbine was 'ommissioned on 55(65(6DD9(
he ")S is the first gas based power plant 'ome up in south2$ndia and
'ommissioned its first gas turbine in the year 6DD7(
he fuel for gas turbine is natural gasC'lean liquid fuel =iE(naphthaCHS%( he
gas resour'es of ." basin are near to supplement the short fall of natural gas
or as a base fuel supplied by 1CS H)CL either from
/a/inadaCgummaladobbi+;7C53/m away from ")S0
he water required for 'ondenser 'ooling for both the stage 6 and stage 5 is
a=ailable from the sir Arthur 'otton Barrage on ri=er "oda=ari(

he gas turbo power station at *i>>eswaram was 'onstru'ted under the te'hni'al
super=ision of A)"E!CO(A)"E!CO is the operation and maintenan'e 'ontra'tor
for the plant from its inspe'tion( A)"E!CO is operating the plant at its best (he
")S has awarded "old 1edals for its best performan'e off identi'al gas based
power plants throughout $ndia for the years 577525774 and 57742577:(
GENERATOR AND ITS +*NCTION.
"enerator is an Ele'tro magneti' de=i'e that 'on=erts me'hani'al energy into
ele'tri'al energy in the form of alternating 'urrent(
A(C( generators or alternators +as they are usually 'alled0 operate on the same
fundamental prin'iples of ele'tromagneti' indu'tion as %(C( generators(
Alternating =oltage may be generated by rotating a 'oil in the magneti' field or
by rotating a magneti' field within a stationary 'oil( he =alue of the =oltage
generated depends on2
he number of turns in the 'oil(
Strength of the field(
he speed at whi'h the 'oil or magneti' field rotates(

"enerator parts and their fun'tionF
he generator frame pro=ides the stru'tural strength and rigidity for the
generator and ser=es as a housing to guide 'ooling air or gas flow(
he inner shield is a baffle used to form a path for 'ooled air or gas(
he generator fan mounted on the rotating field 'auses 'ontinuous of
'ooling air or gas
he rotating field forms a strong polariEed- rotating magneti' field when
energiEed by an e?ternal sour'e of d' power(
he stator 'ore 'arries the stationary high =oltage windings and forms a
magneti' path for magneti' fields(
he air gap is the radial 'learan'e between the rotating field and the stator
'ore(
Stator 'ore spring bars a't as somewhat fle?ible support for the stator 'ore
assembly(
Stator 'oil end turns are formed when 'oils lea=e one slot in the stator 'ore
and are returned to a different slot(
he end turn support stru'ture pro=ides for bra'ing and ties to se'ure the
stator 'oil end turns against magneti' for'es(
he high =oltage terminal leads ser=e to 'ondu't the three phase =oltage and
'urrent flow from the generator stator to the e?ternal system(
Colle'tor rings are used to pro=ide a 'onne'tion and path for d' power into
the rotating field windings(
he outboard end stub shaft is sometimes used to dri=e a small d' generator
used to supply d' power to the rotating field(
Field 'ondu'tor end turns are se'urely blo'/ed and ser=e as 'onne'tion
points for the d' power applied to the field windings(
he main 'oupling is bolted to the dri=ing turbine shaft(
"enerator 'oolers ser=e to remo=e heat from the generator 'ooling air or gas
after it has passed o=er a through the stator and rotating field(
Cooling water 'onne'tions are supplied to the generator air 'oolers(
CONSTR*CTION.
he generator 'onstru'tion will with stand all normal 'onditions of operation
and three2phase short 'ir'uits and their asso'iated suddenly applied loads without
harm(
Ge8e97t09 597me 78d 4u6609t4F
he generator frame is pro=ided with four mounting feet whi'h are installed
dire'tly on the foundation( he generator is shipped with the rotor in pla'e( Ea'h
end of the rotor is supported by a suitable >ournal bearing mounted in the end
shield( Four =erti'al hydrogen 'oolers are arranged symmetri'ally in the gas stream
within the gas2tight generator 'asing(
STATOR.
A.St7t09 597me 4u6609t4.
he stator frame 'onsists of a gas2tight 'ylindri'al 'asing of welded plate
'onstru'tion- reinfor'ed internally in the radial dire'tion by stationary web
plates- and in the a?ial dire'tion by spring bars and bra'es(
B. St7t09 209e.
he stator 'ore is made up of segmented- annealed- insulated pun'hing of
preferred grain2oriented- high2quality sili'on steel to gi=e minimum
ele'tri'al loss(
C.St7t09 :i8di8;.
he stator winding is 'omposed of insulated bars assembled in the stator slots-
>oints at the ends to form 'oils and 'onne'ted in the proper phase belts by bus
rings( Ea'h phase is split into groups of 'oils 687 degrees apart(
ROTOR.
A.Ge8e97<.
he rotor is ma'hine from single alloy steel forging whi'h has passed
e?tensi=e tests to assure that the forging meets the required physi'al and
metallurgi'al properties(
B. Be79i8;4.
he rotor is supported and rotates in ellipti'al >ournal bearings mounted in
the generator end shields( he bearing and the shaft seal housing at the
'olle'tor end of the generator are insulated from the generator frame to
pre=ent the flow of shaft 'urrents(
C.E8d 4/ie<d4.
he end shields are split on the horiEontal 'entre line to fa'ilitate their
remo=al( $nner end shields are lo'ated between the ends of the armature
windings and the outer end shields to separate the gas dis'harged from the
fans from the gas entering the fans(
D.S/75t 4e7<4.
his arrangement permits inspe'tion of the generator bearings without
remo=ing gas from the ma'hine( he shaft seal housing at the 'olle'tor end
of the ma'hine is insulated from the generator frame to pre=ent the flow of
shaft 'urrents(
E. +ie<d :i8di8; 78d Ret7i8i8; Ri8;4.
he field winding 'onsists of re'tangular 'opper bars- fabri'ated into 'oils(
End turns are held in pla'e against 'entrifugal for'e by hea=y retaining rings
ma'hined from the high strength- heat treated alloy steel forgings whi'h
shrun/ and lo'/ed on the 'entering rings(
Ty6i27< Ge8e97t09 744emb<y
GENERATOR COLLECTOR RINGS AND BR*SHES.
