Section I

1.
(A) The man should go to the museum by shuttle bus.
(B) The next train leaves in25 minutes.
() The train !ill arrive at the museum be"ore 1#$%#.
(&) The man 'ust missed the shuttle bus to the museum.
2.
(A) She "orgot to study "or the exam.
(B) She had (lanned to go to the movie.
() The man should have invited her to the movies.
(&) The man should have studied "or the exam.
%.
(A) A) ne! building
(B) &irections to the gym
() *oing to the library
(&) +e! library hours
,.
(A) Ta-e a di""erent history course
(B) .se a com(uter in the lab
() /el( him !rite his (a(er
(&) 0eturn his com(uter as soon as (ossible
5.
(A) She got her !atch !here her sister !or-s.
(B) She !ill hel( the man buy a !atch.
() She had to !or- hard to buy a !atch.
(&) The man should not buy a !atch at her sister)s store.
1.
(A) 2ind out i" classes are cancelled
(B) +ot go to classes tomorro!
() Turn on the radio
(&) 3oo- to see i" the storm has sto((ed
4.
(A) +o one has recently seen her
(B) She is s(ending a lot o" time in the library.
() She is avoiding the man.
(&) She !ent home "or vacation.
5.
(A) Try to "ix !hat is !rong !ith the com(uter
(B) As- someone else "or hel( !ith the com(uter
() Turn on another com(uter
(&) 3et the !oman use his com(uter
6.
(A) She thin-s the man should order the "ish.
(B) She !ants the man to choose 7uic-ly.
() She (re"ers the chic-en
(&) She cannot decide !hat to eat
1#.
(A) She should go home no! to get the &.
(B) She can return the & to Tom later.
() She can borro! a & "rom Tom !hen she sees him in class.
(&) She should not have ta-en Tom)s & home !ith her.
118
(A) ancel her a((ointment at the clinic
(B) 9a-e an a((ointment at the clinic soon
() Begin (racticing "or the *erman test next !ee-
(&) Arrange to ta-e the *erman test at a later date
12.
(A) 0ent the a(artment she sa! "irst
(B) :isit her ne! neighbors
() 3oo- at other a(artments be"ore deciding
(&) ;rite a chec- "or the rent
1%.
(A) /e li-es to (lay bas-etball
(B) /e is (roud o" his ability as a bas-etball (layer.
() /e does not !ant to !atch the bas-etball game.
(&) /e is not on the bas-etball team.
1,.
(A) Buy both shirts today
(B) Buy the green shirt
() 0eturn the shirt he bought last !ee-
(&) +ot buy any shirts
15.
(A) The !oman did not acce(t the 'ob o""er.
(B) The !oman does not li-e her ne! 'ob.
() The !oman is (lanning to start a ne! 'ob.
(&) The !oman is loo-ing "or a 'ob at a di""erent ban-.
11
(A) *o to the (arty !ith the man
(B) Ta-e her aunt to the (arty
() Invite the man to the (lay
(&) See a (lay !ith her aunt
14
(A) She is loo-ing "or another 'ob
(B) She !ill a((ly "or "inancial aid next year.
() She thin-s she !ill not need "inancial aid.
(&) She thin-s she is not ta-ing enough classes.
15
(A) It is the only -ind the restaurant has le"t<
(B) The !oman does not have to (ay extra "or it.
() It is a s(ecialty o" the restaurant.
(&) /e !ill re(lace it !ith a di""erent dessert.
16
(A) A small to!n can have negative 7ualities.
(B) It can be di""icult to run a business in a small to!n.
() /is "amily o!ns a business in his hometo!n.
(&) /e !ould li-e to visit the !oman)s hometo!n.
2#
(A) /e !ould li-e more time to (re(are next time.
(B) /e !ill not be able to attend the o(en house.
() /e en'oyed !or-ing as a volunteer
(&) /e !ill not be able to coordinate the (rogram again.
21
(A) /e !ill meet the man and !oman be"ore his (sychology class<
(B) /e is in the same class as the man and !oman.
() /e is late "or an a((ointment !ith the man and !oman.
(&) /e "orgot to do his assignment "or today)s class.
22
(A) She is loo-ing "or a 'ob on cam(us.
(B) She can get the materials they gave out at the meeting<
() She !ent to the meeting !ith her roommate.
(&) She is too busy to hel( the man.
2%.
(A) /e (robably !ill not be able to "ollo! the (ro"essor)s advice.
(B) /e has not "inished doing the research "or his (resentation.
() /e does not understand !hat the (ro"essor means.
(&) /e !ould li-e the (ro"essor to listen to him rehearse his (resentation.
2,
(A) /e -no!s !ho !ill be (er"orming in the musical.
(B) /e doubts that the theater grou( !ill (er"orm a musical next year.
() The theater grou( needs to select a ne! director.
(&) The director has (robably chosen the musical<
25
(A) /e has been sic- recently.
(B) /e is tired o" loo-ing "or an a(artment.
