GSM Basics - 1

Microcellular Engineering Book
Microcellular
Engineering
Book
Jan, 1999
Revision 0.4
Abstract: This document contains all the key topics related to the Microcellular technology
and its applications.
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page 1 ANDC
CONTENTS
SIN!O"" "ORM #
1. INTRODUCTION 6
2. WHAT IS A MICROCELLULAR SYSTEM? 6
$.1 %i&i'a'ions o( Macrocellular )
$.$ Microcells *
$.+ Mo'orola Microcellular S,s'e& - Bene(i's .
3. NETWORK DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 9
+.1 /e0lo,&en' S'ra'egies 9
+.$ 1n'enna loca'ion 2 ',0es 10
3.2.1 Microcell location 10
3.2.2 Antenna Height & Types 11
+.+ Ca0aci', 1+
3.3.1 yste! Capacity" City Centre #$a!ple 1%
+.4. Tra((ic 1#
3.%.1 Classification of !icrocells 1&
3.%.2 Types of traffic on !icrocells 1&
3.%.3 Practical Case" Traffic in a large deploy!ent 1'
+.# R" 3lanning 19
+.) 3ER"ORM1NCE MONITORIN $1
4. MOBILITY IN MULTILAYER NETWORKS 23
4.1 4an5over 3rocess $+
%.1.1 Description 23
%.1.2 Hando(er Types 2%
%.1.3 Hando(er Priority 2%
4.$ Mo'orola 3BT 1lgori'6& $#
%.2.1 tandard Config)ration *Type 1+. 2&
%.2.2 ,ine of ight Config)ration *Type %+ 2'
%.2.3 Aro)nd-the-Corner Config)ration *Type 3+. 2'
%.2.% .)alified Neigh/o)r Config)ration *Type 0+. 21
%.2.0 Dyna!ic Hando(er Margin Config)ration *Type &+. 22
%.2.& Ad3acent channel neigh/o)rs *Type '+. 30
%.2.&.1 4nterference a(oidance test 30
4.+ I&0era'ive 4an5overs 2 T,0e $ Neig67ours +0
4.4 Can5i5a'e Or5ering +1
4.# Missing Re0or's 2 Missing Neig67ours ++
4.) Mo'orola Mul'ila,ere5 S,s'e& 36iloso06, ++
5. OPTIMISATION 35
#.1 41N/O8ER STR9CT9RE +#
0.1.1 4NT#5-,A6#5 HAND78#5 30
0.1.1.1 HAND4N9 D7:N 3&
0.1.1.2 HAND4N9 ;P 3&
0.1.1.3 MA4NTA4N4N9 TH# CA,, 4N TH# M4C57 ,A6#5 31
#.$ I/%E MO/E BE418IO9R +9
#.+ Si'e in'egra'ion 40
6. ADDITIONAL MULTILAYER !EATURES 42
).1 /irec'e5 Re'r, 2 Conges'ion Relie( 4$
&.1.1 Directed 5etry %2
&.1.2 Congestion 5elief %%
&.1.3 Application & Para!eters %0
).$ "as' Ini'ial MS 3o:er /o:n 49
&.2.1 Description %2
&.2.2 Application & Para!eters 00
).+ /i((eren' neig67our lis's in BCC4 ;i5le< an5 S1CC4 ;5e5ica'e5< #0
&.3.1 Description 00
&.3.2 Application 02
).4 S0ee5 4an5over /e(ine5 0er!neig67our ;6re=ave<. #$
&.%.1 Description 02
&.%.2 Application 02
).# 3re(er /i((eren' Carrier (or In'racell 4an5over #+
&.0.1 Description 03
&.0.2 Application 03
).) %i&i'e5 Nu&7er o( In'racell 4an5overs ##
&.&.1 Description 00
&.&.2 Application & Para!eters 00
).* 4an5over Margin 0er Cause #)
&.'.1 Description 0&
&.'.2 Application 0'
).. Ti&e5 O((se' u0on R>?91% 4an5over #*
).9 Micro @ Micro ?uali', 4an5over )0
&.2.1 Description &0
&.2.2 Application &1
).10 4an5over 7ase5 on 0a'6 loss calcula'ion )$
&.10.1 Application &3
).11 1ll c6annels a' (ull 0o:er )+
).1$ 15vance5 6an5over s'a'is'ics )+
". UNDERLAYING OTHER #ENDORS 64
*.1 Ericsson )4
*.$ 1lca'el )#
*.+ Sie&ens ))
*.4 Nokia ))
;!/rella hando(ers. &&
APPENDI$ A 6"
3BT Con(igura'ions /escri0'ion )*
APPENDI$ B "%
1veraging Se''ings *0
APPENDI$ C "6
3o:er Con'rol Se''ings *)
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page % ANDC
SIGNO!! !ORM
1u'6or- <a(ier #sca!illa Signa'ure- /a'e- Se0'e&7er 9.
Revise5- 5o/erto 9arc=a Signa'ure- /a'e- Se0'e&7er 9.
Con'ri7u'ions- 9a/riel Nagy Signa'ure- /a'e-
Revise5- >ernando ancho Signa'ure- /a'e- /ece&7er 9.
Revise5- Signa'ure- /a'e-
1. I&'()*+,'-)&
The p)rpose of this doc)!ent is to e$plain ho? layered cell str)ct)res are
i!ple!ented /y the Motorola @ soft?are feat)res. Motorola has designed the layered
technology o(er se(eral years and since 122% it has /een tested in real syste!s in !)ltiple
field trials. This de(elop!ent has allo?ed Motorola to lead this technology and gain a /road
e$perience. The original @ soft?are prod)ct has /een !odelled and opti!ised thro)gh this
e$perience and se(eral ne? feat)res ha(e /een added.
4n 122&A operators started to deploy layered technology as a sol)tion for their capacity
pro/le!s. Motorola ?as chosen as a (endor and pro(ided technical s)pport for a n)!/er of
!)lti-layer pro3ects ?orld-?ideA incl)ding se(eral (ery large Microcell)lar deploy!ents in
#)rope c)rrently /eing carried o)t *o(er %00 !icrocells in single cities+. The ?ealth of
e$perience collected in these pro3ects has allo?ed Motorola to identify the real needs and
?ishes of the operatorsB the Motorola Layered Technology has addressed these needs.
Motorola Technology pro(ides the operator ?ith fle$i/ility to cope ?ith specific
pro/le!s and is designed to /e easy to i!ple!ent and opti!ise. A range of specific Motorola
tools are a(aila/le for the planningA opti!isation and control of !)lti-layer en(iron!ents.
2. W./' -0 / M-,(),122+2/( S30'14?
2.1 L-4-'/'-)&0 )5 M/,(),122+2/(
4n the initial steps of a con(entional cell)lar net?orCA deploy!ents are i!ple!ented to
pro(ide co(erage o(er a ?ide geographical area. 4t is ad(antageo)s for the operator to !aCe
these cells as large as possi/le in order to Ceep infrastr)ct)re costs to a !ini!)!. As the
!o/ile )sage increaseA operators looC to pro(ide !ore specific co(erage and capacity foc)sed
on s)/scri/er reD)ire!ents.
The density of s)/scri/ers s)pported is a f)nction of freD)ency allocationA freD)ency
re-)se patterns and propagation distances. As the n)!/er of s)/scri/ersA and s)/seD)ently the
traffic reD)ire!ents increaseA operators are reD)ired to red)ce cell siEe to increase capacity.
This is a typical sit)ation in a large )r/an area. 4nitially the capacity increase is achie(ed
thro)gh sectorisation and then thro)gh Fcell splittingF *sites ?ith red)ced co(erage+. This
restriction of propagation is achie(ed )sing Fdo?ntiltedF antenna syste!s. These !ethods still
reD)ire the )se of e$pensi(e rooftop locations and s)ffer fro! interference pro/le!s as a
conseD)ence of the diffic)lties to predict the propagation patterns. Macrocells cannot pro(ide
the co(erage and capacity perfor!ance reD)ired /y the f)t)re cell)lar net?orCs.
As capacity reD)ire!ents increase ?ithin digital cell)lar net?orCsA cell siEes are
red)ced at a rapid rate. The n)!/er of cells reD)ired increases )ntil a sat)ration point is
reached ?hen the a(aila/le freD)ency reso)rce and the physical location of eD)ip!ent li!its
?hat can /e achie(ed ?ith traditional cell planning techniD)es.
Additional cells are also deployed to !eet increased co(erage needsA partic)larly as
the )se of handporta/les increases the e$pectation of the s)/scri/er and e$tends the areas of
cell)lar operations to ?ithin /)ildings. Altho)gh !acrocells can /e )sed to pro(ide in-
/)ilding co(erageA the D)ality of co(erage achie(ed does not !eet s)/scri/ers e$pectations.
!aller cells also /egin to stretch freD)ency re-)se r)les and the a/ility of locating
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page & ANDC
carriers in close pro$i!ity to each other. Ad3acent channel and co-channel criteria are
stretched in the s!all cell en(iron!entA the a/ility to !eet 9M specified le(els are se(erely
tested and restrict ?hat can /e achie(ed ?itho)t significant degradation of net?orC
perfor!ance.
These operational li!itations restrict the !ini!)! radi)s of a !acrocell to a/o)t
000!A ?hich is not s!all eno)gh to !eet the capacity and co(erage reD)ire!ents of dense
)r/an net?orCs.
2.2 M-,(),1220
A G!icrocellF is defined as Ga cell in ?hich the /ase station antenna is generally
!o)nted /elo? rooftop le(el. 5adio ?a(e propagation is deter!ined /y diffraction and
scattering aro)nd /)ildingsA the !ain rays propagating ?ithin street canyons.H
R" Signal
Figure 1: Street Canyon propagation effect
Microcells typically ha(e a radi)s of 100-300 !etres and e$hi/it trans!ission
/eha(io)rA ?hich differs fro! con(entional large or s!all cells. Propagation is pri!arily Gline
of sightH and radio path loss increases sharply as the recei(er !o(es o)t of sight of the
trans!itter *i.e. as yo) t)rn a street corner+.
Microcells differ greatly fro! the con(entional !acrocellA ?hich pro(ides F)!/rellaF
co(erage o(er a ?ide areaA /y pro(iding foc)sed co(erage and capacity o(er all or part of the
!acrocell co(erage area. Microcells offer i!pro(ed propagation propertiesA e$perience less
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page ' ANDC
se(ere fading and effecti(ely pro(ide increased logical /and?idth res)lting in a lo?er le(el of
error trans!ission at high /it rates. Microcells also reD)ire lo?er trans!ision po?ers than
con(entional !acrocells.
4n the Motorola !)lti-layer net?orC approachA a co!plete !icrocell)lar net?orC is
deplyed )nder the e$isting !acrocell net?orC. Cells of different siEes are o(erlaidA and /ase
stations ?ith different trans!it po?er le(els co-e$ist in close pro$i!ity.
The ?ide co(erage area ?ith high po?ered !acrocells is considered as the Overla,
net?orC. The !acrocells ?ill pro(ide ?ide co(erage and act as a Isafety netI for !o/iles
!o(ing /et?een !icrocell)lar areas. The lo? po?ered !icrocells that are installed ?ithin the
high traffic areas of the net?orC can /e considered as the 9n5erla, net?orC.
Thro)gh the right choice of the !icrocell site locationsA an i!pro(ed and fle$i/le
co(erage !ay /e pro(idedA increasing the capacity thro)gh tighter freD)ency re-)se and
s!aller cell siEes. This is possi/le d)e to the street canyon effect do!inating the 5>
propagation. :ith a proper location of the antennae *& !etres to 2J3 the height of the
/)ilding+ the co(erage pro(ided is constrained /y the s)rro)nding /)ildings and the re-)se
pattern can /e !)ch tighter as the inter-!icro interference can /e controlled.
5e-)se patterns of 3 $ 1 *three freD)ency sets for the ?hole t?o carriers syste!+ ha(e
/een i!ple!ented in so!e syste!s o(er the entire !icrocell)lar portion of the net?orCA /y
!aCing )se of the fle$i/ility MotorolaKs soft?are pro(ides. Capacity fig)res o(er 300
erlangsJC!
2
ha(e /een achie(ed ?itho)t any degradation in the D)ality of ser(ice offered.
2.3 M)')()2/ M-,(),122+2/( S30'146 B1&15-'0
The !ain goal of a ,ayered yste! is to sol(e the capacity pro/le!s of a net?orC
thro)gh a !)ch !ore fle$i/le and tighter re-)se of the a(aila/le freD)encies in the lo?er
layers. The location of the lo?-le(el *)nderlay+ sites ?ill /e deter!ined /y the capacity and