$t 'onsists of
A( Colle'tor and Colle'tor Conne'tions
B( Brush Rigging
C( Shaft "rounding Brushes
GENERATOR VENTILATION.
Rotor fans 'ir'ulate hydrogen gas within the generator( hey are a?ial flow
type with indi=idual blades fastened to fan hubs near the end of the rotor( he
entran'e 'onditions of the gas to the fans is 'ontrolled by an inlet noEEle(
COOL$!" S#SE1F
he 'ooling system employed in this generator is Hydrogen 'ooling system(
Four Hydrogen gas 'oolers are mounted =erti'ally within 'ooler support rails
inside 'ooler towers lo'ated at the four 'orners of the generator frame( Ea'h
Hydrogen 'ooler se'tion 'onsists of a water headers- tube sheets- round tubes with
plate fins- all supported by a frame( hese se'tions should be piped in parallel for
water flow(
Ve8ti<7ti8; 4y4tem 509 7 ty6i27< /yd90;e8=200<ed ;e8e97t09
#. C00<e9 +97me.
he frame is of welded steel 'onstru'tion and 'onsists of two2'hannel2shaped
side plates forming a bo? li/e stru'ture with end plates at ea'h end( Strength is
pro=ided by diagonal pipe bra'es welded to the 'orner bars and e?tending a'ross
the two open sides of the frame(
Ve9ti27< 200<e9 509 /yd90;e8=200<ed Tu9bi8e ;e8e97t094
". C00<e9 Tube4.
he tubes are of 'ondenser tube quality as des'ribed by AS1 spe'ifi'ation
B2666(
he e?tended surfa'e on the outside of the tube 'onsists of 'ontinuous plate fin
with a shoulder formed at the tube holes for sta'/ing as required( Both ends of the
ea'h tube are roller2e?panded into the tube sheets( he length of the rolled >oint
should equal appro?imately D7G of the tube sheet thi'/ness measured from the
front fa'e of the tube sheet(
$. Tube 4/eet4.
$n addition to the normal fun'tions- the tube sheets of the =erti'al hydrogen
'ooler support the 'ooler at the e?tended end edges and pro=ides a hydrogen seal
between the 'ooler and the generator frame( he gas seal at the floating end is
pro=ided by a 'ompressed ring gas/et whi'h bears on the edge of the floating end
tube sheet( he edges of the floating end tube sheet are ma'hined a''urately to
pro=ide good sealing surfa'es(
'. W7te9 b0>e4.
he water bo?es or headers and 'o=ers are bolted to the tube sheets with bolts
or studs whi'h thread into bottom2taped holes in the tube sheets( Four studs lo'ated
at the 'orner of the lower water bo?es are fitted with >amb nuts- whi'h holds the
lower water bo?es in pla'e when the 'o=er is remo=ed(
). G74?et4.
"as/ets are pro=ided in the >oints between 'o=ers and water bo?es- and
between water bo?es and tube sheets(
EAC$A$O!F
"enerator requires dire't 'urrent to energise its magneti' field( he d'
field 'urrent is obtained from a separate sour'e 'alled an e?'iter(
<hen the magneti' field around a 'ondu'tor 'hanges a 'urrent is indu'ed in
the 'ondu'tor( ypi'ally a rotating magnet 'alled the rotator turns with in a
stationary set of 'ondu'tors generates an indu'ed E(1(F- as the me'hani'al input
'auses the rotor to turn( he rotating magneti' field indu'es an AC =oltage in the
stationary winding( he magneti' field may be produ'ed by
)ermanent magnets
Field 'oils
$n 'ase of ma'hine with field 'oils in rotor winding- a 'urrent must flow in the
'oils to generate the field( he rotor winding is energised with d' through slip rings
and brushes(
$n 'ase of ma'hine with permanent magnet- the rotor magneti' field may be
produ'ed by indu'tan'e through Hpermanent magnetI(
Either rotating +or0 stati' e?'itation system are used in power generation system
Rotating type Stationary type
Brush type ( Field flash =oltage from
Storage battery
Brush less type ( =oltage from system of solid
state 'omponent
ROA$!" #)EF
here are two types of e?'itation system in "(()(S- they are
60Brush type e?'itation system(
50Brush less type e?'itation system(
60Brush type e?'itationF
$n this e?'itation system stationary brushes are used to
transfer the %C e?'iting 'urrent to the rotating generator field( Current transfer is
made on rotating slip ring +'olle'tor rings0 that are in 'onta't with the brushes(
wo 'olle'tor rings are used on ea'h e?'iter whi'h are fully insulated from
shaft and ea'h other(
he inner ring is usually wired with negati=e polarity and the outer ring is
with positi=e polarity(
50 Brush less type e?'itationF
$n this e?'itation system the brush and slip rings are repla'ed
by a rotatory solid state re'tifier assembly( he e?'iter +armature0- generator
rotating assembly @RRA are mounted on a 'ommon shaft(
SA$O!AR# #)EF
$t doesnJt 'ontain any mo=ing part( A portion of the AC =oltage
from ea'h phase of generator output is feed ba'/ to the field winding- as %'
e?'itation- through a sour'e of ransformer- re'tifier- and rea'tor(
An e?'itation sour'e of d' is ne'essary for initial e?'itation of the field
winding(
1ain features of the e?'itation systemF
Controlling terminal =oltage with suitable a''essory(
Ensures stable operation with networ/(
Contributes to transient stability subsequent to a fault(
*ariable d' 'urrent with short time o=er load 'apability(
Syn'hroniEationF
he pro'ess of 'onne'ting an AC generator +alternator0 to other AC generators
is /nown as 4y82/908i@7ti08 and is 'ru'ial for the generation of AC ele'tri'al
power(
A %C generator 'an be 'onne'ted to a power networ/ by ad>usting its open2
'ir'uit terminal =oltage to mat'h the networ/ =oltage by either ad>usting its speed
or its field e?'itationK the e?a't engine speed is not 'riti'al( Howe=er- an AC
ma'hine must mat'h both the amplitude and the timing of the networ/ =oltage-
whi'h requires both speed and e?'itation to be systemati'ally and 'losely
'ontrolled for syn'hroniEation(
C08diti084.