() /e !ants an a(artment near his !or-.
(&) /e has been loo-ing "or a ne! 'ob "or a long time.
21.
(A) The !oman !ould not vote in the elections.
(B) Ben !ould be elected class (resident.
() Ben !ould not run "or class (resident.
(&) The elections !ould be held later.
24.
(A) /e did not recommend the lecture.
(B) /e did not s(ea- to the !oman yesterday.
() /e is eager to go to the lecture.
(&) /e started to li-e astronomy only recently.
25.
(A) She needs to continue studying.
(B) She did not read the revie!s.
() She has already seen the movie.
(&) She Intends to go see the movie.
26.
(A) /e thin-s the dry !eather !ill change.
(B) /e is already conserving !ater.
() ;ays should he "ound to use less !ater.
(&) The dry !eather !ill be !orse than last summer.
%#.
(A) =veryone should already have the ne! manual.
(B) The old manual should not be used anymore.
() The ne! manual has not been com(leted yet.
(&) The old manual !ill not be changed.
%1
(A) The class reading list
(B) Boo-s about +e! >or- ity
() A boo- by Theodore &reiser
(&) A critical revie! o" Sister arrie
%2
(A) It is set in the city instead o" the country.
(B) It does not try to teach a moral lesson.
() It is about a !oman !or-ing in a traditionally male role.
(&) The main character gets into trouble.
%%.
(A) Some British revie!ers !rote "avorably about it.
(B) &reiser (ublished it himsel".
() An editor revised it.
(&) &reiser re!rote it using a di""erent style.
%,
(A) /o! to learn a second language
(B) The im(ortance o" early childhood education
() ?hases o" language develo(ment in young children
(&) 9ethods to hel( children develo( their vocabularies
%5.
(A) They are di""icult "or children to (ronounce.
(B) They occur in all languages.
() They are among the "irst sounds babies ma-e.
(&)They are sometimes used to re"er to house (ets.
%1
(A) Their voice box is not (ositioned correctly yet.
(B) Their hearing is not good enough yet.
() They do not yet have the muscle control needed.
(&) Their brains are not yet ade7uately develo(ed.
%4
(A) ;hen children learn to say !hole sentences
(B) In the "irst month o" li"e
() ;hen children start to go to school
(&) ;hen children learn to associate sounds !ith meaning
%5
(A) .ntil !hat age vocabulary gro!th continues
(B) /o! children are able to learn language
() ;hen die best time to start a "oreign language is
(&) /o! to identity children !ith language disorders
%6
(A) The use o" beads in +ative American monetary systems
(B) ommunication over long distances in +orth America )
() &i""iculties encountered by native couriers
(&) Alliances bet!een the Iro7uois and the Algon7uin
,#.
(A) Adverse traveling conditions delayed the courier.
(B) The courier needed to hire a guide.
() The "ees o" several couriers !ere included in the charge.
(&) The letter contained a valuable item.
,1.
(A) The signing o" a treaty
(B) A !edding "east
() The birth o" a child
(&) A "uneral
,2.
(A) ?lanning a garden
(B) 2eeding (ets
() Attracting birds
(&) ?reserving eggs
,%.
(A) They use them in ma-ing nests.
(B) They li-e to eat them<
() They use them !hen mating.
(&) They drin- !ater "rom them<
,,.
(A) They are dried in the sun.
(B) They are soa-ed in !ater.
() They are cooled in the re"rigerator.
(&) They are ba-ed in the oven.
,5.
(A) It ma-es them clean and "ree o" germs.
(B) It ma-es them more visible "or the birds.
() It ma-es them more nutritious.
(&) It ma-es them so"ter.
,1
(A) She is a good coo-.
(B) She collects birds) nests.
() She li-es to have birds visit her garden.
(&) She is a (ro"essional gardener
,4.
(A) /o! to (revent landslides in (o(ulated areas
(B) /o! to re(air damage to houses caused by heavy rains
() /o! geologists study landslides
(&) Three materials needed "or stable construction
,5.
(A) They can determine the cost o" construction.
(B) They can reveal unsa"e conditions "or building.
() They can sho! !here landslides have occurred.
(&) They can measure the rate o" !ater drainage.
,6.
(A) It o"ten inter"eres !ith construction
(B) It hel(s -ee( the soil in (lace.
() It gro!s 7uic-ly a"ter heavy rains.
(&) It ma-es slo(es unstable<
5#.
(A) 2re7uent landslides
(B) Too much vegetation
() ;ater draining "rom another slo(e
(&) A !all that sto(s !ater "rom draining
Section II
?A0T A
1. The roc-8"ill dam< essentially an emban-ment li-e the earth 8"ill dam<
uses roc- instead o" earth88888@<
(A) and (roviding stability
(B) to (rovide stability
() stability is (rovided
(&) (rovides stability
2. The telegra(h< invented in the mid8nineteenth century< remained even
into the 164#)s8888888o" telecommunication.
