SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS

A. LIGHTNING ARRESTER
1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - LAs are positioned always with the entry of
any incoming or outgoing transmission lines. This equipment is connected very
first to the HV lines; secondly it is also connected at the terminals of costly
equipments li!e Transformers and shunt reactors" in parallel.
2. PURPOSE: - #urpose of lighting arrester is to protect the transmission line
and #ower equipments from switching surges and lightning surges.
3. TYPES: - $asically there are two types of lightning arresters.
i. %apped lightning Arresters.
ii. %apless lightning Arresters.
4. CONSTRUCTION: - &etal o'ide arrester consists of a stac! of (n) discs
mounted in sealed porcelain housing.
*lange+ ,emented to the porcelain housing providing a complete
moisture tight seal.
-nsulator+ &aintains controlled environment inside.
#ressure relief #late+ .uring arrester failure/ provides path for internal
air to vent safely.
0pring+ To assure good electrical contact 1etween all the (n) elements
and to increase mechanical strength.
*i1er rod+ &echanical support to the (n) elements.
*i1er glass Tu1e+ Acts as a thermal 1arrier 1etween air and porcelain
insulator.
5. WORKING PRINCIPLE: - Lightning Arresters consist of metal o'ide stac!s
inside (inc o'ide" the porcelain pole in series with each other which com1ine
wor!s as non-linear resistor. The property of non-linear resistor is that it
provides high resistance to power frequency voltages and low resistance to
switching and lightning over voltages. .uring high switching surges or during
heavy lightning over voltages LA divert the surge through it to protect power
equipments.
6. CONNECTION: - 2ormally LA is connected across the conducting
terminal of transmission line 3 power equipments" and earth via
surge counter as shown in the figure down.
7. ADANTAGES O! GAPLESS LA OER GAPPED LA: -
i. well defined protective level.
ii. High energy capa1ility.
iii. 2o follow up current.
iv. Very relia1le
v. Have long life.
vi. $etter co-ordination among arresters.
7. SELECTION CRITERION !OR LIGHTNING ARRESTER: -
The protective level of the arrester is valid at its terminal only. The actual
voltage at the terminals of near1y equipment which the arrester is supposed
to protect" depends upon the distance of that equipment from the arrester.
". EQUIALENT CIRCUIT O! LIGHTNING ARRESTER: -
(n) %rain
4esistance
$arrier
4esistance
$arrier
,apacitanc
e
!#$: - E%&#'()*+, C#-.&#, /0 LA
*lange
#ressure relief plate
Arc .iverter
*lange
-nsulator
0pring
*i1er rod
(n) disc
0pacer Tu1e
*i1er glass Tu1e
*ig+ - -nternal .esign of LA
1. WAE TRAP
1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - The Line trap or wave trap is inserted
1etween the carrier coupling point of ,VT and the station equipments.
2. PURPOSE: - To provide high impedance to carrier
frequencies while maintaining negligi1le impedance
to power frequency current. Line traps have to carry
the power line current continuously and under system
fault condition heavy short circuit current flow through
them momentarily.
3. CONSTRUCTION: - The pole 5ave Trap is made up with
following three main components+ -
#. The &ain ,oil+- The main coil windings are terminated at
at each end on an aluminum flat called spider arm. The
spider arm 1earing the termination further reinforced
to carry the high short time current.
##. The Tuning #ac!+ - The tuning pac! is connected in
parallel with the main coil to provide the high
impedance to the carrier frequency. The tuning pac! is
constructed using high quality and close tolerance capacitors/
carefully designed non-satura1le inductors and non-inductive
high wattage resistors.
###. The Lighting Arrester+ - the tuning pac! is protected against high
voltage surges caused 1y atmospheric effects or switching
operations.
#'. The &ounting and Terminal Arrangement+ - the design of Line
Trap permits different types of mounting and terminal
arrangements. The methods of mounting include suspension/
vertical pedestal and coupling capacitor mounting. The outgoing
terminal pads can 1e positioned on any spider mem1er of the
NEUTRAL
POINT
EMU
A
HF
POIN
T
B
CORE-
1
CORE-
2
CORE-
3
CVT
WT
FROM LINE
SIDE
FROM BUS
SIDE
coil. This allows ma'imum fle'i1ility of 1us 1ar connections and
conductor connections.
4. WORKING PRICIPLE: - -nductor L inductance of main power coil" and
capacitor forms a parallel resonant circuit/ whose frequency of response is
the geometric mean frequency of the line trap/ and is designated *m.
-nductor L6 and capacitor ,6 are selected to 1e series resonant at this
same frequency. 4esistor 47 controls the minimum Line Trap impedance at
the resonant frequency *m. *igure 1elow shows the equivalent circuit of
Line Trap. 2one of these components are ad8usta1le for a fi'ed wide 1and
line trap. Therefore/ it is not only necessary to inspect the inside of the line
trap at normal regular maintenance intervals/ to chec! the condition of the
tuning pac! and lightning arrestor. Tuning pot is mounted such that it is
accessi1le from one end of line trap.
5. EQUIALENT CIRCUIT O! WT: -
L
C1
C2
R1
L2
Lower Termin! "Bo##om S$i%er&
U$$er Termin! "To$ S$i%er&
Li'(#nin'
Arre)#er
Min
Power
*oi!
T+nin' P*,
Fig: Equivalent circuit of Wave Trap
C. CAPACITOR OLTAGE TRANS!ORMER
1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - This is the equipment immediate ne't to
the lightning arrester at terminal end of power transmission line. Also ,VT
is connected in station $us for $us voltage measurement.
2. PURPOSE: - ,VT has following main three functions
#. To reduce the high voltage at measura1le level.
##. To give reference voltage of system for protection system.
###. To trap the protection 3communication signal frequencies.
3. CONSTRUCTION: - As shown in the figure ,VT consists of
two main parts first is porcelain stac!s and other is 9&:
9lectro-magnetic :nit". -n porcelain stac!s capacitor units
are there made up of paper and aluminum foils in series.
Then after getting specific value of capacitance porcelain
stac! is filled with transformer oil. -n 9&: there is a step
down transformer having primary and secondary windings
as shown. )ne terminal of primary winding is connected inside
1ottom stac! so as to o1tain the require primary voltage
and other terminal is i.e. neutral is connected to earth.
The H* point 3 secondary core terminals are drawn out
form 9&: for further application.
4. WORKING PRINCIPLE: - &ain function of ,VT is to step
down the voltage level upto measura1le level. This is achieved
1y grading the voltage 1y using capacitor grading and further voltage
is then step down 1y 9&: transformer. At the top terminal ;A ,VT
has phase voltage <==>?@ !V voltage and 1y capacitor grading it is
reduced to 6=>?@ !V or 66>?@ !V at point ;$. Then at point ;$ 9&:
transformer is connected/ of rating 6=!V>77=V. 9ach secondary
NEUTRAL POINT
EMU
A
HF POINT
B
CORE-1
CORE-2
CORE-3
core of the 9&: has the voltage of 77=V. %enerally three cores are used in
secondary; one is for &ain-7 protection/ second is for &ain-6 protection and
third is for measurement purpose. -n spite of that the end point of grading
capacitor in 1ottom stac! called H* point is used for #L,, purpose. -n
#L,, ,VT plays an important role/ the capacitor portion in ,VT allows the
higher frequencies used for communication and protection signals through
H* point.
5. CONNECTION: - 2ormally ,VT is connected across the conducting
terminal of single phase of transmission line and the neutral point of 9&:
transformer is earth as shown in the figure down. 0imilarly H* point is also
earth if it is not used for #L,, purpose.
6. EQUIALENT CIRCUIT O! CT: -
*ig+ - 9quivalent ,ircuit of ,VT
H T*-2#+().
CC U+#,
C1
C2
NH!
EMU U+#,
L
I+,..T.

34
A&5.S*..W4$.
E(-,6 S.-**+ 1*,7**+
H 8 L
S9:,*2
P6(:*
/),($*; 1
<K=
T(>
/),($*; 2
<K=
S*..
/),($* ; 3
< /),=
D. LINE ISOLATOR
1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - Line -solator is placed after the ,VT seeing
from line incoming end. 9arth switch is also coupled there with the isolator
at line side.
2. PURPOSE: - Line -solator has following main three functions
#. To isolate the line during shutdowns after opening of ,$.
##. To provide earthing 1y associated earth switch to line>1ay.
3. CONSTRUCTION: - As shown in the figure -solator consists of two main
contacts/ first is called as &ale contact and other is called as *emale contact.
$oth are mounted on porcelain stac!s separately 1ut 1oth are connected
through tandem pipe. *igure drawn 1elow shows the AHoriBontal ,entre $rea!C
isolator. ,orona shield is provided on tips of 1oth contacts. $oth the contacts
are arranged in such a way that a single motor placed in the marshalling 1o'
1elow with the structure operates 1oth during opening and closing of isolator in
individual pole. 0imilarly earth switch is also operated 1y motor placed in
individual pole.
&AL9 ,)2TA,T *9&AL9 ,)2TA,T
0:##)4T -20:LAT)4
0T4:,T:49
-0)LAT)4 &$
9>0 &$
!IG: - STRUCTURE O! ISOLATOR
,)4)2A 0H-9L.