here are fi=e 'onditions that must be met before the syn'hroniEation pro'ess
ta/es pla'e( he alternator must ha=e equal line voltage- frequency- phase
sequence- phase angle and waveform to that of the system to whi'h it is being
syn'hroniEed( <a=eform and phase sequen'e are fi?ed by the 'onstru'tion of the
generator and its 'onne'tions to the system- but =oltage- frequen'y and phase angle
must be 'ontrolled ea'h time a generator is to be 'onne'ted to a grid(
RATINGS.
STAGE II.GENERATORS AND T*RBINES.
%EA$LS "AS &RB$!E SEA1 &RB$!E
F&EL !A&RAL
"ASC!A)HACHS%C1$AE%
F&EL
SEA1
S)EE% 4777 R)1 4777 R)1
O&LE
E1)ERA&RE
33: C 643 C2637 C
.*A 636777 86477
AR1A&RE
*OLA"E
66(3 .* 66(3 .*
A1)S 9386 A :785 A
CO!!EC$O! # #
FREL&E!C# 37 37
S)EE% 4777 4777
COOL$!" H#%RO"E! E<AC
)F 7(8 LA" 7(8 LA"
EAC$A$O! BR&SH #)E BR&SHLESS
EFF$CE!C#A
F&LL LOA%
D8(3G D8(35G
EA$CER
*OLA"E
5:7 *

GTG.7& GENERATOR DATA
1a/e F "E!ERAL ELECR$C
Sl( !o( F 443AD85
)oles F wo
)hase F hree
Conne'tion F <#E
Frequen'y F 37 HE
Speed F 4777 Rpm
emperature at rated output F :7MC
1ethod of 'ooling F Hydrogen
RATING
.*A F 636-777
Armature amperes F 9-386
Armature =olts F 66-377
Field amperes F 6;7:
E?'iter =olts F :53
)ower fa'tor F 7(8+LA"0
!o load field amperes F ::7
Effi'ien'y at full load F D8(3DG
COLLECTOR AND BR*SH DATA.
!o( of'olle'tor brushes F 37G
Colle'tor min( safe operating
diameter F 64 in'hes
!o( of shaft grounding brushes F 5G
"rade of brushes F !ational Carbon ;4:
GAS COOLER DATA
$nlet water temperature F 43MC
<ater flow at rated load F 6-563 ")1
Head loss through 'ooler F 4: ft
"as flow through generator F 33-5D7 'fm
"as spa'e in generator F 6-;:7 ftN
b& EACITATION SYSTEM AND AVR.
i& EACITATION SYSTEM
#& ype F Stati' Bus Fed
50 Field at no load- rated =oltage F 659 * - :8; A
40 Field at rated load- =oltage and
)ower fa'tor F :68 * - 6-;7: A
:0 E?'itation transformer F2
+i0ype F %ry
+ii0)ower F 6-737.*A
+iii0Ratio F 66(3 C 7(; .*
+i=0$nsulation 'lass F F
ii& VOLTAGE REG*LATOR
60 ype F EA5777 +%igital0
50 Range of =oltage le=el setting
+a0 Auto F D72667G
+b0 1anual F 572657G
40 Features A=ailableF
+a0 1inimum e?'itation limiter
+b0 1a?imum rotor 'urrent limiter
+'0 1a?imum e?'itation limiter
+d0 *oltsCHertE limiter
+e0 Rea'ti=e drop 'ompensator
2& HYDROGEN SYSTEM
1in( purity of Hydrogen in storage F DD(;G
Hydrogen purity in generator 'asing F D8(7G
Co5 required for remo=ing air from 'asing F 5-737 ftN
Co5 required for remo=ing Hydrogen from 'asing F 4-587 ftN
Hydrogen required to fill 'asing to D7G purity at 7(3 psi F 5-897 ftN
Rate of flow of liquid through gas generator F ;3-877 ftNCmin
Rate of flow of liquid through gas 'oolers F 6-537 ftNCmin
Head loss through 'ooler F 4: ft
otal Hydrogen required to rea'h
47 psi F 8-485 ftN
:7 psi F 67-;69 ftN
HYDROGEN REB*IRED O+ GENERATOR IN
NORMAL OPERATION.
At 3 psi F 37 ftN C day
At 63 psi F 653 ftN C day
At 47 psi F 537 ftN C day
MAAIM*M SEAL OIL +LOW +OR ##C+ INLET
TEMPERAT*RE
otal oil flow +ea'h end0 at 3 psi F 9(4 galCmin
otal oil flow +ea'h end0 at 63 psi F 66(; galCmin
otal oil flow +ea'h end0 at 47 psi F 69(: galCmin
H5 side flow only F 6(5 galCmin
DI++ERENTIAL BETWEEN SEAL OIL AND CASING
HYDROGEN PRESS*RE
urbine end F :(3 psi
Colle'tor end F :(3 psi
GENERATOR C*RRENT TRANS+ORMERS .
