KKKH 4284 PERANCANGAN BANDAR LESTARI

TASK 9
KAJANG LOCAL PLAN FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT


NAMA NO MATRIK
AMAR SYAFUDIN BIN AHMAD A 131973
MUHAMMAD ARIFF PUTRA BIN ANSARUDDIN AGUS A 132588
WAN FAWWAZUL HAKIM BIN WAN GHAZALI A 135749

PENSYARAH
Prof. Ir. Dr. RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH BIN O.K. RAHMAT
Dr. MUHAMAD NAZRI BIN BORHAN
Puan NORLIZA BINTI MOHD AKHIR
INTRODUCTION

Kajang is a town in the eastern part of Selangor, Malaysia. Kajang is the district capital of Hulu
Langat. It is located 21 kilometers (13 mi) from Malaysia's capital, Kuala Lumpur. The current
locational gravity of growth in Kajang would be Sungai Chua. The total population of Kajang
has grown rapidly in the past few years, with estimated population growth of 9% per annum. The
soon-to-be-realised Klang Valley MRT station in Bandar Kajang will boost the property value in
Sungai Chua.
As of 2004, a few townships have been developed in Kajang, such as Taman Prima Saujana
(straight from Jalan Cheras), Sungai Chua, Taman Kajang Perdana (Kajang Highlands). Lately,
many high-end developments has mushroomed in Kajang such as Twin Palms, Sri Banyan,
Country Heights, Jade Hills and Prima Paramount. Areas surrounding these new townships are
easily accessible via the SILK Expressway. Kajang is governed by the Majlis Perbandaran
Kajang.
Kajang's population of 342,657 is 60.4% Malay, 19.3% Chinese, 9.7% Indians, and 10.6% other
ethnic groups. Kajang's main population centres are Sg. Kantan, Sg.Jelok, Sg.Ramal, Sungai
Chua, Sg. Sekamat, Bandar Mahkota, Jalan Reko, Jalan Bukit, Bandar Sungai Long, Bandar Tun
Hussein Onn, Cheras Perdana, Taman Prima Saujana, Taman Kantan Permai, Taman Kajang
Perdana, Taman Sri Ramal, Taman Kajang Prima.

Districts under Kajang Municipal Hall (MPKj)

The center of Kajang is the bustling Old Town, where all the roads meet. Most of the colonial-
era buildings were constructed around the 1920s to 1930s. The architecture of these shophouses
is a combination of traditional Chinese and European designs. The ground floor was used mostly
for commercial activities and the upper floor as the family living quarter.
One of Kajang's landmarks is Stadium Kajang which is situated in the heart of the town. It is
near a popular hangout place among the locals named Haji Samuri, which is also home to the
famous dish satay Kajang. People come from all over Malaysia to taste the satay here. The
stadium can accommodate up to 5,000 people and is used throughout the year for the community
soccer competitions.
Another landmark is the Kajang Mosque or Masjid Kajang, which is easily recognisable by its
bright yellow facade. The mosque was painted and decorated by a local wealthy man, Datuk
Ujang bin Bagong, for the benefit of the local Muslims. The mosque is lively at night with
Islamic activities.

Kajang is inside the Dashed Red Line
Kajang is famous for its sate (alternate spelling satay), a form of skewered barbecued meat.
Informally, Kajang is known as the "Satay Town", and is famous among tourists and locals alike.
The most famous place to eat satay is Haji Samuri as well as Restoran Malaysia. Overnight
accommodations include Metro Inn, Crystal Oriental Hotel, Hotel Kajang, Uptown Hotel and
Kah Chong Hotels which are located within a 2 km (1.2 mi) radius of the town center.
Kajang has a number of new and old shopping complexes. The Billion Shopping Center in
Kajang town has been around for more than 20 years. It was originally located in the heart of
Kajang town and now has a new and larger branch in Bandar Technologi Kajang. Other
shopping centres located in Kajang are Metro Plaza Kajang, Metro Point, and Kompleks Kota
Kajang. Metro Avenue is a new shopping district located opposite SMJK Yu Hua Kajang and
Kajang High School. There has been a boom of hypermarkets in Kajang in the past 5 years,
marked by the emergence of Giant stores, Tesco Kajang and Jusco Cheras Selatan.
Public hospitals are found within and around Kajang town are Hospital Kajang, Hospital Serdang
and Hospital Putrajaya. There are also private medical centers functioning 24 hours and other 24-
hour clinics such as Klinik Mediviron Prima Saujana, Kajang Plaza Medical Centre (KPMC) and
KPJ Kajang Specialist Hospital. Colombia Asia hospital has started operations since 2011 near
Jusco Cheras Selatan.
The Hulu Langat District Police Headquarters are located in the town center. Other services
include the post office, government clinics, a stadium, food court and a wet market. Many
federal government agencies are open their branch in Kajang including the National Registration
Department, Immigration Department and Hulu Langat Education Office. Transportation
Department offices have start the operation at Section 7, Bandar Baru Bangi in 2010.