4. WORKING PRINCIPLE: - Line isolator wor!s on simple principle/ it
operates only in offline condition. 5henever the ,$ opens only then
isolator can 1e open during isolation of line>1ay and whenever the ,$ is to
1e closed 1efore it isolator is closed first during closing operation.
5. CONNECTION: - 2ormally Line -solator is connected to the ,VT 1y A,04/
twin &oose conductor or rigid aluminum -#0.
6. EQUIALENT CIRCUIT O! LINE ISOLATOR: -
!#$: - E%&#'()*+, C#-.&#, /0 L#+* I:/)(,/-
Con#*# Re)i)#n*e
E. SHUNT REACTOR 8 NGR
1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - The shunt reactor 3 2%4 are !ept near the
line terminal generally. -t is !ept 8ust after the line -solator from line terminal
end with its own isolator sometimes with ,$ also.
2. PURPOSE: - 0hunt 4eactors are used for the compensation of 9HV>:HV
lines 1y modifying the electrical characteristics of lines in such a way that
the *erranti effects should get minimiBed so that a flat voltage profile will
e'ist on the line for all loading conditions. And 2%4 is connected to provide
neutral to the system and to provide the path to fault current in earth fault
condition.
3. CONSTRUCTION: -
A. T6* 2(#+ >(-,: /0 S6&+, R*(.,/- (-* (: 0/))/7:
7" C/-* /0 R*(.,/-: - -t is used to place the winding of 4eactor in it
with physical isolation 1etween windings. 0imilarly core provides
the path for magnetic flu' to flow through it.
6" W#+4#+$: /0 R*(.,/-: - 4eactor consists of one winding. Actually
this winding is used as inductor connected in parallel with the
voltage $us. 5indings are insulated with impregnated paper.
*ig+ - -nternal 0tructure of 0hunt 4eactor
CORE
WINDING
TERMINAL
1. !#,,#+$: (+4 A..*::/-#*: (-* (: 0/))/7:
7. M(#+ ,(+? /0 R*(.,/-: - The tan! of 4eactor is acts as a housing of
1asic core and winding and provide proper space for insulating
medium i.e. transformer oil. The tan! is made up of corrugated walls
from ,4,A sheet material in thic!ness ranging 1etween 7.6mm to
7.Dmm. The function of corrugated walls is to raise the surface area
of tan! which is in contact with air. -t has inspection windows and
outlets for winding terminals through 1ushings. The tap changer
arrangement is also in1uilt with tan!.
6. C/+:*-'(,/-: - The function of conservator is to provide the space
for contraction and e'pansion of oil in winter and summer
respectively. )ne air cell is there in inside of the conservator which
is connected with 1reather outlet for suc!ing and releasing air from
conservator during winter and summer respectively.
@. R(4#(,/-:: - The function of 4adiators is to limit the temperature of
oil and winding 1y dissipating heat that is generated due to losses
within the 4eactor while in service.
<. T-(+:0/-2*- /#): - -t solves two purposes inside the tan! of 4eactor
first is to insulate the tan! from 1asic 4eactor and second is to
provide the cooling of 4eactor winding.
D. R(,#+$ (+4 N(2* >)(,*: - the 4eactor is supplied with rating and
terminal mar!ing plate which contains the information concerning the
rating/ voltage ratio/ weights/ oil quantity. Vector group/ sr. 2o./
manufacturing company and year etc.
E. E(-,6#+$ T*-2#+():: - The core laminations assem1ly is connected
to core clamping frame which is in turn connected to tan!. Two
earthing terminals are provided on the 4eactor tan! and then
connected to the earth.
F. L#0,#+$ L&$:: -*our lifting lugs of adequate capacity are provided on
the sides to lift the fully assem1led 4eactor without other fittings and
accessories. 0eparately four lifting lugs are provided on the core 3
winding assem1ly for untan!ing the 4eactors.
G. ()'*:: - 9very 4eactor is supplied with drain cum filter valve at
1ottom of tan!/ and filter valve at top of the tan!. &ainly two types of
valves are provided. i" 5heel Valve 3 ii" $utterfly Valve. %enerally
one isolating valve is provided 1etween conservator and 1uchholB
relay.
H. 1&:6#+$:: - 4eactor winding is connected to the e'ternal circuit
through terminal 1ushing. The 1ushings are installed on the top
cover with the help of turret or on the side walls of tan!. The lower
end of 1ushing inserted into the tan! with proper voltage grading and
the hollow pipe for ta!ing out the winding terminal.
7=. 1&.66/)@ R*)(9+ - -t is provided 1etween conservator and tan!. .ue
to the fault in 4eactor li!e arcing or local overheating results is
*ig+ - D= &VAr 0hunt 4eactor in Ihandwa
generation of gas within the tan!. This gas is collected in the relay
housing and actuates an alarm and also causes tripping.
11- PR <P-*::&-* R*)#*0 ()'*=: - -t plays a vital role in the protection
of 4eactor from e'cessive pressure inside/ which may occur due to
internal fault or any other reason- .uring any fault there is
decomposition of oil/ paper insulation which li1erates gas and a
heavy pressure 1uilds up. -f the pressure is not released
immediately/ the 4eactor tan! will get 1ulged and can even rapture.
5hen inside pressure rises a1ove a pre determined safe limit a
spring mounted diaphragm lift from its seat for releasing the gas and
it gets to its normal position as soon as the pressure in tan! drops
1elow set limit. -t will give alarm and can also cause tripping.
76. T*2>*-(,&-* #+4#.(,/-:: - These are precision instruments/
specially designed for protection of 4eactors and perform the
following functions. -ndicate ma'imum oil temperature and ma'imum
or hottest spot temperature of winding. 0witch on the cooling
equipment when the winding attains a preset high temperature and
switch it off when the temperature drops 1y an esta1lished value.
)perate an alarm or a trip circuit at a predetermined temperature.
7@. S#)#.( G*) 1-*(,6*-:: -$reather is provided to remove moisture and
dust contained in the air 1reathed 1y a 4eactor. The 1reather
consists of a container filled with silica gel and a filter cup filled with
4eactor oil. This is connected to the top of 4eactor oil conservator
1y connection pipes. 5henever the temperature of the 4eactor oil
varies either due to variations in 4eactor loading or due to variation
in temperature of surrounding air/ there will 1e corresponding
change in level of oil in the conservator. This change of level of oil
causes the 4eactor to perform 1reathing action. To remove moisture
and dust from the air 1reathed thus/ silica gel is provided in the
1reathing path.
7<. M(-:6())#+$ 1/5: - The 4eactor is provided with certain fittings
directly mounted on the 4eactor at various locations. These fittings
are having electrical contacts or terminals which are required to 1e
connected to the protection scheme to give alarms >trip
annunciations under a1normal conditions. -n order to facilitate
connections of all such devices to the protective scheme/ the ca1les
from all such contacts are wired up to weather proof terminal 1o'.
This 1o' is called as marshalling 1o'.
7D. M($+*,#. O#) G(&$* <MOG=: - This is a dial type oil level indicating
device provided on -,Ts with conservator at relatively high levels
indicator from the ground. *urther/ the low oil contacts provided on
the magnetic level indicator can 1e used for automatic alarm when
the oil level of conservator falls to a certain level.
7E. G(: C/))*.,#+$ D*'#.*: - A gas collecting device is fitted at
accessi1le level where the gas accumulates in $uchholB 4elay is
collected 1y the displacement of oil in the device.
7F. T&--*, CTA: (+4 N*&,-() S#4* CTA:: - These ,Ts are provided for
the purpose of metering/ protection and control.
4. EQUIALENT CIRCUIT
Coi! o.
Re*#or
Coi! o.
N/R
Fi'0 -E1+i2!en# Cir*+i# o. Re*#or n% N/R
!. !IBED SERIES COMPENSATION
1. INTRODUCTION O! THE SERIES COMPENSATION
0eries capacitor 1an!s/ as the name says is a capacitor 1an! connected in
series with the power line. These 1an!s/ as the main part of capacitor 1an!s/
are 1uild up of several power capacitor units connected in series and parallel in
order to achieve the required reactive power and current rating.
The series capacitor 1an!s used on 9HV transmission lines is designed as
single- phase 1an!s installed on platforms. These platforms are connected to
the transmission line potential and thus need to 1e insulated from ground level.
0ince the cost of the series capacitor 1an! roughly increases proportional to
the square of the current/ it is not economical to design the 1an!s 1ased on the
worst case fault scenario of the power system. Therefore/ it is necessary to
provide the capacitor 1an! with a protection system/ which will limit the
stresses on the 1an! during system fault or une'pected overload conditions.
The design criteria for the series capacitor 1an! is 1ased on thorough power
transmission system study/ either with an 9lectro &agnetic Transient #rogram
on a computer or on a Transient 2etwor! AnalyBer/ of the transmission line.
0ince each power transmission system is different/ the series capacitor 1an! is
always designed on a tailor made 1asis.
2. CONSTRUCTION:
*ig+ - 0ide view of one phase of 0eries capacitor $an!
COMPONENT O! SERIES CAPACITOR
,apacitor $an!