(A) a (rinci(al system
(B) a system !as (rinci(al
() that !as a (rinci(al system
(&) a (rinci(al system !hen
%. 0oyal 'elly< a secretion (roduced by !or-er bees< is "ed to8888888
destined to become 7ueen bees.
(A) those that
(B) be those
() those o"
(&) those
,. 8888888is necessarily limited to areas o" (roductive soils< tillable
to(ogra(hy< and ade7uate moisture< !here the gro!ing season is long enough
"or (lant germination and maturation.
(A) 2arm
(B) 2arming
() ;hen "arming
(&) To "arm
5 8 Among the most "amous (roducts o" the Aesthetic 9ovement !ere the
Ti""any lam(s< "irst8888888in 1566.
(A) had been (roducing
(B) had been (roduced
() (roduced
(&) !ere (roducing
1. 0e"rigerating meats8888888the s(read o" bacteria.
(A) retards
(B) retarding
() to retard
(&) is retarded
4. The islands o" the 2lorida Aeys are 'oined to the mainland by an
overseas high!ay8888888a railroad destroyed in the hurricane o" 16%5
(A) re(laces
(B) and re(laces
() hat re(laces
(&) that it re(laces
5. The888888east o" the 9ississi((i 0iver is made u( o" the 3umbee (eo(le.
(A) +ative American nation largest
(B) largest +ative American nation
() largest nation +ative American
(&) +ative American largest nation
6. Aim am(bell !as the nineteenth ?rime 9inister o" anada<88888888.
(A) heid the o""ice the "irst !oman
(B) !as the "irst !oman to hold the o""ice
() the "irst !oman to hold the o""ice
(&) and "or holding the o""ice the "irst !oman
1#.Ty(e metal used in the (rinting industry varies in its com(onents
8888888is generally a combination o" lead< tin and antimony.
(A) as
(B) i"
() !hy
(&) but
11.The author 9ar- T!ain !or-ed as a ne!s(a(er re(orter in +evada and
ali"ornia be"ore moving to /art"ord< onnecticut<8888888he !rote most o"
his boo-s.
(A) !here
(B) !hich
() in addition to
(&) such as
12.*laciers begin to "orm8888888more sno! "alls during the !inter than
melts and eva(orates in the summer
(A) is !hen
(B) !hen there are
() !hen
(&) !hen does
1%. The illusion o" motion (ictures rests on the eyesB tendency8888888an
image "or a "raction o" a second a"ter the image has been !ithdra!n.
(A) to retain
(B) that retaining
() to be retained
(&) has retained
1,. Through re(roduction....... the (ro(erties o" a s(ecies<
(A) successive generations that carry on
(B) that successive generations carry on
() successive generations carry on
(&) cany on successive generations
15< 2our "lags have "lo!n over the ?alace o" the *overnors in Santa 2e< +e!
9exico$ 888888 S(ain< 9exico< the on"ederacy< and the .nited States.
(A) !hich o"
(B) o" mose being
() those o"
(&) Those that o"
?A0T B
11. +early 1## million tons o" "ish< mollus-s< s7uid< and crustaceans are
extracted "rom the ocean
every years.
14. In the 9issouri CDar- 9ountains more than 1#<### s(rings can be "ound<
some among the most largest in the !orld.
15. The "irst high school in the .nited States< !hich o(ened in 1521< !as
the =nglish lassical School< locate in Boston< 9assachusetts.
16< Arti"icial satellites can (er"orm many tas- and send bac- data or
(ictures to =arth.
2#. By the 155#)s< !orld demand "or cotton had begun "all o"".
21. The early Eua-ers ado(ted a distinctive and sim(ly style o" dress.
22. At (resent< about %## di""erent varieties o" dinosaur have been
identi"ied "rom bones "ound on every o" the continents.
2%. A blac- hole !ar(s the surrounding s(ace8time "abric as severely that
nothing that comes !ithin its event horiDon can esca(e "rom its
gravitational gri(.
2,. By using s(ecial e7ui(ment< seismologists can determine the siDe and
location o" an earth7ua-e and the "ault to !hich it originated.
25. 2or most bees< li"e revolves around the scent< color"ul< and nectar o"
"lo!ers.
21. ?ortrait artists sometimes intentional alter the a((earance o" their
sub'ects by re"ining their images to em(hasiDe or minimiDe (articular
(hysical 7ualities.
24. 9ay Sarton)s "irst t!o novels had =uro(ean settings< but a"ter 1655 +e!
=ngland (rovided the bac-ground "or most her "iction.
25. 9ethane gas in the u((er atmos(here account "or the (lanet .ranus)
greenish hue.
26. As adolescents gain !eight< the amount and distribution o" "at in their
bodies !ill change< and so it !ill the (ro(ortion o" bone and muscle.
%#. 0accoons (re"er s!am(y areas or !oods near !aterF either they avoid
very high elevations< very arid regions< and (urely coni"erous "orests.
%1. By 1661< the .nited States (o(ulation exceeded 211 million< !ith a
median age o" thirty8"our< ma-ing it one o" the oldest national (o(ulation
on =arth.