OBJECTIVES
The plan shall address four broad sustainable development objectives:
1. Maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment
2. Social progress which recognizes the needs of everyone
3. Effective protection of the environment
4. Prudent use of natural resources


PRINCIPLES
The plan shall include the Sustainable Development Principles as follows:
1. Quality of Development
2. Integrating Transport and Development
3. Minimum environmental impact due to surge in travel demands
4. Development Access: Pedestrians, disabled people, cyclists, public transport, private
transport
5. Parking
6. Urban Design Principles
7. Context: compatible with existing landforms and natural features, retain, and where
possible enhance important existing urban spaces, townscape, parkland, natural or
historical features; respect the existing layout of buildings within the street space,
integrate into the local community
8. Safety and Security
9. Landscape and Biodiversity
10. Renewable Energy
11. Air Quality
12. Water Quality and Drainage


1. Quality of Development
Kajang has the potential to developed into big cities as of many urbanized cities in the whole
world. Existing building should be upgraded into a more urban conceptual-based building
following the needs of peoples for more comforts and luxurius lifestyles. Besides, in the future,
Kajang should produce a self reliance town with a higher quality of living in Kajang that make
up the community by providing a healthy, productive, meaningful life for all community
residents, present and future. There are several concept that should be taken:
Using the masjid centred concept where masjid will be the center of the city
A clean, appealing environment, a talented workforce and responsive public services will
attract and find a base for diverse, value-adding industries that provide well-paying jobs.
Reduce poverty and crime, and revenues for excellent public schools, services and
facilities will result in a clean, appealing environment, a talented workforce and
responsive government
More public service like health, education, food, security, and clean environment should
be provided
Existing facilities will be upgraded for peoples economic and social progress
More opportunities of works should be provided by providing more commercial area

2. Integrating Transport and Development
Integrated Transport Plans priorities and schedule project such as bicycle plan, walking
networks, education initiatives alongside car and truck based policy. These planning scheme
outcome to create urban town, neighborhood and an activity center, bringing people closer to
shops, services and job reducing the need to travel long distances and using a car. Here are
several strategies:
Commuter is the main modes of transportation to the Kuala Lumpur city, so the station
should be located nearer to the city so that the user would not have problems getting to
the station.
Proper bus stand should be constructed along the way from out of Kajang to the city
especially from Bangi because there are a lot of potential visitors from here due to the
existing of educational institution such as UKM.
Besides that, Kajang should have Kajang Sentral. A hub where the all the buses, trains
and taxis were gather and integrated together.
Public transport should have proper coordination among them. Excess of public
transportation could lead to several major problems to the city.



3. Minimun Travel Impact Due to Surge in Travel Demand
Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicles emission.
However, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles, and more use of each
vehicle. Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles have been studied.
Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call for a
transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport, and increase transport
electrification and energy efficiency.
Recent traffic condition shows that the registered car owner had increased due to the
decreasing of worlds oil price. In most of the traffic capacity, private cars account for the largest
percentage of all the motorized trips. The Kajang council had taken extra actions in order to
reduce the number of private cars enter the town of Kajang. Among the actions are to reduce the
number of parking lots and to increase the rate of parking charges to the shopping complex.
Here are several strategies to handle the problems:
Redirecting the movement pattern of using the private transport to the public transport.
Improving the quality and as well as extending the services for public transport especially
commuter trains and local buses
Improve the traffic management system by implementing the smart system.
Lower the traffic speed limits
Cultivation of green strips and green trees.
Improve the existing transportation infrastructure for shared use of streets and roads by
bicycle and motor vehicle