&etal )'ide Varistor
.amping ,ircuit
*orced Triggered 0par! %ap
$y #ass 0witch
.isconnectors
,urrent Transformer
-nsulated #latform
)ptical 0ignal ,olumn
,ontrol 3 #rotection equipment
(= METAL OBIDE ARISTOR
The &)V shall 1e made up of series>parallel groups of metal o'ide
varistor 1loc!s. The 1loc!s shall 1e housed in porcelain enclosures
consideration will 1e given to alternate housing which provide equal or
improved performance for the application".
9ach porcelain or composite enclosure shall 1e provided with a
pressure relief device sufficient to relieve the internal pressure 1uild-up
due to a sustained power current discharge of applica1le frequency
without causing violent rupture of the enclosure.
The &)V shall 1e capa1le of handling the requisite fault duty cycles. All
closing angles shall 1e considered in determining the &)V thermal
rating.
$ypassing is not allowed during the most severe permanent e'ternal
fault inclusive of the su1sequent auto and manual re-close attempts.
The ,ontractor shall carry out the detailed studies to wor! out the
energy rating of the &)V and su1mit the report to #)594%4-. and
would recommend the suita1le rating of the &)V to the satisfaction of
the owner.
The supplier shall su1mit the calculation and input data file
9&T#>9&T.," used for optimiBation of &)V energy rating vis-a vis
insulation of series capacitor.
C= DAMPING CIRCUIT
A discharge damping circuit shall 1e provided to limit the crest value of
the discharge current so as not to e'ceed 7== times the rated capacitor
current for the sustained arc gaps. This circuit shall also damp the
discharge oscillation such that each amplitude of the discharge current
is as per of -9, 7<@-6.
The discharge damping circuit shall 1e capa1le of limiting the pea!
capacitor discharge current to less than G=J of the capa1ility of the
1ypass 1rea!er with the capacitor 1an! charged to the protection level.
-t is anticipated that the discharge current will 1e damped to 7=J of its
initial value within <== milliseconds.
The damping resistor if required" shall 1e connected in parallel with the
reactor for fast damping of oscillations/ which occur during spar! gap
and circuit 1rea!er operation.
The reactor shall 1e designed for permanent insertion in the line with
the 1an! 1y passed and shall thus have a continuous current rating
equal to that of the capacitor 1an!.
The discharge damping circuit characteristics shall 1e coordinated with
the a1ility of the protective gaps/ 1ypass 1rea!er and other circuit
components/ to withstand electrical and mechanical stresses due to
transient discharge currents.
.= SPARK GAP
The spar! gap shall have enclosure suita1le for outdoor duty and
sufficiently large to avoid contact with the arc.
0uita1le -nspection door shall 1e provided in the enclosure for
maintenance of the spar! gap electrodes and for measuring the
electrode spacing to ensure requisite flashover voltage.
*orce triggering of the %aps when initiated 1y &)V protection shall 1e
achieved 1y independent triggering circuits.
4= DISCONNECTORS
-solators shall conform to requirement of -9, 7<@-6. -solators 3 9arth
0witches shall 1e -ndividual pole operated. 9arth switches shall 1e
provided on isolators wherever called for.
The 1ypass isolators shall 1e capa1le of ta!ing out > in/ the capacitors
without ta!ing out the concerned line out of service.
The earthing switches shall 1e capa1le of discharging trapped charges
of the capacitors.
*= CURRENT TRANS!ORMER
The manufacturers whose -nstrument Transformers are offered should
have designed/ manufactured/ tested as per -9,>-0 or equivalent
standard and supplied the same for the applica1le rated voltage and
which are in satisfactory operation for at least 6 two" years as on the
date of 1id opening.
*urther )ptical ,Ts shall also 1e accepta1le with appropriate rating
and systems.
0= INSULATED PLAT!ORM
#latform support insulators shall comply with the applica1le technical
requirements. The insulation level 1etween ma8or components
&ounted on the platform" and the platform shall 1e determined 1y the
,ontractor and appropriate post type platform insulators shall 1e
supplied.
0uita1le arrangements shall 1e provided to ensure personal safety and
to facilitate handling and inspection of all components and wherever
required for access to components requiring periodic testing or
servicing. A remova1le aluminum ladder shall 1e provided.
$= OPTICAL SIGNAL COLUMN
The protection signal columns for *0, > T,0, installations are used to
transmit signals from platform level to ground level and vice versa.
The electrical signal of the instrument transformers are converted into
light signals in the )#T) converters located in the )#T) 1o'es. These
light signals are transmitted via fi1er optic ca1les located in the signal
column.
6= CONTROL 8 PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
,ontrol and protection equipment provided in series capacitors scheme
are required for protecting capacitor 1an!s against internal and e'ternal
faults/ monitoring continuously and ta!ing logical decisions for smooth
operation of switching devices.
All automatic control action shall 1e 1ased on local information within
the capacitor station and will not 1e dependent on the information
availa1le from the remote line terminals. This logic is used to meet the
duty cycle requirements during non-fault conditions and during internal
low magnitude fault conditions where &)V protection initiated gap
firing>1ypass 1rea!er closing or natural gap firing may not 1e e'pected
to occur.
#= CAPACITOR UNIT
The capacitor units shall 1e of film-foil design housed in hermetically
sealed cases. The units shall utiliBe a non-#,$ dielectric fluid/ 1io-
degrada1le to non-to'ic components.
The container of capacitor unit shall 1e of stainless steel of suita1le
thic!ness designed to allow for e'pansion and contraction due to all
am1ient and loading conditions e'pected during the life of the unit.
9ach capacitor unit shall 1e so mounted that it can 1e easily removed
from the rac!s and replaced without removing other units or de-
assem1ling any portion of the rac!.
TYPE O! CAPACITOR UNITS
9'ternally fused capacitor units
-nternally fused capacitor units
*use less capacitor 1an!
3. EQUIALENT CIRCUIT O! SERIES COMPENSATION
.amping ,ircuit
0par! %aps
$ypass ,$
&)V
,A#A,-T)4 $A2I
$K#A00 -0)LAT)4 T) 0>0
T) L-29
SINGLE LINE DIGR! "F #$% FI&ED SERIES C"!'ENSTI"N
G. INTER-CONNECTING TRANS!ORMER
7. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - The primary and secondary 1oth
windings are connected to the respective voltage level $us via ,$/ ,T
and -solators.
6. PURPOSE: - The main purpose of -,T is to transform the power from
higher voltage level to low voltage level i.e. from <== !V to 66= !V".
The secondary purpose of -,T is to provide power to su1station itself
using the third winding i.e. tertiary winding of @@ !V.
3. CONSTRUCTION: -
A. T6* 2(#+ >(-,: /0 ICTA: (-* (: 0/))/7:
7" C/-* /0 T-(+:0/-2*-: - -t is used to place the primary/ secondary
and tertiary winding of transformer in it with physical isolation
1etween windings. 0imilarly core provides the path for magnetic
flu' to flow through it for transformation of power with step down
voltage.
6" W#+4#+$: /0 ,-(+:0/-2*-: - -,T consists of two windings tertiary
winding as a LV winding of @@ !V and main winding as HV and -V
1oth. Actually the main winding is used singly for 1oth input HV
i.e. <==!V" and output -V i.e. 66= !V". *ollowing fig shows the
1asic construction of -,T. The LV winding is placed near to core
and taps are provided on HV winding. 5indings are insulated with
impregnated paper.
*ig+ - -nternal 0tructure of Transformer tan!
CORE
WINDING
TERMINAL
1. !#,,#+$: (+4 A..*::/-#*: (-* (: 0/))/7:
7. M(#+ ,(+? /0 ,-(+:0/-2*-: - The tan! of transformer is acts as a
housing of 1asic core and windings and provide proper space for
insulating medium i.e. transformer oil. The tan! is made up of
corrugated walls from ,4,A sheet material in thic!ness ranging
1etween 7.6mm to 7.Dmm. the function of corrugated walls is to
raise the surface area of tan! which is in contact with air. -t has
inspection windows and outlets for winding terminals through
1ushings. The tap changer arrangement is also in1uilt with tan!. The
following figure shows the 1ody of transformer with 1ushings.
6. C/+:*-'(,/-: - The function of conservator is to provide the space
for contraction and e'pansion of oil in winter and summer
respectively. )ne air cell is there in inside of the conservator which
is connected with 1reather outlet for suc!ing and releasing air from
conservator during winter and summer respectively.
@. R(4#(,/-:: - The function of 4adiators is to limit the temperature of
oil and winding 1y dissipating heat that is generated due to losses
within the transformer while in service.
<. T-(+:0/-2*- /#): - -t solves two purposes inside the tan! of
transformer first is to insulate the tan! from 1asic transformer and
second is to provide the cooling of transformer winding.
D. R(,#+$ (+4 N(2* >)(,*: - the transformer is supplied with rating
and terminal mar!ing plate which contains the information
concerning the rating/ voltage ratio/ weights/ oil quantity. Vector
group/ sr. 2o./ manufacturing company and year etc.
E. OLTC <O+-L/(4 T(>- C6(+$*-=: - The )LT, is provided to change
the tap of transformer as per the requirement of voltage levels. The
)LT, is local manual control/ local electrical control and remote
electrical control. The tapings normally provided on HV windings.