traffic reD)ire!entsA pro(iding the capacity ?here it is needed. The ?ay Motorola has
i!ple!ented its ,ayered yste! is e$tre!ely fle$i/le as !)ltiple layers can /e defined in the
syste! s)ch as )!/rellaA !acrocellA !icrocellA !inicellA concentric cell or picocell layers.
The !ain reason operators ha(e decided to i!ple!ent a Microcell)lar ,ayered yste!
is to sol(e their capacity reD)ire!entsA there/y increasing the D)ality of ser(ice offered to
their c)sto!ers. 4n additionA there are other /enefits gained ?ith the deploy!ent of a
Microcell)lar Net?orC"
Con'rolle5 Coverage
Controlled co(erage is inherent to a !icrocell)lar syste!A therefore the interference
generated is also controlled. >)rtherA the fle$i/ility of locating !icrocells in areas of high
traffic per!its capacity to /e tailored to non-ho!ogeno)s traffic distri/)tions.
In!7uil5ing coverage
4!pro(ed in-/)ilding co(erage is pro(ided e(en if the antennas are e$ternally located.
Apart fro! the high signal le(els pro(ided o)tdoorsA the penetration loss to in-/)ilding areas
?ill /e less ?hen the incidence angle is close to perpendic)lar. The s!aller the co(erage area
of the !icrocellsA the !ore perpendic)lar the incidence angles ?ill /e andA thereforeA the
s!aller the penetration loss.
I&&uni', 'o (a5ing
4n a !icrocell)lar syste! the s)/scri/ers located in the streets ?ill /e in the line-of-
sight *,7+ fro! the antenna. 4n this scenarioA the fading e$perienced in the recei(ed signal
?ill appro$i!ate a 5ician distri/)tion. This is !)ch s!oother than the 5ayleigh distri/)tionA
?hich go(erns the fading in a standard Macrocell)lar yste!. >)rtherA ?hen the incidence
angle of a !icrocell in an in-/)ilding area is close to perpendic)larA the fading ?ill /e also
/eing s!oother.
Re5uc'ion in &o7ile tx power
As the recei(ed signal le(els ?ill typically /e high in a !icrocell)lar net?orCA the
!o/ile ?ill /e trans!itting ?ith lo? po?er (al)es. This has t?o i!!ediate effects" less
interference radiated in the )plinC and e$tended /attery life of the s)/scri/erKs !o/iles.
In'ro5uc'ion o( 3icocellular conce0'
4f total in-/)ilding co(erage is essential *e.g. strategic /)ildings+A internal antennas
!ay /e located ?ithin the /)ilding itself. These LpicocellsK !ay )se the sa!e !icrocell)lar
soft?are as it has /een designed to facilitate this scenario.
3. N1'7)(8 D10-9& & I4:2141&'/'-)&
3.1 D1:2)341&' S'(/'19-10
After !any syste!s deployedA it has /een easy to identify in ?hich sit)ations ?e
i!ple!ent !icrocells and ?hat are the config)rations to cope ?ith the!. There are typical
sit)ations ?here !icrocells are deployed"
Capacity relief in hot-spot locations. Traffic is concentrated and prod)ces /locCing in
certain cells. 4n this sit)ation !icrocells are planned to p)t the capacity ?here needed. At
the sa!e ti!eA co(erage and D)ality are i!pro(ed to the high n)!/er of s)/scri/ers
generating the trafficA ?itho)t introd)cing interference to the rest of the syste!A as it
?o)ld /e done /y adding ne? radios to the !acrocells *ass)!ing this ?o)ld /e possi/le+.
Capacity relief in sat)rated areas */)siness areasA co!!ercial centresA etc.+. Macrocell)lar
e$pansions are diffic)lt to plan there as the syste! has reached its !ini!)! cell siEe.
There are not freD)encies a(aila/le for adding ne? radios in !acro stations and e(en if
that ?o)ld /e possi/leA they ?o)ld not pro(ide the erlang density reD)ired.
#asy capacity e$pansion syste! ?ide as the n)!/er of s)/scri/ers increases. The syste!
is !at)reA and the cell radi)s is !ini!)!. High capacity sol)tions !)st /e )sed. 7ther
sol)tions are short ter!A as they do not pro(ide the sa!e capacity and D)ality. o!eti!es
they are diffic)lt to i!ple!ent A !ore e$pensi(eA and do not ha(e e$tra (al)es added as
the D)ality and co(erage i!pro(e!entA the /etter in /)ilding penetrationA the lo?er
interference addedA the longer !o/ile /attery lifeA etc.
4n a Macro-Micro ,ayered yste! three are the typical config)rations i!ple!ented to
cope ?ith the sit)ations e$posed a/o(e"
4solated !icrocells deployed in hotspot locations coping ?ith specific capacity
reD)ire!ents in a certain area. These !icrocells ?o)ld re-)se freD)encies fro! the !acro
layerA and !icrocell)lar algorith!s are only )sed to go do?n fro! the !acro layer.
parsely connected !icrocells. These are loosely interconnected !icrocells. This is the
nat)ral syste! gro?th fro! hot-spot config)ration. This config)ration co(ers capacity
pro/le!s in a certain area. 4n this config)ration !icrocell)lar algorith!s are )sed not only
to go do?n fro! the !acro layer /)t also to perfor! hando(ers /et?een !icrocells.
Contig)o)s !icrocell)lar net?orC )nderlaying the standard !acrocell)lar syste!. 4n this
case a dedicated part of spectr)! for the !icrocell)lar net?orC is desiredA e(en if not
entirely necessary. Microcell)lar algorith!s ?ill /e needed to !aintain the call in the
!icro layer and to address specific scenarios that appear in the ne? propagation
en(iron!ent *antennas /ello? roof le(el and street canyon propagation effect+.
Hotspots Hotspots
Microcellular Microcellular
Contiguous System Contiguous System
Macrocell
Macrocell
Figure 2: Microcellular Configurations
3.2 A&'1&&/ 2),/'-)& & '3:10
3.2.1 M-,(),122 2),/'-)&
7nce !icrocell)lar deploy!ent has /een decidedA the !ost appropriate location for
!icrocells !)st /e chosen. The antenna location ?ill /e critical or not depending on the goals
of the deploy!ent.
4f !icrocells are installed in a hot spot or in a dense areaA antenna position ?ill /e (ery
i!portantA as it is reD)ired to taCe !a$i!)! traffic and to relie(e as !)ch as possi/le certain
congested cells in the !acro layer.
A first approach to choose !icro location ?o)ld /e to )se !acro traffic stats in the hot
spot area. 4f !ore acc)racy is neededA hot spot detection ?o)ld /e reD)ired. This !eans to p)t
a /ase station trans!itting ?here the !icrocell ?o)ld /e located. This station ?o)ld /e
pre(io)sly defined as a !acrocell neigh/o)r in that area. Collecting M5A or traceMcall data
fro! the !acrocellsA it is possi/le to Cno? at ?hich le(els the /ase station )nder test is
reported as neigh/o)r. There is a soft?are !ade inside Motorola to analyse M5A data. CTP
*Call Trace Prod)ct+ has an option for hot spot detection tro)gh trace call data analysis as
?ell. :ith these progra!s it can /e seen the a!o)nt of !eas)re!ents that report the test /ase
station ?ith a higher le(el than the ser(er. This ?o)ld ro)ghly gi(e )s an indication a/o)t
?hat ?o)ld /e the a!o)nt of traffic s)cCed fro! a !acrocell if the !icrocell ?o)ld /e placed
in that position.
4f the p)rpose is to deploy a /ig a!o)nt of !icrocells in order to /)ild a contin)os
layerA they sho)ld /e located ?here the !a$i!)! a!o)nt of traffic is taCenA as these
s)/scri/ers ?ill ha(e /etter D)ality. Ne? !icro stations ?ill /e cost effecti(e then. 4n this
caseA the Cno?ledge of the area is an ad(antage. 9eneral r)les sho)ld /e applied" antennas
gi(ing co(erage to !ore than one street *in cornersA sD)aresA crosses etc.+A distance /et?een
!icros short eno)gh to go fro! one !icro to another ?itho)t going )p to the !acro layer
/eca)se of D)ality degradationA etc. :ith good le(el in the streetsA indoor co(erage is
i!pro(ed and thenA ne? traffic is generated.
3.2.2 A&'1&&/ H1-9.' & T3:10
7ne Cey para!eter that is going to deter!ine the siEe of the !icrocell is the antenna
height. ;s)ally antennas are located &-10 ! high and al?ays /ello? roof le(el. This co)ld /e
higher in order to ha(e /igger cells * i.e. in syste!s ?here signal is g)ided tro)gh the streets
and at any ti!e ?e ha(e controlled the cell co(erage+ or lo?er to ha(e s!aller cells *i.e.
syste!s ?here the signal propagation and thenA the interference ?e introd)ce to the syste!A is
not controlled N isolated /)ildings in open spacesA hilly terrainA etc.- +.
Antenna types ?idely )sed are"
7!nidirectional" Pipe !o)nted. The gain is )s)ally /et?een 0 and 0 d@i. This is one
of the !ost co!!only )sed for general p)rposesA /)t specially indicated in open
areas *sD)aresA crossesA etc.+ and cities ?here streets are g)iding o)r signal and
deter!ine the cell co(erage pattern.
Figure : !mni "ntenna
Directional" :all !o)nted. This antenna has a gain /et?een &.0 and 12.0 d@iA ?ith
a ?ide (ertical /ea!. 4t is )sed to foc)s the radiation to one desired area ?itho)t
introd)cing interference in all directions. Different sector antennas are fo)nd in the
!arCet &0OA 20OA 120OA etc
Figure #: Sector "ntenna
@idirectional" :all !o)nted. Aro)nd ' d@i gain. pecially )sef)l to /e located in
the !iddle of the street that is intended to /e co(ered.
Figure $:Bilo%ular "ntenna
3.3 C/:/,-'3
Pro/a/ly the /est 3)stification for introd)cing a !icrocell)lar architect)re is for
spectr)! efficiency and high capacity reasons. This is partic)larly tr)e in densely pop)lated
)r/an en(iron!entsA ?here the )se of a !icrocell /ase station ?ith a lo? trans!it po?er
allo?s s!all freD)ency re-)se distancesA a high n)!/er of channels per )nit areaA and hence a
greatly increased traffic density.
The )se of dedicated !icrocell co(erage areas allo?s !ore efficient )tilisation of the
allocated spectr)! ?hilst !aintaining the perfor!ance. As capacity reD)ire!ents increaseA
!icrocells can /e red)ced in siEe and effecti(ely split to increase the traffic density of any
partic)lar regionJarea. This gi(es the fle$i/ility to !eet the needs of a non-)nifor! traffic
en(iron!ent that ?ill incl)de the )se of dedicated in-/)ilding LpicoK cells.
:ithin s)ch a net?orCA !acrocells can /e deployed as a safety net. 4n this caseA the
n)!/er of channels per )nit area co)ld /e opti!ised in accordance ?ith the de!and. @y
splitting the radio spectr)! allocation and deploying a !i$t)re of !acrocells and !icrocells
?ith sets of carriers allocated to each type of cell *nor!ally 2 carriers for !icros+A the trade-
off /et?een the )ser capacity of a syste! and the net?orC infrastr)ct)re in(est!ent is
opti!ised.
As an e$a!ple of the potential increase in capacity ?hich can /e achie(ed /y
)pgrading a !acrocell)lar net?orC to !)lti-layerA consider the syste!s in the panels /elo?.
4n each case the area considered is 3.0 C!
2
?hich is

