1) What is drupal?

Ans:
Drupal is a free and open-source content management framework (CMF) that is written in PHP language.
It is used for blogging websites as well as for political and government websites.
Drupal core offers features such as user account registration and maintenance, menu management,
RSS feeds, page layout customization, and system administration. It can be used as a brochureware
website, a single- or multi-user blog, an Internet forum, or a community website providing for user-
generated content. Drupal does not require any programming skills from a developer for basic installation
and administration. Drupal was initially written by Dries Buytaert on a message board, which further
became an open source project. Drupal is derived from Dutch word druppel, which means "drop".



2) Differences between drupal 6 and 7.
Ans:

Feature Drupal 6 Drupal 7
Back-end
improvements
Database abstraction layer has limitations.
The overall approach to pulling values
from a database query has been done
through the functions "db_fetch_object",
"db_fetch_array", and "db_result"are no
longer part of the Drupal 7 database API.
A revamped database layer almost resolving
whatever limitations experienced in the
Drupal 6 database layer, added support for
the SQLite database engine, master/slave
replication support, transactions, multi-insert
queries, delayed inserts, and so on.
Configuring
Blocks
To create a block you have to first create a
block on the page you want it to appear,
and then go to the slow-loading block
overview page to set where on the page
you want it to appear.
All done in one step. This can save a lot of
time on more complicated sites.
Content
Construction Kit
(CCK)
When working with Drupal 6, installing the
Content Construction Kit (CCK) module
was pretty much an effort.
CCK has been integrated into core and
rebranded as the Field API. This gives
developers the power to add fields to not only
content types, but also to Taxonomy
vocabularies, content nodes, People, etc.
Hooks Has very limited number of hooks.
More hooks are added resulting in separating
the hooks that were used for multiple tasks
into smaller pieces. This makes Drupal 7 truly
modular, and gives developers the ability to
do deeper customizations.
Image Handling
Uploading the image files along with
content was always a tedious process.
Getting it to function the way you wanted
was always a battle.
Comes up with a native image handling to
core. Image fields can be added to content,
and have image styles applied to them, such
as optimizing, resizing, and other effects.
Revamped Admin
User Interface
Very complex and less intuitive. There
were a series of contributed modules
available for Drupal 6 that one could install
to improve the situation, but it was an
extra step one had to take, and we have to
deal with additional moving parts when
updating.
More polished and user friendly
administrative theme as part of core. The
administrative interface now includes the
goodness of Ajax, an admin toolbar,
shortcuts and generally increased loading
times.
Edit existing page elements are now
available on each web page when the admin
user is logged-in, without having to go to an
administration page first. More drag-and-drop
for administrative tasks are added now.
Security No admin UI for managing the scheduled More secure implementation through admin
tasks.
Only MD5 encryption level password
protection available.
Bit tedious in updating Modules.
UI for scheduled tasks.
More secure password system by having
additional salt module that allows an internal
string is appended to the password prior to
storage - making them less prone to hacking.
Modules can be updated via the web through
function manager.
Update Manager
Keeping Drupal 6 up-to-date was a pain,
as to update a module you had to
download it, unpack it, upload it again and
then run the update.
Introduced an Update manger which keeps
site administrators informed when new
module and theme releases are available, the
new Update Manger module can also install
and upgrade modules and themes.
Working with
jQuery plugins
jQuery allows for the rapid development of
client side site features. Drupal 6 uses
jQuery 1.2.6 as its default plugin which
has less features and slower than jQuery
1.4.4.
It is much easier to use jQuery in your
themes, and also ships with a jQuery 1.4.4,
which is much faster and lot more feature rich
than jQuery 1.2.6. For the UI developers, this
is a big plus that will save lots of time.
Now we can define more than one Block in same module in drupal 7.
New Module Dashboard is add. The same type of feature is available in Administration menu for
previous versions of drupal.
Another answer
Drupal 7 requires new system requires such as MySQL 5.0.15 or PostgreSQL 8.3, PHP Version 5.2
or higher and PHP Memory of 40M - 64M
More secure implementation for scheduled tasks (cron.php)
More secure password system
More secure log-in system
Modules can be updated via the web
Administrative links to edit existing page elements on each page
Improved support for integration of WYSIWYG editors
More drag-and-drop for administrative tasks
Permissions now have the ability to handle more meta-data
User 1 created as part of the installation process
Added features to the default install profile
Automated task runs can be set up via configuration
Redesigned password strength validator
Renamed "input formats" to "text formats"
Added support for default text formats to be assigned on a per-role basis
Moved text format permissions to the main permissions page
Added "vertical tabs"
Improved time zone support
Removed per-user themes
Added new "Shortcuts" module
Added query builders for INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE, and SELECT queries
Support for master/slave replication, transactions, multi-insert queries,delayed inserts, and other
features
Added support for the SQLite database engine
Default to InnoDB engine, rather than MyISAM, on MySQL when available for greater scalability
and data integrity
Hook API documentation included in Drupal core
Added OPML import functionality for RSS feeds
Added feed update options
Added support for language-aware searches
Added test framework and tests
Remove some themes and added other themes as default on user and admin interface
Files are now first class Drupal objects with file_load(), file_save(), and file_validate() functions
and corresponding hooks.
Files use PHP stream wrappers to enable support for both public and private files and to support
pluggable storage mechanisms and access to remote resources
Added a field specifically for uploading files
Improved image handling
Added a field specifically for uploading images
Better Support for Multisite Installations
Added RDF support
Better support for search engine optimization and web linking
Added ability to add custom fields
Installer can be run from the command line
Upgrades made to core JavaScript library, JQuery Forms library
Added jQuery UI 1.8
Improved node access control system
Improved handling of long-running tasks

3) Differences between drupal 7 and 8.
Answer:
Responsive themes, images and break point.
Mobile friendly administration.
Responsive previewbar.
First mobile overlay.
Improved data modeling tools: New entity types
Form displays: customize the look and feel of data entry form.
Views in core.
Views full customizable.
Restyled administration interface.
Accessability.
Multilingual improvements.
Community transalation downloads.
Supporting HTML5 .
Web services: iphone, android
New front-end libraries
4) Differences between drupal 4 and 5.
5) Differences between drupal 3 and 4.
6) Differences between drupal 2 and 3.