4. Development Access: Pedestrians, disabled people, cyclists, public transport, private
transport
In Kajang, the pedestrian networks were not progressively implemented in the town. There are
not single pedestrian bridges in town. There were also no zebra crossings around the town. These
make it hard for the people to cross the road during peak hour. The feelings of being hit by the
vehicle coming through were always on their mind.
Cycling has been incorporated into the housing area and recreational areas. But in the
town of Kajang, bicyclists are rarely seen. The conditions make it hard for the people to cycle
under the hot burning sun. Sometimes, only the construction workers were seen using the
bicycle.
In Kajang also, there were not much seen the facility for the disabled people. In using the
public transport, there are no landing ramps for the disabled people. There were still using steps,
this make it harder for the people with wheelchair or cane stick. Besides that, there are no
brailles sign for people with low visual impairment.
In most of the traffic capacity, private cars account for the largest percentage of all the
motorized trips. The Kajang council had taken extra actions in order to reduce the number of
private cars enter the town of Kajang. Among the actions are to reduce the number of parking
lots and to increase the rate of parking charges to the shopping complex.

5. Parking
In Kajang, the parking provided by the council was not sufficient enough. This could be seen
when the peak hour, the cars will be parked double or where it could be parked. This could cause
massive traffic jam due to the attitude of the drivers.
Parking lots should be designed to allow for users and deliveries to reach easily on site,
circulate through the parking lots and exit the site. Clear, easily understandable circulation
should be designed into the project to allow drivers and pedestrian to move through the site
without confusion. Besides, the parking here in the town were not centralized. Parking were
scattered everywhere in the town. Besides that, there is parking that was not supervised by the
Kajang council.
Futhermore, in Kajang, most of the parking was flexible pavement. There is not even a
single porous parking. Sometimes, if the heavy load vehicles enter the town, the pavement will
be damaged. This could bring danger to the motorcyclist especially during the rainy season.
Besides, this leads to flashflood in Kajang town.
Here are several steps to be taken as improvements:
Increase the parking charges so that people will use the public transport and hence
reducing the usage of private transport.
Paved only the pathway and utilize porous paving materials in parking spaces.
Pervious pavement could be used, such as the grass and gravel pave lot above to reduce
the impact of parking lot runoff.
The council should tighten the security and laws so that there will no longer be illegal
parking around the town.
Paved area could be sized to accommodate expected daily use which will likely required
less paved area.


6. Urban Design Principles

In Kajang, especially during nights, the condition of the street are quite dark. Lack of efficient
street lighting make it Kajang is not safe enough during that particular time of day. Besides, there
are no parks here in Kajang. The town does not have green area to be made as recreational parks.
Futhermore, in terms of development, there are plenty of shopping complexes, schools,
police station, fire station, market, hospital, post office and religious worship around the town. A
lot of old building that were keep, where this building can be upgraded into futher
functionalization to people without changing its original shape.
Here are several recommendations to developed Kajang:
Implementation the suitable hardscape, softscape street furniture and signage.
Streets comprise the greatest portion of the town and dominate the sense of traveling
public and the pedestrian.
High quality of street lighting creates scene of safety for the users.
Gateways are the main zones of the Kajang city that could make people realize that they
were entering the Kajang town.
The major corridors that relatives to the building must be identified preserved and
enhanced.

Built up a statue or monument that could represent Kajang town to the visitors
Require to create flexible development blocks which can support mixed-use including
entertainment, office, retail, education, recreation and mixed-income housing.
Installation of fountains, sculptures, water gardens and special lighting that can contribute
to the life of Kajang and make the experience more meaningful.
Design public spaces Kajang Theme Park and parks which create memorable
addresses and animate Kajang


