Tamil Nadu

TamilNadu
State(pop.,2008est.:66,396,000),southeasternIndia.
Tamil Nadu State has a population of 62,405,679 as per Census 2001 and covers an area of 130,058
sq.kms.Chennai(formerlyknownasMadras)istheStateHeadquarters.Theadministrativeunitsofthe
Stateare:
DistrictStatistics 32
RevenueDivisions 76
Taluks 220
Firkas 1,127
RevenueVillages 16,564
MunicipalCorporations 10
Municipalities 148
PanchayatUnions(Blocks) 385
TownPanchayats 561
VillagePanchayats 12,618
LokSabhaConstituencies 39
AssemblyConstituencies 234
1GEOGRAPHICALPOSITION
NorthLatitudeBetween85'and1335'
EastLongitudeBetween7615'and8020'
2DEMOGRAPHICINFORMATION
Ref.Year Unit Figure
Area : Census2001 Sq.Km 130058
Population : Nos. 62405679
BySex
Male : 31400909
Female : 31004770
ByArea
Rural : 34921681
Dream Dare Win www.jeywin.com
Dream Dare Win 1 www.jeywin.com
Urban : 27483998
Density : Sq.Km 480
Literates : Nos. 40524545
Workers
TotalWorkers : 27878282
Male : 18100397
Female : 9777885
Rural : 17559768
Urban : 10318514
MainWorkers : 23757783
MarginalWorkers : 4120499
CategoriesofWorkers
Cultivators : 5116039
AgriculturalLabourers : 8637630
HouseholdIndustry : 1499761
OtherWorkers : 12624852
NonWorkers : 34527397
3VITALSTATISTICS
Births(CRS)(inNo.) : 2007 Nos. 1073635
Deaths(CRS)(inNo.) : 433970
InfantDeaths(CRS)(inNo) : 11952
StillBirth : 10138
MaternalDeath : 235
BirthRate(per1000)(SRS) : 2008 16.0
Rural : 16.7
Urban : 15.8
DeathRate(per1000)(SRS) : 7.4
Rural : 8.2
Urban : 6.3
InfantMortalityRate(per1000liveBirth)SRS) : 31
Rural : 34
Urban : 28
ExpectationoflifeatBirth
Male : 200611 AgeinYear 68.45
Male : 201115 AgeinYear 68.60
Female : 200611 AgeinYear 71.54
Female : 201115 AgeinYear 71.80
4TEMPERATURE
Plains
Maximum : 200809 Celsius 33.1
Minimum : 23.8
HillStations
Maximum : 200809 Celsius 22.4
Minimum : 13.1
5RAINFALL
Normal : 200809 Inm.m 911.6
Actual : 1023.1
6AGRICULTURE
Ref.Year Unit Extent
TotalCultivatedArea : 200708 Ha. 5815174
NetAreaSown : 5061919
AreaSownmorethanonce : 753255
AreaandProductionofPrincipalCrops200708
NameoftheCrops Area(Ha)(in'000) Production('000Tonnes) YieldRate(InKg/Ha)
Paddy(Rice) 1789 5040 2817
Cholam 284 248 874
Cumbu 60 86 1436
Ragi 94 176 1878
Pulses 610 185 303
Sugarcane(Cane) 354 38071 *108
Groundnut(DryPods) 535 1048 1957
Gingelly 74 32 433
Cotton(balesof170Kg.lint) 99 201 343
*CaneinTonnes/Ha.
7IRRIGATION
NetAreaIrrigated : 200708 Ha 2863823
GovernmentCanals : 752094
PrivateCanals : 560
Tanks : 506070
TubeWells : 389279
OpenWells : 1204402
OtherSources : 11418
GrossAreaIrrigated : 3251680
8ANIMALHUSBANDRY
VeterinaryInstitutions
VeterinaryHospitals : 200809 Nos. 139
VeterinaryDispensaries : 1207
ClinicianCentres : 22
LivestockandPoultryPopulation
Cow : Census2004 Nos. 9141043
Buffaloes : 1658415
Sheep : 5593485
Goat : 8177420
Poultry : 86591273
9DAIRYDEVELOPMENT
MainDairies : 200809 Nos. 19
FeederBalancingDairies : 4
MilkChillingPlants : 36
AutomaticVendingMachineUnits : 189
AverageMilkCollectionPerday : LakhLitresPerDay 22.00
(a)FlushSeason : 23.22
(b)LeanSeason : 20.79
10FISHERIES
LengthofCoastalLine : 200708 KM 1076
CoastalDistricts : Nos. 13
MarineFishingVillages : 591
EstimatedMarineFishProduction : Tonnes 393266
InlandFishProduction : 164504
CoastalBlocks : Nos. 25
11FORESTS
ForestArea : 200708 Sq.Km 21745.94
ReservedForests : 19363.66
ReservedLands : 2327.51
UnclassedForests : 54.77
OutturnofForestProduce 200708 MetricTonnes
Teakwood : 4675.694
Firewood : 5151.520
TotalPulpwood : 25672.023
Sandalwood(Sapwood) : 83.198
Sandalwood(HeartWood) : 631.887
WattleBark : 725.652
Bamboo : 129.665
CharcoalWood :
Babul : 26994.349
Cashew : 34.191
Tamarind : 588.694
OtherMinorForestProduce : 1202.584
12ELECTRICITY
NetGenerationofElectricity : 200809 MU 64928
Hydro : 5364
WindMillGeneration+Solar : 10
Thermal : 19181
PowerPurchased(Central+Private) : 37958
GasTurbine : 2415
12ELECTRICITYContd.