DESCRIPTION RATIO P*RPOSE
C 6- 5- 4 67-777 C 3 A "enerator 1otor - ransdu'er for
1ar/ *
C :- 3- ; 67-777 C 3 A %igital- "enerator prote'tion
C 9- 8- D 67-777 C 3 A O=erall %ifferential prote'tion
C 64- 6:- 63 67-777 C 3 A %igital Feeder prote'tion
C 6;- 69- 68 67-777 C 3 A Spare
C 6DA- 6DC 67-777 C 3 A E?'itater Regulator - EA 5777
C 56- 55- 54 67-777 C 3 A %igital "enerator prote'tion
GENERATOR PROTECTION TRANS+ORMERS.
DESCRIPTIO
N
RATIO P*RPOSE
* 5 65-777 C 657 * %igital "enerator prote'tion- "enerator
1eter- 1ar/ * for syn'hroniEing
* : 65-777 C 657 * 1ar/ * ransdu'er- %igital Feeder
prote'tion- Low forward power Relay-
$mpedan'e Relay
NET*RAL GRO*NDING TRANS+ORMER.
DESCRIPTION RATIO P*RPOSE
67 .*A 8-777 C 5:7 * %igital "enerator prote'tion
STG.GENERATOR DATA
1a/e F "E!ERAL ELECR$C
Sl( !o( F 46;AD:9
)oles F wo
)hase F hree
Conne'tion F <#E
Frequen'y F 37 HE
Speed F 4777 Rpm
emperature at rated output F 657MC
Cold gasCAir temperature F :8MC
1ethod of 'ooling F E<AC +otally en'losed water to air 'ooled0
RATING.
.*A F 86-477
Armature amperes F :-785
Armature =olts F 66-377
Field amperes F 838
E?'iter =olts F 5:7
)ower fa'tor F 7(8+LA"0
!o load field amperes F 4(5
Effi'ien'y at full load F D8(35G
EACITATION SYSTEM AND AVR.
7&EACITATION SYSTEM.
60 ype F Brushless
50 Field at no load - rated =oltage F 8; * - 464 A
40 Field at rated load- =oltage and
power fa'tor F 54; * - 838 A
:0 E?'itation transformersF2
+i0ype F %ry
+ii0)ower F :.*A
+iii0Ratio F :87 C 5:7 *
+i=0$nsulation 'lass F F
b&VOLTAGE REG*LATOR.
60 ype F EA5777 R +%igital0
50 Range of =oltage le=el settings
+a0 Auto F D72667G
+b0 1anual F 572657G
40 Features A=ailableF
+a0 1inimum e?'itation limiter
+b0 1a?imum rotor 'urrent limiter
+'0 1a?imum e?'itation limiter
+d0 *oltsCHertE limiter
+e0 Rea'ti=e drop 'ompensator
2& GAS COOLER
ype F %&)LEA COOLER
$nlet water temperature F 4;MC
<ater flow F D77 ")1
Head loss through 'ooler F 8 ft
Air flow through generator F :9-377 'fm
GENERATOR C*RRENT TRANS+ORMERS.
DESCRIPTION RATIO P*RPOSE
C 6- 5- 4 ;-777 C 3 A "enerator 1otor - ransdu'er for
1ar/ *
C :- 3- ; ;-777 C 3 A %igital "enerator prote'tion
%igital Feeder prote'tion
C 9- 8- D ;-777 C 3 A O=erall %ifferential prote'tion
C 64- 6:- 63 ;-777 C 3 A %igital "enerator prote'tion
C 6DA- 6DC 67-777 C 3 A E?'itater Regulator - EA 5777
GENERATOR PROTECTION TRANS+ORMERS
DESCRIPTIO
N
RATIO P*RPOSE
* 5 65-777 C 657 * %igital "enerator prote'tion-
"enerator 1eter- 1ar/ * for
syn'hroniEing
* : 65-777 C 657 * 1ar/ * ransdu'er- %igital Feeder
prote'tion- Low forward power Relay-
$mpedan'e Relay- %istan'e Relay
GENERATOR PROTECTION SCHEMES.
I8t90du2ti08.
)rote'tion system is essential to prote't the generator against internal or
e?ternal faults( he prote'tion relays 'an trip the generator i(e(- dis'onne'ted from
the system of shutdown whene=er it dete'ts abnormality in ma'hine parameters(
As the generator prote'tion is a large and 'omple? sub>e't- the instru'tions were
written here to pro=ide information on prote'tion s'hemes only( $t is an operatorJs
responsibility to de'ide what 'orre'ti=e a'tion is required and to ta/e it( he
timely ta/en a'tion 'an a=ert serious damage or failure of the generator- whi'h in
turn sa=es a lot of re=enue and time(
he following are the main prote'tion s'hemes adopted for our generator(
6( "enerator %ifferential )rote'tion +89"0
5( "enerator @ ransformer %ifferential )rote'tion +89"0
4( Loss of Field or Loss of E?'itation )rote'tion +:7"0
:( !egati=e Sequen'e or Current &nbalan'e )rote'tion +:;"0
3( O=er Flu?ing or O=er E?'itation )rote'tion +DD"0
;( O=er Current )rote'tion +36"0
9( Stator Earth Fault )rote'tion +;:"0
8( Rotor Earth Fault )rote'tion +;:R0
D( Restri'ted Earth Fault )rote'tion +;:"R0
67(Ba'/up $mpedan'e )rote'tion +56"0
66(Low Forward )ower )rote'tion +49"0
65(Re=erse )ower )rote'tion +45"0
64()ole Slip )rote'tion +D8"0
6:()ole %is'repan'y )rote'tion +:90
63(Lo'al Brea/er Ba'/ )rote'tion +37B0
6;(Bus Bar )rote'tion +BB0
69(O=er Frequen'y )rote'tion +860
68(&nder Frequen'y )rote'tion +860
6D(O=er *oltage )rote'tion +3D"0
57(&nder *oltage )rote'tion +59"0
#. GENERATOR DI++ERENTIAL PROTECTION (!%G&.
