IV B.

Tech I Semester

Student Handbook
For
Computer Graphics

Mr.Naveen kumar Reddy
Mrs.Srilatha
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
UNI I
Syllabus!
I ntroducti on, Appl i cati on areas of Computer Graphi cs,
overvi ew of graphi cs systems, vi deo- di spl ay devi ces,
raster- scan systems, random scan systems, graphi cs
moni tors and wor stati ons and i nput devi ces.
"b#ectives!
Learni ng about t he appl i cat i on areas of comput er
graphi cs.
Learni ng how t o di spl ay a vi deo by usi ng CRT, Rast er-
scan system and random scan syst ems.
Learni ng about t he moni t ors t o di spl ay t he graphi cal
i mages.
Learni ng about t he i nput devi ces needed t o i nput t he
dat a t o t he graphi cal syst em.
$ecture plan!
SN

T!" C
N. #
L$CT%R$S
&
" nt roduct i on , 'ppl i cat i on areas of comput er
graphi cs, vervi ew of graphi cs syst ems.
(
( )i deo di spl ay devi ces- - CRT &
* Raster- scan syst ems &
+ Random scan syst ems &
, -raphi c moni t ors
(
6 I nput devi ces 2
!
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
Important %uestions!
&. .hat are t he meri t s and demeri t s of rast er- scan CRT/
(. Li st and e0pl ai n t he appl i cat i ons of comput er graphi cs/
*. Li st t he operat i ng charact eri st i cs of
a. Rast er ref resh syst ems
b. )ect or ref resh syst ems
c. !l asma panel
d. LC1
&ssi'nment %uestions!
&. 'ssumi ng t hat a cert ai n f ul l - col our 2 (+- bi t per pi 0el 3 R-4
rast er syst em has a ,&( by ,&( f rame bu5 er, 6ow many
di st i nct col our choi ces 2 i nt ensi t y l evel s3 woul d be avai l abl e/
(. Consi der a rast er syst em wi t h resol ut i on of 7+89+:8. 6ow
many pi 0el s coul d be accessed per second by a di spl ay
cont rol l er t hat ref reshes t he screen at a rat e of 78 f rames per
second. .hat i s t he access t i me per pi 0el /
UNI II
Syllabus!
"utput pri mi ti ves# $oi nts and l i nes, l i ne drawi ng
al gori thms, mi d- poi nt ci rcl e and el l i pse al gori thms.
%i l l ed area pri mi ti ves# Scan l i ne pol ygon & l l
al gori thm, 'oundary- & l l and ( ood- & l l al gori thms.
"b#ectives!
Learni ng t he al gori t hms f or drawi ng t he l i ne, f or drawi ng
t he ci rcl e wi t h mi dpoi nt al gori t hm and drawi ng t he
el l i pse wi t h mi dpoi nt el l i pse al gori t hm.
)
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
Learni ng about t he ; l l ed area pri mi t i ves l i <e pol ygons
and al gori t hms f or pol ygon ; l l i ng wi t h scan l i ne ; l l
al gori t hm, boundary ; l l al gori t hm and = ood ; l l
al gori t hm.
$ecture plan!
Important %uestions!
&. .hat are t he st eps re>ui red t o pl ot a l i ne usi ng si mpl e 11'
met hods/
(. .hat are t he st eps re>ui red t o pl ot a l i ne usi ng 4resenham
met hod/
*. .ri t e an al gori t hm t o deri ve t he st rai ght l i ne usi ng
4resenham al gori t hm when t he sl ope of t he l i ne i s l ess t han
+, degrees/
*
SN T!" C N. #
L$CT%R$S
& ut put pri mi t i ves &
( Li ne drawi ng al gori t hms &
* ?i d poi nt ci rcl e al gori t hm &
+ ?i d poi nt el l i pse al gori t hm &
, #i l l ed area pri mi t i ves &
7 Scan l i ne pol ygon ; l l al gori t hm &
@ 4oundary ; l l al gori t hms &
: #l ood ; l l al gori t hms &
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
&ssi'nment!
&. Show why t he poi nt - t o- l i ne error i s al ways AB&C ( f or t he
mi dpoi nt scan conversi on al gori t hm/
(. " ndi cat e whi ch raster l ocat i ons woul d be chosen by
bresenham al gori t hm when scan- convert i ng a l i ne f rom screen
coordi nat e2 &, &3 t o screen co- ordi nat e2 :, ,3 /
UNI III
Syllabus!
!D- geometri cal transforms# +ransl ati on, scal i ng,
rotati on, re( ecti on and shear transf ormati ons, matri ,
representati ons andhomogeneous coordi nates,
composi te transforms, transf ormati ons 'etween
coordi nate systems
"b#ectives!
Lear ni ng how t o t r ansf or m a 2D obj ect f r om one poi nt t o
anot her poi nt
Lear ni ng how t o i ncr ease( Scal i ng) an obj ect si ze.
Lear ni ng how t o r ot at e an obj ect at some angl e
Lear ni ng how t o r epr esent 2D obj ect i n t he homogenous co-
or di nat es and t r ansf or m usi ng homogeneous co- or di nat es
$ecture plan
SN