ConsumptionofElectricity : 200809 MU 53506
Agriculture : 10528
Industry(IncludingTraction) : 21029
Commercial : 5068
Domestic : 13294
PublicLighting&Waterworks : 1353
SalesofLicenses,SalestootherStates : 712
Miscellaneous : 1522
RuralElectrification
VillagesElectrified : 200809 Nos. 15400
HamletsElectrified : 48117
PumpsetsEnergised : 1872734
13INDUSTRIES
MicroSmallMediumEnterprises(MSME)
MicroSmallMediumEnterprises : 200708 Nos. 557761
Employment : 3946263
Investment : Rs.inLakh 19636406
ValueofProduction : 11471946
RegisteredFactories : 2007 No.inLakh 0.39
WorkingFactories : 0.31
EstimatedWorkers : 14.27
MandaysWorked : 4482.46
Labour
RegisteredTradeUnions : 2008 Nos. 11084
Strikes : 56
MandaysLost : ,, 344797
Lockouts : ,, 30
MandaysLost : ,, 387789
14KHADIANDVILLAGEINDUSTRIES
(ValueRs.inLakh)
200809
KhadiandVillageIndustries
Production Sales
KhadiIndustries 6929.26 9132.07
Cotton&MuslinKhadi 3105.02 4425.78
WoollenKhadi 182.28
SilkKhadi 3824.24 4524.02
VillageIndustries 119088.76 153903.16
15MEDICALANDHEALTH(Govt.)
ModernMedicine
Hospitals : 200809 Nos. 331+1*
Dispensaries : 216
MobileMedicalInstitutions : 11
PrimaryHealthCentres : 1539#
HealthSubCentres : 8706
BedsStrength : 56383
Doctors : 12431
TotalNurses : 24790
Nurses(DME) : 5470
Nurses(DMS&RHS) : 3838
Nurses(ESI) : 601
Nurses(DPH) : 14881
(a).Nurses(PHC) : 2599
(b).CommunityHealthNurses : 384
(c).SectorHealthNurses : 1531
(d).VillageHealthNurses,(AuxiliaryandMidwivesNurses) : 10367
*ESIHospitalatK.K.Nagar,Chennai78isfunctioningundertheControlofESICorporation,NewDelhi.
#IncludingthenewlysanctionedPHCs
15MEDICALANDHEALTH(Govt.)Contd.
IndianMedicine

Ref.
Year
Unit Figure
Hospitals :
2007
08
Nos. 5
DispensariesandMobileMedicalUnits : 76
WingsattachedtoMedicalCollegeHospitals,DistrictHeadQuartersHospitals,
TalukandNonTalukHospitals
: 287
WingsattachedtoPrimaryHealthCentres : 465
BedsinHospitalsandDispensaries 939
Doctors(Sanctioned) : 923
Nurses : 84
Homoeopathy
Hospitals :
2007
08
Nos. 1
DispensariesandMobileMedicalUnits : 5
WingsattachedtoMedicalCollegeHospitals,DistrictHeadQuartersHospitals,
TalukandNonTalukHospitals
: 37
WingsattachedtoPHCs : 4
BedsinHospitalsandDispensaries : 50
Doctors : 46
Nurses : 3
16EDUCATION
Universities : 200809 Nos. 64
ArtsandScienceColleges : 200809 566
CollegesforProfessionalEducation
Medicine(200809)
Medical : 200809 Nos. 19
Dental : 18
PharmacyColleges : 41
Physiotherapy : 31
Nursing : 113
OccupationalTherapy : 2
IndianMedicineInstitutions : 200708 24
EngineeringandTechnologyInstitutions : 200809 371
PolytechnicColleges : 317
Agriculture : 11
VeterinaryandFisheries : 3
LawColleges : 7
CollegesforSpecialEducation : 172
CollegeofEducation : 160
SchoolsforProfessionalEducation : 782
SchoolsforSpecialEducation : 88
InstitutionsforOtherProfessionalEducation : 1912
SchoolsforGeneralEducation : 53572
HigherSecondarySchools : 5054
HighSchools : 5167
MiddleSchools : 9196
ElementarySchools : 34335
17ROADANDTRANSPORT
1.RoadLength
NationalHighways : 200708 KiloMetre 4499.364
StateHighways : 200809 56767.833
CorporationandMunicipalitiesRoad : 18262.497
PanchayatUnionandVillagePanchayat : 200708(P) 99610.000
TownPanchayatRoads : 15592.000
Others(ForestRoad) : 200708 3930.420
2.RegisteredMotorVehicles
Commercial : 200809 Nos. 784714
NonCommercial : 10255655
3.Railways
RouteLength : 200809 KiloMetre 3926.99
BroadGauge : 2774.55
1.Electrified : 1146.25
2.NonElectrified : 1628.30
MetreGauge : 1152.44
1.Electrified :
TrackLength : 5924.49
BroadGauge : 4665.81
1.Electrified : 2530.90
MetreGauge : 1258.68
1.Electrified :
RailwayStations : Nos. 533
BroadGauge : 425
MetreGauge : 107
BroadGaugeandMetreGaugeCombined : 1
4.SeaPorts : 200708 18
MajorPorts : 3
MinorPorts : 15
5.AirPorts : 200809 5
18COMMUNICATION
1.PostandTelegraph
PostOfficesdoingpostalbusinessalone : 200809 Nos. 12021
2.Telephones*
TelephonesinUse : 200809 Nos. 3092834
PublicCallOffices :
Local : 242125
STD : 53474
Highways : 469
TelephoneExchanges : 2327
3.No.ofCellularPhonesinuse* : 4155267
4.No.ofWLLPhonesinuse* : 461634
5.InternetService : 871903
*ChennaiTelephonesandBSNLinTamilNaduCircleOnly
19COOPERATIVESOCIETIES
CentralCooperativeBank : 200708 Nos. 23
PrimaryAgriculturalCoOpBank : 4505
GrowersBank : 4
RuralBank : 6
FarmersServicesCooperativeSocieties : 15
LargesizedAdivasiMultipurposePrimaryCooperativeSociety : 19
PrimaryAgriculturalRuralDevelopmentBank : 180
UrbanBank : 120
19COOPERATIVESOCIETIES(Contd.)