co(ered /y % sites *12 cells+. #ach
2-carrier cell s)pports 2.01 #rlangs of traffic. The total n)!/er of carriers in the !acrocell)lar
syste! is 2% - ?hich can /e )sed to s)pport a total of %320 s)/scri/ers and a traffic density of
30.12 #rlangsJC!
2
.
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4 sites cover an area of 3.5km
2
Spectrum available = 4.8MHz
G.O.S = 2
!rlan"s#subscriber = 25m!
$o of carriers = 24
%otal subscribers supporte& = 4325
!rlan"s#km
2
= 3'.8(
E;/4:21 M/,(),122+2/( S30'14
Figure &:E'ample Macrocellular System
4n order to )pgrade the !acrocell)lar net?orC to a !)lti-layer syste!A 2%A 2-carrier
!icrocells are added to the net?orC. 4n this syste! 122'% s)/scri/ers can /e s)pported and
the traffic density increases to 22.&' #rlangsJC!
2
. 7(er the 3.0C!
2
of the e$a!ple syste!A the
!)lti-layer architect)re can s)pport 21&.2% #rlangs of traffic in addition to that ?hich can /e
s)pported /y the original !acrocell)lar syste!.
3.3.1 S30'14 C/:/,-'36 C-'3 C1&'(1 E;/4:21
4n - /)ilding !icrocells are e$cl)ded fro! the follo?ing calc)lationsA taCen fro! a
real syste! co(ering a city centre.
The !ean capacity per sD)are P! gi(en /y the !acrocells ser(ing in the area of 3.0
C!
2
is going to /e considered as the c)rrent capacity of the syste!. As sho?nA the total
carried traffic of the !acro layer is 122.&' #rlangsA gi(ing a total capacity of 30.0% #rlJ C!
2
.
The capacity increase factor is 1.
Macrocell Carriers B(B) Traffic carried Ma'. Capacity *+!S 2,-
Total %1 122A&' 12%.31
There are 32 !icrocells )nderlaying in this area.
The calc)lated total carried traffic (al)es for the !icrocells co(ering appro$i!ately 10
Q of the area in D)estionA i.e. 2.1 C!
2
is as follo?s"
Total num%er of microcells 2
Total carried traffic in /)sy ho)r *#rl+ 1'&.2
Ma$. traffic A97 2Q A 2 carriers A *#rl+ 2&2.%
The traffic capacity offered /y the !icro layer is &3.20 #rlJ C!
2
. The co!/ined syste!
*!icrocell R !acrocells+ has the follo?ing capacity "
30.0% #rlJ C!
2
*!acro+ R &3.20 #rlJ C!
2
*!icro+ S 21.2% #rlJ C!
2
T6is 5a'a &eans '6a' '6e ca0aci', increase (ac'or ac6ieve5 in '6is case is $..0 :i'6
'6e inclusion o( a &icro la,er.
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page 1% ANDC
% 1%% 2%% 3%% 4%% 5%%
C)4<-&1*
M/,(),1220
M-,(),1220
T(/55-, -& E(2
M/;.C/:/,-'3
T(/55-, ,/((-1*
Figure . : Traffic carried in the system in %usy hour and the ma'imum capacity of fully
utilised cells in the centre
% 2% 4% 6% =% 1%%
C)4<-&1*
M/,(),1220
M-,(),1220
E(2> 842
Figure /: Traffic Capacity increase *Erl0 km
2
- in the com%ined system
3.4. T(/55-,
Apart of the f)t)re capacity e$pansion p)rs)ed ?hen deploying !icrocellsA it is
intended to taCe as !)ch traffic as possi/leA as this !eans /etter D)ality for this traffic and
less interference introd)ced to the syste!.
Microcells are going to carry traffic fro! three different so)rces" The dedicated
i!pro(ed co(erage and high density capacity pro(ided to specific s!all areasA the red)ction
of the loading on !acrocells and the generation of their o?n traffic /y reaching to placesA
?here !acrocell cannot. 4n factA practical e$perience sho?s thatA in !ost part of the casesA as
soon as a !icrocell is p)t into ser(ice the traffic carried !aCes it necessary to p)t /oth carriers
on air.
TR1""IC C1RRIE/ BA
MICRO %1AER
NEB TR1""IC ENER1TE/
MICROCE%%S T1CE TR1""IC "ROM M1CROCE%%S
BETTER IN!B9I%/IN CO8ER1E CO8ER1E IM3RO8EMENTS
M1CRO %1AER CONESTE/
Figure 1: Microcellular traffic sources
3.4.1 C2/00-5-,/'-)& )5 4-,(),1220
Microcells co)ld /e clasified according to the p)rpose each one ?as planned for"
Hot pot cells" These !icrocells are deployed in locations ?ith traffic peaCs
*non-)nifor! traffic distri/)tion+ lea(ing e$tra capacity on the !acrocell. They are present in
any !icrocell)lar deploy!ent and generallyA they are the first ones to /e i!ple!ented.
Contig)o)s co(erage" capacity enhance!ent thro)gh efficient )tilisation of
spectr)! ?hile !aintaining net?orC D)ality. These are !icros fo)nd in contino)s layer
deploy!ents and their p)rpose is to !aCe contino)s )nderlay to !eet a certain capacity and
D)ality target.
4n-/)ilding co(erage" i!pro(ed in-/)ilding co(erage ?ithin the e$isting
co(erage area of the !acrocell. They are fo)nd in any !icrocell)lar deloy!entA deployed
either for taCing a peaC of traffic inside a /)ilding *in /)ilding hot spot+ or as an indoor plan
incl)ded in /ig !icrocell)lar deploy!ents.
4!pro(ed D)ality and co(erage" pro(iding /etter co(erage and ser(ice D)ality
in areas of poor co(erage fro! !acrocells. :hen deploying /ig !icrocell)lar syste!sA ?e
i!ple!ent so!e of the! to fill holes in the !acrocell)lar net?orC as they are easy to
i!ple!ent. Altho)gh these !icrocells can /e seen in /ig syste!sA it is ad(isa/le to ha(e a
good !acrocell)lar o(erlay first. Macrocells ?ill /e the )!/rella and ?ill gi(e co(erage to
places ?here !icrocells can not reach.
3.4.2 T3:10 )5 '(/55-, )& 4-,(),1220
4n-/)ilding M. This is the indoor traffic taCen either ?ith in /)ilding !icros
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page 1& ANDC
or ?ith !icros gi(ing indoor co(erage fro! o)tside.
lo? !o(ing (ehic)lar or stationary M. This is the traffic co!ing fro!
s)/scri/ers in pedestrian areas or slo? !o/iles in dense traffic areas *i.e. city centres+
>ast !o(ing (ehicle M. This is the traffic co!ing fro! fast !o/iles in roads
or fast streets.
3.4.3 P(/,'-,/2 C/016 T(/55-, -& / 2/(91 *1:2)341&'
>ig)re 10 and Figure 11 o)tline the distri/)tion of !icrocells in a real deploy!ent in
ter!s of categories !entioned a/o(e. The diagra!s clearly ill)strate that e$cept for the 2&
indoor cells *12Q+ and the fe? hot spot cells *&Q+Athe !icro layer represents a net?orC ?ith
contig)o)s co(erage spread all o(er the city ?ith non )nifor! traffic distri/)tion *>ig)re 12+.
0Q of cells *incl)ded in the n)!/er of contig)o)s co(erage cells+ are deployed to pro(ide
/etter co(erage in /lacC spots.
12?
=2?
6?
I&<+-2*-&9
C)&'-9+)+0
H)' S:)'
Figure 12: Classification of microcells according to the main purpose of use
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page 1' ANDC
12?
55?
33?
I&<+-2*-&9
S2)7 MS
!/0' MS
Figure 11: Clasification of microcells in the city %y the type of traffic carried
1 2 3 4 5 6 " = 9 1% @1%
%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
"%
N
+
4
<
1
(