T!" C N #
L$CT%R$S
&. (1 t ransl at i on &
( (1 scal i ng &
* (1 Rot at i on &
+ (1 re= ect i on &
-
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
, (1 shear t ransf ormat i on &
7 ?at ri 0 represent at i ons and
homogeneous
Co- ordi nat es
&
@ Composi t e t ransf orms &
: Transf ormat i ons bet ween
coordi nat e syst ems
&
Important %uestions!
&. .ri t e t he general f orm of a scal i ng mat ri 0 wi t h respect t o a
; 0ed poi nt p2 h, <3 where t he scal i ng f act ors i n 0 and y
di rect i ons are a and b respect i vel y/
(. Show t hat t he t ransf ormat i on mat ri 0 f or a re= ect i on about
t he l i ne yB0 i s e>ui val ent t o re= ect i on rel at i ve t o t he 0 a0i s
f ol l owed by a count er cl oc<wi se rot at i on of D8 degree/
*. !rove scal i ng and rot at i on i s commut at i ve/
&ssi'nment!
&. 1eri ve t he general f orm of rot at i on mat ri 0 wi t h respect t o
; 0ed poi nt p2 h, <3 /
(. 'n obE ect poi nt !2 0, y3 i s t ransl at ed i n t he di rect i on %Ba" FbG
and si mul t aneousl y an observer moves i n t he di rect i on %.
Show t hat t here i s no apparent mot i on of t he obE ect poi nt
f rom t he poi nt of vi ew of observer/
UNI(I)
.
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
Syllabus!
!- D vi ewi ng# +he vi ewi ng pi pel i ne, vi ewi ng coordi nate
reference frame, wi ndow to vi ew- port coordi nate
transf ormati on, vi ewi ng, Cohen-
Sutherl and and Cyrus- 'ec l i ne cl i ppi ng al gori thms,
Sutherl and- /odge man pol ygon cl i ppi ng al gori thm.
"b#ectives!
Learni ng how t o vi ew t he (1 obE ect .
Learni ng how t o cl i p an obE ect usi ng Cohen- Sut herl and
and Cyrus- bec< l i ne Cl i ppi ng al gori t hms.
Learni ng how t o cl i p an obE ect usi ng t he Sut her- 6odge
man pol ygon cl i ppi ng al gori t hm.
$ecture plan
SN