EmployeesCoOpSociety : 200708 Nos. 1835
OtherUrbanCreditSociety : 43
CoOperativeWholesaleStores(CWS) : 38
PrimaryStores : 208
EmployeesStores : 180
StudentStores : 2571
WomenStores : 8
Canteen : 25
LiftIrrigationSociety : 21
LandColonization : 7
TenantFarming : 19
PrimeMarketingSociety : 117
Fruits&VegetablesGrowers : 4
LabourContractCooperativeSociety : 72
CooperativePrintingPress : 23
CooperativeTrainingInstitute : 10
Union(DistrictCooperativeUnion) : 29
Others(PrivateSocieties) : 56
ThanjavurFederationSociety : 1
ApexInstitution : 6
MilkProducersCoOperativeSocieties : 7833
PrimaryHandloomWeaversCoOperativeSociety : 1103
Total 19174
20REGISTRATIONS
DistrictRegistrarOffices : 200809 Nos. 50
Receipts(StampDuty+RegistrationFeesandOtherReceipts) : Rs.inCr. 4099.54
21COMMERCIALTAXES
RegisteredDealers : 200809 No.inLakh 8.05
1.VAT 4.97
2.CST 3.08
Assessees : 2.45
1.VAT 2.05
2.CST 0.40
PercentageofAssesseestoDealers : % 54
1.VAT % 41
2.CST % 13
Revenue
GST : 200809 Rs.inCr. 292.45
ValueAddedTax : 19304.78
CST : 1653.03
EntertainmentTax : 12.24
EntryTax : 996.30
Others : 311.32
22HOUSING
Residentialhousesconstructedby
TamilNaduSlumClearanceBoard : 200708 Nos. 3126
PoliceHousingCorporationLtd. : 200809 2188
TamilNaduHousingBoard : 2556
ConstructionofHousesbyDRDA
1.Pucca : 41105
2.Kutcha : 10771
ConstructionofHousesforTribalsbyAD&TWDept : 200708 91
23SOCIALWELFARE

Ref.
Year
Unit Figure
OldagePensioners : 200809 Nos. 1734387
MarriageAssistanceSchemes(asBeneficiaries)
MoovalurRamamirthamAmmaiyarNinaivuThirumanaUdhaviThittam : 89999
EVRManiammaiyarNinaivuPoorWidowsDaughter&MarriageAssistance
Scheme
: 1600
Dr.DharmambalAmmaiyarNinaivuWidowReMarriageAssistanceScheme : 167
AnnaiTherasaNinaivuMarriageAssistancetoOrphanGirls : 285
AnjugamAmmaiyarNinaivuIntercasteMarriageAssistanceScheme : 2896
24NUTRITIOUSMEALPROGRAMMECENTRES
P.T.M.G.RNoonMealScheme(Rural&Urban) : 200809 Nos. 42078
W.B.I.C.D.S.IIIProject(C.N.C.) : 50433
25REVENUEADMINISTRATION
RevenueDistricts : 200809 Nos. *32
RevenueDivisions : **76
RevenueTaluks : ***216
RevenueFirkas : 1121
RevenueVillages
a.RevenueDepartment : 16564
b.StatisticsDepartment(T.R.S.) : 17289
*TiruppurNewlyFormedDistrict
**TambaramandUdumalaipettaiarenewlyformedRevenueDivisions
***Thandarampattu,Atthur,Karambakudi,Ponamaravathy,Sulur,Madhavaram,Ambur,
Madthukulam,AlandurandSholinganallurarenewlyformedTaluks.
26LOCALBODIES
Corporations : 200809 Nos. *10
Municipalities : 148
PanchayatUnions : 385
TownPanchayats : 561
DistrictPanchayats : 29
VillagePanchayats : **12620
No.ofHamlets : #48117
No.ofHabitations : 92689
*VelloreandTiruppurCorporationsUpgradedfromMunicipalities
**PerumathurandIndiraNagararenewtwoVillagePanchayatsinKurinjipadiPanchayatUnionin
CuddaloreDistrict
#AsperTNEBReport
27COMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT
CoveredbySGSY
No.ofSelfHelpGroupsformed : 200809 Nos. 15000
No.ofFamiliesbenefited : 94779
RevolvingFund : Rs.inCr. 56.00
Mandaysgenerated
CoveredbySGRY : 200708 No.inLakh 251.319
CoveredbyNREGAct : 200809 1203.597
28POLICEANDPRISONS
Police
PoliceForceSanctionedStrengthofPolice : 2008 Nos. 103098
PoliceStations : 1256
AllWomenPoliceStations : 196
PoliceOutposts : 93
Prisons
CentralPrisons : 200708 9
SpecialPrisonsforWomen : 3
OtherPrisons : 122
29LEGISLATURE
MembersoftheLegislativeAssembly
Elected : 2006 Nos. 234
Nominated(AngloIndianMember) : 1
MembersofParliament(LokSabha) : 2004 39
MembersofRajyaSabha : 18
30CINEMATHEATRES
Permanent : 200809 Nos. 1256
AirConditioned : 201
NonAirConditioned : 1055
OpenAirTheatres : 3
AmusementPark : 22
SemiPermanent : 143
TouringTheatres : 140
31BANKSANDLIFEINSURANCE
BankOffices : 200809 Nos. 5841
StateBankGroup : 871
NationalisedBanks : 3351
OtherScheduledBanks(Commercial) : 1320
RegionalRuralBanks : 271
ForeignBanks : 28
LifeInsuranceCorporationofIndiainTamilNadu
Offices(Branch) : 200708 176
PoliciesIssued : 3638870
SumAssured : Rs.inCr. 25916.41
FirstPremiumIncome 4990.63
32INDEXNUMBERS
ConsumerPriceIndexforIndustrialWorkers(BaseYear2001=100):
Chennai : 2008 IndexNo. 135
Tiruchirappalli : 141
Madurai : 134
Coimbatore : 137
Coonoor : 134
Salem : 134
AllIndia : 142
WholesalePriceIndexNumberforallCommodities(197071=100) : 2008
Index
No.