)
5

,
1
2
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 " = 9 1% @1%
T(/55-, -& E(2
BDBH
BDBH 3 */3 A#G
Figure 12: 3on cumulati4e distri%ution of traffic on microcells 5ith 1 Erl scale si6e
B(B) 7 carried traffic during %usy day %usy hour * Metrica -
B(B) day "8+ 7 day a4erage of carried traffic at B(B) * Metrica -
3.5 R! P2/&&-&9
As it ?as introd)ced in the pre(io)s paragraphsA there are t?o possi/ilities for
!icrocell)lar freD)ency planning" re)se freD)encies fro! the !acro layer or ha(e a separate
/and for !icros. @et?een the t?o optionsA a !i$ed sche!a is a (alid sol)tion and ?ill /e
e$plained later in this section.
Hot spot !icros or sparsely connected !icros do no 3)stify in ter!s of efficiencyA to
ha(e separate spectr)! dedicated for the!A so freD)encies fro! the !acrocell layer ?ill /e
re)sed. 7n the other handA to deploy a contin)o)s !icrocell)lar layerA it is /etter to dedicate a
separate freD)ency /and for !icrocellsA as it /eco!es co!ple$ to re)se freD)encies in dense
traffic areas.
@et?een the t?o sol)tionsA and al?ays depending on the siEe of the !icrocell)lar
layerA ?e co)ld adopt a !i$ed sol)tion" Dedicate a s!all separate /and for !icros and )se it
?hene(er it is not possi/le to re)se freD)encies fro! the !acro layer. @ello? is sho?n the
selection algorith!.
NEB "RE?9ENCA SE%ECTION-
Scan S0ec'ru&
1vaila7le
1n, c6annel
7elo: !90 5B& D
Macro "re=.
Reuse
9se Micro
"re=.
6#
N7
Figure 1: 3e5 Fre9uency selection procedure
As !icros ha(e typically t?o carriersA it is interesting ?hen ha(ing separate /andA to
plan the @CCHTs ?ith the dedicated freD)encies and to re)se freD)encies in the TCHTs if
necessary. This ?ill per!it to ha(e cleaner freD)encies in the @CCHTs leading to /etter
hando(er perfor!ance on the !icrocells.
:hen re)sing freD)encies fro! the !acrosA )nless freD)ency hopping is )sed in the!A
freD)encies fro! @CCHTs or TCHTs can /e re)sed. 4f freD)ency hopping ?as )sedA the
possi/le interference co!ing fro! the !acro layer ?ill /e f)lly identified if co!ing fro! a
@CCH *re)se patterns in hopping carriers are (ery tight+A so it is ad(isa/le to re)se fro! the!.
A tool layer called A> -a)to!atic freD)ency selector- has /een de(eloped *for
internal )se only+ to select freD)encies for the !icro. :ith this tool A5>CN-@4C
co!/inations ?ith their le(els are identified and associated to stationsA soA at the sa!e ti!eA
?e identify the strongest interfering signals /elonging to prospecti(e neigh/o)rs and the
?eaCest ones that ?ill /e the s)ita/le freD)encies to re)se.
Figure 1#: Fre9uency :lanning Techni9ues
>ig)re 10 sho?s a real freD)ency plan i!ple!ented in a co!ple$ en(iron!ent ?ith 32
freD)encies a(aila/le and a large n)!/er of !icrocells"
Macro ,ayer"
10 freD)encies are )sed as @CCH channels ?ith a 0$3 re)se. Additional 10 channels
are )sed for hopping carriers ?ith a re)se 1$3$0 *hopping o(er 0 freD)encies+ in the city
centre. 7)tside this area the !acrocells are hopping o(er & freD)enciesA gi(ing a total of 11
freD)encies )sed for hopping on the !acrocells.
Micro ,ayer
There are 2 channels a(aila/le for )se on the !icrocells ?ithin the city centre" & are
dedicated freD)encies and 3 freD)encies are stolen fro! the !acro hopping channels.
This n)!/er is red)ced to & *only the dedicated channels can /e )sed+ o)tside the city
centre.
4n case of !ore freD)ency reD)ire!ents for !icrocellsA !acrocell @CCH freD)encies
are re)sedA taCing into acco)nt the !acro interferenceA /ased on signal strength.
MACROS FFP
OLD FREQUENC
PLAN !ECHN"QUE
MACROS SFH
NE# FREQUENC
PLAN !ECHN"QUE
4x3
1x3
)**H %*H
t c+annels b c+annels
micros
m c+annels
)**H
%*H +op
t c+annels b c+annels
micros
m c+annels
CITY CENTRE
OUTSIDE CITY CENTRE
15 BCCH A5 $3B 15 TCH A1$3B 9 4-,()
15 BCCH A5 $3B $% !CH &$'() 6 4-,()
Figure 1$: :lanning e'ample
3.6 PER!ORMANCE MONITORING
:hen deploying a large n)!/er of !icrocellsA differences in perfor!ance a!ong
the! ?ill /e noticed. Thro)gh field e$perience so!e of the reasons for ha(ing different
/eha(io)r ha(e /een identified.
A!ong the reasons for ha(ing good perfor!ance are"
4nstallation of !icrocells to !eet the increased traffic capacity e$actly ?here it
is neededA in other ?ordsA cells are deployed in locations ?ith e$tre!ely high peaCs in traffic
de!and *dense )r/an en(iron!entA city centre ?ith pedestrian and shopping areas+.
Cells ?ith large co(erage areas d)e to high and ?ell positioned o!ni site
antennas or /eca)se of co(ering (ery ?ide open areas e.g. sD)ares and /ig cross-roads.
Cells in the !iddle of the e$tensi(e contig)o)s co(erage area in a (ery dense
!icrocell en(iron!ent. All cells ha(e high n)!/er of s)rro)nding !icro neigh/o)rs and th)s
?ith hando(ers !ainly /et?een !icrocells and call origination on the !icro layer.
9ood freD)ency plan )sing !ainly dedicated !icro channels ?itho)t
interference as in the case of re)sing @CCH freD)encies fro! the !acro layer.
There are se(eral reasons for ha(ing /ad perfor!ance"
Cells i!ple!ented in areas ?ith lo?er traffic de!and and s)/scri/er density.
Cells ?ith s!all co(erage areas d)e to lo? or shado?ed antenna locations.
Cells co(ering roads ?ith fast (ehic)lar !o/iles or cells on the edge of the
!icrocell net?orC ?ith contig)o)s co(erage and ?ith fe? !icrocell neigh/o)rs and !ainly
?ith delayed hando(ers *type 0+ fro! the !acro layer and origination on !acrocells.
4nterference arising fro! re)sing not clean !acro @CCH channels.
Cells pro(iding i!pro(ed co(erage and ser(ice D)ality s)/stit)ting !acrocells.
A )sef)l sche!a for net?orC i!ple!entation and contin)os perfor!ance
!onitoring ?hen the net?orC /eco!es co!ple$ is sho?n in the follo?ing fig)re"
Ini'ial /a'a7ase
Se''ings
Si'e
I&0le&en'a'ion
E
In'egra'ion
S,s'e&
O0'i&iFa'ion
Ne':ork
Moni'oring
3er(or&ance
1nal,sis
/a'a Evalua'ion
Ne: Solu'ions
"in5ings
/a'a
1c=uisi'ion
OMC S'a'is'ics /rive Tes's
In0u's E Ou'0u's
3roce5ures
CT3, C1T $, ECT
"iel5 Inves'iga'ion
O0'i&isa'ion Cri'eria
Figure 1&: Schema for net5ork implementation and continuos performance monitoring
4. M)<-2-'3 -& M+2'-2/31( N1'7)(80
4.1 H/&*)C1( P(),100
4.1.1 D10,(-:'-)&
UL*DL Measurement Collection UL*DL Measurement Collection
A+erages Calculation A+erages Calculation
!,res,ol- Comparison . /oting !,res,ol- Comparison . /oting
HO Proce-ure triggere- HO Proce-ure triggere-
Can-i-ate Or-ering Can-i-ate Or-ering
Figure 1.: )ando4er process structure
The hando(er process starts ?ith the !eas)re!ent collection for /oth ;plinC and
Do?nlinC e(ery ACCH !)ltifra!e *%10 !sec+.
:hen eno)gh !eas)re!ents ha(e /een collectedA the a(eraging of this data is
perfor!ed. The length of the a(eraging ?indo? *hreD(e+ ?ill deter!ine the speed of the
hando(er as it defines the reaction ti!e of the syste! to the signal (ariation.
o!e of these a(eraged res)lts are co!pared ?ith thresholdsA and (oting *p o)t of n+
is carried o)t for the i!perati(e hando(ers.
:hen the (oting s)cceeds or P@9T*n+ e$ceeds its associated hoM!argin*n+A a
hando(er is triggered ?ith the appropriate ca)se. After this ?e ha(e to go tro)gh e$cl)sion
*incl)ding r$le(M!in for that neigh/o)r+ and sorting proced)res that ?ill /e different
depending on the hando(er ca)se and the feat)res ena/led in the data/ase.
7nce the candidates list is prod)ced the hando(er ?ill /e perfor!ed to the /est cell
?ith reso)rces a(aila/le according to the sorting criteria. Details a/o)t the a(eraging process
are in AP#ND4U @A and e$cl)sion and sorting proced)res ?ill /e disc)ssed later in this and
follo?ing sections.
>or P@9T /ased hando(ersA the length of the a(eraging ?indo? !ay /e defined on a
per-neigh/o)r /asis allo?ing hando(ers to certain neigh/o)rs to /e config)red as fast
hando(ers and others as slo?.
4.1.2 H/&*)C1( T3:10
There are t?o different Cind of hando(ers"
4!perati(e Hando(ers. These hando(ers are triggered /ased on the ser(ing cell
stat)s *D)alityA le(elA interference - D)ality R le(el - or distance+. 8oting and threshold
co!parison are carried o)t for the!.
P@9T. These hando(ers are triggered /ased on the reported neigh/o)r le(el.
Neigh/o)r associated hoM!argin*n+ !)st /e e$ceededA and so!eti!es aditional
reD)ire!ents as le(elsA ti!ersA etc.*in !icrocell)lar algorith!s+ !)st /e aco!plished
as ?ell.

)lMr$D)al )lMr$D)a l
dl_rxlev dl_rxlev
ms_distance ms_distance
dlMr$D)al dlMr$D)al
ul_rxlev ul_rxlev
)lMr$D)al dlMinterference
)lMr$D)al )lMinterference
4MP#5AT48#
P@9T
HANDO#ERS
V
Figure 1/: )ando4er types
4.1.3 H/&*)C1( P(-)(-'3
>or all calls in progressA e(ery ACCH !)ltifra!e *%10 !sec+ a soft?are process ?ill
checC each hando(er condition in the order sho?n /ello? in >ig)re 12. 4!perati(e hando(ers
ha(e the highest priorityB P@9T /ased hando(ers ?ill only /e triggered ?hen no i!perati(e
ca)se is present.