F. E(-,6#+$ T*-2#+():: - The core laminations assem1ly is connected
to core clamping frame which is in turn connected to tan!. Two
earthing terminals are provided on the transformer tan! and then
connected to the earth.
G. L#0,#+$ L&$:: - *our lifting lugs of adequate capacity are provided on
the sides to lift the fully assem1led transformer without other fittings
and accessories. 0eparately four lifting lugs are provided on the core
3 winding assem1ly for untan!ing the transformers.
H. ()'*:: - 9very transformer is supplied with drain cum filter valve at
1ottom of tan!/ and filter valve at top of the tan!. &ainly two types of
valves are provided. i" 5heel Valve 3 ii" $utterfly Valve. %enerally
one isolating valve is provided 1etween conservator and 1uchholB
relay.
7=. 1&:6#+$:: - Transformer winding is connected to the e'ternal circuit
through terminal 1ushing. The 1ushings are installed on the top
cover with the help of turret or on the side walls of tan!. The lower
end of 1ushing inserted into the tan! with proper voltage grading and
the hollow pipe for ta!ing out the winding terminal. -n @7D &VA
<==>66=>@@ !V -,T three types of 1ushings of respective voltage
rating are connected.
!#$: - I2($* /0 I+,*--C/++*.,#+$ T-(+:0/-2*-
77. 1&.66/)@ R*)(9+ - -t is provided 1etween conservator and tan!.
.ue to the fault in transformer li!e arcing or local overheating results
is generation of gas within the tan!. This gas is collected in the relay
housing and actuates an alarm and also causes tripping.
12- PR <P-*::&-* R*)#*0 ()'*=: - -t plays a vital role in the protection
of transformer from e'cessive pressure inside/ which may occur due
to internal fault or any other reason- .uring any fault there is
decomposition of oil/ paper insulation which li1erates gas and a
heavy pressure 1uilds up. -f the pressure is not released
immediately/ the transformer tan! will get 1ulged and can even
rapture. 5hen inside pressure rises a1ove a pre determined safe
limit a spring mounted diaphragm lift from its seat for releasing the
gas and it gets to its normal position as soon as the pressure in tan!
drops 1elow set limit. -t will give alarm and can also cause tripping.
7@. T*2>*-(,&-* #+4#.(,/-:: - These are precision instruments/
specially designed for protection of transformers and perform the
following functions. -ndicate ma'imum oil temperature and ma'imum
or hottest spot temperature of winding. 0witch on the cooling
equipment when the winding attains a preset high temperature and
switch it off when the temperature drops 1y an esta1lished value.
)perate an alarm or a trip circuit at a predetermined temperature.
7<. C//)#+$ !(+:: - -t is used to cool the oil in conservator. These fans
automatically start when oil temperature reaches EDL,. 4equired fan
in @7D &VA Transformer are 76 nos.
7D. C//)#+$ P&2>:: --t increases the flow rate of oil in transformer and
thus increases cooling efficiency. These pumps auto start when
winding temperature increases 1eyond a pre determined value that
is G=L,. *our cooling pumps are provided. 4equired pump in @7D
&VA Transformer are =< nos.
7E. S#)#.( G*) 1-*(,6*-:: -$reather is provided to remove moisture and
dust contained in the air 1reathed 1y a transformer. The 1reather
consists of a container filled with silica gel and a filter cup filled with
transformer oil. This is connected to the top of transformer oil
conservator 1y connection pipes. 5henever the temperature of the
transformer oil varies either due to variations in transformer loading
or due to variation in temperature of surrounding air/ there will 1e
corresponding change in level of oil in the conservator. This change
of level of oil causes the transformer to perform 1reathing action. To
remove moisture and dust from the air 1reathed thus/ silica gel is
provided in the 1reathing path.
7F. M(-:6())#+$ 1/5: - The transformer is provided with certain fittings
directly mounted on the transformer at various locations. These
fittings are having electrical contacts or terminals which are required
to 1e connected to the protection scheme to give alarms >trip
annunciations under a1normal conditions. -n order to facilitate
connections of all such devices to the protective scheme/ the ca1les
from all such contacts are wired up to weather proof terminal 1o'.
This 1o' is called as marshalling 1o'.
7G. M($+*,#. O#) G(&$* <MOG=: - This is a dial type oil level indicating
device provided on -,Ts with conservator at relatively high levels
indicator from the ground. *urther/ the low oil contacts provided on
the magnetic level indicator can 1e used for automatic alarm when
the oil level of conservator falls to a certain level.
7H. G(: C/))*.,#+$ D*'#.*: - A gas collecting device is fitted at
accessi1le level where the gas accumulates in $uchholB 4elay is
collected 1y the displacement of oil in the device.
6=. T&--*, CTA: (+4 N*&,-() S#4* CTA:: - These ,Ts are provided for
the purpose of metering/ protection and control.
#( E)*I+LENT CIRC*IT DIGR! "F ICT(
H. 1US ISOLATOR
Fi'0 -E1+i2!en# Cir*+i# o. ICT
LV coil
-V coil
HV coil
Taps
1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - $us -solator is placed after the ,$ seeing
from line incoming end. 9arth switch is also coupled there with the isolator
at line side.
2. PURPOSE: - $us -solator has following main functions.
#. To isolate the 1us during shutdowns after opening of ,$.
##. To provide earthing 1y associated earth switch to 1us.
3. CONSTRUCTION: - As shown in the figure -solator consists of two main
contacts/ first is called as &ale contact and other is called as *emale contact.
$oth are mounted on porcelain stac!s separately 1ut 1oth are connected
through tandem pipe. *igure drawn 1elow shows the AHoriBontal ,entre $rea!C
isolator. ,orona shield is provided on tips of 1oth contacts. $oth the contacts
are arranged in such a way that a single motor placed in the marshalling 1o'
1elow with the structure operates 1oth during opening and closing of isolator in
individual pole. 0imilarly earth switch is also operated 1y motor placed in
individual pole.
7. WORKING PRINCIPLE: - $us isolator wor!s on simple principle/ it
operates only in offline condition. 5henever the ,$ opens only then
&AL9 ,)2TA,T *9&AL9 ,)2TA,T
0:##)4T -20:LAT)4
0T4:,T:49
-0)LAT)4 &$
9>0 &$
!IG: - STRUCTURE O! ISOLATOR
,)4)2A 0H-9L.
isolator can 1e open during isolation of $us and whenever the ,$ is to 1e
closed 1efore it isolator is closed first during closing operation.
". CONNECTION: - 2ormally $us -solator is connected to the ,$ 1y A,04/
twin &oose conductor or rigid aluminum -#0.
D. EQUIALENT CIRCUIT O! 1US ISOLATOR: -
I. 1US-1AR
!#$: - E%&#'()*+, C#-.&#, /0 1&: I:/)(,/-
Con#*# Re)i)#n*e
1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - $us-$ar is spread through out the
su1station area for connecting various lines and -,Ts to it.
2. PURPOSE: - #urpose of $us-$ar is to provide connectivity 1etween
incoming and outgoing circuits. The 1ursars are designed to carry certain
normal current continuously. The cross-section of conductors is designed on
the 1asis of rated normal current and permissi1le temperature rise. The value
of cross section so o1tained is verified for temperature rise under short-time
short-circuit current. The 1us 1ar conductors are supported on post insulators
or strain insulators. The insulators e'perience electro-dynamic forces during
short circuit currents. These forces are ma'imum at the instant of pea! of first
ma8or current loop. These forces produce 1ending moment on separated
insulators. The spacing 1etween ad8acent insulators is decided on the 1asis of
1ending moment per meter and strength of insulators.
3. TYPES: - $asically there are three types of lightning arresters.
i. -ndoor or )utdoor
ii. )pen or 9nclosed
iii. 4igid Tu1ular or *le'i1le A,04
iv. .ou1le &ain Transfer or )ne and half $us 0cheme
4. CONSTRUCTION: - The outdoor $us-$ar is either 4igid Aluminum tu1es
supported with post insulators or *le'i1le A,04 ,onductors supported on
strain insulators. The $us-$ars are generally two horiBontal levels. The
connection 1etween the two levels is generally done 1y vertical fle'i1le A,04
Aluminum ,onductor 0teel 4e-enforced".
7. )ne and Half $us scheme+ -
6. .ou1le &ain Transfer $us 0cheme+ -
5. OTHER EQUIMENTS
A. 1US POST INSULATOR: - #ost type consists of a porcelain part
permanently secured in a metal 1ase to 1e mounted on the supporting
structures. They are capa1le of 1eing mounted upright. They are designed to
withstand any shoc!s to which they may 1e su18ected to 1y the operation of
the associated equipment. #orcelain used is homogeneous/ free from
lamination/ cavities and other flaws or imperfections that might affect the
mechanical or dielectric quality and thoroughly vitrified/ tough and impervious
to moisture. %laBing of the porcelain is of uniform 1rown in color/ free from
1listers/ 1urrs and other similar defects. The insulators have alternate long and
short sheds with aerodynamic profile.
1. LIGHTING MASTS: - Lightning masts are the highest angle iron structures
in the switchyard. These are designed in the switchyard !eeping in view the
approved switchyard 1ays. The erection procedure of Lightning &asts is
similar to that of tower and gantries.