7) Differences between drupal and joomla.
Answer:




Drupal joomla
Installation Drupals setup file is
smaller that joomla.
Comparatively large
file.
Admin Panel Drupal has a top bar
which shows user is
login as admin. Also,
you need to login in
different browser or
Joomla has a separate
administrator panel
everything is well
aligned and looks
neat. Also, user can
session for admin and
normal user.
login as administrator
and normal user in
same browser.
Development Drupal and joomla both
are same learning
curve only depends
which tutorials are you
following
Drupal and joomla both
are same learning
curve only depends
which tutorials are you
following
Flexibility Drupal allow to add
unlimited modules
Joomla offers same.
Extension Types Drupal allow making
modules. Which are for
all type of features.
Joomla has
Component, module,
plug-ins and language.
All have different uses.
Development Learning Developer has to learn,
how to make
modules?
Developers have to
learn Component,
module, plug-ins and
language. Also, their
admin part too.
Extension Most of them are free Free and paid are
available.
WYSIWYG Editor No Editor you have to
install it separately.
WYSIWYG editor
included in core
Cache Strong Cache Module
in core
You can install
separately.
Theme Easy and more
Flexible, Site broken
into Sections so you
can design different
layout for all pages.
Not Flexible, Design
must be similar for all
pages.
MVC Joomla use MVC
Multilingual Better Better than drupal.
End User Difficult for End user.
End user need training
End user can learn
from joomla demo site.
SEO Better Best
Support Good Good
For Large Site, and
extensibility
For non-geeks


Drupal Joomla Wordpress
Homepage www.drupal.org www.joomla.org www.wordpress.org
About
Drupal is a powerful,
developer-friendly tool for
building complex sites.
Like most powerful tools, it
requires some expertise
and experience to operate.
Joomla offers middle ground
between the developer-
oriented, extensive
capabilities of Drupal and
user-friendly but more
complex site development
options than Wordpress
offers.
Wordpress began as an
innovative, easy-to-use blogging
platform. With an ever-increasing
repertoire of themes, plugins and
widgets, this CMS is widely used
for other website formats also.
Example
Sites
Community Portal: Fast
Company, Team Sugar
Social Networking: MTV
Networks Quizilla
Education: Harvard
Social Networking: PlayStation
Blog
News Publishing: CNN Political
University
Restaurant: IHOP
Ticker
Education/Research: NASA Ames
Research Center
News Publishing:The New York
Observer
Installation Drupal Installation Forum Joomla Installation Forum Wordpress Installation Forum
Ease of Use
Drupal requires the most
technical expertise of the
three CMSs. However, it
also is capable of
producing the most
advanced sites. With each
release, it is becoming
easier to use. If youre
unable to commit to
learning the software or
cant hire someone who
knows it, it may not be the
best choice.
Less complex than Drupal,
more complex than
Wordpress. Relatively
uncomplicated installation
and setup. With a relatively
small investment of effort into
understanding Joomlas
structure and terminology,
you have the ability to create
fairly complex sites.
Technical experience is not
necessary; its intuitive and easy to
get a simple site set up quickly. Its
easy to paste text from a Microsoft
Word document into a Wordpress
site, but not into Joomla and
Drupal sites.
Features
Known for its powerful
taxonomy and ability to
tag, categorize and
organize complex content.
Designed to perform as a
community platform, with
strong social networking
features.
Ease of use is a key benefit for
experts and novices alike. Its
powerful enough for web
developers or designers to
efficiently build sites for clients;
then, with minimal instruction,
clients can take over the site
management. Known for an
extensive selection of themes.
Very user-friendly with great
support and tutorials, making it
great for non-technical users to
quickly deploy fairly simple sites.
Caching
Plug-ins
Pressflow: This is a
downloadable version of
Drupal that comes bundled
with popular
enhancements in key
areas, including
performance and
scalability.
JotCache offers page
caching in the Joomla 1.5
search framework, resulting
in fast page downloads. Also
provides control over what
content is cached and what is
not. In addition, page caching
is supported by the System
Cache Plugin that comes
with Joomla.
WP-SuperCache: The Super
Cache plugin optimizes
performance by generating static
html files from database-driven
content for faster load times.
Best Use
Cases
For complex, advanced
and versatile sites; for sites
that require complex data
organization; for
community platform sites
with multiple users; for
Joomla allows you to build a
site with more content and
structure flexibility than
Wordpress offers, but still
with fairly easy, intuitive
usage. Supports E-
Ideal for fairly simple web sites,
such as everyday blogging and
news sites; and anyone looking for
an easy-to-manage site. Add-ons
make it easy to expand the
functionality of the site.
online stores commerce, social networking
and more.










8) Joomla folder structure
Ansewer:



Drupal folder structure


9) Differences between drupal structure and joomla structure.
10) Differences between drupal and structure and wordpress structure.
11) Types of theme in drupal.
Ans:
Agriculture
Animals & Pets
Architecture
Art & Photography
Beauty
Books
Business
Cafe and Restaurant
Cars
Charity
Communications
Design
Education
Electronics
Entertainment
Environmental
Exterior design
Family
Fashion
Flowers
Food & Drink
Games
Hobbies & Crafts
Holiday Templates
Hosting
Hotels
Industrial
Interior & Furniture
Internet
Law
Maintenance Services
Media
Medical
Music
Night Club
Online Casino
Personal Pages
Politics
Real Estate
Religious
Science
Security
Society & Culture
Software
Sport
Transportation
Travel
Wedding