1686.71
ConsumerPriceIndexNumberforUrbanTamilNadu(197071=100)
CompositeIndex
: 1778.30
ConsumerPriceIndexNumberforRuralTamilNadu(197071=100)
CompositeIndex
: 1772.38
IndexNos.ofIndustrialProduction(BaseYear199900=100) 165.2
IndexNos.ofBuildingConstructionCost200809(Baseyear199900=100)
BuildingMaterialCost :
2008
09
Index
No.
184.56
LabourCost : 193.48
OtherChargesCost : 181.23
BuildingCostIndex : 179.60
33STATEINCOME(A.E.Provisional)
(BaseYear199900)(RsinLakh)
GrossStateDomesticProductatCurrentPrices : 200809(AE) Rs.inLakhs 33921164
GrossStateDomesticProductatConstantPrices : 22847912
PercapitaIncome(NSDP)
AtCurrentPrice : InRupee 51097
AtConstantPrice : 34417
34STATEFINANCEBUDGETESTIMATE
RevenueAccount
Receipts :
200809
(BE)
Rs.in
Lakhs
5150562
Disbursement : 5142157
Surplus(+)orDeficit() : (+)8405
CapitalAccount
Receipts : 1154775
Disbursement : 1356453
Surplus(+)orDeficit() :
(
)201678
TotalTransaction(Net) : ()13464
ReceiptonRevenueAccountbyPrincipalHeads
TaxRevenue : 4265273
SharefromCentralTaxes : 847114
StateOwnTaxRevenue : 3418159
NonTaxRevenue : 885290
StateOwnNonTaxRevenue : 327693
GrantsinAidfromCentral : 557596
TotalRevenueReceipts : 5150562
ExpenditureonRevenueAccountbyPrincipalHeads
DevelopmentExpenditure : 2858770
SocialServices : 1961462
EconomicServices : 897308
NonDevelopmentExpenditure : 2283387
Compensation&AssignmentstoLocalBodiesandPanchayat
Raj
: 359113
TotalRevenueExpenditure : 5142157
35FOREIGNTRADE
Exports : 200708(P) Rs.inCr. 91762
BySea : 84123
ByAir : 7639
Imports : 190161
BySea : 154429
ByAir : 35732
36EMPLOYMENT
WorkingofEmploymentExchanges
EmploymentExchangeOffices : 200708 Nos. 35
Registrationduringtheyear : 1060168
Placementsduringtheyear : 36363
Nos.ontheLiveRegister : 4958231
NumberofRenewalLapses : 404390
37EMPLOYMENTINPUBLICSECTOR
CentralGovernment : Ason30.09.2007 Nos. 225839
StateGovernment : 587111
CentralQuasiGovernment : 178805
StateQuasiGovernment : 333734
LocalBodies : 174039
SELECTSOCIOECONOMICINDICATORSOFTAMILNADUANDINDIA
Sl.No. EconomicIndicators TamilNadu India
1. Area('000'Sq.Kms)(2001Census) 130 3287
2. Population(inMillion)(2001Census) 62.4 1029
Rural 34.9 742.6
Urban 27.5 286.1
Projected
2006 65.1 1117.7
2011 67.4 1178.9
2016 69.3 1263.5
3. Density(PopulationperSq.Kms) 480 325
4. SexRatio(Femalesper1000Males)(2001Census) 987 933
5. UrbanPopulationPercentage(2001Census) 44.04 27.81
6. ScheduledCastePopulationasPercentageofTotalPopulation2001 19.0 16.2
7. ScheduledTribePopulationasPercentageofTotalPopulation2001 1.0 8.2
8. BirthRate2007 15.8 23.1
9. Deathrate2007 7.2 7.4
10. InfantMortalityRate2007 35.0 55.0
11. LiteracyRate2001 Persons 73.5 64.8
Male 82.4 75.3
Female 64.4 53.7
12. AreaunderRice200607('000Ha) 1931 43768
13. ProductionofRice200607('000Tonnes) 6611 93355
14. AverageYieldofRice200506(Qtls.perHa) 25.5 21.0
AverageYieldofRice200607(Qtls.perHa) 34.2 21.3
15. TotalLivestock2004(inLakhNos) 24.9 485.0
16. Poultry2004(inLakhNos) 86.6 489.0
17. ProductionofMilk200506('000Tonnes)(Cow,BuffaloandGoat) 5474 97066
18. ProductionofEggs200506(inCr) 622.3 4623.1
19. AnnualSurveyofIndustries(FactorySector)No.ofFactories(200405) 21053 136353
20. SmallScaleIndustries(RegisteredUnitsin'000)(200102) 419.5 3442
Sl.
No.
EconomicIndicators
Tamil
Nadu
India
21. No.ofReportingMines(AllMinerals)200506(P) 175 2970
22. TotalApplicantsonLiveRegister2001('000Nos) 4925.5 41995.9
23. PercapitaConsumptionofElectricity(KWH.)200405 713.3 411.1
24. RuralElectrificationAson31.03.2006
VillagesElectrified(Percentage) 15400 459486
PumpsetsEnergised200506(in'000) 1886 14803
25.