6. EQUIALENT CIRCUITS: -
1. DOU1LE MAIN TRANS!ER 1US
2. ONE AND HAL! 1US SCHEME
66= IV $:0-7
66= IV $:0-6
T4A20*94 $:0
E. CIRCUIT 1REAKER
<== IV $:0-7
<== IV $:0-6
1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - ,ircuit 1rea!er is connected after the line
isolator if we are watching from line side.
2. PURPOSE: - The main function of ,$ is to ma!e and 1rea! the circuit
online i.e. on load condition. ,$s are the switching current interrupting
devices.
3. CONSTRUCTION: - The pole of ,ircuit 1rea!er is made up with three main
components+ -
#. The interrupter cham1ers
##. The support column
###. The housing of the mechanism
#. T6* #+,*--&>,*- .6(2C*-:
The pole is comprised of two or < in A$,$" interrupting cham1ers in a
ceramic envelope equipped at each end with a corona ring and an HV
terminal. The interrupting cham1ers are laid out horiBontally and attached/
at their 1ase/ to a common housing. This housing contains the mechanism
used to transfer the operating movement to the mo1ile contacts of 1oth
cham1ers. The interrupting cham1er can also 1e equipped with grading
capacitors and pre-insertion resistors.
1. P-*-I+:*-,#/+ R*:#:,/-+ - #re--nsertion 4esistor is
connected across the main interrupter contacts. This provides parallel
path to the current flows during switching surges 3 a1sor1 the surge
voltage. The #-4 closes 1efore the arcing contact mate appro'imately G
to 7= ms. The value of #-4 is so selected that it should 1e =.D to 6 times
the value of surge impedance of line. $enefits of #-4 are 7. 4esistors
are 1y nature energy a1sor1ing devices. 6. They dampen 1oth transient
voltages and currents 1oth. @. They help to reduce voltage dips.
2. G-(4#+$ C(>(.#,/-+ - The grading capacitor is used in
multi-1rea! ,$s for voltage division for equaliBing the dielectric
stresses 1oth in open condition and during switching. The inequality of
voltages and 1rea!ing capacity occurs mainly at the instant of recovery
voltage/ when the contact spaces are determined 1y capacitance
1etween contact mem1er 3 contact and earth.
##. T6* :&>>/-, ./)&2+
-t consisting of two/ three or four ceramic insulators vertically mounted on
each other/ the support column allows the circuit 1rea!er to 1e groundM
insulated and it also encloses the operating tie rod which is attached to the
interrupting cham1ers moving contacts.
###. T6* H/&:#+$ /0 2*.6(+#:2
A housing situated at the 1ase of the column contains the lever and cran!
assem1ly and which operates the moving contact as well as the opening
spring. The 0*E filling and monitoring device is also situated on the
housing.
As there are many manufacturers of ,ircuit $rea!er/ they use different
operating mechanism for ,$ closing and opening. )pening and closing
1oth should 1e rapid as required 1y the system.
O>*-(,#+$ M*.6(+#:2 M#$6, C* /0 !/))/7#+$ ,9>*::
1. P+*&2(,#. C)/:#+$ (+4 P+*&2(,#. O>*+#+$.
2. H94-(&)#. C)/:#+$ (+4 H94-(&)#. O>*+#+$.
3. S>-#+$ C)/:#+$ (+4 S>-#+$ O>*+#+$.
4. S>-#+$ C)/:#+$ (+4 P+*&2(,#. O>*+#+$.
4. WORKING PRINCIPLE: -
I+,*--&>,#+$ >-#+.#>)*: - The interrupting cham1er is of thermal 1lasting
type/ using the energy from the arc/ with an au'iliary auto pneumatic effect
and a device to assist opening. The interrupting cham1er has 1een
designed in such a way as to increase the mechanical resistance of the
wor!ing part and ta!e advantage of the low wear rate of the contacts
su18ected to the arc in 0*E. The wor!ing part is enclosed in a lea! tight
ceramic envelope/ providing insulation 1etween the circuit 1rea!er input
and output.
5. CONNECTION: - The circuit 1rea!er is connected 1etween line isolator and
1us isolator.
6. EQUIALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM O! C1: -
&ain -nterrupter
#re--nsertion
4esistance
%rading
,apacitance
!#$: - E%&#'()*+, C#-.&#, /0 C1
K. CURRENT TRANS!ORMER
1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - ,urrent transformer is placed 8ust after the
circuit 1rea!er towards line side and 1oth side of Tie ,$ if Tie ,$ is
used for two lines.
2. PURPOSE: - ,urrent transformer used for step down the current in
con8unction with ammeters/ over current relays etc. for following two
purposes.
-.#rotection of Line or 9quipments.
--.&onitoring of primary currents.
,( CONSTRUCTION: - The ,urrent Transformer essentially consists of
primary and secondary coils and core. The core is constructed in the
form of rings. The secondary winding is wound uniformly over the
insulated ring cores. The secondary terminals are 1rought out through a
terminal 1oard into the terminal 1o'.
#( TYPES: - ,onstruction-wise the ,T may 1e of following three types+
1. Dome
2. Nitrogen filling valve
3. Primary terminal
4. Collar
5. Porcelain insulator
6. Primary conductor
with insulation
. !da"tor cylinder
#. $econdary cores
%. &ase
1'. (il drain "lug
Fi'- Cro))-Se*#ion! View o. Hir-Pin T3$e CT
a. Hair #in design and 9ye-$olt design or dead tan! type
1. Top dome design or Live Tan! design
c. Turret ,T
-n the hairpin design the primary conductor enters from the top of
insulators and passed through the 1ottom tan!. The secondary core is wound
on the primary inside the 1ottom tan!. -n the other top dome design the
#rimary conductor goes straight in the dome shaped tan! at the top.
0econdary winding is wound against it. Turret ,T is used in 0hunt 4eactors
and in -,Ts.
-( WORKING PRINCIPLE: - ,urrent transformers step down the current from
high value to a low value. Their current ratio is su1stantially constant for
given range of primary current and phase angle error is within specified
limits. The VA rating of ,T is small as compared with that of a power
transformer.
6. CONNECTION: - ,T is connected to circuit 1rea!er through -#0 Aluminum
#ipe" with one end 8oint with e'pansion connector.
7. SELECTION CRITERION: - The ma8or criterion for selection of ,T is the
ratio at ma'imum load current through primary 3 secondary. -n other
1. (il filling "lug
2. Dome
3. Nitrogen filling
valve
4. Collar
5. Primary terminal
6. Porcelain insulator
. )nsulated "rimary
#. Cover "late for
tan*
%. +an*
1'. $econdary cores
Fi'- Cro))-Se*#ion! View o. E3e-Bo!# T3$e CT
words/ the ,T secondary current at ma'imum load should not e'ceed the
continuous current rating of the applied relay. %enerally ,T is selected on
the 1asis of VA rating; the VA rating should match with the $urden of relay.
Load li!e relay/ trip coils/ ammeter connected to secondary of the ,T is
called A$urdenC. -n a1sence of any 1urden secondary should 1e short
circuited/ secondary should not 1e left open. 5hen secondary if left open
current in secondary is Bero and secondary voltage 1ecomes very high and
it will saturate the core and may even damage ,T.
". EQUIALENT CIRCUIT O! CT: -

3. CONTROL ROOM
CORE-1 CORE-2 CORE-3 CORE-4 CORE-5
Primr3 win%in'
Se*on%r3 win%in'
Fi'0 - E1+i2!en# *ir*+i# o. C+rren# Trn).ormer
A. PROTECTION SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION
The last thirty years have seen enormous changes in relay technology. The
electromechanical relay in all of its different forms has 1een replaced
successively 1y static/ digital and numerical relays/ each change 1ringing with
it reductions and siBe and improvements in functionality. At the same time/
relia1ility levels have 1een maintained or even improved and availa1ility
significantly increased due to techniques not availa1le with older relay types.
This represents a tremendous achievement for all those involved in relay
design and manufacture.
2. ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS
They wor! on the principle of a mechanical force. The principle advantage of
such relays is that they provide galvanic isolation 1etween the inputs and
outputs in a simple/ cheap and relia1le form N therefore for simple on>off
switching functions where the output contacts have to carry su1stantial
currents/ they are still used. 9lectromechanical relays can 1e classified into
several different types as follows+ A. Attracted armature/ 1. &oving coil/ C.
-nduction/ D. Thermal/ E. &otor operated/ !. &echanical.
3. STATIC RELAYS:
Their design is 1ased on the use of analogue electronic devices instead of
coils and magnets to create the relay characteristic. 9arly versions used
discrete devices such as transistors and diodes in con8unction with resistors/
capacitors/ inductors/ etc./ 1ut advances in electronics ena1led the use of
linear and digital integrated circuits in later versions for signal processing and
implementation of logic functions.