12) Types of module in drupal/module categories
Ans:
Administration
Chaos tool suite (ctools)
Administration menu
Wysiwyg
CKEditor- WYSIWYG HTML editor
Backup and Migrate
More Administration
Commerce/Advertising
Ubercart
SEO Checklist
HTML Mail
Commerce Shipping
Social media
More Commerce/Advertising
Community
Mollom
ShareThis
Service links
Frequently Asked Questions
Profile 2
More Community
Content
Wysiwyg
Link
CKEditor- WYSIWYG HTML editor
Content Construction Kit (CCK)
Media
More Content
Content Access Control
CAPTCHA
ACL
Workbench Moderation
Menu Admin per Menu
Workflow
More Content Access Control
Content Construction Kit (CCK)
Link
Content Construction Kit (CCK)
Field Group
FileField
ImageField
More Content Construction Kit (CCK)
Content Display
Link
Views Slideshow
Panels
Display Suite
Nice Menus
More Content Display
Database Drivers
Drupal 7 driver for SQL Server and SQL Azure
DBTNG Migrator
MongoDB
EntityFieldQuery Extra Fields
Oracle driver
More Database Drivers
Developer
Chaos tool suite (ctools)
Administration menu
Backup and Migrate
Features
Devel
More Developer
Drush
Chaos tool suite (ctools)
XML sitemap
Features
Devel
Superfish
More Drush
E-commerce
Ubercart
Drupal Commerce
Commerce Shipping
Share Buttons by AddToAny
Commerce Flat Rate
More E-commerce
Education
Frequently Asked Questions
Profiler Builder
Outline Designer
Certificate
Course
More Education
Evaluation/Rating
Webform
Flag
SEO Checklist
Service links
Fivestar
More Evaluation/Rating
Event
Calendar
Date iCal
FullCalendar
Entity Registration
Event
More Event
Examples
featured news feature
Model Entities
Views Examples
Dummy Content
Rules examples
More Examples
Features Package
Apps
Default Content
Features Override
UUID Features Integration
Drupal SEO Essentials
More Features Package
Fields
Link
Media
Field Group
Address Field
Insert
More Fields
File Management
IMCE
IMCE Wysiwyg bridge
Media
FileField
ImageField
More File Management
Filters/Editors
Wysiwyg
CKEditor- WYSIWYG HTML editor
Media
Insert
External Links
More Filters/Editors
Games and Amusements
Quiz
Userpoints Login
PageFlip: Book, Magazine, Comic Viewer
Achievements
Envolve Chat
More Games and Amusements
Import/Export
Feeds
Printer, email and PDF versions
Views data export
Migrate
Node export
More Import/Export
JavaScript Utilities
Wysiwyg
CKEditor- WYSIWYG HTML editor
jQuery Update
Superfish
jQuery UI
More JavaScript Utilities
Location
GMap Module
geoPHP
Geofield
Geocoder
Simple Google Maps
More Location
Mail
Printer, email and PDF versions
Mime Mail
SMTP Authentication Support
HTML Mail
Share Buttons by AddToAny
More Mail
Media
IMCE
Wysiwyg
CKEditor- WYSIWYG HTML editor
IMCE Wysiwyg bridge
Media
More Media
Mobile
Superfish
Flex Slider
Share Buttons by AddToAny
Browscap
Responsive Menus
More Mobile
Multilingual
Transliteration
Localization update
Internationalization
CKEditor Link- A plugin to easily create links to Drupal internal paths
Language Icons
More Multilingual
Multisite
RobotsTxt
Domain Views
Favicon
Domain Menu Access
Domain XML sitemap
More Multisite
Novelty
OM Maximenu
Countdown
Fontello
Drupal Most Popular
Context Accordion
More Novelty
Organic Groups (OG)
Crumbs, the Breadcrumbs suite
OG Menu Single
OG Variables
OG Session Context
Team Notifications
More Organic Groups (OG)
Paging
Views Infinite Scroll
Flippy
Views carousel
Paging
Pagination (Node)
More Paging
Path Management
Link
Global Redirect
Redirect
Custom Breadcrumbs
CKEditor Link- A plugin to easily create links to Drupal internal paths
More Path Management
Performance and Scalability
Boost
Hierarchical Select
Memcache API and Integration
Entity cache
Varnish HTTP Accelerator Integration
More Performance and Scalability
Project management
Frequently Asked Questions
Open Atrium Work Tracker
Patterns
Comment Alter
Atrium Features
More Project management
RDF
Views Datasource
Phone Number
QueryPath
Taxonomy import/export via XML
RDF Extensions
More RDF
Rules
Token
Flag
Profile 2
Content Profile
Webform Rules
More Rules
Search
XML sitemap
Module Filter
Transliteration
Global Redirect
Page Title
More Search
Security
CAPTCHA
reCAPTCHA
OAuth
ACL
Search configuration
More Security
SEO
Metatag
SEO Checklist
Search 404
Share Buttons by AddToAny
Crumbs, the Breadcrumbs suite
More SEO
Site Navigation
Administration menu
Link
Menu block
Global Redirect
Page Title
More Site Navigation
Statistics
Webform
Google Analytics
Service links
Social media
Share Buttons by AddToAny
More Statistics
Spam Prevention
CAPTCHA
Mollom
reCAPTCHA
Honeypot
SpamSpan filter
More Spam Prevention
Syndication
Site map
Social media
Views RSS
Views Datasource
Twitter Pull
More Syndication
Taxonomy
Taxonomy Manager
Frequently Asked Questions
Content Taxonomy
Hierarchical Select
Taxonomy display
More Taxonomy
Theme Enhancements
Module Filter
Menu block
Superfish
Block Class
Gallery formatter
More Theme Enhancements
Third-party Integration
Wysiwyg
Google Analytics
CKEditor- WYSIWYG HTML editor
XML sitemap
Page Title
More Third-party Integration
User Access & Authentication
CAPTCHA
LoginToboggan
OAuth
Login Destination
Masquerade
More User Access & Authentication
User Management
CAPTCHA
Field Permissions
Login Destination
Profile 2
Real Name
More User Management
Utility
Token
Administration menu
Backup and Migrate
XML sitemap
Module Filter
More Utility
Views
Chaos tool suite (ctools)
Views Slideshow
Media
Page Title

13) Types of browser.
Ans:
Internet Explorer, Mozila, Firefox, Netscape, Konqueror, Safari, Opera, Lynx, OmniWeb, Voyager,
Konqueror, iCab, Web, Maxthon, Camino, Avant Browser, Netsurf, xombrero.