T!" C N # L$CT%R$S
& The vi ewi ng pi pel i ne &
( )i ewi ng coordi nat e
ref erence f rame
(
* .i ndow t o vi ew- port coordi nat e
t ransf ormat i on
(
+ Cohen- Sut herl and and Cyrus-
bec< l i ne cl i ppi ng al gori t hms
(
,
Sutherl and- /odge man
pol ygon cl i ppi ng
al gori thm.
(
0
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
Important %uestions!
&. #i nd t he general f orm of t he Transf ormat i on N whi ch maps a
rect angul ar wi ndow wi t h e0t ent 0w mi n t o 0w mi n i n t he 0-
di rect i on and wi t h y e0t ent yw mi n t o yw mi n i n t he y H
di rect i on on t o a rect angul ar vi ew port wi t h 0 e0t end 0v ma0
t o 0v ma0 and y e0t ent yv mi n t o yv ma0.
(. G ust i fy t hat t he Sut herl and- 6odge man al gori t hm i s sui t abl e
f or cl i ppi ng concave pol ygon al so/
&ssi'nment!
&. %si ng st eps f ol l owed i n Sut herl and- 6odge man al gori t hm
det ermi ne t he i nt ersect i on poi nt of t he l i ne segment p& p(
agai nst a cl i ppi ng wi ndow p* p+ where coordi nat es of end
poi nt are p&2 8, 83 p(2 *, 83 andp+2 8, (3 /
(. Let R be a rect angul ar wi ndow whose l ower l eft corner i s at
L2 - *, &3 and upper ri ght - hand corner i s at R2 (, 73 . " f t he l i ne
segment i s de; ned wi t h t wo end poi nt s '2 - &, ,3 and
42 *, :3 . 1et ermi ne
a3 The regi on codes of t he t wo end poi nt s
b3 " t s cl i ppi ng cat egory and
c3 Stages i n t he cl i ppi ng operat i on usi ng Cohen-
Sut herl and al gori t hm.
UNI()
Syllabus!
)- D o'1 ect representati on # $ol ygon surfaces, 2uadri c
surfaces, spl i ne representati on, /ermi te curve, 3e4i er
curve and 3- Spl i ne curves, 3e4i er and 3- Spl i ne surfaces.
3asi c i l l umi nati on model s, pol ygon renderi ng methods
"b#ectives :
5
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
Learni ng how t o produce real i st i c di spl ays of t he scenes
usi ng *1 represent at i ons t hat model t he obE ect
charact eri st i cs.
$ecture plan
SN

T!" C N #
L$CT%R$S
& !ol ygon surf aces, >uadri c
surf aces
&
( Spl i ne represent at i on &
* 6ermi t e curve &
+ 4eIi er curve curveand 4- Spl i ne
curves
&
, 4eIi er and 4- Spl i ne surf aces (
7 4asi c i l l umi nat i on model s &
@ !ol ygon renderi ng met hods (
Important %uestions
&. St at e t he 4l endi ng f unct i on used i n 4- spl i ne curve
generat i on. $0pl ai n t he t erms i nvol ved i n i t / .hat are t he
propert i es of 4- spl i ne curves/
(. 1et ermi ne t he bl endi ng f unct i ons f or uni f orm peri odi c 4-
spl i ne curve f or dB7/
&ssi'nment!
6
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
&. -i ven t he pl ane paramet ers ', 4, C and 1 f or al l surf aces of
an obE ect , e0pl ai n t he procedure t o det ermi ne whet her any
speci ; ed poi nt i s i nsi de or out si de t he obE ect /
(. $0pl ai n t he procedure f ol l owed i n 4eIi erJ s met hods f or
curve generat i on/
*. Li st and e0pl ai n t he procedures f ol l owed i n di 5 erent smoot h
shadi ng al gori t hms. 'nal yIe t he comput at i onal compl e0i t i es
i n each/

UNI()I
Syllabus!
)- D Geometri c transf ormati ons# +ransl ati on, rotati on,
scal i ng, re( ecti on and shear transf ormati ons,
composi te transf ormati ons.
)- D vi ewi ng # 7i ewi ng pi pel i ne, vi ewi ng coordi nates,
vi ew vol ume and general pro1 ecti on transforms and
cl i ppi ng.
"b#ectives!
Learni ng how t o t ransf orm a *1 obE ect usi ng t echni >ues
l i <e Scal i ng, Transl at i on, Rot at i on, re= ect i on and Shear
t ransf ormat i on.
Learni ng how t o map *1 obE ect on t o t he (1 di mensi onal
surf ace usi ng proE ect i on t echni >ues.
$ecture plan
89
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
S:
"
+"$I C :". "%
;EC+<=ES
8 +ransl ati on, rotati on
transformati ons
8
! Scal i ng, re( ecti on
transformati ons
8
) Shear transf ormati ons 8
* Composi te transf ormati ons 8
- 7i ewi ng pi pel i ne and vi ewi ng
coordi nates
!
. $ro1 ecti on transf orms !
0 Cl i ppi ng !
Import ant %uest i ons!
&. !rove t hat t he mul t i pl i cat i on of *1 t ransf ormat i on of any
t wo successi ve t ransl at i on mat ri ces i s commut at i ve/
(. 1eri ve t he mat ri 0 f orm f or perspect i ve proE ect i on
t ransf ormat i on usi ng *- di mensi onal homogenous
represent at i on . wi t h t he a neat s<et ch, descri be vari ous
parameters i nvol ved i n t he mat ri 0 represent at i on/
Assignment#
&. " f p2 0, y, I3 i s an obE ect ref erence poi nt f or scal i ng, e0pl ai n
now t he scal i ng operat i on i s de; ned i n t erms of scal i ng wi t h
respect t o ori gi n/
88
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
(. 1eri ve t he >uat erni on rot at i on mat ri 0 f or rot at i on about an
arbi t rary a0i s i n t hree- di mensi onal domai n/
*. -i ven a uni t cube wi t h one corner at 2 8, 8, 83 and t he opposi t e
corner at 2 &, &, &3 , deri ve t he t ransf ormat i ons necessary t o
rot at e t he cube by t heta degrees about t he mai n di agonal
f rom 2 8, 8, 83 t o 2 &, &, &3 i n t he count er cl oc< wi se di rect i on
when l oo<i ng al ong t he di agonal t oward t he ori gi n/