Figure 11: )ando4er Cause :riority
The Cey inno(ations introd)ced in the hando(er str)ct)res of the Motorola ,ayered
Prod)ct are the fle$i/ility pro(ided to config)re the P@9T algorith! as reD)ired on a per7
neigh%our /asis and the !odification of the candidate ordering dependent on the hando(er
ca)se.
4.2 M)')()2/ PBGT A29)(-'.4
The Motorola P@9T algorith! has integrated se(eral feat)res to offer an intelligent
prod)ct a/le to recognise the needs of the syste! and direct the traffic according to the
reso)rces and conditions of the net?orC.
ul_rxqual ul_rxqual
dl_rxqual dl_rxqual
ul_rxlev ul_rxlev
dl_rxlev dl_rxlev
ms_distance ms_distance
pwr_bt pwr_bt
P01! Algorit,m
Nei!b"ur Nei!b"ur
C"n#ured C"n#ured
$lexibilit% $lexibilit%
Simplicit% Simplicit%
Scenari" Scenari"
Rec"niti"n Rec"niti"n
&icr"cellular &icr"cellular
Requirements Requirements
E2ecti+eness
E2ecti+eness
Figure 22: Motorola :B+T (esign
To achie(e this intelligent f)nctionalityA the P@9T algorith! !ay /e config)red on a
per-neigh/o)r /asisA allo?ing each neigh/o)r to /e processed follo?ing different criteria.
:hat is act)ally config)red is not the P@9T for!)la itselfA /)t its s)rro)nding conditions to
trigger a hando(er. e(en different config)rations are a(aila/le. )ita/le para!eters for the!
are e$plained in the 7pti!isation part The design of the algorith!s is detailed in AP#ND4U
A thro)gh pse)docode.
4.2.1 S'/&*/(* C)&5-9+(/'-)& AT3:1 1B.
This is the standard config)ration )sed in the !acrocell)lar syste!. 4t is typically )sed
/et?een !acro neigh/o)rs. The standard P@9T eD)ation is )sed in this config)ration.
:hene(er the P@9T calc)lation e$ceeds the ho;margin a hando(er ?ill /e triggered ?ith
%etter cell ca)se. 4n order to in(oCe this algorith! /et?een t?o cellsA a neigh/o)r type71 is
defined in the data/ase.
p%gt*n- < Min * MS;T=:>? @ : - 7 r'le4;dl;sc 7 :>?;C;( 7
Min * MS;T=:>?;M"= *n- @ : - A r'le4;ncell *n-
4.2.2 L-&1 )5 S-9.' C)&5-9+(/'-)& AT3:1 4B
This config)ration is typically )sed /et?een !icro neigh/o)rs ?hich are ,7 related.
The algorith! incorporates a delay ti!er to li!it the hando(er rate *ping-pong hando(ers+
and to force fast !o(ing !o/iles to hand )p to the !acro layer /efore D)ality of ser(ice is
degraded. This config)ration is identified as type7# in the data/ase definition.
yste! /eha(io)r is dependent )pon !o/ile speed. 4f the speed is lo? eno)gh the
!icrocell)lar syste! ?ill taCe the callA /)t if the speed increases the call ?ill /e handed )p to
the !acrocell)lar layer. 4n Figure 21 /elo?A a !o/ile located in a car handed into the
!icrocell)lar syste! *Micro 1+ ?hen it ?as stopped at a traffic light" the syste! considered it
?as a slo? !o(ing !o/ile. 4f the (ehicle speed s)/seD)ently increases s)ch that the !o/ile is
considered fast !o(ing /y the syste!A the ti!er of the ser(ing !icrocell ?ill pre(ent the
hando(er to Micro 2 and this !o/ile ?ill /e forced to hand )p to the !acro layer thro)gh an
i!perati(e hando(er *r'9ual 0 r'le4+.
Figure 21: Fast Mo4ing Mo%ile 7 not desired on microcells
4.2.3 A()+&*'.1C)(&1( C)&5-9+(/'-)& AT3:1 3B.
4n this config)rationA the signal le(el of the ser(er is !onitored and hando(ers ?ill /e
pre(ented to the neigh/o)r !icrocell )nless the ser(er le(el goes /elo? a threshold. This is
e$tre!ely )sef)l ?hen the topology of the streets can create pro/le!s s)ch as the rapid drop
in signal le(el ?hen t)rning a corner. This config)ration a(oid )nnecessary hando(ersA as
sho?n in the scenario e$plained /elo?. This algorith! is defined in the data/ase as type7.
Micro $ Micro $ Micro 3 Micro 3
4n >ig)re 22A a !o/ile is )sing Micro 1. :hen it reaches the area AA the signal le(el of
Micro 2 ?ill /e higher /)t if the !o/ile does not t)rn the corner it is not necessary to hand-
o(er to Micro 2 as this cell ?o)ld e$perience a high drop in r$le( aro)nd the corner %. This
scenario co)ld lead to drop calls ?hen the speed of the !o/iles is high. ;sing the type7
config)ration ?ith this neigh/o)r ?ill a(oid the potential pro/le!s /y !aintaining the call on
!icro 1.
Figure 22: "round the Corner Situation
Another feat)re i!ple!ented in this config)ration is an alternati(e ordering in the
hando(er candidate list. :hen a hando(er is generated for an aro)nd-the-corner type7
neigh/o)r /)t the !icrocell is /locCed as the corner is t)rnedA all !acro neigh/o)rs ?ill /e
considered as candidatesA ordered /y P@9T. 4n the fig)re a/o(eA this ?ill a(oid pro/le!s in
the scenario ?here the !o/ile t)rns the corner 3A as the ser(er signal le(el is e$pected to drop
a/r)ptly and a hando(er to the !acro layer is triggered.
4.2.4 D+/2-5-1* N1-9.<)+( C)&5-9+(/'-)& AT3:1 5B.
4n this case the trend of the neigh/o)r signal le(el is !onitored. To allo? a hando(er
to a neigh/o)r defined to )se this config)rationA its le(el has to e$ceed a threshold for a
defined period of ti!e. This config)ration !ay /e )sed to hand do?n fro! the !acro to the
!icro layer ?hen a !icrocell neigh/o)r is dee!ed to ha(e a high signal le(el contin)o)sly
for a period of ti!e. The period and threshold !ay /e config)red to control the hando(er rate
/et?een layers and to identify the !o/iles ?hose speed is o(er the desired li!it and therefore
sho)ld re!ain in the !acro layer. Defined as type7$ in the data/ase.
4n >ig)re 23 /elo?A a fast !o(ing !o/ile is identified /y the ser(ing !acrocell and is
Micro $ Micro $
Micro 3 Micro 3
A
A
$ 3
( 4
ne(er handed do?n to the !icro layer. 4t did not report the !icrocell signal le(el as e$ceeding
the reD)ired threshold for long eno)gh.
Macrocell Macrocell
Microcell Microcell
Figure 2: Fast mo4ing mo%ile recognised
This config)ration !ay also /e )sed /et?een !icro neigh/o)rs ?hen it is desired to
hand o(er the calls to a neigh/o)r !icrocell as soon as it !eets the design reD)ire!ents. This
!ay /e )sef)l in so!e sit)ations to !odify the cell /o)ndaries and control CJ4 ratio.
4.2.5 D3&/4-, H/&*)C1( M/(9-& C)&5-9+(/'-)& AT3:1 6B.
This config)ration is designed to penalise the hando(er !argin for a defined period of
ti!e. :hen the P@9T calc)lation e$ceeds the hoM!arginA the penalty ?ill /e applied and
?hen a ti!er e$pires a different (al)e ?ill /e s)/tracted fro! the Ho !argin. #ffecti(ely it
atte!pts to li!it the hando(er rate and !ay /e )sed to hand do?n to the !icrocell)lar layer as
fast !o/iles !ay /e identified (ia this !echanis! as ?ell. 4t !ay also /e )sed /et?een
!icrocells to force the fast !o/iles to hand )p to the !acro layer.
4n additionA the algorith! has the fle$i/ility to allo? the hando(ers d)ring the penalty
ti!e in the scenario ?here r$le(s of the cells change (ery fast and the P@9T calc)lation
e$ceeds the ho;margin reD)ire!ents. This config)ration is defined as type7& in the data/ase.
Figure 2#: (ynamic )ando4er Margin Functionality
P01! 5 ,o6margin
'Timer starts(
!"_marin ) a
!"_marin ) a * penalt%
'Timer expires(
!"_marin ) a * penalt% + ain
Ser+er Ser+er
Ser+er Ser+er
Neig,7 Neig,7
Neig,7 Neig,7
4.2.6 A*E/,1&' ,./&&12 &1-9.<)+(0 AT3:1 "B.
4n large !icrocell)lar deploy!ents ?here freD)ency spectr)! for !icros is li!itedA
there are sit)ations ?here it is i!possi/le to a(oid deploying ad3acent !icrocells ?ith
ad3acent @CCH freD)encies. As a !o/ile /eing ser(ed /y one of these cells approaches the
interfering neigh/o)r cellA the D)ality of the call degrades perhaps to the point of dropping
altogether. Ass)!ing that /oth cells ha(e only a single carrierA neither an intra-cell hando(er
nor a hando(er to the interfering neigh/o)r i!pro(e the sit)ation.
This algorith! allo?s a third CellA ?hich is not on an ad3acent channelA to /e the
preferred target for hando(er e(en tho)gh an interfering neigh/or !ay ha(e the strongest
signal. A ne? para!eter is incl)ded to detect the risC co!ing fro! neigh/o)rs in ad3acent
freD)enciesA ?hen defined as type 'A this is p%gt;adB;chan;ho;margin and it is tipically set
to negati(e (al)es.
:hen :o5er %udget C p%gt;adB;chan;ho;margin D<2
a hando(er ?ill /e generated /efore the neigh/o)r signal strength *and th)s
interference+ /eco!es too strong to drop the call. The hando(er is perfor!ed to a cell
different fro! this neigh/o)r. This is !anaged /eca)se ?e delete the neigh/o)r that acti(ated
this condition fro! the candidate list as it ?ill /e e$plained in the candidate list generation
section.
#.2.&.1 Enterference a4oidance test
Another pro/le!atic sit)ation co)ld appear ?hen calls are handed o(er to a cell ?hich
has a neigh/o)r ?ith ad3acent *@CCH+ freD)ency. 4t is possi/le to ena/le the @ to perfor!
an interference a(oidance test on the neigh/or candidate /efore handing it o(er a call. This
test can /e done regardless of ?hich of the se(en types is )sed for this neigh/o)r.
4f ad3MchanMintfMtest ena/led in N#491and any other (alid neigh/o)r N#492 *of the
c)rrent cell+ has an ad3acent channel freD)ency ?ith the candidate neigh/o)r *N#491+ then
perfor! follo?ing checC"
N#492r$le( N N#491r$le( W ad3MchanMr$le(Mdiff
4f checC fails then delete neigh/or N1 fro! candidate list.
4.3 I4:1(/'-C1 H/&*)C1(0 & T3:1 2 N1-9.<)+(0
MotorolaKs i!ple!entation of 4!perati(e Hando(ers allo?s the !icrocell)lar layer to
retain a call pro(ided that no D)ality and J or le(el degradation is e$perienced.
The possi/le ca)ses for triggering an i!perati(e hando(er are
- )l J dl D)ality
- )l J dl interference
- )l J dl le(el
- !sMdistance
After the i!perati(e hando(er is triggered 9M criteria 1 and 2 ha(e to /e e(al)ated
*r$le(M!inMcell and P@9T criterias+ for all the candidates. After thisA a sorting proced)re ?ill
/e applied to the s)ccessf)l candidates as e$plained /elo?. Modifications to e$cl)sion and
sorting proced)res /eca)se of ena/ling other feat)res ?ill /e addressed as the feat)res are
descri/ed.