SettingF 7(3 Amp imeF $nstantaneous
$t is one of the important prote'tions to prote't generator winding
against internal faults su'h as phase2to2phase and three phase2to2ground faults(
his type of fault is =ery serious be'ause =ery large 'urrent 'an flow and produ'e
large amounts of damage to the winding if it is allowed to persist( One set 'urrent
transformers of the generator on neutral and phase side- is e?'lusi=ely used for this
prote'tion( he differential prote'tion 'annot dete't turn2to2turn fault and phase to
ground within one winding for high impedan'e neutral grounding generator su'h
as ours( &pon the dete'tion of a phase2to2phase fault in the winding- the unit is
tripped without time delay(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
'( Stop 'ommand to urbine throJ 1ar/2$*
Status F a( &nit is at 'oasting down(
On'e the differential prote'tion operated- the unit 'annot be ta/en into
ser=i'e unless the generator winding is thoroughly e?amined by the maintenan'e
staff of any internal faults(
". GENERATOR=TRANS+ORMER DI++ERENTIAL
PROTECTION (!%GT&.
Setting F 7(93 Amp ime F $nstantaneous
$f prote'ts 66.* bus du't- 66C7(::7.* unit au?iliary transformer-
66C57.* step2up transformer against internal faults su'h as phase2to2phase and
three phase2to2ground faults( his type of fault is =ery serious be'ause =ery large
'urrent 'an flow and produ'e large amounts of damage to the winding if it is
allowed to persist( One set 'urrent transformers of the generator on neutral side
and another set 'urrent transformer on 557.* side after transformer- is e?'lusi=ely
used for the prote'tion( &pon the dete'tion of differen'e in 'urrent between these
'urrent transformers- the unit is tripped with out time delay(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'es F a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
'( Stop 'ommand to urbine throJ 1ar/2$*
Status F a( &nit is at 'oasting down(
One the generator2transformer differential prote'tion operated- the
unit 'annot be ta/en into ser=i'e unless the 66.* bus du't- unit au?iliary
transformer- power transformer are thoroughly e?amined by the maintenan'e staff
for any internal faults(
$. LOSS O+ +IELD OR EACITATION PROTECTION ('G&.
SettingF .625- .526- .425 rip after 5 Se'(
<hen the syn'hronous ma'hine with e?'itation- is 'onne'ted to the
grid- it generates rea'ti=e power along with a'ti=e power to the grid and the rotor
speed is same as that of grid frequen'y( Loss of field or loss of e?'itation results in
loss of syn'hronism between rotor flu? @ stator flu?( he syn'hronous ma'hine
operates as an indu'tion ma'hine at higher speed and draws rea'ti=e power from
the grid( his will result in the flow of slip frequen'y 'urrents in the rotor body as
well as se=ere torque os'illations in the rotor shaft( As the rotor is not designed to
sustain su'h 'urrents or to withstand the high alternating torques whi'h results in
rotor o=erheating- 'oupling slippage and e=en rotor failure(
A loss of e?'itation normally indi'ates a problem with the e?'itation
system( Sometimes it may be due to inad=ertent tripping of filed brea/er- open or
short 'ir'uit of field winding or loss of sour'e to the e?'iter( $f the generator is not
dis'onne'ted immediately when it loses e?'itation wide spread instability may
=ery qui'/ly de=elop and ma>or system shutdown may o''ur(
<hen loss of e?'itation alarm annun'iates at annun'iation panel- the
ma'hine may probably be running with less e?'itation at leading 1*AR power(
$n'rease the e?'itation on the ma'hine until it rea'hes on lagging 1*AR power(
he ma'hine trips on the same prote'tion along with alarm resyn'hroniEe the
ma'hine and try to stabiliEe at required 1*AR power( $f not possible- trip the
ma'hine immediately and inform to the maintenan'e staff for thorough 'he'/ing of
the Automati' *oltage Regulator +A*R0 and its asso'iated parts(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'es F a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
'( Stop 'ommand to urbine throJ 1ar/2$*
Status F a( &nit is at 'oasting down(
'. NEGATIVE SEB*ENCE OR C*RRENT *NBALANCE
PROTECTION ('(G&.
SettingF Alarm O 93G of 65s ime 2 3 Se'(
rip O 93G of 65s ime2 477 Se'(
<hen the ma'hine deli=ering the equal 'urrents in three phases- no
unbalan'e or negati=e phase sequen'e 'urrent is produ'ed as the =e'tor sum of
these 'urrents is Eero- when the generator is supplying an unbalan'ed load to a
system- a negati=e phase sequen'e 'urrent is imposed on the generator( he
system unbalan'e may be due to opening of lines- brea/er failures or system faults(
he negati=e sequen'e 'urrent in the stator winding 'reates a magneti' flu? wa=e
in the air gap whi'h rotates in opposite dire'tion to that of rotor syn'hronous
speed( his flu? indu'es 'urrents in the rotor body- wedges- retaining rings at twi'e
the line frequen'y(
Heating o''urs in these areas and the resulting temperatures depend
upon the le=el and duration of the unbalan'ed 'urrents( &nder these 'onditions it
is possible to rea'h temperatures at whi'h the rotor material no longer 'ontain the
'entrifugal for'es imposed on them resulting in serious damage to the turbine2
generator set( Any ma'hine as per design data will permit some le=el of negati=e
sequen'e 'urrents for 'ontinuous period(
An alarm will annun'iate at annun'iation panel if negati=e sequen'e
'urrents e?'eeds a normal le=el( Redu'e the 1*AR power on the ma'hine if
ne'essary load also and /eep the ma'hine for some time till the alarm =anishes at
annun'iation panel( $f the ma'hine trips on the !egati=e sequen'e prote'tion ne=er
ta/e the ma'hine into ser=i'e until the temperatures on the rotor parts settle down
to its lower =alue( Resyn'hroniEe the ma'hine to the grid after 'onsiderable time
under grid @ feeder parameters are within limits( $f the unit trips again on the
same prote'tion- stop the ma'hine after 'onsideration time so as to 'ool down the
rotor parts and inform to the maintenan'e staff for thorough e?amination of the
system(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
StatusF a( &nit is at FS!L(
). OVER +L*AING OR EACITATION OR VOLTS PER HERTD
PROTECTION (EEGT&.