%2. In medical and dentistry< radiogra(hy is invaluable "or diagnosing bone
damage tooth decay< and internal disease<
%%. ;ater dro(lets in clouds are very smallF they must coagulate or gro!
be"ore they "alling as rain or sno!.
%,. Cne o" the most (o!er"ul tools available to labor unions has been the
ability to stri-e in order to settle its dis(utes !ith management.
%5. The velocity o" a river is control by the slo(e< the de(th < and the
roughness o" the riverbed.
%1. By selectively breeding (lants< researchers have created strains o"
(lants that are more resistance to disease.
%4. 9uch governmental and international organiDations throughout the !orld
are concerned !ith the develo(ment o" guidelines "or daily nutritional
re7uirements
%5. ;hen a ray o" light (asses "rom one trans(arent medium< such as air<
into other< such as glass< it is bent.
%6. 3ogic< !hether modem< tradition < or ancient< limits its concern
strictly to (roblems o" validity.
,#. able cars in hilly San 2rancisco are (ulled along by an endless cable
bet!een the rails< !hich is driven by machinery in a centrally (o!erhouse.
S=TIC+ III
Euestions 186
;ith the onset o" the Industrial 0evolution< -no!ing the age o" roc-s
became a
necessary (rere7uisite to "inding industrial minerals< such as coal< iron<
and the
other materials that "ueled and sustained the great ;estern
industrialiDation o" the eighteenth
3ine and nineteenth centuries. It !as in the mining regions !here
engineers< !ho needed a
5 better system "or organiDing the various ty(es o" roc- scattered across
=arth)s sur"ace<
"irst gra((led !ith scienti"ic a((roaches to understanding the age o"
various roc-s8and
the age o" =arth. They realiDed that i" the various roc- units could he
dated by their
relative ages< correlations among even !idely se(arated roc-s could be
established and
"rom this< some order recogniDed.
1# The (ioneering =uro(ean geologists "irst believed that identi"ying a
roc-)s ty(e !ould
give them a strong clue to the age o" the roc- "ormation and that one o"
the most (o!er"ul
clues came "rom the hardness o" a given roc-. S(eci"ic roc- ty(es !ere thus
assumed to
have "ormed at characteristically di""erent rimes< the so"test roc-s having
"ormed the most
recently. This crude ty(e o" dating !as "irst used to understand the !ay
mountains !ere
15 "ormed< In the mid814##)s it !as thought thai there !ere three distinct
ty(es o" mountains
in =uro(e< each "ormed by a di""erent ty(e o" roc- and each created at a
di""erent time.
According to this theory< the oldest !ere the Al(s< !hich had interior
cores com(osed
o" very hard< crystalline roc-s (such as granite< schist< or basalt). These
mountains !ere
called ?rimitive. Sitting on the "lan-s o" the ?rimitive mountains !ere
younger< smaller<
2# Secondary mountains com(osed o" layered sedimentary roc-s such as
limestone.
They !ere o"ten rich !ith "ossils and intermediate in hardness. The
youngest Tertiary
mountains !ere com(osed o" so"ter mudstones and sandstone. 0oc- ty(e<
hardness<
and siDe thus established mountain ty(e< and roc- ty(e also became a (roxy
"or age.
/o!ever< study soon ex(osed the "allacy o" these early notions. It !as
discovered that
25 some o" the very high mountains !ere com(osed o" the so"test sediments
and that even
hard volcanic roc- !as sometimes "ound in very lo! mountains. By the early
15##)s< it
!as understood that roc- ty(e !as o" no hel( in establishing age.
1< ;hat does the (assage mainly discussG
(A) An early attem(t to "ind reliable rules "or dating roc-s and mountains
(B) The search "or di""erent roc- ty(es to be used in industry
() hanging vie!s about !hat caused high mountain ranges to "orm
(&) A controversy about roc-s bet!een mining engineers and geologists
2. The !ord Hgra((ledH in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) com(eted
(B) struggled
() agreed
(&) searched
%. According to the (assage< ho! could -no!ing the age o" roc-s bene"it
industry)G
(A) It reduced the de(endence o" industry on coal.
(B) It hel(ed miners "ind ne! ty(es o" minerals.
() It hel(ed (eo(le in their search "or industrial minerals.
(&) It made it (ossible to mine roc-s under =arth)s sur"ace.
,. According to the (assage< mining engineers !ere the "irst to realiDe that
(A) various ty(es o" roc- !ere scattered across =arth)s sur"ace
(B) roc-s in di""erent locations could be related by their age
() there !ere !ide di""erences in the a((earance o" di""erent ty(es o"
roc-s
(&) older roc-s !ere better suited "or industrial use
5. The !ord )TheyH in line 21 re"ers to
(A) crystalline roc-s
(B) the "lan-s
() the ?rimitive mountains
(&) layered sedimentary roc-s
1. ;hy does the author mention roc- ty(e< hardness< and siDe in lines 2282%G
(A) To describe the develo(ment o" =uro(ean geology
(B) To ex(lain the di""erences bet!een mudstone and sandstone
() To introduce the ne! theories that !ere about to emerge in the 15##)s
(&) To summariDe the characteristics thought to distinguish mountain ty(es
4. According to the (assage< (ioneer geologists believed that to determine
a roc-)s age< it !as hel("ul to -no!