14) Features/Benifits of drupal.
Ans:
Administer :- Drupal comes with great options for new user accounts and user permissions. Users
can be assigned one or more roles, and each role can be set up with fine-grained permissions allowing
users view and create only what the administrator permits. The Drupal 7 admin theme makes
administering a site easier than ever
Build :- Build internal and external-facing websites in a matter of hours, with no custom
programming. No need to start from scratch every time you build a new site, either. You can
utilize a multi-site configuration or choose a Drupal distribution (installation profile). These provide
a pre-defined configuration of site features and functions for a specific purpose or type of site,
available as a single download.
Collaborate :- Drupal's focus on social publishing can help you create sites and applications to
help your users express their opinions and engage with one another. You can have tight control
over who can create, view, administer, publish and otherwise interact with content on your site.
Connect :- Drupal makes it easy to connect your website to other sites and services across the
web, using aggregation, feeds, and search engine connection capabilities. Social networking
integration is also widely supported to help you engage with a wider audience. Drupal also offers
your site easy ways to interact with external media and file services.
Create :- Manage content with an easy-to-use web interface. Drupal's flexibility handles countless
content types including video, text, blog, podcasts, and polls with robust user management, menu
handling, real-time statistics and optional revision control.
Design & Display:- Drupal's presentation layer allows designers to create highly usable,
interactive experiences that engage users and increase traffic. Use an existing Drupal theme for
your site, giving it an instant identity! If you can't find one you like, try designing your own which
others can use, too.
Extend :- With more than 16,000 available modules, the vast majority of your site's requirements
can be addressed with Drupal core and available add-on modules. Focus your efforts on building
great web sites, not re-creating features available elsewhere. You can even contribute modules
for others to use.
Organize & Find :- Drupal comes with many tools to help you organize, structure, find and re-use
your content. Categorize with taxonomy, automatically create friendly path urls, create custom
lists, associate content with other content on your site, and create smart defaults for content
creators.


15) Principles of drupal.
Ans:
Modular and extensible. Drupal aims to provide a slim, powerful core that can be readily extended
through custom modules.
Quality coding. High quality, elegant, documented code is a priority over roughed-in
functionality.
Standards-based. Drupal supports established and emerging standards. Specific target
standards include XHTML and CSS.
Low resource demands. To ensure excellent performance, Drupal puts a premium on low-
profile coding (for example, minimizing database queries). Drupal should also have minimal,
widely-available server-side software requirements. Specifically, Drupal should be fully
operational on a platform with a web server, PHP, and either MySQL or Postgresql.
Open source. Drupal is based on the open source philosophy of collaborative free software
development and is licensed under the GPL. Drupal is itself open source and builds on and
supports other open source projects. Specifically, Drupal is coded in the open source scripting
language PHP and supports as primary data sources the open source database formats MySQL
and Postgresql.
Ease of use. Drupal aims for a high standard of usability for developers, administrators, and
users.
Collaboration. Drupal development supports open, collaborative information sharing systems
and approaches.

16) Drupal history.
Ans:
In 2000, permanent Internet connections were at a premium for University of Antwerp students, so Dries
Buytaert and Hans Snijder set up a wireless bridge between their student dorms to share Hans's ADSL
modem connection among eight students. While this was an extremely luxurious situation at that time,
something was missing: there was no means to discuss or share simple things.
This inspired Dries to work on a small news site with a built-in web board, allowing the group of friends to
leave each other notes about the status of the network, to announce where they were having dinner, or to
share some noteworthy news items.
The software did not have a name until the day after Dries moved out after graduation. The group
decided to put the internal website online so they could stay in touch, keep sharing interesting findings,
and narrate snippets of their personal lives. While looking for a suitable domain name, Dries settled for
'drop.org' after he made a typo to see if the name 'dorp.org' was still available. Dorp is the Dutch word for
'village', which was considered a fitting name for the small community.
Once drop.org was established on the Web, its audience changed as the members began talking about
new web technologies, such as moderation, syndication, rating, and distributed authentication. Drop.org
slowly turned into a personal experimentation environment, driven by the discussions and flow of ideas.
The discussions about these web technologies were tried out on drop.org itself as new additions to the
software running the site.
It was only later, in January 2001, that Dries decided to release the software behind drop.org as "Drupal."
The purpose was to enable others to use and extend the experimentation platform so that more people
could explore new paths for development. The name Drupal, pronounced "droo-puhl," derives from the
English pronunciation of the Dutch word "druppel," which means "drop."



17) How many database drupal supports.
Answer:
Out of the box, Drupal supports MySQL (or an equivalent such as MariaDB), PostgreSQL and SQLite for
its main database. With additional drivers it also supports Microsoft SQL server and Oracle Database. It
also support MariaDB, and MongoDB.

18) Types of websites.
Ans:
Arts (10)
Beauty and Fashion (1)
Blogging (3)
Community (11)
E-Commerce (12)
Education (9)
Enterprise (4)
Entertainment (13)
Government (3)
Healthcare (3)
Legal Industry (1)
Media (12)
Music (3)
Non-profit (8)
Publishing (10)
Real Estate (2)
Retail and Distribution (5)
Small business (8)
Social Networking (2)
Sports (2)
Startups (3)
Technology (7)
Travel and Hospitality (6)


19) What are distributions?
Distributions are full copies of Drupal that include Drupal Core, along with additional software such as
themes, modules, libraries, and installation profiles. There are two main types of Drupal distributions:
Full-featured distributions
All-inclusive products: complete solutions for specialized use cases.
Other distributions
Quick-start tools: starting points for developers and site builders.
With a "full-featured" distribution, you can quickly and easily set up a site for a specialized purpose such
as academic, business, government, nonprofit, publishing, social, etc., in few steps:

20. Types of Social sites.

Description/Focus
Date
launched
Registereduser
s
Registration
Global
Alexa[1]Pag
e ranking
43 Things
Goal setting and
achievement
1 January
2005
3,000,000[2] Open 12,914[3]
Academia.edu
Social networking site
for
academics/researcher
s
September
2008
211,000[4] Open 1,995[5]
About.me Social networking site
October
2009
5,000,000[6] Open 1,447
Advogato
Freeand open source
softwaredevelopers
1999 13,575[7] Open 292,620[8]
aNobii Books 2006 Open 26,939[9]
AsianAvenue
A social network for
the Asian
Americancommunity
1997 Open 170,384[10]
aSmallWorld
European jet setand
social elite world-wide
March 2004 550,000[11] Invite-only 580,060[12]
Athlinks Running, Swimming 2001 139,458[13] Open 69,170[14]
Audimated.com Independent music 2010 Open 656,507[15]
Bebo General July 2005 117,000,000[16]
Open to
people 13 and
older
4,169[17]
Biip.no Norwegian community
1 June
2005
430,000[18]
Requires
Norwegian
phone number
81,916[19]
BlackPlanet Black Americans
1
September
1999
20,000,000[20] Open 7,193[21]
Blauk
Anyone who wants to
tell something about a
stranger or
acquaintance.
2010
Open to
people 13 and
older.
1,081,215[2
2]
Blogster Bloggingcommunity
24
November
2005
85,579[23] Open 12,048[24]
Bolt.com General 1996 Open 589,595[25]
Busuu
Language learning
community
(headquartered in
Madrid, Spain)
16 May
2008
12,000,000[26] Open 4,976[27]
Buzznet Music and pop-culture 2005 10,000,000[28] Open 6,955[29]
CafeMom Mothers
December
2006
1,250,000[30]
Open to moms
and moms-to-
be
1,293[31]
Care2
Greenliving and social
activism
1998 9,961,947[32] Open 1,930[33]
CaringBridge
Not for profit providing
free websites that
9,500,000[35]
Open to
people 18 and
4,279[37]
connect family and
friends during a
serious health event,
care and recovery.[34]
older[36]
Classmates.com
School, college, work
and the military
1995 50,000,000[38]
Open to
people 18 and
older[39]
3,284[40]
Cloob
General. Popular in
Iran
2004 Open 749[41]
CouchSurfing
Worldwide network for
making connections
between travelers and
the communities they
visit.
2003 2,967,421[42] Open 2,231[43]
CozyCot
East Asianand
Southeast
Asianwomen
2001 150,000[44] Open 36,959[45]
Cross.tv
Faith Based social
network for Christian
believers from around
the world
2008 450,000[46] Open 53,394[47]
Crunchyroll Anime and forums. 2006 Open 5,721[48]
Cucumbertown Networking for Cooks 2012 Open 175,796[49]
Cyworld
General. Popular in
South Korea.
1999 24,000,000[50] Open 1,616[51]
DailyBooth
Photo-blogging site
where users upload a
photo every day
13 February
2009
Closed 5,963[52]
DailyStrength
Medical &emotional
support community -
Physical health,
Mental health,
Support groups
4
November
2007
Open 10,511[53]
delicious
Social bookmarking
allowing users to
locate and save
websites that match
their own interests
September
2003
8,822,921[54] Open 436[55]
deviantART Art community
7 August
2000
22,000,000[56]
Open to
people 13 and
older
131[57]
Diaspora*
Decentralized, privacy
aware, general (open
source)
November
2010
370,000+[n
1][58]
Open
36,792[n
2][59]
didlr Drawing service 204,515 Open
2,869,116[6
0]
Disaboom
People with
disabilities (Amputee,
cerebral palsy, MS,
and other disabilities)
Open 218,135[61]
Dol2day
Politic community,
Social network,
Internet radio
(German-speaking
countries)
40,200[62] Open 385,237[63]
DontStayIn
Clubbing (primarily
UK)
Open 86,535[64]
Draugiem.lv
General (primarily LV,
LT, HU)
2,600,466[65] Invitation only 2,698[66]
douban
Chinese Web 2.0
website providing user
review and
recommendation
services for movies,
books, and music.
2005 46,850,000[67] Open 106[68]
DXY.cn
Chinese online
community for
physicians, health
care professionals,
pharmacies and
facilities
2000[69] 2,000,000[70] Open 8,367[71]
Elftown
Community and wiki
around Fantasyand
sci-fi.
185,000[72]
Open,
approval
needed
43,277[73]
Elixio
Business executives
jet setand global elite.
July 2007 80,000[74] Invite-only 545,268[75]
English, baby!
Students and teachers
of English as a
second language
2000 1,600,000[76] Open 29,585[77]
Epernicus
For research
scientists
Open 798,086[78]
Eons.com
For baby boomersand
mature internet users
age 40 and beyond.

Open to
people age 40
years and
older
73,767[79]
eToro
Social Investing,
Finance
May 2007 2,500,000 Open 1,591[80]
Experience Project Life experiences Open 2,658[81]
Exploroo
Travel Social
Networking.
Open 163,545[82]
Facebook
General: Photos,
Videos, Blogs, Apps.
February
2004
1,280,000,000[8
3]
Open to
people 13 and
older
2[84]
Faceparty General. Popular UK. 200,000[85]
Invitation only
to people 18
and older
163,639[86]
Faces.com
Adult Social Network,
Mainly UK &USA
2011
Open to
people 18 and
older
worldwide
149,839[87]
Fetlife
People who are into
BDSM
January
2008
2,701,715[88]
Open to
people "of
legal ageto
see adult
content"
4,131[89]
FilmAffinity Movies and TV Series 2002 250,000[90] Open 3,151[91]
Filmow Movies and TV Series 2009 Open 44,630[92]
FledgeWing
Entrepreneural
community targeted
towards worldwide

Open to
university
students
696,513[93]
university students
Flixster Movies 2007 63,000,000[94]
Open to
people 13 and
older
4,012[95]
Flickr
Photo sharing,
commenting,
photography related
networking, worldwide
February
2004
32,000,000[96]
Open to
people 13 and
older
(Yahoo!Login)
48[97]
Focus.com
Business to Business,
worldwide
2005 850,000[98]
Open to
people 13 and
older
12,114[99]
Formspring social Q&A website
November
2009
290,000,000[100
]
Registration
post
responses and
questions
4,325[101]
Fotki
Photo sharing, video
hosting, photo
contests, journals,
forums, flexible
privacy protection,
friend's feed, audio
comments and
unlimited custom
design integration.
October
1998
1,632,565 Open 8,011[102]
Fotolog
Photoblogging.
Popular in South
America and Spain
2002 20,000,000[103] Open 3,168[104]
Foursquare
Location based mobile
social network
2009 20,000,000[105] Open 817[106]
Friendica
Distributed, federated,
privacy aware, open
source, general
Open
354,946[107
][n 2]
Friends Reunited
UK based. School,
college, work, sport
and streets
July 2000 19,000,000[108]
Open to
people 13 and
older
29,239[109]
Friendster
General. Popular in
Southeast Asia. No
longer popular in the
western world
2002 90,000,000[110]
Open to
people 16 and
older.
12,167[111]
Frhstckstreff General July 2001
14,800[citation
needed]
Open
1,827,621[1
12]
Fuelmyblog Bloggingcommunity July 2007 50,000[113] Open 85,547[114]
FullCircle
Geosocial
networkingand
location-based
servicesportal for
mobile devices
April 2009 Open
1,167,425[1
15]
Gaia Online
Animeand games.
Popular in USA,
Canada and Europe.
Moderately popular
around Asia.
23,523,663[116]
Open to
people 13 and
older
6,277[117]
GamerDNA
Computer and video
games
21
September
2006
310,000[118] Open 59,730[119]
Gapyear.com Travel social network July 1998 Open 74,763[120]
Gather.com
Article, picture, and
video sharing, as well
as group discussions
465,000[121] Open 3,062[122]
Gays.com
Social network for
LGBTcommunity,
Guide for LGBTbars,
restaurants, clubs,
shopping
16 May
2008
100,000[123] Open, Global
224,302[124
]
Geni.com Families, genealogy
16 January
2007
15,000,000[125] Open 5,958[126]
GetGlue
Social network for
entertainment
28 October
2008
2,000,000[127] Open 3,735[128]
Gogoyoko
Fair play in Music -
Social networking site
for musicians and
music lovers