Figure 2$: Emperati4e )ando4er Candidate !rdering
4f a neigh/o)r is defined as a type-2 in the data/aseA that !eans '6a' a 6an5over 'o
'6a' cell :ill onl, 7e 0er(or&e5 '6roug6 i&0era'ive causes. Nor!ally )sed to defined
!acro neigh/o)rs in !icrocells.
4.4 C/&*-*/'1 O(*1(-&9
Depending on the hando(er ca)se and the P@9T config)ration in(ol(edA different
ordering proced)res ?ill /e follo?ed. The data/ase types associated to each P@9T
config)ration are"
Type-1 - tandard Config)ration
Type-2 - Macro Neigh/o)r of a Micro cell. Hando(er (ia i!perati(e ca)se
Type-3 - Aro)nd the Corner Config)ration
Type-% - ,ine of ight Config)ration
Type-0 - .)alified Neigh/o)r Config)ration
Type-& - Dyna!ic Hando(er Margin Config)ration
Type-' - Ad3acent channel neigh/o)rs
The sorting proced)re appliedA 3)st considering the se(en types a(aila/le is sho?n in
the graph /ello?. The alterations prod)ced as a res)lt of partic)lar feat)res /eing ena/led
ha(e not /een considered *i.e. Micro N Micro D)ality ho+. >or seeing the effects of ena/ling
each one of the feat)resA refer to the partic)lar feat)re section.
T,0e 1 2 $ Neig67ours
T,0e +, 4, #, ) Neig67ours
P@9T
ordering
4N
7;T
Neigh/or candidate list"
- 5e!o(e any algorith! ' neigh/ors ?hich fail test"
Po?er /)dget -p/gtMad3MchanMhoM!argin XS0
- All algorith! 1 and 2 neigh/ors
- Any other neigh/ors.
- 5e!o(e algorith! 2 neigh/ors fro! the list
- Any algorith! %A0 and & neigh/ors
- Any algorith! 1 neigh/ors.
- All algorith! 3 neigh/ors
- All algorith! 1 and 2 neigh/ors
- Any algorith! %A0 and & neigh/ors
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
5e!o(e any neigh/or ?hich does not satisfy additional reD)ire!ents
of its algorith!A e$cept for type 1 and 2
5e!o(e any neigh/or that fails the 4nterf. A(oidance Test
Figure 2& .7 )ando4er Candidate !rdering
4.5 M-00-&9 R1:)('0 & M-00-&9 N1-9.<)+(0
The @ deals ?ith !issing neigh/o)rs depending on the setting of the para!eter
ncellMproc *addMcell+"
4f ncell;proc < 2A
This is the )s)al setting for the para!eter. 4f a neigh/o)r is not reported in a
partic)lar sacch period then it is si!ply not considered as a hando(er candidate. o if a
hando(er ?as triggered in that period only the si$ neigh/o)rs *)p to si$+ the !o/ile has 3)st
reported are considered.
:hat happens if a neigh/o)r is reported in that sacch period /)t not in the
pre(io)s oneYA ho? ?ill the a(eraging /e affectedYA ?hat fig)res ?ill /e )sed to calc)late the
hreDtY The pre(io)s good report *co)ld /e so!e ti!e /acC+ is si!ply repeatedA this ?ill
pro(ide a hreDt a(erage. The repeating co)ld go on for 1 ACCH periods.
4f ncell proc<1A
4n this caseA a neigh/o)r does not ha(e to /e reported in the last sacch period to
/e considered a (alid neigh/o)r for hando(er. 4f reports ha(e /een !issedA the pre(io)s good
one is not repeatedA liCe !entioned a/o(eA in fact a fig)re of 0 *-110+ is )sed in the a(eraging
!echanis! for that period.
4t is neccessary to /e (ery caref)l )sing this config)ration.
4n case of a !o/ile !issing reportsA attention sho)ld /e paid to the para!eter
!issingMrpt in the addMcell"
4f missing;rpt<2
The last !eas)re!ent (al)e is repeated and the a(eragingA (oting and hando(er
decisions ?ill still /e done. 7ne li!iting factor in ti!e to go on repeating !eas)re!ents is
linCMfailA ?hen this co)nter e$pires then the linC ?ill /e /roCen do?n )nder control of T3102.
4f missing;rpt<1
No a(eraging or hando(er ?ill happen and this !eas)re!ent report ?ill /e forgotten.
No dl hando(er or po?er control decisions ?ill /e !ade. The )plinC ones ?ill contin)e as
nor!al.
4.6 M)')()2/ M+2'-2/31(1* S30'14 P.-2)0):.3
The principle of a ,ayered Philosophy is to direct the traffic to the correct layer
depending on the different conditions and reso)rces a(aila/le. The hando(ers !)st /e
intelligent eno)gh to control the traffic properly and follo? the !ain principle in a standard
,ayered yste! "
maintain mo%iles on the lo5er layer *higher capacity-
pro4ided that no 9uality degradation occurs
As the hando(er process lasts a certain period of ti!eA the s!aller the ratio /et?een
the siEe of the cell and the speed of the !o/ileA the !ore the en(iron!ental conditions ?ill
change and potential pro/le!s ?ill arise ?hen the hando(er is perfor!ed. 4n a Microcell)lar
yste! this principle i!plies the capa/ility to decide ?hich !o/iles are too fast to /e ser(ed
/y the !icrocell)lar layer and sho)ldA thereforeA /e Cept in the !acro le(el.
T?o !ain strategies are ded)ced fro! this principleA these are sho?n in the fig)re
/ello?"
Hand-do?n the call to the !icro layer as soon as good perfor!ance is
g)aranteed in this layer for the partic)lar !o/ile. Depending on the siEe of the !icrocellsA the
!a$i!)! !o/ile speed at ?hich the syste! can f)nction ?ill /e defined. Mo/iles o(er this
threshold ?ill not /e allo?ed to hand do?n to the !icrocell)lar layer.
5etain the partic)lar !o/ile on the !icrocell)lar layer )ntil the D)ality cannot
/e !aintainedA then hand )p as soon as possi/le to the !acro layer.
R8le+ 5 !,res,ol-
0a-
Quality
1oo-
Quality
Out"in Out"in
,"undar% ,"undar%
Microcell Microcell
Inc"min Inc"min
,"undar% ,"undar%
Figure 2.: Encoming and outgoing microcell %oundaries
To achie(e the o/3ecti(es for !anaging traffic in the ,ayered yste!A Motorola has
de(eloped (ery po?erf)l soft?are algorith!s ?hich are a/le to deal ?ith all the possi/le
sit)ations. ,iCe standard 9M !acrocell)lar syste!sA hando(er are /ased on /etter cell and
i!perati(e conditions. The standard 9M %etter cell criteriaA is /ased on P@9T calc)lationA
)sing the relati(e signal le(els fro! the ser(ing and neigh/o)r cells. 4n a ,ayered yste!A the
concept of /etter cell taCes on the ne? di!ension of layer preference for traffic. To s)pport
this o/3ecti(eA Motorola has !odified the standard P@9T algorith!A allo?ing this to /e
reconfig)red to taCe into acco)nt the needs of the syste!. :hat has /een achie(ed thro)gh
this reconfig)ration is a si!ple /)t e$tre!ely po?erf)l tool a/le to pro(ide the syste!s
engineers ?ith all the fle$i/ility they de!and.
5. OPTIMISATION
5.1 HANDO#ER STRUCTURE
4n Figure 2/ the general str)ct)re of hando(ers )sed for intra and inter layer sit)ations are
displayed.
Standard -,.T Standard -,.T
OR OR
Imperative /O Imperative /O
Cust"mised -,.T Cust"mised -,.T
OR OR
Imperative /O Imperative /O
Imperative Imperative
/O /O
0uali#ed Nei1 0uali#ed Nei1
-,.T C"n# -,.T C"n#
Han-o+er Han-o+er
Structure Structure
MACROCELL
MACROCELL
microcell
microcell
Figure 2/: +eneral )! Structure
This sche!a does not incl)de all the possi/le options offered /y the fle$i/ility of the
syste!. >or e$a!pleA it is Cno?n that in so!e special sit)ations it is /eneficial to hand-)p the
call thro)gh c)sto!ised P@9T hando(ers.
5.1.1 INTERLAYER HANDO#ERS
These are the hando(ers controlling the flo? of !o/iles /et?een layers. 4ts
i!ple!entation follo?s the philosophy e$plained /efore.
4t is i!portant to note that the Motorola approach has pro4en a%ility to interact 5ith
other 4endorFs e9uipment on a per @C /asis. This interaction has /een tested in different
pro3ects ?ith all significant 9M (endors in the !arCet. All the f)nctionality offered /y
Motorola can /e i!ple!ented in the Microcell)lar Net?orC )sing another (endor for the
!acrocell)lar eD)ip!ent.
$.1.1.1 )"3(E3+ (!>3
4n a !icrocell)lar scenario ?here the en(iron!ental conditions are ?ell Cno?nA to
ens)re that a !icrocell is going to pro(ide good perfor!ance to a partic)lar !o/ileA its le(el
?ill /e !eas)red and ?hen it e$ceeds a certain (al)e *r$le(MNcell+ for a gi(en period *delay
ti!e+A and P@9T conditions are !etA this !o/ile is allo?ed to go do?n. This period !)st /e
long eno)gh to ens)re that this !o/ile is not a fast !o/ile. This is !anaged /y one of the
Motorola hando(er algorith!s" ',0e # *.)alified neigh/o)r+. The (al)es for the neigh%our
threshold to go do?nA the timer the !icro has to /e o(er the threshold and the hando(er
!argin *)s)ally set to the lo?est negati(e (al)e allo?edA to !aCe the P@9T condition
irrele(ant+ ha(e to /e set. The n)!/er of reports that are going to /e a(eraged *hreDa(e (al)e+
has to /e defined as in all hando(ers.
Typical (al)es for these para!eters are"
r$le(MNcell S 30 - %0
delay ti!e S & - 10
hoM!argin S -&3
hrDa(e S 3 - &
$.1.1.2 )"3(E3+ G:
The reD)ire!ent to Ceep the call as long as possi/le in the !icrocell)lar layer
effecti(ely disa/les the )se of %etter cell considerations to trigger the hando(er to the !acro
layer. 4n these hando(ersA P@9T is still calc)lated for candidate ordering p)rposes. Hand-)p
hando(ers ?ill /e perfor!ed thro)gh i!perati(e conditions s)ch as RG=ual andJor RGlev.
4f a neigh/o)r is defined as a type72 in the data/aseA that !eans that a hando(er to that
cell ?ill only /e perfor!ed thro)gh i!perati(e ca)ses. Macrocells are )s)ally defined as
type-2 neigh/o)rs in !icrocells.
4f there is not risC for the callA ena/ling 3)st D)ality hando(ers sho)ld /e eno)gh. 4n
this ?ayA ?e can g)arantee that the call is going to re!ain in the !icro layer till it e$periences
/ad D)ality. At the sa!e ti!eA in /)ilding co(erage ?ill /e i!pro(ed as the siEe of the cell
?ill not /e li!ited /y le(el hando(ers.
The para!eters for D)ality hando(ers are"
- Huality threshold. 4t is the D)ality (al)e on a per cell /asis o(er ?hich the hando(er
?ill /e triggered.
- )r9a4e. N)!/er of !eas)re!ents to a(erage.
- )re9tA n and p. HreDt is the /)ffer siEe of the a(eraged !eas)re!ents. p is the
n)!/er of a(eraged !eas)re!ents o)t of n that sho)ld e$ceed the threshold. These
para!eters sho)ld /e set to fit the ?orst sit)ation. This is ?here the D)icCest D)ality hando(er
is needed to a(oid dropped calls in one ?ay o)t of the cell.
The sa!e para!eters and /eha(io)r are o/ser(ed for le(el hando(ers. A le4el
threshold ?ill /e considered. :hen /eing /elo? itA the hando(er ?ill /e triggered. 4t is )s)al
to ena/le it 3)st in the do?nlinC.
:hen a hando(er is triggered /eca)se of i!perati(e reasonsA the highest priority is
gi(en to neigh/o)rs type 1 and 2.
Typical (al)es of this para!eters for D)ality are"
lMr$D)alMdlMhS 100- 220
lMr$D)alM)lMhS 100 - 220 or 3)st higher than lMr$D)alMdlMh
n for D)ality S % - 0
p for D)ality S 3 - % *3 is D)icCer than % for the sa!e n+
hreDa(eS 1 *no a(eraging+ for easier )nderstanding of the /eha(io)r ?hile opti!ising
Typical (al)e of this para!eters for le(el are"
lMr$le(MdlMh" 10-20
n for le(el S 3 - %
p for le(el S 2 - 3 *2 is D)icCer than 3 for the sa!e n+
hreDa(eS 1 *no a(eraging+ for easier )nderstanding of the /eha(io)r ?hile opti!ising
Altho)gh this is the standard proced)re to hand-)p the callA it is Cno?n that in so!e
special sit)ations it is /eneficial to hand-)p the call thro)gh c)sto!ised P@9T hando(ers.
This arrange!ent is )sef)l to hand )p the call in the /order of the !icrocell)lar
syste!. :hen /ad D)ality arri(es s)ddenlyA ?hile lea(ing !icrocell area in a certain directionA
it co)ld not /e ?orth to set the D)ality hando(ers to fit this e$tre!e sit)ation *as they ?o)ld
/e (alid for the ?hole cell+. 4t co)ld /e ?orth handing o(er to that !acro neigh/o)r /efore
this really D)icC /ad D)ality starts.
4n >ig)re 22A a !o/ile connected in dedicated !ode to !icrocell & and heading so)th
?o)ld start ha(ing poor D)ality in the area !arCed. To o(erco!e thisA the !acrocell @A sector
2A co)ld /e defined as a ',0e + neigh/o)r )sing for the thresholdA the le(el of !icro & in the
defined li!it !arCed in the fig)re. :ith this designA a GcleanH P@9T /ased hando(er ?o)ld
/e perfor!ed /et?een the defined limit and the %ad 9uality area.
9
0
,ad 0ualit% ,ad 0ualit%
2rea 2rea
De#ned 3imit De#ned 3imit
Rxlev Rxlev
4 4
)56 )56
Figure 21: Special use of "round the Corner Configuration
$.1.1. M"E3T"E3E3+ T)E C"II E3 T)E MEC?! I"JE?
:hile possi/leA the call ?ill /e !aintained in the !icro-layer in order to release the
congestion in the !acro neigh/o)rs. To handle the calls a!ong !icrosA a hando(er set ?as
de(eloped /y Motorola to cope ?ith all possi/le scenarios. A!ong the si$ P@9T algorith!s
a(aila/leA three can /e seen in al!ost all !icrocell)lar syste!sA these are algorith!s 3A % and
0 . Algorith! 1 is a nor!al po?er /)dget for !acros and algorith! & and ' are !icrocell)lar
algorith!s for specific sit)ations rarely )sed. As alg. 0 is the appropiate one to go do?n and
the hand )p is done thro)gh i!perati(e hando(ers *defining !acros as type 2 neigh/o)rs+A the
ne? rele(ant algorith! para!eters to e$plain are those related to alg. + and 4.
Alg. 3 and %A as all P@9T algorith!sA ha(e hr9t S n S p S 1 *no (oting is
i!ple!ented+. The re!aining para!eters and reference (al)es to /e set in /oth are"
Type %"
hre9a4e< 3-&
hando4er margin< %-&
timer < 0 indicate the ti!e that the neigh/o)r sho)ld /e reported /efore perfor!ing
the hando(er to it. This is )sed to a(oid hando(ers to sporadic neigh/o)rs or fast
!o/iles going to the !icro.
Type 3"
hre9a4e< 3-&
hando4er margin< %-&
ser4er le4el depends on the sit)ation. The le(el sho)ld /e )nder this (al)e to perfor!
the hando(er *appart of !eeting the hando(er !argin+.
Altho)gh alg. 0 is the typical algorith! to go do?nA it is )sed as ?ell to !aintain the
call in the !icro layerA as can /e seen in the e$a!ple e$plained in the follo?ing paragraph.
4f !icrocells % and 0 of are )sing the sa!e freD)encies d)e to tight freD)ency re-)seA
the definition of !icrocell ' as a D)alified neigh/o)r config)red ?ith a certain negati(e
hando(er !argin co)ld !aCe possi/le s)ch a tight re-)se. There are so!e areas ?here the CJ4
ratio /et?een !icrocells % and 0 are )naccepta/leA ?ith one of these !icrocells as the ser(er.
;sing this P@9T config)ration and defining r$le(Mncell and hoM!argin properly ?o)ld allo?