(A) ho! dee( under the sur"ace the roc- !as located
(B) ho! much (o!er !as needed to remove the roc-
() ho! rough the roc-)s texture !as
(&) ho! so"t the roc- !as
5. According to the (assage< early geologists believed !hich o" the
"ollo!ing about ?rimitive mountainsG
(A) They had interior cores o" sandstone and mudstone<
(B) They contained a large number o" "ossils.
() They had been "ormed during the same limited (eriod in =arth)s history.
(&)They !ere smaller than the Tertiary mountains.
6. The !ord H(roxyH in line 2% is closest in meaning to
(A) substitute
(B) (re(aration
() (roduct
(&) choice
Euestions 1#815
Some (eo(le are concerned that our soils arc becoming de(leted o" trace
minerals by continuous agricultural use and hence that "oocte are becoming
de(leted in vital minerals.
This is a com(lex issue about !hich not a great deal is -no!n< but the lac-
o" evidence o"
3ine mineral de"iciencies in our (o(ulation s(ea-s to the ade7uacy o" our
soils. 2urthermore<
5 soils are re(lenished in trace minerals by rain!ater and es(ecially by
irrigation !ater that
is obtained "rom rivers or !ells that dra! !ater "rom other soil or roc-
"ormations "ar
a!ay "rom the "arm<
Cn the other hand< agricultural (ractices that remove the total cro( "rom
the "ield year
a"ter year !ith no re(lenishment o" trace minerals can over time result in
a cro( (oor in
1# these minerals. C" course< the "anner could su((ly chemical "ertiliDer
to the "ieldsB but
!ith most "ertiliDers this (ractice !ould re(lenish only (otassium<
(hos(hates< and nitrogen. 0otating a Hgreen manureH cro( such as clover<
!hich is (lo!ed under a"ter the end o" the
gro!ing season< !ould rene! only nitrogen in the soil< not trace elements.
There is a
gro!ing realiDation< there"ore< (hat so8called organic "arming ma-es good
commercial
15 sense and !ould hel( minimiDe mineral de(letion$ Crganic "anning
essentially re"ers to "arming that does not de(end on chemical "ertiliDersF
rather< soils are invigorated by
a((lying manure and by (lo!ing in cro( !astes< such as corn stal-s and bean
vines< and com(ost. These techni7ues return organic material and trace
minerals bac- to the soils and
are to be commended. /o!ever< "or maximum yields< a chemical "ertiliDer may
be re7uired
2# in addition to manure and (lant !aste.
Some critics o" modern "arming methods "ear that the hardier varieties o"
"ruits and
vegetables that have been develo(ed to ma-e shi(ment easier have resulted
in loss o"
vitamin content. This concern is un"ounded because the creation o" vitamins
by (lants is
an automatic biological (rocess. Any variety o" (lant !ill ma-e the "ull
com(lement
o" vitamins it needs< regardless o" s(ecies.
1#. The !ord HvitalH in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) e""ective
(B) ideal
() uni7ue
(&) necessary
11 The author mentions clover in tine 12 as an exam(le o" a
(A) (lant that is ty(ically gro!n on organic "arms
(B) cro( that can be rotated and used as "ertiliDer
() cro( that re(laces both nitrogen and trace elements in soil
(&) (lant that has been thoroughly de(leted o" nutrients in recent years
12. The author mentions all o" the "ollo!ing as an exam(le o" !ays to rene!
trace minerals in the soil =I=?T
(A) (lo!ing cro( !astes into the soil
(B) organic "arming
() using a((ro(riate !ater
(&) gro!ing the same cro( year a"ter year
1%. The !ord HessentiallyH in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) (robably
(B) biologically
() basically
(&) automatically
1,. ;hich o" the "ollo!ing does the (assage identi"y as exam(les o" (lant
!aste (roductsG
(A) ?otassium and (hos(hates
(B) lover
() Trace elements
(&) om stal-s and bean vines
15. According to (aragra(h three< critics o" modem "arming techni7ues
believe that hardier s(ecies o" "ruits )and vegetables have
(A) been develo(ed "or the convenience o" commercial distributors
(B) resulted in an overde(endence on chemical "ertiliDers
() decreased "armers) control o" cro( yields
(&) (roduced "ood !ith in"erior "lavor
11. The (hrase HThis concernH in line 2% re"ers to the
(A) loss o" vitamins in (lants
(B) (roduction o" hardier s(ecies
() use o" chemical "ertiliDers
(&) distribution o" agricultural (roducts
14. :itamins are created in (lants by
(A) cro( rotation
(B) organic "arming
() natural biological (rocesses
(&) arti"icial chemical su((lements
15. The !ord Hcom(lementH in line 2, is closest in meaning to
(A) demand
(B) e""ect
() re(lacement
(&) range
Euestions 16826
Animation traditionaily is done by hand8dra!ing or (ainting successive
"rames o" an
ob'ect< each slightly di""erent than the (receding "rame. In com(uter
animation< although
the com(uter may be the one to dra! the di""erent "rames< in moat cases the
artist !ill
3ine dra! the beginning and ending "rames and the com(uter !ill (roduce the
dra!ings
5 bet!een the "irst and the last dra!ing. This is generally re"erred to
as com(uter8assisted
animation< because the com(uter is more o" a hel(er than an originator.