No.ofStudentsinPrimaryandSecondarySchoolsper1000Population
(200304)
175 172
26. TotalNo.ofMotorVehiclesregistered200304(P) 8575241 72717935
27. No.ofBankOfficesofScheduledCommercialBanks31.03.2009 5841 79056
Deposit(RsinCr) 246992 3937336
Credit(RsinCr) 268963 2857525
CreditDepositRatio(%) 108.89 72.57
28. BudgetaryPosition200708(B.E.)(RsinCr)
RevenueAccount Revenue 46517 486422
Disbursement 45601 557900
CapitalAccount Receipts 8689 154099
Disbursements 12373 82621
29. ActualStrengthofPoliceForce2006(CivilandArmed) 84240 1406021
30. No.ofPolicemenper100sq.km.ofArea2007 67.6 45.0
31. No.ofPolicemenperlakhofpopulation2007 133 125
32. No.ofIPCCasesperCivilPoliceman2006 2.6 2.2
33. No.ofNewspapersandPeriodicals200506 3590 62483
34. T.V.CoverageArea(Percentage200607) 95.8 78.2
35. T.V.CoveragePopulation(Percentage200607) 95.8 90.1
36. MarineProductsExports200708
a.Quantity(InTonnes)
200708 56830 541701
200809 53781 602835
b.Value(Rs.inLakhs)
200708 129832.89 762091.80
200809 133162.63 860794.16
38. CoastalLength(Kms) 1076 8041
Source:StatisticalAbstractofIndia2007
ReserveBankofIndia
EndeavourandAchievements(200506)FisheriesDepartment
AudienceResearchOfficer,PrasarBharathiAIR,Chennai4
TamilNaduElectricityBoard
CommercialTaxesAtaGlance200809
Thiru.SurjitSinghBarnala,Hon'bleGovernorofTamilNadu
CouncilofMinisters
Dr.KalaignarM.Karunanidhi,
ChiefMinister
Public,,IndianAdministrativeService,
IndianPoliceService,IndianForest
Service,PreventionofCorruption,
Police,HomeandProhibitionand
Excise,Molasses,TamilOfficial
Language&TamilCulture,Public
Works,IrrigationincludingMinor
Irrigation,ProgrammeWorks,Welfare
oftheDifferentlyabled

Prof.K.Anbazhagan,
MinisterforFinance
Finance,Planning,Legislative
AssemblyandElections.
ThiruM.K.Stalin,
DeputyChiefMinister
GeneralAdministration,District
RevenueOfficers,
Industries,MinoritiesWelfare,
Passports,SpecialInitiativesandSocial
Reforms,MunicipalAdministration,
RuralDevelopment,Panchayatsand
PanchayatUnions,PovertyAlleviation
Programmes,RuralIndebtedness,
UrbanandRuralWaterSupply..

ThiruArcotN.Veerasamy,
MinisterforElectricity
Electricity,NonConventionalEnergy
Development
Cooperation,StatisticsandEx
ServicemenWelfare
ThiruKo.Si.Mani,
MinisterforCooperation
ThiruVeerapandiS.Arumugam,
MinisterforAgriculture
Agriculture,AgriculturalEngineering,
AgroServiceCooperatives,
Horticulture,SugarcaneCess,
SugarcaneDevelopmentandWaste
LandDevelopment.
ThiruDuraiMurugan,
MinisterforLaw,CourtsandPrisons
Law,CourtsandPrisons,Personneland
AdministrativeReforms.
Dr.K.Ponmudy,
MinisterforHigherEducation
HigherEducationincludingTechnical
Education,Electronics,Scienceand
Technology,MinesandMinerals.
ThiruK.N.Nehru,
MinisterforTransport
Transport,NationalisedTransport,
MotorVehiclesAct
ThiruM.R.K.Panneerselvam,
MinisterforHealth
Health,MedicalEducationandFamily
Welfare.
ThiruPongalurN.Palanisamy,
MinisterforRuralIndustries&
AnimalHusbandry
RuralIndustriesincludingCottage
Industries,SmallIndustriesandAnimal
Husbandry.
Revenue,DistrictRevenue
Establishment,DeputyCollectors,
WeightsandMeasures,DebtRelief
includinglegislationonMoney
lending,Chits,Registrationof
Companies,Housing,RuralHousing
ThiruI.Periasami,
MinisterforRevenueandHousing
andHousingDevelopment
ThiruN.SureshRajan,
MinisterforTourismandRegistration
Tourism,TourismDevelopment
CorporationandRegistrationand
StampAct
ThiruParithiEllamvazhuthi,
MinisterforInformation
InformationandPublicity,Film
TechnologyandCinematographAct,
StationeryandPrintingand
GovernmentPress,TownPlanning,
UrbanDevelopmentandChennai
MetropolitanDevelopmentAuthority
ThiruA.V.Velu,
MinisterforFood
FoodCivilSupplies,Consumer
ProtectionandPriceControl.
ThiruSubaThangavelan,
MinisterforSlumClearanceand
AccommodationControl
SlumClearanceBoardand
AccommodationControl.
ThiruK.K.S.S.R.Ramachandran,
MinisterforBackwardClasses
BackwardClasses,MostBackward
ClassesandDenotifiedCommunities,
OverseasIndians,Refugees&
Evacuees,Handlooms&Textiles.
ThiruT.M.Anbarasan,
MinisterforLabour
Labour,Population,Employmentand
Training,SteelControlandNewsprint
Control,CensusandUrbanandRural
Employment.
HinduReligiousandCharitable
Endowments(HR&CE).
ThiruK.R.Periakaruppan,
MinisterforHinduReligiousand
CharitableEndowments
ThiruThangamThennarasu,
MinisterforSchoolEducation
SchoolEducationandArchaeology
ThiruS.N.M.Ubayadullah,
MinisterforCommercialTaxes
CommercialTaxes
ThiruT.P.M.MohideenKhan,
MinisterforEnvironment
SportsandYouthWelfare,
EnvironmentandPollutionControl
andWakfs
ThiruN.Selvaraj,
MinisterforForests
ForestsandCinchona.
ThiruVellakoilSaminathan,
MinisterforHighways&MinorPorts
HighwaysandMinorPorts.
Dr.(Tmt.)Poongothai,
MinisterforInformationTechnology
InformationTechnology
Tmt.GeethaJeevan,
SocialWelfareincludingWomen'sand
Children'sWelfare,NutritiousNoon
Meal,OrphanagesandCorrectional
Administration,IntegratedChild
DevelopmentandBeggarHomes.
MinisterforSocialWelfare
Tmt.Tamilarasi,
MinisterforAdiDravidarWelfare
AdiDravidarWelfare,HillTribesand
BondedLabour
ThiruK.P.P.Sami,
MinisterforFisheries
FisheriesandFisheriesDevelopment
Corporation
ThiruU.Mathivanan,
MinisterforDairyDevelopment
MilkandDairyDevelopment.