7. CONTEXT
The strategy of balanced growth across the City, this project will come out with a fundamental
principle. The development strategy is based on the concept of a hierarchy of urban centers in
order to achieve balanced growth across the city. The fundamental principle that will proposed
was the Central Planning Area (City Centre) would still maintain its role and function as the
business and commercial core of Kajang, and some growth areas were proposed. Measures shall
be introduced to consolidate these centers and enhance their amenity value to the community as
well as to extend the function of urban centers and improve accessibility. To reinforce these
measures, a strong emphasis shall be placed on integrating development and public
transportation strategies.
Strategies are introduced which are directed towards in proving the living environment of the
City to a level commensurate with that enhancement of the natural and build environment and
the quality housing and working environment.
The development strategies that will propose are summarized below:
Decrease the working, living and business environment of the city centre
Ensure complete and integrated city linkages
Ensure the functional distribution of centers and facilities
Consolidate the development and enhance the environment of stable areas
Consolidate the development and enhance the environment of major entry points
This community facilities were include education, facilities, religious, cemetery and other
facilities. All of these facilities were use in 13495.247 acre. These community facilities
centralized at centre of town. When the facilities centralized caused traffic congestion at the
centre of town and many people centralized at the centre.

Kajang Hospital
Commercial lands use growth more at the city centre of Kajang. But, there also have some
commercial lands use near residential area. The growth area of Kampung Sungai Chua has had
respectable increase in industrial and commercial lands use.

Commercial Area in Kampung Sungai Chua, Kajang
Table below shows the existing land uses by sector based on Kajang Municipal Hall (MPKJ).
This land uses included six districts such as Hulu Langat District, Cheras District, Hulu
Semenyih District, Semenyih District, Beranang District, and Kajang District.
Land Use Category Area (in Acre) Percentage (%)
Residential 30700.227 25.09
Commercial 2169.7024 1.77
Industrial 5963.5418 4.87
Institute (UKM) 1177.3220 0.96
Open Space 5403.9046 4.42
Golf Field 2504.5622 2.05
Enterprise Zone 1392.7813 1.14
Reserved Forest 10725.029 8.77
Agriculture 47796.263 39.06
Undeveloped Land 601.41602 0.49
Community Facilities :
a) Education
b) Facilities
c) Religious
d) Cemetery
e) Other Facilities
Total :

601.41602
1545.0371
113.67897
405.58580
10829.529
13495.247






11.03
Utilities :
a) Oxidation Pond
b) Pond/Lake

76.115193
46.648005



c) Sanitary Landfill
Total :
306.43553
429.19873

0.35
Total 122359.1951 100

The development strategies for next 20 years are focused on Kajang to become an urban town.
The population in Kajang now 229,655 people and set to increase until 300,000 over next 20
years. This city need to be devised based on the context of a city is already have a limited space
to expand.

Article that Proposed Kajang Stadium to be a Recreation Site


To upgrade Kajang as Sustainable Town:
Reduce the working, living and business environment of the town
Ensure complete and integrated town linkages with outside area
Ensure the functional distribution of centers and facilities such as hospital that are in
crowded road
Merge the development and enhance the environment of stable areas such as at town
centre itself

8. SAFETY AND SECURITY
Kajang is one of the cities that always have crime cases. Parallel with Kuala Lumpur Structure
Plan, where more cities in Malaysia, a true microcosm of the country, and it leads by example in
the harmonious coexistence of its multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, Kajang Structure Plan
will propose and take other initiatives to make Kajang is one of the safety city. Over the next 20
years, Kajang City aims to build on this achievement to create a society secure in its community
integration and social harmony that does none the less celebrate the diversity of its culture.
The provision of a secure and safe environment for its residents is a significant concern of any
major city. In Kajang, more crime like robbery activities and pick pocket. Police station is
supplemented by police posts and in addition, there is a system of neighborhood watch centre.
To improve safety in the city, the Malaysian Crime Prevention Foundation launched the Safe
City Programmed where the communities themselves participate in ensuring the security of their
areas. Security and emergency facilities include police station, police posts, neighborhood watch
centers and fire station.
Naked Street, Shared Spaces is a concept pioneered by Hans Monderman, a Dutch traffic
engineer where, it removes all the things that were supposed to make it safe for the pedestrian
such as, traffic lights, railings, signs, road markings, curbs and pedestrian barriers. The concept
creates a completely open and even surface on which motorists and pedestrians negotiated with
each other by eye contact.
Urban areas have become completely focused on the transportation of vehicles through the
public space as use of cars increased, than the ability of people to enjoy the space. Thus, shared
spaces is seen as more than just a way to design street but about reclaiming the public space from
the domination of cars and achieving a better balance between the streets social and movement
roles.
However, there are concerns been raised about the impacts of the shared spaces on more
vulnerable road users such as the elderly, children and people with disability. It is indeed a
challenge for traffic engineers to modify the concept of shared spaces and retain the sense of
subjective safety for these vulnerable road users, without giving motorists too much
confidence about their right of way. New Road, a non-residential street in Brighton, United
Kingdom is one of the examples where the concept is implemented.