In "ull com(uter animation< com(lex mathematical "ormulas are used to
(roduce the
"inal se7uence o" (ictures. These "ormulas o(erate on extensive databases
o" numbers
that de"ine the ob'ects in the (ictures as they exist in mathematical
s(ace. The database
1# consists o" end(oints< and color and intensity in"ormation. /ighly
trained (ro"essionals
are needed to (roduce such e""ects because animation that obtains high
degrees o"
realism involves com(uter techni7ues "or three8dimensional trans"ormation<
shading<
and curvatures.
/igh8tech com(uter animation "or "ilm involves very ex(ensive com(uter
systems
15 along !ith s(ecial color terminals or "rame bu""ers. The "rame bu""er
is nothing
more than a giant image memory "or vie!ing a single "rame. It tem(orarily
holds the image
"or dis(lay on the screen<
A camera can be used to "ilm directly "rom the com(uter)s dis(lay screen<
but "or
the highest 7uality images (ossible< ex(ensive "ilm recorders are used. The
com(uter
2# com(utes the (ositions and colors "or ihe "igures in the (icture< and
sends this in"ormation
to the recorder< !hich ca(tures it on "ilm. Sometimes< ho!ever< the images
are stored on a
large magnetic dis- be"ore being sent to the recorder. Cnce this (rocess is
com(leted< it is
re(eated "or the next "rame. ;hen the entire se7uence has been recorded on
the "ilm< the
"ilm must be develo(ed be"ore the animation can be vie!ed. I" the entire
se7uence does
25 not seem right< the motions must be corrected< recom(uted< redis(layed<
and rerecorded.
This a((roach can be very ex(ensive and time consuming. C"ten<
com(uter8animation
com(anies "irst do motion tests !ith sim(le com(uter8generated line
dra!ings be"ore
selling their com(uters to the tas- o" calculating the high8resolution<
realistic8loo-ing
images.
16. ;hat as(ect o" com(uter animation does the (assage mainly discussG
(A) The (roduction (rocess
(B) The e7ui(ment needed
() The high cost
(&) The role o" the artist
2#.According to the (assage< in com(uter8assisted animation the role o" the
com(uter is to dra! the
(A) "irst "rame
(B) middle "rames
() last "rame
(&) entire se7uence o" "rames
21. The !ord HtheyH in line 6 re"ers to
(A) "ormulas
(B) databases
() numbers
(&) ob'ects
22. According to the (assage< the "rame bu""ers mentioned in line 15 are
used to
(A) add color to the images
(B) ex(ose several "rames at the same time
() store individual images
(&) create ne! "rames
2%. The (hrase Hnothing more thanH in lines 15811 is closest in meaning to
(A) increasingly
(B) sim(ly
() (aiticularly
(&) instantly
2,. According to the (assage< the (ositions and colors o" the "igures m
high8tech animation are determined by
(A) dra!ing several versions
(B) enlarging one "rame at a lime
() analyDing the se7uence "rom di""erent angles
(&) using com(uter calculations
25. The !ord Hca(turesH in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) se(arates
(B) registers
() describes
(&) numbers
21. The !ord HCnceH in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) be"ore
(B) since
() a"ter
(&) !hile
24. According to the (assage< ho! do com(uter8animation com(anies o"ten
test motionG
(A) They ex(eriment !ith com(uter8generated line dra!ings.
(B) They hand8dra! successive "rames.
() They calculate high8resolution images.
(&) They develo( extensive mathematical "ormulas.
25. The !ord Htas-H in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) (ossibility
(B) (osition
() time
(&) 'ob
26. ;hich o" the "ollo!ing statements is su((orted by the (assageG
(A) om(uters have reduced the costs o" animation.
(B) In the "uture< traditional artists !ill no longer be needed.
() Artists are unable to (roduce dra!ings as high in 7uality as com(uter
dra!ings.
(&)Animation involves a !ide range o" technical and artistic s-ills.