Invite only
while in beta
145,552[129
]
Goodreads
Library cataloging,
book lovers
December
2006
13,000,000[130] Open 327[131]
Goodwizz
Social network with
matchmaking and
personality games to
find new contacts.
Global, based in
France.
October
2010
110,000[132][13
3]
Open
597,008[134
]
Google+ General
28 June
2011
1,600,000,000[1
35]
Open to
people 13 and
older [136]
NA[n 3]
GovLoop
For people in and
around government

138,576[137
]
Grono.net Poland
2,000,000[citatio
n needed]
Open
395,036[138
]
Habbo
General for teens.
Over 31 communities
worldwide. Chat room
and user profiles.
August
2000
268,000,000[139
][140][141]
Open to
people 13 and
older
15,255[142]
hi5
General. Popular in
Nepal, Mongolia,
Thailand, Romania,
Jamaica, Central
Africa, Portugaland
Latin America. Not
very popular in the
USA.
2003 80,000,000[143]
Open to
people 13 and
older.
902[144]
Hospitality Club Hospitality 328,629[145] Open 99,562[146]
Hotlist
Geo-Social
Aggregator rooted in
the concept of
knowing where
users'friends are,
were, and will be.
80,000[147] Open
155,811[148
]
HR.com
Social networking site
for Human Resources
professionals
1999 194,000[149] Open 79,591[150]
Hub Culture Global influencers November 20,000[151] Invite-only 152,756[152
focused on worth
creation
2002 ]
Hyves
General, mostly
popular in the
Netherlands.
September
2004
10,097,000[153] Open 2,243[154]
Ibibo
Talent based social
networking site that
allows to promote
one's self and also
discover new talent.
Most popular in India.
3,500,000[155] Open 1,143[156]
Identi.ca
Twitter-like service
popular with hackers
and software freedom
advocates.

395,695[citation
needed]
Open 7,290[157]
Indaba Music
Online collaboration
for musicians, remix
contests, and
networking.
350,000[158] Open, Global 45,039[159]
Instagram
A photo and video
sharing site
October
2010
150,000,000[160
]
Open to
anyone 13 or
older
41
IRC-Galleria Finland 505,000[161]
Open to
Finnish
speaking
people 12 and
older
36,982[162]
italki.com
Language learning
social network. 100+
languages.
500,000[163] Open, Global 18,956[164]
Itsmy
Mobile community
worldwide, blogging,
friends, personal TV-
shows
2,500,000[165]
770,100[166
]
iWiW Hungary
14 April
2002
4,000,000[167] Invite-only 3,831[168]
Jaiku
General.
Microblogging. Owned
by Google
February
2006

Open to
people 13 and
older
62,910[169]
Jiepang
Location based mobile
social network. In
Chinese language
2010 3,000,000[170] Open 14,790[171]
Kaixin001
General. In Simplified
Chinese; caters for
mainland China users

Open to the
General Public
284[172]
Kiwibox General. 1999 2,400,000[173]
Open to
people 13 and
older
104,563[174
]
Lafango
Talent-Focused media
sharing site
Open, Global
161,778[175
]
LaiBhaari
Marathi social
networking
2010 250,000 Open
952,782[176
]
Last.fm Music 2002 30,000,000[177] Open 772[178]
LibraryThing Book lovers
29 August
2005
1,300,000[179]
Open to
people 13 and
10,800[180]
older
Lifeknot
Shared interests,
hobbies

Open to
people 18 and
older
1,071,686[1
81]
LinkedIn
Business and
professional
networking
May 2003
200,000,000[182
]
Open to
people 18 and
older
12[183]
LinkExpats
Social networking
website for
expatriates. 100+
countries.
Open, Global
800,451[184
]
Listography Lists. Autobiography Open 92,525[185]
LiveJournal
Blogging. Popular in
Russia and among the
Russian-speaking
diaspora abroad.
15 April
1999
17,564,977[186]
Open
(OpenID)
115[187]
Livemocha
Online language
learning
5,000,000[188] Open 4,100[189]
Makeoutclub General
9 August
1999
Open
756,300[190
]
MEETin General Open
318,979[191
]
Meetup (website)
General. Used to plan
offline meetings for
people interested in
various activities