SettingF Alarm O 6(69 ime 2 67 Se'(
ripO 6(69 ime247 Se'(
)er unit =oltage di=ided by per unit frequen'y 'ommonly 'alled
*oltsCHertE is a measurable quantity that is proportional to flu? in the generator or
step2up transformer 'ores( 1oderate o=er flu?ing +6732667G0 in'reases 'ore loss
resulting in in'rease of 'ore temperatures due to hysteri's @ eddy 'urrents loss(
Long term operation at ele=ated temperatures 'an shorten the life of the stator
insulation( Se=ere o=er flu?ing 'an brea/down inter2laminar insulation followed
by rapid lo'al 'ore melting( O=er flu?ing normally 'an be 'aused by o=er speed of
the turbine or o=er e?'itation during Off2line 'ondition- and load re>e'tion or A*R
mal2fun'tioning during On2line 'ondition(
$f alarm annun'iation panel- $n'reaseCRedu'e the speed of the turbine
to rated generator speed +4777R)10 and redu'e the generator =oltage to rated
during Off2line 'ondition( Redu'e the 1*AR power on the generator during On2
line 'ondition( $f the ma'hine trips on o=er flu?ing prote'tion during On2line-
.eep the ma'hine at FS!L till the grid parameters stabiliEe and resins( Again the
ma'hine trips on the same stop the ma'hine for e?amination of the A*R @
"o=ernor systems by maintenan'e staff(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
'( Stop 'ommand to urbine throJ 1ar/2$*
StatusF a( &nit is at 'oasting down(
(. OVER C*RRENT WITH VOLTAGE RESTRAINT
PROTECTION ()#V& .
SettingF Alarm O 83G ime 267 Se'(
rip O 677G ime2 7(3 Se'(
!ormally generators are designed to operate 'ontinuously at rated
1*A- frequen'y and power fa'tor o=er a range of D3 to 673G rated =oltage(
Operating the generator at rated 1*A with D3G =oltage- 673G stator 'urrent is
permissible( Operating of the generator beyond rated .*A may result in harmful
stator o=er 'urrent( A 'onsequen'e of o=er 'urrent in winding is stator 'ore o=er
heating and leads to failure of insulation(
$f alarm annun'iates at annun'iation panel- Redu'e the stator 'urrent
to the below the rated by redu'ing the 1*AR power on the ma'hine( <hen the
trips on the same prote'tion- Resins the ma'hine after /eeping the ma'hine at
FS!L for some time- and /eep the stator 'urrent below the rated(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'es F a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
Status F a( &nit is at FS!L(
%. STATOR EARTH +A*LT PROTECTION (('G&.
Setting F 97G ime 2 3 Se'(
!ormally the generator stator neutral operates at a potential 'lose to
ground( $f a faulty phase winding 'onne'ted to ground- the normal low neutral
=oltage 'ould rise as high as line2to2neutral =oltage depending on the fault lo'ation(
Although a single ground fault will not ne'essarily 'ause immediate damage- the
presen'e of one in'reases the probability of a se'ond( A se'ond fault e=en if
dete'ted by differential relay- may 'ause serious damage( he usual method of
dete'tion fault is by measuring the =oltage a'ross the se'ondary of neutral
grounding transformer +!"0( Here are two o=er lapping Eones to dete't stator
ground faults in a high impedan'e grounded generator system- the two Eones are
put together 'o=er 677G stator winding for earth faults( A fundamental frequen'y
neutral o=er =oltage relay 'o=ers about 72D3G of the stator Eonal winding for all
faults e?'ept those near the neutral( Another third harmoni' neutral under =oltage
relay 'o=ers remaining D;2677G of the stator Eone 5 winding on neutral side(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
'( Stop 'ommand to urbine throJ 1ar/2$*
StatusF a( &nit is at 'oasting down(
!. ROTOR EARTH +A*LT PROTECTION (('R& .
SettingsF Less than 87. ohm
Any rotor field winding of the generator is ele'tri'ally isolated from
the ground( herefore the e?isten'e of one ground fault in the field winding will
usually not damage the rotor( Howe=er the presen'e of two or more ground faults
in the winding will 'ause magneti' and thermal imbalan'e plus lo'aliEed heating
and damage to the rotor metalli' parts( he rotor earth fault may be 'aused due to
insulation failure of winding or inter2turn fault followed by lo'aliEed heat(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
'( Stop 'ommand to urbine throJ 1ar/2$*
Status F a( &nit is at 'oasting down(
E. RESTRICTED EARTH +A*LT PROTECTION (('GTR& .
SettingsF 7(6 Amps( imeF $nstantaneous
$t is similar to generator differential prote'tion in wor/ing( $t prote'ts
the high =oltage winding of 66C557.* power transformer against internal faults(
One set 'urrent transformers of the power transformer on neutral and phase side- is
e?'lusi=ely used for this prote'tion( he prote'tion 'an not dete't turn2to2turn
fault within one winding( &pon the dete'tion of a phase2to2phase or phase2to2
ground fault in the winding- the unit to be tripped without time delay(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
'( Stop 'ommand to urbine throJ 1ar/2$*
Status F a( &nit is at 'oasting down(
On'e the restri'ted earth fault prote'tion operated- the unit 'an not be
ta/en into ser=i'e unless the transformer winding is thoroughly e?amined by the
maintenan'e staff for any internals faults(
#. BAC-*P IMPEDANCE PROTECTION ("#G& .