<:I+-7II
Sylla'us#
7i si 'l e surface detecti on methods# Cl assi & cati on, 'ac-
face detecti on, depth- 'u> er, scan- l i ne, depth sorti ng,
3S$- tree methods, area su'- di vi si on and octree
methods
.
"'1ectives#
Learni ng how t o remove t he surf aces or l i nes whi ch are
not t o be di spl ayed i n a *1 scene usi ng vi si bl e surf ace
det ect i on procedures.
;ecture plan#
SN

T!" C N. #
L$CT%R$S
& Cl assi ; cat i on, &
( 4ac<- f ace det ect i on &
* 1ept h- bu5 er &
+ Scan- l i ne &
, 1ept h sort i ng (
7 4S!- t ree met hods (
8!
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
@ 'rea sub- di vi si on and oct ree
met hods
(
Important ?uestions#
&. 6ow does K- bu5 er al gori t hm det ermi ne whi ch surf aces are
hi dden/
(. $0pl ai n 4S!-Tree met hod i n detai l /
*. Compare and cont rast dept h- bu5 er and dept h- sort met hods/
Assignment#
&. ' pol ygon has a pl an e>uat i on a0FbyFcIFdB8. Suppose t hat
we <now t he val ue of L KJ at a poi nt 2 0, y3 . .hat i s t he easi est
way t o cal cul at e t he val ue of I at 2 0F&, y3 and at 2 0, yF&3/
(. 'ssumi ng t hat one al l ows ( power (+ dept h val ue l evel s t o
be used, how much memory woul d a &8(+ 0 @7: pi 0el di spl ay
re>ui res t o st ore t he I- bu5 er/
<:I+-7III
Sylla'us#
Computer ani mati on # Desi gn of ani mati on se2uence,
general computer ani mati on functi ons, raster
ani mati on, computer ani mati on l anguages, ey frame
systems, moti on speci & cati ons.
"'1ectives#
8)
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
Learni ng general f unct i ons needed f or ani mat i on of
scenes.
Learni ng t he l anguages t o bui l d t he ani mat i on scenes.
Learni ng t he cat egori es of ani mat i on.
;ecture $lan#
SN

T!" C N. #
L$CT%R$S
& 1esi gn of ani mat i on se>uence &
( -eneral comput er ani mat i on
f unct i ons
&
* Raster ani mat i on &
+ Comput er ani mat i on l anguages &
, Mey f rame syst ems &
7 ?ot i on speci ; cat i ons &
Important ?uestions#
&. .hat are t he i ssued i nvol ved i n desi gn of a st ory board
l ayout wi t h accompanyi ng <ey f rames f or an ani mat i on of a
si ngl e pol yhedron/
(. .hat i s t he mechani sm f ol l owed f or t rac<i ng l i ve act i on i n
ani mat ed scenes/
*. 1escri be t he probl em of t emporal al i asi ng/
Assignment#
8*
Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions
&. Li st and e0pl ai n about t he st eps of ani mat i on and vari ous
t ypes of i nt erpol at i on used i n ani mat i on/
(. 1e; ne t he t echni >ue morphi ng. $0pl ai n how si mul at i on
accel erat i ons wi l l be consi dered i n <ey- f rame syst ems/
8-