Example of the "Naked Street Shared Spaces" Concept
According to Gehl Architects, New Road has become one of the most popular places in
Brighton. Major achievements include 62% increase in pedestrian traffic, 93% reduction in
motorized traffic, 600% more staying activity and 22% increase in cycling activity.
To overcome this problem:
Place the closed-circuit television (CCTV) at the hidden place, especially that always
happen crime activities
The residents must have civic intention and always help people when they in difficult
situation
Kajang Municipal Council and police must do their own job
Put more number of the police posts and police in-duty as much as helping the residents
and visitors, especially weekend or public holiday

Example of Spot that Can Place the CCTV

9. LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY
Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land including physical element such as
landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, abstract elements like human activity and build
environment. Parallel with Local Agenda 21, the diversity of nature is valued and protected. The
initiative has contributed to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity as well as to the
fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from genetic resources. Biodiversity boosts ecosystem
productivity where each species have an important role to play and that it is this combination that
enables the ecosystems to posses the ability to prevent and recover from a variety disasters
In Kajang Town, there have place that do not have any landscape and also have some landscape.
Even there have some landscape at certain place, it still not enough to sustain the Earth. The
landscape at town also not protected.

Existing Landscape in Kajang

Genetic diversity is divided by two parts which are flora and fauna. Some of plants become
disappeared when the city become bigger and progressive. Besides that, the climate change like
global warming can affect the plants to grow up. Same with plants, animal also gradually
disappeared when the city become larger. The forest was intruded.
Kajang has a small of species of plants means less variety of crops and small species of animals
not ensure that the ecosystem is naturally sustained. These flora and fauna have no place to go
and most of the place was replaced with building and roads or other facilities.

One of the Playground Areas in Kajang

To overcome this problem:
Do not disturb the reserved forest
Planted forest at undeveloped land areas
Do the landscape at town and home
Build more recreation garden
Build a garden for those have big yard at home
More open spaces and childrens plays area needed for residents

10. RENEWABLE ENERGY

Energy or more we know as energy resources are natural resources that can be processed by
humans, so it can be used for energy needs. This energy resources is called as primary energy
source, namely the energy resources in the form it is available in nature.
In general, energy resources can be divided into:
Conventional energy resources
Nuclear energy resources
Renewable energy resources
Based on its origin, energy resources can be classified as fossil and non-fossil. Petroleum, natural
gas, and coal called a fossil fuel because, according to the prevailing theory today, is derived
from the bodies of organic (living beings) are undergoing a process of sedimentation over
millions of years. Meanwhile, non-fossil energy is the energy source that its formation is not
derived from organic bodies. Including non-fossil energy source is sunlight, water, wind, and
geothermal.
In terms of energy use consists of primary energy and secondary energy. Energy is directly given
by nature in its original form and has not undergone a change (conversion) is referred to as
primary energy. While the secondary energy is the primary energy that has undergone further
processing.
In terms of commercial value, the energy source can be classified as commercial, non-
commercial, and new energy. Commercial energy is the energy that has to be used and traded in
economies of scale. Non-commercial energy is energy that has to be used and can be traded but
not yet reached the scale economical. While the new energy is the energy utilization is still very
limited and is under development (pilot project). This energy cannot be traded because not
achieve economies of scale. Classification is based on the economic value can vary by time and
place. Non-commercial energy or new energy could someday become a commercial energy. Or
non-commercial energy in one place could be a commercial energy elsewhere.
Availability of energy resources is defined as the human ability to acquire energy resources is
based on technology that has been developed and in a way that is economically acceptable.
Government, private and NGOs offices are proposed to be relocated in multi storey buildings
that apply the same concept of Urban Transformations Centre (UTC) such as UTC Kuala
Lumpur. It is a one-stop centre that brings together multiple government and private agencies
under one roof for the convenience of the public. This building with modern architectural
concept will be the new landmark for the Kajang city center. Next to this building will be a
multiple storey parking building. Meanwhile, on the other side of the main road, will be high rise
residential buildings. People that are affected by the new development will be given a
house/apartment unit based on their affected land area. It is proposed that at minimum, they will
get one house/apartment unit and some of them may be provided with 3 houses/apartment units.
The construction of the new buildings and houses in this new Kajang city will use the energy
efficient concept as EU practices:
Large windows to let in sufficient daylight, high ceilings for better air circulation and
optimized layout to make the best use of available space.
Situate the house to take advantage of prevailing breezes. Not only are these breezes
valuable for cross-ventilation in the house, but they can make screened-in rooms and
porches more comfortable.
Installation of solar panel in every new building constructed.