Open to
people 18 and
older
481[192]
Meettheboss
Business and Finance
community,
worldwide.
Open
315,513[193
]
MillatFacebook
General, Created in
Response to
Facebook [194]
May 2010 461,200[195] Open
236,663[196
]
mixi Japan
25 October
2000
24,323,160[197] Open 232[198]
MocoSpace
mobile community,
worldwide
2005 3,000,000[199]
Open to
people 14 and
older
9,882[200]
MOG Music
Open to
people 14 and
older
13,955[201]
MouthShut.com
Social Network, social
media, consumer
reviews
Open 3,340[202]
Mubi Auteur cinema 200,000 Open 18,225[203]
MyHeritage
family-oriented social
network service
30,000,000 [204] Open 3,756[205]
MyLife
Locating friends and
family, keeping in
touch (formerly
Reunion.com)
51,000,000[206] Open 1,765[207]
My Opera
Blogging, mobile
blogging, photo
sharing, connecting
with friends, Opera
Linkand Opera Unite.
7,300,000[208] Closed NA[n 3]
Global
Myspace General
August
2003
30,000,000+[209
][210]
Open to ages
13 and older.
161[211]
Nasza-klasa.pl
School, college and
friends. Popular in
Poland
11,000,000[212] Open 75,145[213]
Netlog
General. Popular in
Europe, Turkey, the
Arab World and
Canada's Qubec
province. Formerly
known as Facebox
and Redbox.[214]
95,000,000[215]
Open to
people 13 and
older
545[216]
Nexopia Canada 1,400,000[217]
Open to
people 13 and
older [218]
25,241[219]
NGO Post
Non-Profit news
sharing and
networking, mainly in
India
15,000[220] Open 42,076[221]
Ning
Users create their own
social websites and
social networks
2005
(Networks
2007)

Open to
people 13 and
older
378[222]
Odnoklassniki
Connect with old
classmates. Popular
in Russia and former
Soviet republics
45,000,000[223] Open 65[224]
Open Diary
First online blogging
community, founded
in 1998
1998 5,000,000[225]
Open to
people 13 and
older
28,134[226]
Orkut
General. Owned by
Google Inc. Popular in
Indiaand Brazil.[227]
22 January
2004
100,000,000[228
]
Open to
people 18 and
older,
(Googlelogin)
319[229]
OUTeverywhere
Gay/LGBTQCommuni
ty
Open
445,440[230
]
PatientsLikeMe
Online community for
patients with life-
changing illnesses to
find other patients like
them, share their data
with others, and learn
more about their
condition to improve
their outcome.
2006 109,587[231]
Open to
people 13
years and up
69,514[232]
Partyflock
Dutch virtual
community for people
interested in house
music and other
electronic dance
music
10
November
2001
321,125
Open to
people 18
years and up
16,828[233]
Pingsta
Collaborative platform
for the world's
InternetworkExperts

Invite-only,
only Internet
Experts
2,533,640[2
34]
Pinterest
Online pinboard for
organizing and
2011 Open 38[235]
sharing things you
love
Plaxo Aggregator 50,000,000[236] Open 5,310[237]
Playfire
Computer and video
games

Open to
people 13 and
older
38,259[238]
Playlist.com General, Music
Open to
people over 13
8,026[239]
Plurk
Micro-blogging, RSS,
updates. Very popular
in Taiwan
Open 1,991[240]
Poolwo
Social networking site
from India
7 January
2014
5,305[241] Open
764,227[242
]
Qapacity
A business-oriented
social networking site
and a business
directory
Closed 20,640[243]
Quechup
General, friendship,
dating
2007
Open to those
over 16
82,914[244]
Qzone
General. In Simplified
Chinese; caters for
mainland China users

480,000,000[245
][246]
Open to the
general public
NA[n 3]
Raptr Video games Open 25,664[247]
Ravelry Knitting and crochet 3,000,000[248] Open 2,334[249]
Renren
Significant site in
China. Was known as
(Xiaonei) until
August 2009.

160,000,000[250
]
Open 95[251]
ReverbNation.com
Social network for
musician and bands
500,000[252]
Open to
people 16 and
older
1,806[253]
Ryze Business 500,000[254] Closed 71,324[255]
ScienceStage
Science-oriented
multimedia platform
and network for
scientists
Open 61,668[256]
Sgrouples
General, with focus on
privacy rights
16 May
2012
Open
258,091[257
]
ShareTheMusic
Music Community.
Sharing and listening
to music for free and
legally
Open
612,429[258
]
Shelfari Books
11 October
2006
Open 18,152[259]
Sina Weibo
Social microblogging
site in Mainland
China.
14 August
2009
300,000,000[260
]
Open 28[261]
Skoob
Collaborative social
network for Brazilian
readers
2009 420,000[262] Open 28,449[263]
Skyrock
Social Network in
French-speaking
world
22,000,000[264] Open 710[265]
SocialVibe
Social Network for
Charity

435,000[citation
needed]
Open
101,364[266
]
Sonico.com
General. Popular in
Latin America and
Spanish and
Portuguese speaking
regions.

50,000,000[267][
268]
Open to
people 13 and
older
2,676[269]
SoundCloud
Repository of original
music pieces and
networking.
10,000,000[270] Open 299[271]
Spaces
Russian Social
Network targeted to
mobile phone users
Open 9,953[272]
Stage 32
US-based social
network and
educational site for
creative professionals
in film, television and
theater
February
2012
175,000 35,382[273]
Stickam
Live video streaming
and chat.
9,000,000[274] Closed 9,201[275]
StudiVZ
University students,
mostly in the German-
speaking countries.
School students and
those out of education
sign up via its partner
sites schlerVZ and
meinVZ.
17,000,000[276] Open 7,080[277]
Students Circle
Network
A Social Network
connecting students,
teachers and
institutions to course
resources, study
groups and learning
spaces.
December
2010
Open
345,110[278
]
StumbleUpon
Stumble through
websites that match
users'selected
interests
20,000,000[279] Open 146[280]
Tagged General.
October
2004
100,000,000[281
]
Open 288[282]
Talkbiznow Business networking Open
136,346[283
]
Taltopia
Online artistic
community
Open
281,501[284
]
Taringa!
General (primarily
Argentina)
11,000,000[285]
Open to
people 13 and
older
214[286]
TeachStreet
Education / Learning /
Teaching - More than
400 subjects
Open
422,704[287
]
TermWiki
Learning / Languages
/ Translation - 1.2m
terms in more than
1300 subjects
May 2010 Open 22,997[288]
The Sphere
A Private Online
Social Luxury Network
December
2008
1,300[289] Invite-only
1,115,305[2
90]
with Exclusive
Personalized Services
TravBuddy.com Travel 2005 1,588,000[291]
Open to
people 18 and
older
21,523[292]
Travellerspoint Travel 2002 310,000[293] Open 15,275[294]
tribe.net General Open 8,081[295]
Trombi.com
French subsidiary of
Classmates.com
4,400,000[296] 16,227[297]
Tuenti
Spanish-
baseduniversity and
High School social
network.
12,000,000[298] Open 5,293[299]
Tumblr
Microblogging
platform and Social
Networking Website.
Open 32[300]
Twitter
General. Micro-
blogging, RSS,
updates
15 July
2006
93,800,000[301]
Open to all
ages [302]
8[303]
Tylted
Mobile social game
network[304]
2007 3,000,000[305]
Open to
people 14 and
older
737,508[306
]
Vkontakte
General, including
music upload,
listening and search.
Popular in Russia and
former Soviet
republics.
September
2006
249,409,900[307
]
Open 38[308]
Vampirefreaks.com
Gothic and industrial
subculture
1999 1,931,049[309]
Open to users
13 and over
21,052[310]
Viadeo
Global Social
Networking and
Campus Networking
available in English,
French, German,
Spanish, Italian and
Portuguese
35,000,000[311] Open 435[312]
Virb
Social network that
focuses heavily on
artists, including
musicians and
photographers
2007 Open 33,371[313]
Vox Blogging Open 56,558[314]
Wattpad
For readers and
authors to interact &e-
book sharing
Open 7,036[315]
WAYN Travel and lifestyle May 2003 10,000,000[316]
Open to
people 18 and
older
1,367[317]
WeeWorld Teenagers - 9 to 17 30,000,000[318]
Open to ages
10 and older.
18,317[319]
We Heart It
Image-based social
network focused on
inspiration, expression
and creativity
2008 20,000,000[320] Open 899[321]
Wellwer
Community without
borders, where
sharing is everything.
September
2011