KhadiandVillageIndustriesBoard,
BhoodhanandGramadhan.
ThiruK.Ramachandran,
MinisterforKhadi
LyingontheIndianOcean,itscoastlineincludestheenclavesofPuducherryandKaraikal(bothpartsof
Puducherry union territory); it is also bordered by Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradeshstates. Tamil
Nadu covers an area of 50,216 sq mi (130,058 sq km), and its capital is Chennai (Madras). Its interior
includesthefertileKaveri(Cauvery)Riverdelta.Bythe4thcenturycetheregionwasoccupiedbyTamil
kingdoms.TheHindukingdomofVijayanagarruledthesouthernregionsfromthemid14thtothemid
16th century. The British established a settlement in presentday Chennai in the 17th century. The
settlement expanded to become the separate presidency of Madras, which lasted from 1653 to 1946.
The state of Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956. It is one of Indias most industrialized states,
manufacturingvehicles,electricalequipment,andchemicals.
Itislocatedintheextremesouthofthesubcontinent.ItisboundedbytheIndianOceantotheeastand
south and by the states of Kerala to the west, Karnataka (formerly Mysore) to the northwest, and
AndhraPradeshtothenorth.EnclosedbyTamilNadualongthenorthcentralcoastaretheenclavesof
Puducherry and Karaikal, both of which are part of Puducherry union territory. The capital is Chennai
(Madras),onthecoastinthenortheasternportionofthestate.
Tamil Nadu represents the Tamilspeaking area of what was formerly the Madras Presidency of British
India. The Tamils are especially proud of their Dravidian language and culture, and they have notably
resisted attempts by the central government to make Hindi (an IndoAryan language) the sole national
language. While it has an industrial core in Chennai, the state is essentially agricultural. Area 50,216
squaremiles(130,058squarekm).Pop.(2008est.)66,396,000.
Land
TamilNaduisdividednaturallybetweentheflatcountryalongtheeasterncoastandthehillyregionsin
the north and west. The broadest part of the eastern plains is the fertile Kaveri (Cauvery) River delta;
farther south are the arid flatlands surrounding the cities of Ramanathapuram and Madurai (Madura).
The high peaks of the Western Ghats run along the states western border. Various segments of this
mountain range including the Nilgiri, Anaimalai, and Palni hillshave peaks exceeding 8,000 feet
(2,400metres)inelevation.AnaiPeak,at8,842feet(2,695metres)intheAnaimalaiHills,isthehighest
mountaininpeninsularIndia.ThelowerpeaksoftheEasternGhatsandtheiroutlierslocallycalledthe
Javadi,Kalrayan,andShevaroyhillsrunthroughthecentreoftheregion.TamilNadusmajorrivers
the Kaveri, the Ponnaiyar, the Palar, the Vaigai, and the Tambraparniflow eastward from the inland
hills.
Apart from the rich alluvial soil of the river deltas, the predominant soils of the state are clays, loams,
sands, and red laterites (soils with a high content of iron oxides and aluminum hydroxide). The black
cottongrowing soil known as regur is found in parts of the central, westcentral, and southeastern
regionsofTamilNadu.
Climate
The climate of Tamil Nadu is essentially tropical. In May and June, the hottest months, maximum daily
temperaturesinChennaiaverageabout100F(38C),whileminimumtemperaturesaverageinthelow
80sF(upper20sC).InDecemberandJanuary,thecoolestmonths,temperaturesusuallyrisefromabout
70 F (21 C) into the mid80s F (about 30 C) daily. The average annual precipitation, falling mainly
between October and December, depends on the southwest and northeast monsoons and ranges
between25and75inches(630and1,900mm)ayear.Themountainousandhillyareas,especiallyinthe
extreme western part of the state, receive the most precipitation, while the lowerlying southern and
southeasternregionsreceivetheleastrainfall.
Plantandanimallife
Forests cover roughly 15 percent of the state. At the highest elevations in the Western Ghats, the
mountainssupportsubalpinevegetation.AlongtheeasternsideoftheWesternGhatsandinthehillsof
the northern andcentraldistricts,the plantlifeisa mixtureofevergreenand deciduousspecies,some
ofwhicharemarkedlyadaptedtoaridconditions.
TamilNaduhasseveralnationalparksandmorethanadozenwildlifeandbirdsanctuaries.Amongthe
most notable of these protected areas are the Mudlumbai Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park in the
Nilgiri Hills and the large Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park at the southern tip of the
Western Ghats. These sanctuaries provide a safe habitat for a broad spectrum of fauna, including
elephants, gaurs (wild cattle), Nilgiri tahrs (goatlike mammals), wild boars, sloth bears, and various
species of deer. Tigers, leopards, and an assortment of primates, including macaques, langurs, and
lorises, also inhabit these areas. Venomous king cobras are among the many species of reptiles that
make their home in Tamil Nadu. Woodpeckers and flycatchers are common woodland birds; aquatic
birdsfindahavenattheVedantangalsanctuaryinthesouthcentralpartofthestate.
Populationcomposition
The areas population evidently has changed little over the centuries. As speakers of a Dravidian
language,theTamils,whoconstitutethemajorityofthepopulation,areunderstoodtobedescendants
oftheearlyinhabitantsofIndia (thesocalledDravidians),who weredriven southwardbetweenabout
2000 and 1500 bce when the Aryans (speakers of IndoAryan languages) descended into the Indian
subcontinent. In addition to the Tamils, the population includes various indigenous communities, who
live primarily in the hill regions; these people also speak Dravidian languages. In Tamil Nadu, as in the
rest of the country, the caste system is strong, even though discrimination has been banned by the
constitution of India. Members of Scheduled Castes (an official category embracing those groups that
traditionally occupy low positions within the caste system) account for about onefifth of the
population. Scheduled Tribes (those indigenous peoples who fall outside the caste hierarchy) account
forjustasmallfractionofTamilNadusresidents.