SettingsF .624- .527(96 ime O 6(3 Se'(
As in name implies- it is used to prote't the generator from supplying
the o=er loaded or faulty system( $t is ba'/up prote'tion of the generator o=er
'urrent prote'tion( $n measures ratio of the =oltage and 'urrent supplied by the
generator and initiates trip signal when the measured impedan'e is less than the
preset =alue(
$f the ma'hine trips on the Ba'/up prote'tion- ne=er ta/e the ma'hine
into ser=i'e until the temperatures of the generator settle down to its lower =alue(
Resyn'hroniEe the ma'hine to the grid after 'onsiderable time when grid @ feeder
parameters are within limits(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
'( Stop 'ommand to urbine throJ 1ar/2$*
Status F a( &nit is at 'oasting down(
##. LOW +ORWARD POWER PROTECTION ($%G& .
SettingF 7(3G imeF 6 Se'(
he generator will not de=elop output power when turbine input is
less than the no load losses and motoring a'tion de=elops on the turbine( he
generator is able to generate power- usually 33 to 67G of generator 'apa'ity-
within pre2determined time after 'losing of 557.* brea/er(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;"
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
Status F a( &nit is at FS!L with potential(
he unit trips on the low forward prote'tion- Resins the ma'hine and
in'rease input power to the turbine as qui'/ly as possible within low forward
power time setting( E=en after two to three attempts- the ma'hine is tripping on the
same prote'tionK probably the go=ernor of turbine is faulty( $nform to maintenan'e
staff for re'tifi'ation of the same(
#". REVERSE POWER PROTECTION ($"G& .
SettingF 7(3G ime25(7 Se'(
$t is ba'/up prote'tion to the low forward prote'tion( 1otoring of a
generator will o''ur when turbine output is redu'ed su'h that it de=elops less than
no2load losses while the generator is still on2line- the generator will operate as a
syn'hronous motor and dri=ing the turbine( he generator will not be harmed by
syn'hronous motoring and a steam turbine 'an be harmed through o=er heating
during syn'hronous motoring if 'ontinued long enough( he motoring of the
turbine output 'an be dete'ted by re=erse power prote'tion( he a=oid false
tripping due to power swings a time delay is in'orporated before tripping signal is
generated(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
'( Stop 'ommand to urbine throJ 1ar/2$*
Status F a( &nit is at 'oasting down(
he unit trips on the re=erse power prote'tion( Resins the ma'hine
and in'rease the input power to the turbine as qui'/ly as possible within low
forward power time setting( E=en after two to three attempts- the ma'hine is
tripping on the same prote'tionK probably the go=ernor of turbine is faulty( $nform
to maintenan'e staff for re'tifi'ation of the same(
#$. POLE SLIP OR O*T=O+=STEP PROTECTION (E!W& .
SettingF ;(D ohm(
<hen a generator loses syn'hronism- the resulting high 'urrent pea/s
and off2frequen'y operation may 'ause winding stresses- pulsation torques and
me'hani'al resonan'es that ha=e the potential danger to turbine generator(
herefore- to minimiEe the possibility of damage- it is generally a''epted that the
ma'hine should be tripped without time delay preferably during the first half2slip
'y'le of the loss of syn'hronism 'ondition( he ele'tri'al 'enter during loss2of2
syn'hronous 'onditions 'an o''ur in the generator as a result of in'reased
impedan'e of the generator while de'rease system impedan'e( he prote'tions
normally applied in the generator Eone su'h as ba'/2up impedan'e- loss of
e?'itation et'(- will not prote't a generator during loss of syn'hronism under
normal generator 'onditions(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
'( Stop 'ommand to urbine throJ 1ar/2$*
Status F a( &nit is at 'oasting down(
he unit trips on the )ole slip prote'tion- Resyn'hronising the ma'hine after
stabiliEation of the grid parameters(
#'. POLE DISCREPANCY PROTECITON ('%& .
SettingF 7(3 Se'(
$f One or two poles of generator brea/er fail to 'lose during
syn'hroniEation- all poles of the brea/er trip on this prote'tion( $t may be due to
me'hani'al failure of the brea/er un equal distribution of 'losing signal to the
brea/er from prote'tion system(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at 557.* Brea/er panel(
b( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'es F a( tripping of 557.* brea/er
Status F a( &nit is at FS!L with potential(
he generator brea/er trips on the pole dis'repan'y prote'tion-
Resyn'h the generator( E=en after two to three attempts- the ma'hine is tripping
on the same prote'tion- probably the generator brea/er is faulty( $nform to
maintenan'e staff for re'tifi'ation of the same(
#). LOCAL BREA-ER BAC-*P PROTECTION ()D& .
SettingF 53G imeF 7(8 Se'(
For most of the faults- the generator brea/er in=ol=es tripping the
generator from the system( Failure of the brea/er to open probably results in loss
of prote'tion and other problems su'h as motoring a'tion or single phasing- $f one
or two poles of the generator brea/er fail to open due to me'hani'al failure in
brea/er me'hanism- the result 'an be a single phasing and negati=e phase sequen'e
'urrents indu'ted on the rotor( he LBB prote'tion is energiEed when the brea/er
trip is initiated after a suitable time inter=al if 'onfirmation of the 'onfirmation of
brea/er tripping from three poles is not re'ei=ed( he energiEed tripping signal
from LBB prote'tion will trip all 557.* generator brea/ers and all 557.* feeder
brea/ers through Bus2bar prote'tion(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;" for all units(
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er of all units(
Status F a( all &nits are at FS!L(
On'e the LBB prote'tion operated- the entire station is in dar/( First
restore all essential ser=i'es to all units su'h as lube oil system and turning gear
et'(- from battery ba'/up and ;(;C7(::.* Stage2$$ reser=e power supply( Che'/up
the faulty 557.* brea/er and isolate the brea/er from the system by opening the
both side of the isolators( After restoring all ser=i'es from station supply- Close
557.* feeder brea/ers first and ta/e all units into ser=i'e one after the other duly
'o2'oordinating with the %ECL%(
Sin'e it in=ol=es 'omple? operation- it is ne'essary to get help from
maintenan'e staff for restoring the normally in the station( !e=er attempt to 'lose
the faulty 557.* generator in pani' as it 'auses permanent damage to the
generator and transformer(
#(. B*S BAR PROTECTION (BB&.