4. DIGITAL RELAYS
,ompared to static relays/ digital relays introduce A>. conversion of all
measured analogue quantities and use a microprocessor to implement the
protection algorithm. The typical microprocessors used have limited processing
capacity and memory compared to that provided in numerical relays. The
functionality tends therefore to 1e limited and restricted largely to the protection
function itself. Therefore/ a digital relay for a particular protection function may
have a longer operation time than the static relay equivalent. However/ the
e'tra time is not significant in terms of overall tripping time and possi1le effects
of power system sta1ility
5. NUMERICAL RELAYS
The distinction 1etween digital and numerical relay rests on points of fine
technical detail/ and is rarely found in areas other than #rotection. They can 1e
viewed as natural developments of digital relays as a result of advances in
technology. Typically/ they use a specialiBed digital signal processor .0#" as
the computational hardware/ together with the associated software tools. The
input analogue signals are converted into a digital representation and
processed according to the appropriate mathematical algorithm. #rocessing is
carried out using a specialiBed microprocessor that is optimiBed for signal
processing applications/ !nown as a digital signal processor.
6. !*(,&-*: /0 N&2*-#.() R*)(9::
.istance #rotection- several schemes including user defina1le"
)ver current #rotection directional>non-directional"
0witch-on-to-*ault #rotection
#ower 0wing $loc!ing
2egative 0equence ,urrent #rotection
:nder voltage #rotection
)ver voltage #rotection
,$ *ail #rotection
,T>,VT 0upervision
,hec! 0ynchroniBation
Autoreclose
,$ ,ondition &onitoring
:ser-.efina1le Logic
$ro!en ,onductor .etection
&easurement of #ower 0ystem Ouantities ,urrent/ Voltage/ etc."
*ault>9vent>.istur1ance recorder
7. A4'(+,($*: /0 N&2*-#.() R*)(9::
0everal setting groups
5ider range of parameter ad8ustment
4emote communications 1uilt in
-nternal *ault diagnosis
#ower system measurements availa1le
.istance to fault locator
.istur1ance recorder
Au'iliary protection functions 1ro!en conductor/ negative sequence/
etc."
,$ monitoring state/ condition"
:ser-defina1le logic
$ac!up protection functions in-1uilt
,onsistency of operation times - reduced grading margin
1. EENT LOGGER
1. PURPOSE
To record the state of switchyard equipments and relays.
To record the occurrence of alarms.
To record changes in digital inputs.
To record switching of primary plant within su1-station.
Time synchroniBed with %#0 cloc!
#ermissi1le drift P>- =.Dseconds>day
#rint out of current alarm and plant status Navaila1le on request.
To entry of date and time from !ey 1oard.
#rogramma1ility at site.
0hall record <= changes in 7=m0ec interval.
2. !UNCTION: -
The 094 is a versatile high speed distri1uted microprocessor- 1ased data
acquisition system designed to monitor and record/ in real time/ changes of
state of customer supplied field inputs with an accuracy of one millisecond.
This event information includes alarm and return to normal status; time in
hours/ minutes/ seconds/ and milliseconds; input address; and up to E=
characters of descriptive legends. 9vent information can 1e recorded on a
printer or printer terminal/ displayed on a ,4T monitor/ or transmitted to a
remote computer or distri1uted control system via 40-6@6 A0,-- data lin!s.
3. CONSTRUCTION: -
094 consists of one or more 7HC rac! mounta1le chassis/ containing a main
controller/ an optional au'iliary controller or communication controller module/
and required num1er of scanners to allow monitoring up to <=HE inputs D76 in
case of 9vent Logger in Ihandwa".
A 094 can contain up to si' 40-6@6 ports for communication with peripherals
devices such as ,4Ts/ modems/ printers/ e'ternal time standard cloc!s/ and
!ey1oards. -t also contains G au'iliary relays under software control with form
A,C contacts availa1le for customers use.
4. ADEUSTA1LE PARAMETERS <KEY1OARD INITIATED=
The following parameters may 1e implemented on a single point/ multiple
points or range of points 1asis.
A. P/#+, >(-(2*,*-:
7. 2.). >2.,. field contact inputs status.
6. Alarm de1ounce filter/ 7 millisecond to EDD@D milliseconds.
@. 4eturn-to-2ormal de1ounce filter/ 7 millisecond to EDD@D milliseconds.
<. A1ility to select input point disa1les.
D. Alarm assignment to output ports.
E. 4eturn-to-2ormal assignment to output ports.
F. .escriptive legends/ E= characters per input alarm.
G. .escriptive legends/ E= characters per input/ return-to-normal legends.
H. Legends 1ac!ground color for color ,4T.
7=. ,ritical alarm designation.
77. Time and count for Auto-.elete from logging and Auto-4estore to
logging.
1. S9:,*2 P(-(2*,*-:
7. -nput>)utput device type+ ,4T/ #rinter/ ,loc!/ ,onsole etc.
6. )utput relays 0ynthesiBed points".
@. Time set.
<. $attery 1ac!-up select Historical $uffer".
D. Alarm or return-to-normal indent.
E. #assword protects the list functions.
F. Time for hourly printouts.
G. &idnight alarm summary.
H. 9na1le>disa1le scanners.
7=. 9'ternal time synchroniBation source N -nput points.
C. P(-(2*,*-: 0/- E5,*-+() D*'#.*:
7. $aud 4ate.
6. F or G 1it data/ e'cept for port D.
@. #arity )dd/ 9ven/ &ar!/ 0pace or none"; e'cept for port D.
<. 6-,olor printing.
D. #referred port.
E. 0equential event printout on console and printer ports.
5. WORKING O! EENT LOGGER: -
There are two num1ers of 9vent Logger Type 094-<7==" of HATHA5AK
ma!e in service at Ihandwa 0u1station. The first set of event logger panels
9L7 caters for events related to all <== IV 1ays including the -,T HV side/ $$
and 4eactors. The other set of event logger with panels 9L6 caters for event
related to all 66= IV 1ays including the -,T LV side/ $$ protection.
The 094 <7== 9vent Logger can accept inputs up to D76. However/ <77 are
connected to the different circuits in the control room and remaining others
connected to the various field points. Another set in the panel 9L6 has <<G
points. )ut of that/ 6EE are connected to different control circuits while
remaining connected to points in the field. it is capa1le of 1eing e'panded up
to <=HE inputs 1y the addition of up to F chassis similar in siBe to the 1asic
system. it can store ma'imum E=== events.
This system has following features+
7. Alarm or data into normal indent
6. #assword protects the list functions
@. Time for hourly printouts.
<. &idnight alarm summery
D. 9'ternal time synchroniBation source-input point.
E. $attery 1ac!-up select historical 1uffer"
5hile all the events are automatically printed out on the printer sequentially/
special print outs are o1tain 1y the operator through appropriate commands
issued from the !ey 1oard. The information displayed on the video screen
consists of the list of sequential events which can 1e scrolled.
The healthiness of the event logger is monitored through the L9.s of the ,#:
,ard. The healthiness of ,#: ,ard is confirmed through 1lin!ing mode of L9.
2o. 7. The pro1lem in video monitor is confirmed if L9. 2o. @ starts glowing.
Thus/ e'cept for the 1lin!ing of L9. 2o. 7 all the other si' num1ers of L9.s on
,#: ,ard should 1e in off condition. -f any other L9. 1lin!s>glows the same
is to 1e informed to Testing 9ngineer.
5. 1LOCK DIAGRAM O! EENT LOGGER: -
C. DISTUR1ANCE RECORDER
*-%+ - $L),I .-A%4A& )* 9V92T L)%%94
1. POSITION
The .istur1ance recorder is placed in ,ontrol-room itself in such a way that it
should 1e easily accessi1le for shift handling persons. )ne #, is placed with
control des! of operation in-charge which has .4 software of particular ma!e
distance relay.
2. PURPOSE
The relay memory requires a certain minimum num1er of cycles of measured
data to 1e stored for correct signal processing and detection of events. The
memory can easily 1e e'panded to allow storage of a greater time period of
input data/ 1oth analogue and digital/ plus the state of the relay outputs. -t then
has the capa1ility to act as a distur1ance recorder for the circuit 1eing
monitored/ so that 1y freeBing the memory at the instant of fault detection or
trip/ a record of the distur1ance is availa1le for later download and analysis. -t
may 1e inconvenient to download the record immediately/ so facilities may 1e
provided to capture and store a num1er of distur1ances.
To understand 1ehavior of the #ower networ! 1efore or after any
distur1ance.
:seful info in planning of new installations.
4ecords instantaneous values of V/ -/ -n and open delta voltage.
0tatus of relay contacts and ,$ during distur1ance.
2. REQUIREMENT O! DR
4ecoding capacity-G analog P 7E digital.
&emory N D sec
&in. #re fault N 7E=m0ec
#ost *ault N 6sec- min/ not less than Dsec.
Any digital signal triggering.
Analog triggering 1y threshold levels.
Trigger selection of over>under levels should 1e possi1le.
Time tagging+
$uilt-in real time cloc!.
.rift of the cloc! shall not 1e more than =.Dsec per day.
0ampling rate + 7 IHB
4ecording + DHB to 6D=HB.
3. SPECIAL REQUIREMENT O! DR
0ync. 5ith %#0
7EAnalog P @6 digital for .>, lines
.4 P *L
-f .4 is part of 2umerical #rotection/ e'ternal 1inary input should 1e
possi1le.