Tamil, the official state language, is spoken by most of the people. Other Dravidian languages used
within the state include Telugu, which is spoken by roughly onetenth of the population, as well as
KannadaandMalayalam,whicharespokenbymuchsmallernumbers.Inthewesternregionnearthe
convergenceofthebordersofTamilNadu,Karnataka,andKeralaKannada(anditsdialectBadaga)and
Malayalamarestronger.TherealsoisacommunityofUrdu(anIndoAryanlanguage)speakers.English
isusedasasubsidiarylanguage.
The overwhelming majority of Tamil Nadus residents practice Hinduism. There are, however, notable
minorities of Christians and Muslims, with a large concentration of Christians in the far southern
segment of the state. A small community of Jains is found in northern Tamil Nadu, in and around the
citiesofArcotandChennai.
Settlementpatterns
AlthoughTamilNaduisoneofthemosturbanizedstatesofIndia,morethanhalfthepopulationinthe
early 21st century continued to live in rural areas. The Chennai metropolitan region, covering the
industrial areas, townships, and villages surrounding Chennai city, has the largest population. Other
important urban agglomerations include Coimbatore in western Tamil Nadu, Madurai in the south
centralregion,andTiruchchirappalliinthecentralpartofthestate.
Agriculture,fishing,andforestry
AgricultureisthemainstayoflifeforabouthalftheworkingpopulationofTamilNadu.Sinceveryearly
times,Tamilfarmershaveskillfullyconservedscarcerainwaterinsmallandlargeirrigationreservoirs,or
tanks. Government canals, tube wells, and ordinary wells also form part of the irrigation system.
Because several of the river valley projects depend for water on rain brought by the erratic northeast
monsoon,thegovernmentalsotapssubsoilwatersources.
Agricultural practices have shown radical improvement since the mid20th century through multiple
cropping, the use of stronger and more productive strains of staple crops, and the application of
chemical fertilizers; since the late 1960s the state has been selfsufficient in the production of food
grains. The principal crops for domestic consumption are rice, millet, and other cereals, as well as
peanuts (groundnuts) and pulses (such as chickpeas); sugarcane, cotton, cashews, and chilies are
importantcashcrops.ManyfarmersinTamilNadualsoraiselivestock,primarilycows(especiallyforthe
dairyindustry),poultry,goats,andsheep.
TamilNaduisoneofIndiastopfishproducers,withmostoftheyieldcomingfrommarineoperations,
although there also are many inland fisheries. In addition, the state has an active forestry sector, with
pulpwood,babul (atype ofacaciathatyieldsvaluabletannin),firewood,bamboo,andteakamongthe
primaryproducts.Rubber,grownlargelyinplantations,isimportantaswell.
Resourcesandpower
The major minerals mined in Tamil Nadu are limestone, bauxite, gypsum, lignite (brown coal),
magnesite, and iron ore. The opencast lignite mine at Neyveli, in the northcentral part of the state, is
amongthelargestinIndia,anditsproductsareusedtofuelathermalpowerplantthatprovidesmuch
ofthestateselectricity.ThebulkofTamilNadusenergycomesfromthermalstations,buthydroelectric
plantsespeciallyalongtheKaveriRiveranditstributariesprovideanimportantsecondarysourceof
energy.Thestatealsoisaleaderinwindpowergeneration.
Manufacturing
TamilNaduisoneofthemostindustrializedoftheIndianstates,andthemanufacturingsectoraccounts
for more than onethird of the states gross product. Production of heavy vehiclessuch as
automobiles, agricultural equipment, military vehicles, and railway carsis among the states major
industries;therailwaycoachfactoryatPerambur(nearChennai)isoneofthelargestinAsia.Thereisan
oilrefineryandpetrochemicalplantinChennai.Otherprominentmanufacturingactivitiesincludetextile
milling, food processing, and the production of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and electronic parts and
equipment.TamilNadualsoisrichinhandicrafts,mostnotablybrass,bronze,andcopperware,leather
work,handloomedsilk,kalamkari(handpaintedfabric,usingnaturaldyes),andarticlesfashionedfrom
carvedwood,palmleaf,andcane.
Services
The services sector has grown especially rapidly since the late 20th century, and by the early 21st
centuryithadbecomethelargestcontributortoTamilNaduseconomy.Expansionoftheinformation
technologyindustryhasbeenapriorityofthestateseconomicdevelopmentpolicies.Tourismalsohas
beenanareaofemphasis,withongoingimprovementsininfrastructure,accommodations,restaurants,
andculturalandrecreationalattractions.
Transportation
The transport system of the southern Indian states converges on Chennai. A welldeveloped road
network makes express bus service available to all major towns and places of interest. Many railways
alsorunthroughthestate.
Two of Indias major seaports are located in Tamil Naduin the north at Chennai and in the south at
Tuticorin. The international airport at Meenambakkam, near Chennai, is one of the largest airports in
India.Domesticflightsareavailablefromanumberofothercities,includingMadurai,Coimbatore,and
Tuticorin;theairportatTiruchchirappallioffersdomesticandlimitedinternationalservice.
Constitutionalframework
ThestructureofthegovernmentofTamilNadu,likethatofmostotherstatesofIndia,isdeterminedby
thenationalconstitutionof1950.Theheadofstateisthegovernor,whoisappointedbythepresident
ofIndia.ThegovernorisaidedandadvisedbytheCouncilofMinisters,whichisledbyachiefminister
andisresponsibletotheelectedunicameralLegislativeAssembly(VidhanSabha).Mostoftheministries
are housed in the 17thcentury Fort St. George in Chennai. The states judiciary is headed by the High
Court in Chennai (Madras High Court), which has original jurisdiction for the city and appellate
jurisdiction for the state; the High Court also may hear original cases of an extraordinary nature from
otherpartsofTamilNadu.AbenchoftheHighCourtislocatedinMadurai.Lowercourtsincludedistrict
andsessionscourts,magistratescourts,andmunsifs(subordinatejudicialofficers)courts.