Euestions %#8%6
The "irst =uro(eans in the &ela!are :alley< a region located near die
Atlantic oast
o" +orth America< !ere Scandinavians. They came to the short8lived colony
-no!n as
+e! S!eden< "ounded in 11%5< 3oose organiDation and local autonomy "ostered
a cultural
3ine "usion bet!een native and settler cultures that (roved one o" the most
notable8and least
5 understood8develo(ments o" early +orth American history. The +ative
Americans !ere
both "anners and huntersF +ative American !omen "armed gardens o" corn<
beans< and
s7uash< !hile +ative American men hunted "or "urs< hides< and meat. Such a
gender
division o" labor !as much li-e that (racticed by Scandinavian settlers. In
the harsh
environment o" northern =uro(e< Scandinavian !omen had been accustomed to
(racticing
1# "orms o" shi"ting cultivation< and they immediately understood +ative
American
horticulture. olonial !omen o" the &ela!are valley 7uic-ly ado(ted the
cro(s o" the
+ative American !omen< !hile +ative American !omen !elcomed =uro(ean tools<
such
as metal hoes< and "arm animals< such as (igs and chic-ens.
Similarly< Scandinavian men 7uic-ly ada(ted to hunting in +orth America< In
2rance
15 and =ngland< unli-e Scandinavia< hunting had been long reserved "or the
nobility< and
so "e! 2rench and =nglish settlers had much ex(erience in handling "irearms
or
understanding the (atterns o" game animals. But Scandinavian men !ere
"amiliar !ith
hunting and rece(tive to learning the hunting methods o" the local +ative
Americans.
In turn +ative Americans readily incor(orated =uro(ean steel -nives<
"irearms< and linen
2# hunting shirts into their hunting routines.
The most common symbol o" (ioneer +orth America< the log cabin< emerged in
the
&ela!are :alley< and ought to serve as a symbol o" this com(osite culture.
onstruction
!ith logs !as a tradition brought to +orth America by 2innish settlers o"
+e! S!eden<
It !as 7uic-ly (ic-ed u( by other settlers< "or !ith the resources o" the
American !oods<
25 a "e! tools< and a little training< several men could erect a rough
shelter in a day< or a solid
house in a !ee-< ;hat is truly "ascinating is that +ative Americans 7uic-ly
learned these
construction techni7ues and (robably did as much as colonists to s(read the
(ractice o" log
construction across the "rontiers o" colonial +orth America.
%#. ;hich one o" the "ollo!ing 7uestions does the (assage ans!erG
(A) ;hat role did +ative American men (lay in teaching their agricultural
methods to Scandinavian settlersG
(B) /o! did the interaction bet!een +ative Americans and Scandinavian
settlers bene"it both grou(sG
() ;hat hardshi(s did the Scandinavian !omen settlers ex(erience in +orth
AmericaG
(&) ;hat caused a rivalry bet!een the =nglish and Scandinavian settlers in
+orth AmericaG
%1. The !ord H"osteredH in line % is closest in meaning to
(A) encouraged
(B) (redated
() (redicted
(&) re'ected
%2. In line ,< the !ord HnotableH is closest in meaning to
(A) social
(B) (redictable
() remar-able
(&) early
%%.According to the (assage< the +ative American and Scandinavian cultures
o" the &ela!are :alley initially had all o" the "ollo!ing in common =I=?T
(A) loose organiDation
(B) "arming ex(erience
() metal "anning tools
(&) local autonomy
%,. According to the (assage< !hy !ere Scandinavian !omen easily able to
understand +ative American horticultureG
(A) They had (rior -no!ledge o" most +ative American (lants.
(B) They had used similar cultivation (ractices in Scandinavia.
() They !ere hel(ed by +ative American and colonial men<
(&) hey !ere able to use +ative American "arming tools.
%5. ;hy does the author contrast =nglish and 2rench settlers !ith
Scandinavian settlers in lines 1,815 G
(A) To suggest that they learned at least some hunting s-ills "rom each
other
(B) To illustrate that it is hard to decide !ho established the earliest
+orth American hunting techni7ues
() To ex(lain !hy the Scandinavians !ere able to ado(t +ative American
hunting techni7ues more easily
(&) To sho! ho! +ative Americans might have ac7uired steel -nives and
"irearms
%1. ;hat does the author im(ly about 2rench and =nglish settlersG
(A) 9ost o" them did not come "rom the nobility.
(B) 9ost o" them hunted !ith advanced "irearms.
() They taught hunting s-ills to Scandinavian settlers.
(&) They (rovided +ative Americans !ith linen hunting shirts.
%4. In 3ine 15< the (hrase Hrece(tive toH is closest in meaning to
(A) sus(icious o"
(B) ready "or
() de(endent on
(&) ne! lo
%5. The !ord ))emergedH in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) enlarged
(B) disa((eared
() remained
(&) develo(ed
%6. ;hy does the author state in lines 21822 that the log cabin ought to
serve as a symbolG
(A) It could be built by using the available resources o" the &ela!are
:alley.
(B) It !as built across the "rontiers o" colonial +orth America.
() It uses a construction techni7ue brought to +orth America by
Scandinavian settlers.
(&) It is a good exam(le o" the cultural mixing o" native and settler
cultures.