4. TIME SYNCHRONI3ATION O! DR
.istur1ance records and data relating to energy consumption require time
tagging to serve any useful purpose. Although an internal cloc! will normally 1e
present/ this is of limited accuracy and use of this cloc! to provide time
information may cause pro1lems if the distur1ance record has to 1e correlated
with similar records from other sources to o1tain a complete picture of an
event. &any numerical relays have the facility for time synchroniBation from an
e'ternal cloc!. The standard normally used is an -4-%-$ signal/ which may 1e
derived from a num1er of sources/ the latest 1eing from a %#0 satellite
system.
5. CONNECTION: -
.4 #, is connected directly to the .istance 4elay of line or any other
2umerical relay in the control room whose status is to 1e monitored via
communication ca1le through the com-port of ,#: of #,.
D. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION <PLCC=
1. INTRODUCTION
,ommunication is a vital area in #ower 0ystem )peration. *or 1etter
)peration )f the grid/ ,ommunication 1etween two ad8acent 0u1-stations and
with the Load .ispatch center is a must. 0imilarly for acquiring real time data
from different generating and ma8or su1stations/ communication lin! is a must
for a Load dispatch center. 2ormally %enerating stations and su1-stations are
located at remote locations where ,ommunication facilities will not 1e availa1le
or the efficiency of such facilities if availa1le will 1e very poor. The )peration
cost of such communication equipment is very high.
This concept has resulted in the development of #ower Line carrier
,ommunication where High Voltage and 9'tra High Voltage Transmission
lines themselves act as a medium for sending ,ommunication 0ignals apart
from 9lectric #ower.
2. CONSTRUCTION: -
*ollowing coupling equipment is used for coupling voice/ fa'/ teleprotection
and telemetering signals to the transmitting media i.e. transmitting line.
(. W('* ,-(>: - 5ave trap is an inductive device/ which offers high impedance
to high frequency signals all communication signals after modulation will 1e at
radio frequencies" .Hence it will not allow communication signals towards
su1station equipment. 5ave trap offers negligi1le impedance to #ower
frequencies hence #ower flow will 1e unaffected. $ecause of 5ave trap/ 9ven
if the Line is earthed with line earth switch located 1ehind 5ave trap"
communication will not 1e affected.
C. CT: - ,apacitor Voltage Transformer in a su1-station will 1e used for
protection as well as a coupling device in #L,,. ,VT offers high impedance to
#ower *requencies. Hence 9HV power can not enter communication
equipment. As ,VT offers low impedance to High frequencies/ ,ommunication
signals will pass through ,VT to Transmission line.
.. LMU: - Transmission Line will have characteristic impedance which
depends upon Line configuration. *or a <== IV line this will 1e @6= )hms. #er
phase. &ultiple'ed equipment will 1e generally availa1le in control room. -.e.
indoor".These equipment will 1e connected to )utdoor equipment via a ,o-
a'ial ca1le which will have FD ohms impedance. According to &a'imum #ower
transfer theorem source and load impedance should 1e same for ma'imum
power transfer. Hence a Line &atching unit will 1e used to couple co-a'ial
ca1le to Transmitting medium.
4. 1T: - $alancing transformer will 1e used to prevent un1alancing of the line
impedance whenever one line gets opened or earthed
*. D-(#+($* ./#): - -t is one of the three element protective device earth
switch 3 L.A. 1eing other two".this coil will 1e connected to the point that
connects ,VT and L&: on one side/ the other side 1eing earthed. .angerous
High voltages )f the #ower not 1loc!ed 1y ,VT will 1e earthed through this
drainage coil which offers negligi1le impedance to the #ower frequency.
0. LA: - The Lightning arrestor will 1e connected across L&: .This will 1e used
to protect #L,, outdoor and indoor equipments against any surge voltages.
F. E(-,6 S7#,.6: - 9arth switch will 1e used whenever wor! is to 1e carried on
outdoor equipments.
3. TYPES O! COUPLINGS
There are different types of coupling systems .They are
7. #hase to %round ,oupling
6. #hase to #hase ,oupling
@. -nterline ,oupling
<. -nsulated earth wire coupling
D. -ntra 1undle coupling
-n #)594%4-./ #hase to #hase coupling is used in all #L,, lin!s.
4. ADANTAGES O! PLCC
-ts transmission relia1ility is high as that of #ower lines themselves/ whereas
telephone lines are much wea!er mechanically and will always fail under
difficult conditions long 1efore the overhead lines. As the channels are solely
used 1y #ower utilities only and not 1y general pu1lic/ there will not 1e any
traffic pro1lem in communication. ,arrier current transmission is not su18ected
to any variation from atmospheric or ionosphere conditions such as always the
case with VH* and microwave systems. -n general the capital cost of carrier
current equipment is considera1ly less than the cost of installing VH* or
&icrowave equipment/ while maintenance is very less.
5. DISADANTAGES O! PLCC
As the medium used for communication is High Voltage Line/ the cost of
-nsulation of communication equipment and Transmission Lines is very High
2oise level will 1e high 1ecause of interference of ,orona. High speed data
transfer is not possi1le 1ecause of 1and width limitations.
6. APPLICATIONS O! PLCC
#L, ,ommunication will 1e widely used for the following applications.
Voice ,ommunication.
*acsimile Transmission.
Tele #rotection.
Tele &etering.
7. EQUIALENT CIRCUIT O! PLCC
E. REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT <RTU=
1. POSITION: - The 4T: is placed in control 4oom in such a way that
metering data of all the lines and status of associated ,$s/ -solators etc.
should 1e connected to it.
2. PURPOSE: - To send the metering data to the 4emote end from where the
load and generation for system sta1ility is to maintain i.e. from Load .ispatch
,enters". 0imilarly to provide the status of switching equipments for control
purpose 4T: is used.
3. CONSTRUCTION: - A typical 4T: is .6=. A .6= consists of a main 1oard
and one or more ->) peripherals 1oards. The 4T: is typically installed in a
standard 9-A rac!/ although it is possi1le to geographically distri1ute the
peripheral 1oards 1y connecting lengths of copper or fi1er optic ca1le from the
main 1oard to each peripheral.
The .6= peripherals lin!s .,A .ata ,ollection Application" handles the
communication 1etween an 4T:s main 1oard and its ->) peripherals. The
conte't in which the application is found is shown 1elow. The .6= peripheral
lin! .,A is used to scan and collect data from ->) points 1eing monitored or
controlled. Access to these ->) points is managed 1y the system point
data1ase application. ,onfiguring the .6= peripheral lin! .,A consists of
defining the appropriate settings to each of the ->) points found on the
peripheral 1oards.
DC S3)#em
D#6)
e
DT
D2$ DC
D'
WES!INT
D'
Peri$(er!
Bor%-1
Peri$(er!
Bor%-2
Peri$(er!
Bor%-3
.rea/er0
Generator
S1itc2e0
Poin#) 6ein'
moni#ore%7Con#ro!!e% 63
min RTU Bor%-
Poin#) 6ein'
moni#ore%7Con#ro!!e% 63
RTU $eri$(er! Bor%-
RTU Peri$(er! Bor%
RTU Min Bor%
PC or #ermin!
M)#er S##ion
As shown in the figure the 4T: panel is consisting of following main rac!s for its
operation+
(= .6=&+ -This rac! contains the modems placed in it/ which are used for
transmitting 3 receiving of modulated 3 demodulated signals to the 0,A.A
system.
C= .6=#0+ - This rac! provides the power supply to the complete 4T: system.
.= .6=A+ - This unit is used to convert analog measurement data *rom 0-, #anel
Transducers" to digital form. $ut it converts only voltage signals and not
current to digital form. 4esistances used to convert input current data to
voltage.
4= .6=0+ - This unit is used for getting input of status of switching equipments
from su1station. *rom here it gives status information of switching equipments
in 1inary = for open condition and 1inary 7 for close condition.
*= .6=I+ - This section is used for sending control signals>commands to the
remote end switching devices in remote su1station.
0= .6=,+ - This section is the com1ination 1oard of .igital inputs and control
outputs.
/),($* T-(+:4&.*-:
MW T-(+:4&.*-:
MA- T-(+:4&.*-:
!#$: - S9:,*2 I+,*-0(.* C(C#+*, <SIC=
.6=& - &).9 4A,I- 20I-<
.6= #0 N A, ->#
., )>#
.6= A N Analog $oard"
@6 analog input points.
.6= 0 N 0tatus $oard"
E< .igital 0tatus input points.
.6= I N ,ontrol $oard"
@6 .igital ,ontrol outputs.
.6= , N ,om1ination $oard"
7E .igital i>p 3 G ,ontrol o>p.
!#$: - RTU C(C#+ (+4 #,: ./2>/+*+,:
4. ADANTAGES O! RTU SYSTEM:
a" All the system data such as frequency/ voltage/ current/ &5/ &VAr can 1e
made availa1le for monitoring it at one window instead of getting it from
panel to panel.
1" This data can 1e e'tracted to ,#: to punch in it with advance 0,A.A
softwares. 5e can !eep its record also.
c" This system provides us the online monitoring of status of switching
equipments in switchyard.
d" This system provides us the online controlling of switching equipments in
switchyard so that system sta1ility can 1e maintained.
e" 0imilarly if any su1station is to 1e made unmanned then all data/ control
can 1e fed to other remote su1station or to L., etc.