SettingF 7(8 Amps(
here are mainly three prote'tion Eones namely 'alled generator Eone-
bus du't transformer Eone- 557.* brea/ers Eone( he prote'tion of generator
Eone and bus du't @ transformer Eone are 'o=ered in pre=ious s'hemes( All
557.* brea/ers at swit'hyard will 'ome under Bus2Bar prote'tion( Fun'tioning
of this s'heme is similar to the generator differential prote'tion or generator2
transformer differential prote'tion( $t measures all in'oming 'urrents from the
generators at 557.* side and all outgoing 'urrents in 557.* feeders- and initiates
trip signal if it dete'ts any de=iation more than the preset =alue as the algebrai'
sum of all 'urrents at 557.* bus must be less than the preset =alue( $t isolates all
557.* generator brea/ers and all 557.* feeder brea/ers 'onne'ted to 557.*
bus(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;" for all units(
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er of all units(
Status F a( all &nits are at FS!L(
On'e the Bus2Bar prote'tion operated- the entire station is in dar/(
First restore all essential ser=i'es to all units su'h as lube oil system and turning
gear et'(- from battery ba'/up and ;(;C7(::.* Stage O $$ reser=e power supply(
Che'/2up the entire 557.* swit'h yard for any wire snapping or equipment
damage(
After restoring all ser=i'es from station supply- Close 557.* feeder
brea/ers first and ta/e all units into ser=i'e one after the other duly 'o2ordinating
with the %ECL%( Sin'e it in=ol=es 'omple? operation- it is ne'essary to get help
from maintenan'e staff for restoring the normal'y in the station( !e=er attempt to
restore the 557.* supply at swit'h yard in pani' unless the entire system is
thoroughly e?amined and satisfy yourself as it 'auses permanent damage to the
equipment or in>uryCdeath to the person wor/ing at swit'h yard(
#%. OVER +REB*ENCY PROTECTION (!#& .
SettingF 35 HE ime 2 5 Se'(
For a generator 'onne'ted to a system- abnormal frequen'y operation
is a result of a se=ere system disturban'e( he generator 'an tolerate moderate
o=er frequen'y operation pro=ided =oltage is within an a''eptable limits( he
ma'hine operated at higher speeds at whi'h the rotor material no longer 'ontain the
'entrifugal for'es imposed on them resulting in serious damage to the turbine2
generator set( he abnormal o=er frequen'y on the ma'hine may be due to
improper speed 'ontrol ad>ustment or disoperation of the speed 'ontroller or se=ere
grid disturban'e or sudden load through off(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;&
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
'( Stop 'ommand to urbine throJ 1ar/2$*
StatusF a( &nit is at 'oasting down(
he unit trips on the o=er frequen'y prote'tion- Resins the ma'hine(
E=en after two to three attempts- the ma'hine is tripping on the same prote'tionK
probably the go=ernor of turbine is faulty( $nform to maintenan'e staff for
re'tifi'ation of the same(
#!. *NDER +REB*ENCY PROTECTION (!#& .
SettingF :8 HE imeF 5(7 Se'(
For a generator 'onne'ted to a system- under frequen'y operation is a
result of a se=ere system disturban'e( he generator 'an tolerate moderate under
frequen'y operation pro=ided =oltage is within an a''eptable limits( he ma'hine
operated at lower higher speeds 'auses se=ere o=er flu?ing in the generator2
transformer( he abnormal under frequen'y on the ma'hine may be due to
improper speed 'ontrol ad>ustment or disoperation of the speed 'ontroller(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel
Consequen'esF a( !$L
Status F a( &nit is at lower speed with potential(
$n'rease go=ernor speed until ma'hine rea'hes full speed( E=en after
two to three attempts- the ma'hine are running at lower speed- probably the
go=ernor of turbine is faulty( $nform to maintenan'e staff for re'tifi'ation of the
same(
#E. OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION ()EG& .
SettingF a(667G ime 2 5(7 Se'(
b(657G ime 2 7(4 Se'(
"enerator =oltage is at present =alue under normal operating
'onditions as sele'ted by operator in A*R( $f it parts from preset =alue- 1ay be
due to A*R mal2fun'tioning or a system disturban'e( Se=ere o=er =oltage 'an
'ause o=er flu?ing and winding insulation failure( he o=er =oltage prote'tion 'an
be 'onsidered as a ba'/up to the *olts2per2HertE prote'tion(
Relays a'tedF a( Flag operation at )rote'tion panel(
b( A'ting of 1aster relay 8;"
'( $ndi'ation at Annun'iation )anel(
Consequen'esF a( ripping of 557.* brea/er
b( ripping of Field brea/er
Status F a( &nit is at FS!L without potential(
Raise the generator =oltage slowly with manual mode in A*R and
/eep generator =oltage within the limits of normal =oltage( $f it is unable to
'ontrol the generator =oltage- trip the field brea/er and inform to the maintenan'e
staff for re'tifi'ation of the A*R(
CONCLUSION

The mini project opportunity given to us by the
authorities of APGPCL and O&M SOLUTIONS at their
gas turbo power station, Vijjeswaram at the request of our
B.V.C. ENGINEERING COLLEGE, ODALAREVU is much useful.
In this mini project we had linked up the project work as
practical oriented with full pledge involvement with Operations
& Maintenance team.. We had studied the working of generator
and its protection schemes designed in stage2 of Vijjeswaram
power plant. And we also studied how the electrical power
generated & exported in the combined cycle power plant.
So we may conclude that this training is much helpful and
useful for the students like us. It is also useful in our future
and even after completion of our Engineering graduation.
A!% ALSO S)EC$AL HA!.S O ")S SAFF(