Open to
people 13
years and
older
370,755[322
]
WeOurFamily
General with
emphasis on privacy
and security

Open,
subscription-
based
3,359,241[3
23]
Wepolls.com Social polling network Open
1,204,376[3
24]
Wer-kennt-wen General General 2,147[325]
weRead Books June 2007
4,000,000[citatio
n needed]
Open
305,720[326
]
Wiser.org
Online community
space for the social
justice and
environmental
movement[327]
April 2007 71,600[328]
Open to
people 16 and
older
239,901[329
]
Wooxie
Blogging and micro-
blogging
Open
111,538[330
]
WriteAPrisoner.com
Site networking
inmates, friends,
family
September
2000
66,000[331]
Open to
people 18
years and
older
228,915[332
]
Xanga
Blogs and
"metro"areas
Unknown 27,000,000[333] Open 3,943[334]
XING
Business (primarily
Europe (Germany,
Austria, Switzerland))
11,100,000[335] Open 270[336]
Xt3
Catholic social
networking, created
for World Youth Day
2008
Open
712,292[337
]
Yammer
Social networking for
office colleagues
2008
Must have
company email
3,622[338]
Yelp, Inc.
Local Business
Review and Talk
Open 186[339]
Youflik General
July
2012[340]

Open to
people 13 and
older
1,322,876[3
41]
Zoo.gr
Greek Web Meeting
point
2004 890,000[342] Open 34,577[343]
Zooppa

21) Why we should choose drupal.
Answer:

Drupal is a powerful and flexible framework for building virtually any kind of website. Below are
some circumstances in which Drupal is a particularly compelling choice.
You need a site that is flexible enough to evolve in any direction. For example, you might start
with a blog but want the option of adding other features like a wiki, electronic commerce, forums
etc.
You need a site that can easily be configured to interact with other sites or with other
technologies.
You need a site that can easily handle complex forms and workflows.
You need the ability to create your own content types. For example, you need to add a custom
field to a page.
You need the ability to quickly organize and display lists of information.
One or more of the many contributed Drupal modules addresses your needs.
You need to quickly develop custom functionality.
You need to create web applications and mashups using third party API's.
On the other hand, for certain limited uses, Drupal may not be the best choice:
If your only requirement is to write a personal blog, you may also want to evaluate one of the
more specialized blogging platforms like WordPress or a hosted blogging solution like Blogger.
Although Drupal can serve as a blogging platform out-of-the-box, blog-specific software may have
a simpler administration interface.
Similarly, if your only requirement is to create a wiki, you should probably consider using
dedicated wiki software like MediaWiki or a hosted wiki solution. You can certainly configure
Drupal so that anyone can edit content (and even enable advanced wiki features with the help of
several contributed modules like wikitools and Diff), but it may be simpler for you to use a more
specialized solution.
If your only requirement is to host discussion forums, you will want to consider a system such as
SimpleMachines or phpBB with a mature set of Forum features, or Vanilla which has many plug-
ins. If you need a custom forum, however, Drupal's forum module with forum enhancement
modules like Advanced Forum may be better suited to extension.
22). What are alpha, beta releases and release candidates?
What are alpha and beta releases, and release candidates?
Before every official "x.0" stable release of a new major version of Drupal core, there are usually a
handful of alpha releases, beta releases and release candidates that are made available. These releases
are not yet stable enough for production use, but are essential milestones on the way towards the
official release. They allow a much wider pool of users to test the latest code and provide feedback before
the official stable release. These releases should only be downloaded and used by developers very
familiar with Drupal or those wishing to help find bugs in the software.
The guidelines below are for Drupal core. Some maintainers of contributed modules and themes might
choose to provide alpha or beta releases or release candidates of their projects (though this is not
required). You should read the release notes carefully in these cases, since the details might vary across
projects, though the basics explained here should hold (an "alpha" is less stable than a "beta", which is
less stable than an "RC", etc).
Alpha releases
These are the first to come out, and are therefore the least stable. Most reported errors are
resolved but there are most likely still outstanding known issues, which might include security
issues.
Beta releases
Beta releases are usually only created once:
All critical data loss and security bugs are resolved
The APIs are frozen enough so that contributed module and theme authors can start
upgrading their projects.
Most of the problems with the upgrade path are fixed and it's possible to successfully
upgrade a copy of the Drupal.org database to the new Drupal version.
During the period of beta releases, usability features are still considered, the translatable strings
(help texts, words in the interface, etc) might be altered, and if absolutely necessary, the API or
database schema could change (to fix a critical bug). Of course, other kinds of bug fixes are always
applied.
Release candidates
Release candidates are usually only created once no more critical bugs have been reported in a
given beta release. These are considered nearly stable code, something the Drupal development
community is considering as a candidate to be released as the official .0 version. No more usability
changes are made, and the translatable strings are usually unchanged at this point.