4. AUBILLIARY SYSTEM
A. ACLT SUPPLY SYSTEM
7. POSITION: - %enerally the A,LT .istri1ution $oard is placed in control
4oom 1uilding and the input to the A,.$ i.e. <7DV" is fed from the
transformer of rating E@=>G==IVA/ @@>=.<7D !V. The @@!V supply is
arranged from local 0tate 9lectrical $oard with dedicated feeder.
Alternative @@IV A, supply is also provided through -,T availa1le in
su1station 3 one more option is availa1le i.e. .% set directly with <7DV.
6. PURPOSE: - A, supply is required for feeding power to the colony/ lighting
system of control room 3 switchyard/ Air-conditioning/ $attery chargers/
,ompressor 3 -solator>9arth switch motor/ 9'haust *ans/ ,ooling motor
and *ans of -,Ts 3 4eactor and *ire-*ighting 0ystem.
@. CONSTRUCTION: - ,omplete A,LT system consists of following
equipments.
1. I+./2#+$ AC S&>>)9: - -nput A, 0upply is 1rought to the premise from
@@ !V dedicated feeder of 0tate 9lectricity $oard and terminated at the
E@=>G== !VA/ @@>=.<7D !V transformer. The secondary output of the
transformer is connected with the main distri1ution panel.
2. M(#+ D#:,-#C&,#/+ P(+*): - &ain .istri1ution #anel is used to feed
power to all ma8or au'iliaries li!e Air-conditioning/ *ire-*ighting and su1
distri1ution 1oard etc. ,ircuit 1rea!er of rating <7DV/ @7D= A is provided
for switching. #arameters li!e voltage/ current etc. are measured with
the help of voltmeter/ ammeter etc. Transformer protection and other
required protection 3 control equipments are consists in the 1oard. )ne
num1er 1us coupler is !ept in this 1oard for switching over to 09$
supply or to Tertiary supply.
3. S&C-D#:,-#C&,#/+ 1/(-4: - A, supply is distri1uted to various $&Is in
switchyard for A, supply requirement of ,$s/ -solators/ in control and
relay panel/ 1attery chargers etc.
4. L#$6,#+$ D#:,-#C&,#/+ P(+*): - -t provides the A, supply to all
switchyard lighting mounted on the gantry of switchyard. Lights are
mounted in such a way that it should 1e giving proper illumination at
every equipment of the switchyard and on the pathways other areas of
switchyard.
DG <DIESEL GENERATOR= SET
1. POSITION: - .% 0et is !ept in separate room in control room premise
in such a way that it should easily accessi1le and always 1e in good
condition that any time it can 1e started whenever required. There
should 1e space for storage of diesel.
2. PURPOSE: - .% set is used in case when the A,LT supply is not
availa1le for short duration so that all the power requirement of
complete system could 1e fulfilled.
3. CONSTRUCTION: - .% 0et consists of .iesel 9ngine and attached
%enerator with its shaft. .% set has its own cooling system and diesel
level sensing system. .% system has one ma8or diesel storage tan!
which has automatic diesel filling system 1y motor. -t has its own 1attery
system of 6< V ., for control supply and for giving self start to .%. -n
IHA2.5A su1station 6GD !VA .% set is connected to the A, supply
1oard. .% set has its own ,ircuit $rea!er for switching in A,.$ from
where it is connected to required load.
4. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM O! ACLT AND DG SET
1. DCD1 SUPPLY SYSTEM
7. POSITION: - %enerally the ., .istri1ution $oard is placed in control 4oom
1uilding and the input to the .,.$ is fed from the 66=V ., 3 D=V ,harger
and 66=V 3 D=V $attery sets respectively.
6. PURPOSE: - ., supply is required for giving control supply to the
contactors and coils of switchyard equipments/ similarly for giving supply to
the protection relays and various meters placed in control room. Various
control logics and schemes wor!s with ., supply. 9vent logger/ #L,,/
9mergency lighting system wor!s on .,.
@. CONSTRUCTION: - ,omplete .,.$ system consists of following
equipments.
1. I+./2#+$ AC S&>>)9: - @-phase input A, 0upply is 1rought to
$attery charger where it is got converted to the ., supply with 0,4
1ridges. Then the ., output of 1attery charger is connected to main
distri1ution panel. At the same place 1attery voltage of same voltage
rating is also connected in parallel.
2. M(#+ D#:,-#C&,#/+ P(+*): - &ain .istri1ution #anel is used to feed
., power to all type of control circuits/ #L,, etc. This is done 1y
providing separate ., &,$ of appropriate rating for every individual
circuit.
<. 1ATTERY 1ANK: - $attery $an!s used in any su1station are 66=V .,
and D=V .,. :sually 66=V $attery $an! is used for providing ., supply to
the whole control system and emergency lighting system when the A,
supply got failed. -t is used as 1ac!up ., source for the fluent operation of
the system. -t has series of 6V ., cell and such 77= cells in series
contri1utes complete 66=V ., for the system. 0imilarly in case of D=V .,
source 6D cells of 6V each are used in series.
-( SINGLE LINE DIGR! "F 22$ + DCD.
3( SINGLE LINE DIGR! "F -$ + DCD.
C. !IRE-!IGHTING SYSTEM
1. POSITION: - -t is placed in control room premise in separate room where HV5
motor/ Qoc!ey pump and .iesel pump all things are !ept.
2. PURPOSE: - The *ire-fighting system is used in su1station for e'tinguishing
fire of any nature on -,Ts/ 4eactors and other ,ontrol room equipments. The
pressuriBed water i.e. G !g>sq.cm." is used through pipe line arrangement to
e'tinguish the fire at remote end.
3. CONSTRUCTION: - *ire-*ighting system is placed in control room premise. -t
consists of HV5 motor/ .iesel 9ngine/ Qoc!ey pumps. Qoc!ey pumps used for
maintaining pressure at G !g>sq.cm in normal condition. There are two 8oc!ey
pumps one is !ept in service and one is !ept in stand1y mode. HV5 motor is
there which starts at down pressure i.e. at E.G !g>sq.cm. .iesel engine starts if
A,LT supply is not availa1le and the pressure falls 1elow D.< !g>sq.cm. All of
these equipments are connected with the pipe line in parallel.
4. WORKING PRICIPLE: - HV5 motor used for ma!ing continuous pressure of G
!g>sq.cm. during fire on electrical equipments. -f suppose Qoc!ey pump is fails to
start in any case then water pressure will get reduce continuously and at E.G
!g>sq.cm HV5 motor starts automatically. After this if suppose in any critical
situation A,LT supply fails and emergency come that fire cause on any equipment
then in this case .iesel engine starts automatically at fall pressure of D.<
!g>sq.cm.
The fire-fighting system distri1uted in following three parts.
1- E2&):#0#*- S9:,*2: - The emulsifier system has the pressuriBed water
pipe line at ma8or and costliest equipments in switchyard li!e -,Ts and
4eactors to save them from fire. -n this system one main pipe line is there
which has noBBles at its distri1uted pipe tips. These noBBles create the
sprin!le of water on the equipment. 0imilarly one sensing line is there
which has temperature sensing glass on its tip. -t 1rea!s at higher
temperature when fire cause i.e. at 76=8,". .ue to this pressure of pipe
line reduces and thats why the deluge valve opens and main pipe line
starts sprin!ling water on equipment. )ne 1ypass pipe line is also there in
parallel with deluge valve which could 1e used when deluge valve not
wor!s. This is connected directly to the main pressuriBed pipe line.
6. H94-(+, S9:,*2: - There are many hydrant points placed in su1station at
various places as per their requirement and severity of fire causes. These
hydrant points are nothing 1ut the riser of pipe line !ept closed with the
valve. 5henever there is requirement the particular hydrant point is opened
and connected with the hose pipe !ept near1y.
@. !#-* E5,#+$&#:6*-:: - There are so many types of *ire-9'tinguishers. They
are of following types.
7. Type-A R 5ater Type+ - These types of e'tinguishers are used for
e'tinguishing fire of solid type of products li!e wood/ paper/ grass
etc.
6. Type-$ R .,# .ry ,hemical #owder" Type+ - These types of
e'tinguishers are used for e'tinguishing fire of oil type liquids/
petrochemicals.
@. Type-, R ,)6 ,ar1on .i-)'ide" Type+ - These types of
e'tinguishers are used for electrical fire.
<. Type-. R *oam Type+ - These types of e'tinguishers are used fire of
oil/ chemicals etc.
5. DIAGRAM O! !IRE-!IGHTING SYSTEM
5. CONCLUSION
This presentation was all a1out 1asic details of switchyard equipments and
other essential systems to which - come across during my training period.
.uring this period - got more e'posure to get interact with almost all switchyard
equipments li!e ,$/ ,T/ ,VT/ 5T/ 49A,T)4/ -,T/ *0,/ LA and
-0)LAT)40 and other au'iliary system i.e. A,LT/ .,.$/ *ire *ighting
system/ .% set. This period has provided me a golden opportunity to learn
more a1out operation/ maintenance and testing etc. - participated in all those
activities which are to 1e done for operation of su1station li!e 9vent Logger/
#L,,/ .aily Line and $us #arameters. - was involved in all A&# 8o1s
happening at site.