Solar Panel That Has Been Using in a House
Sustainable buildings improve lives by providing healthier environments through the use of non-
toxic building materials, efficient mechanical systems and access to day light and views to the
outside world. The construction of these buildings should also practice sustainable working
environment that minimize the effects of construction to the public.
Use materials and systems that simplify and reduce maintenance requirements, require
less water and energy, power saving energy bulb, minimal or toxic free, cost-effective
and reduce life-cycle costs.
Concrete that uses ground granulated blasted slag (an industrial waste) to replace cement,
resulting in a reduction of the concrete carbon footprint by 30-40% of CO
2

Water-based paints that have no volatile organic compound which harm human health.
Reinforcing bars made of 100% recycled steel.
Water Appliances with highly efficient fittings, fixtures and appliances, smart water
meters that inform consumers of their consumption, and smart meters to identify leakage
across the system.
Washing machines, shower heads, etc. should be as water efficient as possible and toilets
should have variable flushes.
Smaller, compact houses that are located near to working areas, public transportations
and community services to reduce fuel consumption and money.
Houses are clustered closer together, leaving more open space for residents to enjoy and
to preserve the natural landscape.
Rooftop gardens can also be used for food production such as simple container gardening
while providing green roofs.
For the existing houses and shop lot that will be maintained as they are, the proposed
development will involve in introducing energy efficient appliances and renewable source of
energy.
To maintain the renewable energy:
Plant the trees
Turn off unused lights
Use the smaller power of electronic goods
Prevent to use the motorcycle or car if the distance travelled is near
Use compact fluorescent light bulbs to replace the lamp.
Buy products that have the Energy Star label on them.
Use solar power to heat water and pools, cook, and light homes and buildings

11. AIR QUALITY

One reason factories were and remain separated from residential areas is that many processes
resulted in the release of particulates and gases which are offensive or toxic or both, even if they
are not greenhouse gases .The dust and grit deposited on households from factory emissions may
not be injurious to health, although some are, and some contribute to the greenhouse effect, but
they add to the discomfort of life and the cost of cleanliness for those nearby. Higher density
development, in which industrial or commercial processes are allowed in residential areas,
increases the risk of such exposure.
A second source of air pollution is that which comes from the conscription of residents in the
olfactory delights of neighbors meals or activities. Invasions of privacy may be experienced by
households living at higher densities when they can tell from the breeze that their neighbors are
about to feast on some aromatic dish. Living near a restaurant or even a sidewalk cafe can result
in exposure to aromas which all do not find pleasing all the time. These experiences are rare in
traditional Australian housing but would be common in the type of high density, mixed use
development promoted by the proponents of the compact city.
The improvement of air quality in Kajang is dependent upon the other sustainable development
and is the result of different cumulative efforts. The industrial sector located in Kajang generates
harmful emissions into the air that may compromise the health of the general public. To counter
this, the factories and other industrial buildings could be monitored and the emission quality
could be enhanced through:
Requiring the industry to prepare permit applications for construction or operation
permits, annual operation reports, renewal application, permit transfers and permit
modification.
Air pollution control equipment feasibility and design studies
Air dispersion modeling
Air toxics monitoring
Air curtain, solid and bio-hazardous waste incinerator consulting
Resource for energy recovery and source testing.
Catalytic or thermal incinerator consulting
Air quality is defined as a measure of the condition of air relative to the requirements of one or
more biotic species or to any human need or purpose. To compute the Air Quality Index requires
an air pollutant concentration from a monitor or model. The function used to convert from air
pollutant concentration to Air Quality Index varies by pollutant, and is different in different
countries. Air quality index values are divided into ranges, and each range is assigned a
descriptor and a color code. Standardized public health advisories are associated with each Air
Quality Index range.
The Air Quality Index can go up (meaning worse air quality) due to a lack of dilution of air
pollutants. Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone, temperature inversion, or low wind
speeds lets air pollution remain in a local area, leading to high concentrations of pollutants and
hazy conditions. An agency might encourage members of the public to take public transportation
or work from home when Air Quality Index levels are high.
Most air contaminants do not have an associated Air Quality Index. Many countries monitor
ground-level ozone, particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and
calculate air quality indices for these pollutants.