!icrocell ' to pro(ide ser(ice in these areasA e(en if this ?as not the /est ser(er.
4
:
;
0a-
C*"
Ratio
Figure 2: Hualified 3eigh%our Configuration for Maintaining the Call in Micro Iayer
5.2 IDLE MODE BEHA#IOUR
The possi/ility of /roadcasting different @A lists in idleJdedicated !ode *@A @CCH
and @A ACCH+ per!its to control the !o/ile /eha(io)r on idle !ode.
T?o different strategies can /e chosen "
- Ma$i!ising capacity ?ith freely allo?ed originations on the /est ser(er *!icro or
!acro cell+A res)lting in increased n)!/er of originations and traffic on !icrocells
- @est perfor!ance for fast !o/iles ?ith originations only on the !acro layer and
large a!o)nt of idle !ode traffic on !acrocells
Figure 1: (ifferent list: BCC) K S"CC)
The pro/le! that can occ)rA if the !icrocells are p)t on /oth lists of the !acrocells in
an en(iron!ent ?ith fast !o/iles is that the slo? reselection process and interference on
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page %0 ANDC
Macrocell
Microcell ,
Microcell 2
C122 7-'. :(1C/-2-&9 02)7 MS C122 7-'. :(1C/-2-&9 5/0' MS
M)&-')(1* )&23 -& *1*-,/'1* 4)*1
A SACCH 2-0' B
M)&-')(1* -& -*21 /&* *1*-,/'1*
4)*1 A BCCH /&* SACCH 2-0' B
do?nlinC can ca)se loss of ser(ice on the CCCH - lost pages.
>ield e$perience sho?s that e$cept for streets ?ith the fastest traffic and cells ?ith
s!all co(erage areasA the !icrocells can /e defined on @7TH lists ?itho)t ser(ice
degradation.
5.3 S-'1 -&'19(/'-)&
7nce the 5> Planning is done *freD)ency R neigh/o)rs definition+A the site can /e
integrated and the hando(ers designed for each neigh/o)r can /e opti!ised. The steps to
follo? are"
1. The starting point is to p)t on air the !icrocell /arredA ?ith inco!ing hando(ers to
it disa/led. This is !anaged tro)gh t?o data/ase para!etersA ?hich are"
enMinco!ingMho S 1
cellM/arMaccessMs?itch S 1
The o/3ecti(e of this step is to checC if ?e can lea(e the cell in all possi/le
directions ?itho)t risCing the call.
2. 4nco!ing hando(ers are ena/led and it is checCed if the calls enter to the !icro
fro! all possi/le directions as soon as good D)ality is g)aranteed *going do?n fro!
!acros+ or it is necessary *handing o(er fro! !icros+.
3. The !icrocell is )n/arred and originations in the cell are tried.
The hando(er para!eters to checC d)ring this process are"
Macros"
- peed of hando(ers fro! !icro to !acro" 4t can /e !odified tro)gh se(eral
para!eters defined in the !icro *GaddMcellH definition+. Ass)!ing that !acros are defined as
type 2 neigh/o)rs of the !icrocell and only D)ality and le(el hando(ers are ena/ledA the
different alternati(es are descri/ed ne$t.
"ction Effect
.)ality Threshold
*D)ality hando(ers+
4ncrease 5ed)ce speedA D)al. degradationA !ore
traffic
.)ality Threshold
*D)ality hando(ers+
Decrease 4ncrease speedA less trafficA D)al
i!pro(e!ent in !icro
,e(el Threshold
*le(el hando(ers+
4ncrease 4ncrease speedA less trafficA less indoor
co(erage
,e(el Threshold
*le(el hando(ers+
Decrease 5ed)ce speedA !ore trafficA !ore
indoor co(erage
n *le(el or D)ality+ 4ncrease 4ncrease speed *for the sa!e p+
n *le(el or D)ality+ Decrease Decrease speed *for the sa!e p+
p *le(el or D)ality+ 4ncrease Decrease speed *for the sa!e n+
p *le(el or D)ality+ Decrease 4ncrease speed *for the sa!e n+
HreDa(e *le(el or D)ality+ 4ncrease Decrease speed *for the sa!e nAp+
HreDa(e *le(el or D)ality+ Decrease 4ncrease speed *for the sa!e nAp+
- peed of hando(ers fro! !acro to !icro" 4t can /e !odified tro)gh se(eral
para!eters defined in the !acro GaddMneigh/o)rH definition of the !icrocell.
Ass)!ing that !icros are defined as type 0 neigh/o)rs of the !acrocellsA the
para!eters in(ol(ed in this algorith! and their effects are"
:arameter "ction Effect
Neigh/o)r le(el
*!icro le(el+
4ncrease Decrease speedA loose trafficA ass)re D)ality
in !icroY
Neigh/o)r le(el
*!icro le(el+
Decrease 4ncrease speedA ?in trafficA degrade D)ality
in !icroY
Ti!er 4ncrease Decrease speed
Ti!er Decrease 4ncrease speed
HreDa(e 4ncrease Decrease speed
HreDa(e Decrease 4ncrease speed
Micros-
- >or each !icro neigh/o)rA each para!eter related to the hando(er type
sho)ld /e checCed. ;s)allyA it is not necessary to change the defa)lt para!eters. 7nly
in type 3 alg. The ser(er le(el !)st /e chosen ?ith field !eas)re!ents. Any?ayA
hando(er speed can /e changed once ?e ha(e designed the topology.
:arameter "ction Effect
Neigh/o)r
hoM!argin
4ncrease Decrease hoMspeed to the neigh/o)r
Neigh/o)r
hoM!argin
Decrease 4ncrease hoMspeed to the neigh/o)r
HreDa(e 4ncrease Decrease hoMspeed to the neigh/o)r
HreDa(e Decrease 4ncrease hoMspeed to the neigh/o)r
After doing all necessary changesA the site ?ill /e p)t into ser(ice and !onitored
tro)gh stats.
6. A**-'-)&/2 M+2'-2/31( !1/'+(10
Motorola has i!ple!ented a set of special feat)res to i!pro(e the perfor!ance of
!)lti-layered en(iron!ents.
T?o of these feat)res ha(e /een designed to distri/)te the traffic load of the syste!
a(oiding /locCing sit)ations d)e to congestion. These are (irected ?etry and Congestion
?elief. These feat)res can /e designed to share the traffic load of the syste! opti!allyA )sing
all the reso)rces a(aila/le. They can /e ena/led independently or together. This fle$i/ility
allo?s the operator to config)re the syste! according to its needs.
The rest of the feat)res are designed to i!pro(e the syste! perfor!anceA specially in
!icrocell)lar en(iron!entsA altho)gh also applica/le in standard !acrocell)lar scenarios.
6.1 D-(1,'1* R1'(3 & C)&910'-)& R12-15
6.1.1 D-(1,'1* R1'(3
This feat)re pro(ides the facility to perfor! a hando(er fro! the DCCH of a
congested cell *no TCHKs a(aila/le+ to a TCH of a neigh/o)r cell.
SDCCH SDCCH
connection connection
DR HO DR HO
DR HO DR HO
Congeste-
Microcell
DR HO<s DR HO<s
&SDCCH=!CH) &SDCCH=!CH)
Macrocell
Figure 2: (irected ?etry )! 5hen %locking is detected
T?o different scenarios are possi/le"
A !o/ile assigned to an DCCH reD)ires a TCH at a ti!e ?hen all TCHs in the
sa!e cell are /)sy.
Hando(er needed d)ring the assig!ent proced)re */efore /eing assigned to a
TCH+
4n /oth cases this feat)re co)ld /e set )p to ?orC internal to the @
*dr;preference<1+ or internalJe$ternal to it *dr;preference<2+. :hen the feat)re ?orCs
e$ternal to the @A A-interface signalling is i!pacted and MC i!ple!entation sho)ld /e
considered and checCed.
4f dr;standard;congest is ena/ledA the standard Directed 5etry congestion proced)re can
/e applied. :hen the @ recei(es an Assig!ent 5eD)est ?itho)t TCHs a(aila/le in the
cellA the neigh/o)r list reported /y the !o/ile is )sed to select the cell in ?hich to search
for a TCH. The call is D)e)ed *internal or nor!al+ ?hile atte!pting the proced)re. 4f a
TCH in the so)rce cell /eco!es a(aila/leA the nor!al D)e)ing proced)re is follo?ed and
Diredted 5etry a/orted.
The hando(er ?ill /e iniciated only if strong neig/o)rs ha(e /een reported f)lfiling their
congest;ho;margin and r'le4;min . These calc)lations are /ased on the single last
!eas)re!ent report.
The !o/ile can report any ne? neigh/o)r /efore hando4er;recogni6ed;period elapsesA at
this ti!eA the !o/ile ?ill report all c)rrent candidates.
The other possi/le scenario is ?hen dr;ho;during;assign is ena/led. 4n this caseA
hando(ers d)ring the assign!ent proced)re are allo?ed *this can only happen if the
assign!ent reD)est is D)e)ed ?aiting for a TCH+. The alternati(e actions are"
4ntra-Cell Hando(er. sdcch;ho !)st /e ena/led to per!it this action.
4nternal 4nter-Cell Hando(er
#$ternal 4nter-Cell Hando(er. 4n this case dr;preference !)st /e set to allo?
Directed retry across A-interfaceA and dr;msc;preference deter!ines !essage
seD)ences and contents across it.
The para!eters in(ol(ed in this feat)re are"
P#5 @
dr;preference: Directed 5etry internal to the @ *dr;preference<1+ or /oth * internal
and e$ternalA dr;preference<2+. Direct 5etry can /e also disa/led ?ith this para!eter
*dr;preference<2+.
dr;chan;mode;modify: 4t deter!ines if the channel !ode !odify proced)re follo?s a
s)ccesf)l hando(er of a Phase 1 M in ?hich the channel !ode changed to f)ll rate speech.
hando4er;re9uired;curr;ch: 4t deter!ines if the c)rrent channel is incl)ded in the
Hando(er 5eD)ired !essage to the MC.
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page %% ANDC
P#5 C#,,
dr;standard;congest: 4t deter!ines if the standard Directed 5etry congestion
proced)re is ena/led in the cell.
dr;ho;during;assign: 4t deter!ines if the hando(er shall /e handled d)ring an
assigna!ent proced)re. 4n this case the operator sho)ld set the MC ti!er ?aiting for the
Assigna!ent Co!plete !essage fro! the @ to 30 sec.
7 dr;msc;preference: deter!ines the !essage seD)ence and contents across the A-
interface d)ring Directed 5etry proced)res reD)iring an e$ternal hando(erA this para!eter
!)st /e consistent ?ith a dr;preference<2.
0" @ only sends the Hando(er 5eD)ired !essage ?ith ca)se Direct 5etry to the
MC.
1" @ only sends the Hando(er 5eD)ired !essage ?ith the hando(er ca)se to the
MC.
2" @ sends an Assign!ent >ail)re !essage ?ith ca)seA Direct 5etry@ %efore sending
a Hando(er 5eD)ired ?ith ca)seA Directed 5etryA to the MC.
3" @ sends an Assign!ent >ail)re !essage ?ith ca)seA Direct 5etry@ %efore sending
a Hando(er 5eD)ired ?ith hando(er ca)se to the MC.
%" @ sends an Assign!ent >ail)re !essage ?ith ca)seA Direct 5etry@ after sending a
Hando(er 5eD)ired ?ith ca)seA Directed 5etryA to the MC.
0" @ sends an Assign!ent >ail)re !essage ?ith ca)seA Direct 5etry@ after sending a
Hando(er 5eD)ired ?ith hando(er ca)se to the MC.
P#5 N#49H@7;5
dr;allo5ed: Allo?s Directed 5etry Hando(ers to this e$ternal cell.
congest;ho;margin: This is the congestion hando(er !argin and its (al)e sho)ld /e
less than the hoM!arginMcell of the neigh/or cellA to !aCe the hando(er easier.
6.1.2 C)&910'-)& R12-15
This feat)re is an alternati(e to Directed 5etry for congested cells and /oth can ?orC
together or independently. This feat)re differs in that it chooses the /est candidate fro! all
e$isting calls in the cell to /e !o(ed to the alternate cell th)s freeing TCHs in the congested
cell. This can res)lt in /etter o(erall syste! D)ality co!pared to Directed retry /eca)se the
/est hando(er candidate is chosen instead of the candidate reD)esting a TCHA so the po?er
/)dget calc)lation is /ased on the longer history of !eas)re!ent reports instead of a single
one. This feat)re has no i!pact on e$isting A-interface signalling.
SDCCH SDCCH
connecti
on
connecti
on
Congest
e-
Microce
ll
CR HO CR HO
CR HO CR HO
CR HO CR HO
CR HO CR HO
CR HO<s CR HO<s
&!CH=!CH) &!CH=!CH)
Macroce
ll
Figure : )ando4er on congestion
The !a$i!)! n)!/er of calls handed o(er can /e any of the follo?ing alternati(es"
The n)!/er of D)e)ed reD)ests in the congested cell.
The n)!/er of calls !eeting the congestion hando(er criteria in the congested cell.
4f the @ recei(es an Assign!ent 5eD)est and there are no a(aila/le TCHs in that
cellA the @ searches for candidate calls on a TCH to hando(er to another cell. The call is
D)e)ed ?hile atte!pting to hando(er e$isting calls on a TCH. 4f a reso)rce /eco!es a(aila/le
in the !eanti!e to f)lfil the TCH reD)estA the D)e)ing proced)re is follo?ed.
C5 co)ld also /e acti(ated /ased on percentage of /)sy TCH channels.
Depending on the ho;e'ist;congest data/ase settingA the n)!/er of hando(ers
initiated either !atches the n)!/er of reD)ests D)e)ed if the n)!/er of hando(er candidates
allo?s itA or !atches the n)!/er of hando(er candidates fo)nd. #$isting calls designated as
candidates for hando(ers d)e to congestion are (alid d)ring 4alid;candidate;period. The
@ )pdates the candidate list as calls either ter!inate or lea(e the cell.
The congestion hando(er !argin )sed is the sa!e as )sed /y Directed retryA )sing the
ne? per neigh/o)r para!eterA congest;ho;margin. This para!eter sho)ld /e less than the
(al)e of hoM!arginMcell of the neigh/o)rA to !aCe it easier to hando(er to this neigh/o)r in
the case of congestion in the c)rrent Cell. Additional ti!ersA le(elsA etc. in(ol(ed in
!icrocell)lar algorith!s are not o/ser(ed in a congestion sit)ation for handing calls to a
certain neigh/o)r.
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page %& ANDC
6.1.3 A::2-,/'-)& & P/(/41'1(0
These t?o feat)res can /e )sef)l in different scenarios incl)ding"
Macrocells e$periencing /locCingA to hand their traffic to other !acro
neigh/o)rs ?ith spare capacity. 4n this ?ay Capacity can increase /eca)se cells can ha(e
higher the 2Q /locCing pro/a/ilities.
Microcells e$periencing /locCing in a !)ltilayer net?orCA to hand their traffic
)p to their )!/rella neigh/o)rs or e(en to their !icro neigh/o)rsA altho)gh it is going to /e
easier to find !acro neigh/o)rs fitting the congestion criterias as they ?orC as )!/rella. 4n
this ?ay ?e taCe !a$i!)n profit of o)r !icrocell)lar in(est!ent as ?e !aCe !icros carry as
!)ch traffic as possi/le.
4n concentric cellsA to !aCe inner cells carry !a$i!)! traffic and !aCe this
sol)tion !ore effecti(e.
Altho)gh /oth feat)res can ?orC together or independentlyA ?ith only C5 ena/led ?e
get al!ost the sa!e perfor!ance than ?ith /oth feat)res ena/led at the sa!e ti!e as it can /e
seen in the fig)re /ello?. This is d)e to the fact C5 can choose a!ong !ore calls to hand
o(erA ?hile D5 only one. Appart fro! thisA in C5 ?ell sta/lish calls are relief to a neigh/or
cell *and /ased the decision on a longer history+ ?itho)t i!pacting in the signalling.
"::IEC"TE!3 E="M:IE
:arameters
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page %' ANDC
76
78
75
79
77
7:
,"t!
C"nesti"n Relie;
Directed Retr%
: :18 :1< 719 714 9 918
T
r
a
f
f
i
c

