Apex T. G. India Pvt.

Ltd
Chapter 1
Complete Java Software Development Guide
Introduction
1
History of Computers
Development of computers began with many early inventions:
The abacus helped early societies perform computations (c. 3!.C."
The #ascaline used moveable dials to add numbers with up to eight
digits ($%&'".
1
(ineteenth)Century Inventions
The nineteenth century brought further inventions:
Charles !abbage*s Difference +ngine and later his ,nalytical +ngine
defined many basic components of today*s computers.
The arithometer ($-'" performed four basic mathematical functions: . )
/ 0.
Herman Hollerith developed a system to aid in tabulating data from the
$-1 2.3. Census using punch cards.
1
4irst)5eneration Computers
During 6orld 6ar II7 the first generation of modern computers was introduced:
Colossus was developed in +ngland to decode encrypted 5erman messages.
+(I,C was developed in the 2.3. to calculate ballistic missile tra8ectories.
+D9,C was designed by :ohn 9on (eumann and it featured a central processing
unit.
2(I9,C was the first commercially available computing device.
1
3econd)5eneration Computers
The second generation of computers (c. $1;%" was mar<ed by:
, shift from bul<y vacuum tubes to transistors.
, shift in programming from physically rerouting cables to =software>
stored on punch cards and tape storage.
The emergence of machine and assembly languages.
1
Third)5eneration Computers
6ith the invention of integrated circuits (ICs"7 computers became
smaller and more powerful. ICs:
,re smaller than transistors
#roduce less heat
,llow multiple components to fit on a smaller chip
1
4ourth)5eneration Computers
Computers became smaller and more affordable7 and available to
small businesses and individuals.
?IT3 ,ltair -- ($1@&"
,pple I7 II
Commodore #+T
I!? #C ($1-$"
?acintosh ($1-&"
1
6hat is computer hardwareA
Computer hardware are the physical components of the computer.
1
Input0Butput Devices
Input0Butput devices provide communication between user and hardware.
Input Devices
Ceyboard
?ouse
3canner
Butput Devices
?onitor
3pea<ers
#rinter
1
#rocessors and ?emory
Central #rocessing 2nit (C#2"
#erforms basic functions7 millions and billions of times per second
(brains of the computer"
Dandom),ccess ?emory
3tores data used by the C#2 (before and after processing"
1
Data 3torage
Data storage uses a variety of media. Capacity is measured in
bits and bytes:
, bit represents the on or off state of a transistor (symboliEed by a $ or a
".
, byte is eight bits.
, <ilobyte is '
$
or $7'& bytes.
, megabyte is $7&-7;@% bytes.
1
Hard Drives
The hard drive is the primary storage device in a computer. Hard
drives are:
Fong term7 rewritable storage
Farge capacity
IneGpensive
4iGed media (relatively difficult to move from one computer to another"
1
Demovable ?edia
3ome storage devices are more portable:
CD0D9D
?edium capacity
IneGpensive
+asy to transport from one computer to another
4lash7 Hip7 23! drives
Differing capacities
Differing price per ?!
1
Computer 3oftware
3oftware can be divided into two categories:
3ystems software includes operating systems7 compilers7 and utilities.
,pplication software runs on top of an operating system.
1
6hat is an operating systemA
,n operating system (B3" manages the hardware and software on a
computer system. ,n B3:
?anages memory and hardware resources
,llocates resources to applications
#rovides a consistent interface for applications
1
Bperating 3ystems
2(II0FinuG
?ultiuser B3
?ultitas<ing
Duns on many types of hardware
?odular tools
?ac B3
4irst mainstream graphical user interface
Icons (pictures" and mouse replaced command line interface
DB306indows
DB3 gained popularity with first #Cs
6indows provided graphical interface to DB3
6indows later separated itself from DB3 underpinnings
1
,pplications
Des<top 3oftware
Installed on single computer
?ost common type of application in use today
6eb)!ased 3oftware
Duns on a 6eb server7 accessed through a browser
,ccessible anywhere one has access to the Internet
6eb 3ervices
,llow applications to communicate with each other without user intervention
1
Fow)Fevel Fanguages
Fow)level programming languages use simple commands to
communicate with the C#2:
?achine language (most basic language of the C#2"
,ssembly language (human readable7 but close to machine language"
1
High)Fevel Fanguages
High)level languages can be procedural or ob8ect)oriented:
#rocedural languages use a step)by)step process to solve a problem.
!asic7 #ascal7 C
Bb8ect)oriented languages model problems using ob8ects that correspond to real)
world counterparts.
3malltal<7 C..7 :ava
1
3oftware Development #rocess
3oftware development usually follows these basic steps:
,nalysis
Design
Implementation
Testing
Deployment
?aintenance
Thanks
facebook.com/apex.tgi
twitter.com/ApextgiNoida
pinterest.com/apextgi
Stay Connected with us for more chapters on JAVA