12. WATER QUALITY AND DRAINAGE
The growth of the major cities and the increase in per capita consumption of water has reached
the point where there is a crisis in the capacity to meet the demand. The high variability of
rainfall in Australia has led urban water authorities to build dams and water storages capable of
holding enough water to sustain urban areas for long periods.
The profligate attitude to water consumption has had the effect of creating a serious problem of
drainage in urban areas. As areas become more built-up, the volume of water draining off can
cause acute local flooding and can also cause massive pollution in the receiving waterways
because of the material transported by the surface water. Sewage from residential areas is
relatively benign but, when mixed with water-borne wastes from industry and commerce,
produces a waste stream which can be difficult to process. The volume of sewage produced in
large cities and discharged to the ocean through a small number of outfalls may also lead to high
point sources of pollution which exceed the local capacity of the ocean to receive the wastes,
leading to local destruction of the ecosystem. The high volumes discharged may also lead to
wastes being washed up on local beaches, destroying their amenity and presenting local health
hazards.
The compact city concentrates the population in one area, which has the effect of concentrating
demand for water supply and drainage; local problems may therefore be more acute. With more
impervious surfaces and hard standing, drainage is more difficult, and increased development
begins to preclude the operation of natural drainage.
An important key to improving sustainability would be to reduce consumption through education
and consequent moderation of the behaviour of present residential, industrial and commercial
water-users. This could be aided through pricing strategies, particularly for industrial users.
Education programmes have proved to be successful with residential users, but less so for
industrial and commercial users; for this group a combination of enforcement of regulations and
pricing signals is more effective. Pricing water and sewerage appropriately has led to a dramatic
reduction in water consumption for industry and commerce. In addition consumption could be
reduced further through on-site recycling. Residents can be encouraged to install tanks to store
rain for domestic consumption. New housing can be constructed to harvest rain water for
domestic uses and to make better use of recycled water for toilet flushing and so on.
The gardens and dwellings are then designed to reduce water use. The sewerage system could be
redeveloped to encourage the use of dry sewage systems or local treatment plants using new
technologies in such a way that most of the treated effluent could be recycled for use in the same
area. Drainage demands can be minimized by adopting the principle of natural drainage. This
new approach to design requires a new approach to paving and hard standing. Roads and
footpaths would be designed to be less impervious so that they shed less of the water which falls
on them, or shed it in such a way that it is directed into public and private gardens and ponds,
and its run-off is slowed. The major benefit of the alternative approach would flow both from the
reduced need for large scale investment in dams, trunk mains and pumping systems, and from a
reduction in the load on the existing systems.
Because of the concentrated demand and lack of impervious surfaces, higher densities hinder
rather than help the sustainability of water supply and drainage. Space is crucial in order to
recycle and store water on-site and to install local treatment systems. Green space in the city
would be particularly important for the integration of drainage channels and ponds. The
traditional low density form of Australian cities favors sustainable drainage systems.

Flash Flood in Kajang

The current state of drainage in Kajang is worrying as flash floods occur almost every time
intense rainfall happened.
The livelihoods of Kajang residents are constantly crippled by this phenomenon. To reduce the
occurrence of flash floods, the urban water management needs to be upgraded to increase the
infiltration rate of the city as well as reducing total runoff. The concept to be employed is the
Sponge City concept where the living system utilizes trees as well as other natural landscape and
soft infrastructure to slow and absorb runoff before it causes flooding.
To overcome this problem:
Maintenance to the sewerage system to prevent from flood problem.
Maintaining the flow capacity of the rivers and ensuring there is no clogging.
Constructions to be carried out during appropriate season (practiced before)
Install silt trap during construction like as Bandar Maharani did, or provide treatment
system for surface water runoff (Melaka)