The state is divided into more than two dozen administrative districts, each administered by a district
collector. Lower administrative and revenue units are called talukas, firkas, and villages. Panchayats
(villagecouncils)areresponsibleforlocalselfgovernmentandruraldevelopment.
Health
The medical needs of Tamil Nadus population are served by a large number of public and private
hospitals, dispensaries, and primary health centres. Allopathic (Western), Ayurvedic and Siddha
(traditional Indian), Unan (a Muslim system using prescribed herbs and shrubs), and homeopathic
medical treatments are all recognized and supported by the government and are available throughout
thestate.AmongTamilNadusprimaryhealthconcernsarecholera,malaria,filariasis(diseasecausedby
infestation of the blood and tissues by parasitic worms), and HIV/AIDS infection. The state has largely
broughtleprosyundercontrol,althoughthousandsofcasesarestilltreatedannually.
Various government agencies sponsor programs to improve the housing, education, and economic
status of the Scheduled Castes and other traditionally disadvantaged groups. The state also provides
assistancetowomen,children,andpeoplewithdisabilities.Aspecialinsuranceprogramisavailablefor
thosewithautism,cerebralpalsy,andotherdevelopmentaldisabilities.
Education
Tensofthousandsofpublicandprivateprimary,middle,andhighschoolsarescatteredacrossthestate
ofTamilNadu.Inaddition,therearenumerousartsandsciencecolleges,medicalcolleges,engineering
colleges, polytechnic institutes, and industrial training institutes. Among the most prominent of Tamil
NadusuniversitiesaretheUniversityofMadras(1857)andTamilNaduVeterinaryandAnimalSciences
University (1989), both in Chennai, Annamalai University (1929) in Chidambaram; Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University (1971) in Coimbatore; and Madurai Kamaraj University (1966) in Madurai. The
Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha (1918) in Chennai and the Gandhigram Rural University (1956) in
Gandhigram, in southwestcentral Tamil Nadu, are the two institutes of national importance that are
engaged in popularizing the Hindi language and Mahatma Gandhis concept of rural higher education,
respectively. Tamil University (1981) near Thanjavur (Tanjore), in the eastern part of the state, focuses
onthestudyofTamillanguage,literatureandculture.
Culturallife
HinduismliesatthecoreofthecultureofTamilNadu.Amongthemostfamousofthestatestemples,
whichnumberinthetensofthousands,arethe7thand8thcenturystructuresatMamallapura,which
were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. The gopurams, or gateway towers, of such
templesaredominantinmosttowns,particularlyChidambaram,Kanchipuram,Thanjavur,Madurai,and
the Srirangam pilgrimage centre in Tiruchchirappalli. The Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments
AdministrationDepartmentisresponsiblefortheadministrationofthestatestemplesandsanctuaries.
The cycle of temple festivals attracts large congregations of devotees. Noteworthy also are the car
festivals, during which large chariots decorated with religious icons are taken in procession around the
temple. In addition, Tamil Nadu is scattered with sectarian monastic institutions, or mathasof which
the most important are the Shankara Matha at Kumbakonam and the Vaishnava compound at
Srirangamwhich hold various activities; Hindu families typically owe allegiance to a number of such
institutions.
Thearts
Bharata natyam, one of Indias major classical dance forms, and Karnatak music (South Indian classical
music)arebothwidelypracticed.Paintingandsculpturearelessprominent,althoughthereareschools
thatteachtheartofsculptureinstoneandbronze.TamilliteraturerapidlyadoptedtheWesternliterary
formsofthenovelandtheshortstory.ThepoetSubrahmanyaBharati(18821921)wasoneofthefirst
tomodifytraditionalTamilpoetrybyblendingpopularandscholasticliterarystyles.Motionpicturesare
themostprevalentformofmassentertainment.Therearebothtouringandpermanentmovietheatres,
and sentimental and spectacular films, often featuring music and dancing, are produced by the film
studiossituatedlargelyaroundChennai.
Mediaandpublishing
HundredsofperiodicalsarepublishedinTamil,mostofthemdailynewspapers.TheDinaThanthiisthe
leadingpaper.AmongEnglishnewspapers,TheHinduofChennaiiswidelyreadandisrespectedforits
highstandardofjournalism.
History
The history of Tamil Nadu begins with the establishment of a trinity of Tamil powers in the region
namely, the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kingdomsall of which are of unknown antiquity. These
kingdoms enjoyed diplomatic and trade relations with distant lands. The Pandyas were mentioned in
Greek literature dating to the 4th century bce, and in the 4th century ce, the Roman emperor Julian
welcomed a Pandyan embassy. Meanwhile, the Chera dynasty cultivated a flourishing trade with
westernAsia.
From the mid6th century until the 9th century, the Chalukyas of Badami, the Pallavas of Kanchi (now
Kanchipuram), and the Pandyas of Madurai fought a long series of wars in the region. The period,
nonetheless, was marked by a revival of Hinduism and the advance of the fine arts. From about 850,
Tamil Nadu was dominated by the Cholas, of whom Rajendrachola Deva I (reigned 101444) was the
mostdistinguishedruler.Inthemid14thcentury,theHindukingdomofVijayanagar,whichincludedall
of Tamil Nadu, came into prominence. During the 300 years of Vijayanagar rule, Teluguspeaking
governorsandofficialswereintroducedintheadministration.
In1640theEastIndiaCompanyofEnglandopenedatradingpostatthefishingvillageofMadraspatnam
(now Chennai) with the permission of the local ruler. The history of Tamil Nadu from the mid17th
century to 1946 is the story of the Britishcontrolled Madras Presidency in relationship to the rise and
fallofBritishpowerinIndia.AfterIndianindependencein1947,theMadrasPresidencybecameMadras
state. The states Teluguspeaking areas were separated to form part of the new state of Andhra
Pradeshin1953.In1956Madraswasdividedfurther,withsomeareasgoingtothenewstateofKerala
and other areas becoming part of Mysore (now Karnataka). What remained of Madras state was
renamedTamilNaduin1968.
*****


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