Euestions ,#85#
At the turn o" the t!entieth century< Americans !ho !ished to travel
bet!een cities
either "or !or- or "or (leasure had limited o(tions. The steam railroad
o""ered the best<
the most reliable and the "astest means o" trans(ort. =lectric rail!ays
(trams and trolleys)
3ine (rovided reasonable intraurban and short8distance intercity travel
They also o""ered some
5 longer routes< but only in certain (arts o" the country. /orse8dra!n
coaches !ere neither
a com(etitive nor a com"ortable alternative given the de(lorable slate o"
the nation)s
high!aysF and though bicycles !ere (o(ular in both to!n and country< they<
too< !ere
ham(ered by (oor road sur"aces. It too- the mass (roduction and o!nershi(
o" cars<
together !ith increased attention to road construction< to bring the ma'or
brea-through
1# in travel in the 162EBs. And alongside the ra(id s(read o" the (o(ular
and individualistic
auto came the slo!er< but signi"icant< gro!th o" bus trans(ort. +ot only
did buses largely
re(lace trams and trolleys in urban mass transit< they also o(ened u( ne!
avenues o"
intercity travel both to those Americans !ho cou/ not a""ord cars and to
those car o!ners
!ho (re"erred to leave distance driving to others.
15 +o (articular date mar-s the beginning o" the American intercity bus
industry because
so many individuals !ere attracted to it at about the same time by the
large (ro"its
available to those !ho could cany "are8(aying (assengers over (ublic
high!ays8 These
ubi7uitous bus (ioneers came "rom all !al-s o" li"e. 2e! -ne! much about
trans(ort or
about business< but they !ere !illing to ta-e a chance on a ne! venture
that had lo! entry
2# costs. 2re7uently driving used vehicles< these drivers concentrated on
local services
o(erated on a consumer8demand basis !ith the driver ta-ing cash "ares.
There !ere no
"ormal schedules or routes. ?eo(le became a!are o" the ne! service by !ord
o" mouth
or ne!s(a(er advertisements< but a regular commitment !as not guaranteed.
Bus drivers
"re7uently did not start until they /ad a "ull loadF and those !ho traveled
on the early
buses !ere content !ith reaching iheir destination rather than en'oying a
"ast or
com"ortable 'ourney.
,#< ;hat is the main to(ic o" the (assageG
(A) The di""iculties !ith various "orms o" (ublic trans(ortation in the
162#)s
(B) The e""ect o" (oor roads on the develo(ment o" rail trans(ortation
() The di""erences bet!een intraurban arid intercity trans(ortation at the
aim o" the century
(&) The early develo(ment o" bud trans(ortation
,1 ;hat does the author im(ly about horse8dra!n coaches at the turn o" the
t!entieth centuryG
(A) They !ere not available !ithin cities.
(B) They did not (rovide as good service as the railroads.
() They !ere more (o(ular than bicycles.
(&) They !ere strong com(etitors o" trams and trolleys.
,2. The !ord Hde(lorableH in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) unusable
(B) !orn
() a!"ul
(&) di""icult
,%. The !ord Hham(eredH in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) restrained
(B) su((orted
() "avored
(&) damaged
,,. According to the (assage< until the 162#)s< the best !ay to travel
bet!een cities !as by
(A) steam (o!ered trains
(B) trams and trolleys
() bicycles
(&) cars
,5. According to the (assage< all o" rhe "ollo!ing changed travel in
America in the 162#)s =I=?T
(A) !ides(read o!nershi( o" cars
(B) im(roved roads
() innovations in (ublic trans(ort
(&) com(etition bet!een trams and trolleys
,1. The (hrase HThese ubi7uitous bus (ioneersH in lines 14815 re"ers to
(A) Americans !ho could not a""ord cars
(B) car o!ners !ho (re"erred toleave distance driving to others
() individuals attracted to the intercity bus industry
(&) "are8(aying (assengers
,4. ;hich o" the "ollo!ing best describes early bus driversG
(A) They had (revious !or- ex(erience ia (ublic trans(ortation<
(B) They !ere cautious in business mattersB
() They did not at "irst have high costs.
(&) They did not have many com(etitors
,5. According to the (assage< (eo(le learned about ne! bus routes "rom
(A) radio broadcasts
(B) conversations !ith other(eo(le
(J signs in the buses
(&) notices (osted in local stores
,6. ;hat can be in"erred "rom the (assage about the beginning o" the bus
industry in America)G
(A) /igh (ro"its do not ex(lain !hy so many (eo(le started (roviding bus
services.
(B) The bus industry !as started by the large cor(orations that constructed
high!ays.
() The "ounders o" bus trans(ortation had di""iculty buying vehicles that
could be used as buses.
(&) ?assengers used bus trans(ortation even though it !as neither regular
nor "ast.
5#. According to the (assage< !hich o" the "ollo!ing characteriDed early
bus travelG
(A) =stablished routes
(B) om"ortable seats
() 2ully occu(ied buses
(&) ?ublished schedules