s
e
r
(
e
d

p
e
r

c
e
l
l

*
1
0

T
C
H
s
+

f
o
r

Z
2
Q

/
l
o
c
C
i
n
g
A(erage [ of Hando(er targets per !o/ile
Ca0aci', o( a s,s'e& :i'6 /irec'e5 Re'r, an5 Conges'ion Relie(
=
M)ltilayer net?orCA ?ith contino)s !icrocell)lar layer. The c)rrent config)rations of
this feat)re on !icrocells is as follo?s "
Congestion 5elief type " 2 *Atte!pt to hando(er as !any calls as !eet the congestion
hando(er criteria+
C5 hando(er !argin " -10 for !acrocell neigh/ors *the lo?er the easier+
0 for !icrocell neigh/ors *?e do not ?ant to risC the call to
!icros )nless they ha(e the sa!e le(el+
At 100Q TCH /)sy condition on specified cell *no !atter ho? !any carriers are
eD)ipped+A the C5 ?ill /e acti(ated. This could %e changed %y acti4ating C? %ased on
percentage of %usy TC) channels.
Effects in traffic 5hen ena%ling the feature
:ith the pre(io)s settings of C5 hando(er !arginsA 22Q of calls are handed )p to the
!acro layer. The effects in traffic and /locCing in one single !icro are sho?n /ello?.
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80120(/
(0120(/
Figure #: Effects in traffic *Erlangs-. C? 5as ena%led on "pril 1th at 1:2 a.m.
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(0120(/
Figure $: Effects in Blocking. C? 5as ena%led on "pril 1th at 1:2 a.m.
Effect of changing congest;ho;margin to micros
4n order to e(al)ate the effect of H7 !argin change and to try to increase the
pro/a/ility of handing o(er the calls to the !icrocell neigh/o)rsA the H7 !argin for
!acrocell neigh/o)rs is changed to -0 on 3 congested !icrocells. All 3 !icrocells are in the
contig)o)s co(erage area and ha(e %-0 !icrocell neigh/o)rs.
The n)!/er of hando(ers to the !acro layer is still aro)nd 22QA ?hich can /e
e$plained /y the factA that if a C5 hando(er is neededA there is al?ays a s)ita/le !acrocell
?ith eno)gh signal le(el for the hando(er to happenA e(en if the M stays close to the
!icrocell. '0Q - 10Q of all calls are handed o(er to the !ost do!inant !acrocell neigh/or.
7n the other handA the pro/a/ility of a !icrocell neigh/or !eeting the criteria and
ha(ing a s)ita/le le(el is D)ite lo?A since this can only happen on the /order of the co(erage
area /et?een the !icrocells.
>)rther decrease of the C5 H7 !argin for !acrocell neigh/ors ?o)ld !aCe the
feat)re ineffecti(e and ca)se /locCing on the !icrocell. Decreasing the C5 H7 !argin for
!icrocell neigh/ors co)ld ad(ersely affect the perfor!ance.
Effect of changing C? type
The effect of the type of C5 )sed on !icrocells is also in(estigated )sing 2 different
settings "
- type 1 - n)!/er of hando(ers initiated is the n)!/er of D)e)ed reD)ests
- type 2 - n)!/er of hando(ers initiated is the n)!/er of calls !eeeting the C5 H7
criteria
The test is carried o)t on one !icroA ?hich carries 11 #rl of traffic ?ith 2 carriers in
ser(ice and acti(ated C5.
The res)lts are as follo?s "
Congestion 5elief Type N)!/er of C5 H7 atte!pts TCH Congestion in !s
1 1%1 &1012%0
2 1123 311'100
N)!/er of C5 H7 atte!pts and C5 for the period of &.00a! - 22.00p!
TCH Congestion - indicates the a!o)nt of ti!e in !s ?hen all TCH of the cell ?ere /)sy
The res)lts indicate that ?ith C5 type set to 1A there are fe?er hando(er atte!pts
*!ostly )p to the !acro layer+and the ti!e ?hen the cell is f)lly )tiliEed increased /y 200Q.
6.2 !/0' I&-'-/2 MS P)71( D)7&
6.2.1 D10,(-:'-)&
>ast initial po?er do?n is a standard feat)re config)ra/le on a per cell /asisA ?hich
allo?s the initial po?er do?n of the Mo/ile tation to /e set so that the M po?er is red)ced
D)icCer than the standard ra!p do?n ti!e. This helps alle(iate pro/le!s ?ith inter!od)lation
and recei(er /locCing ?hich can occ)r if the po?er le(el of the Mo/ile tation *M+ is too
highA partic)larly in parts of the net?orC ?here fi/re optic distri/)tion of the 5> is deployedA
gi(en the s!aller dyna!ic range pro(ided.
4ts acti(ation is e$tre!ely i!portant in order to red)ce the interference le(elA specially
in syste!s ?here )plinC interference is critical d)e to the net?orC topology characteristics.
Apart of thatA it sho)ld /e !entioned the longer /attery life pro(ided ena/ling this feat)re in
the ?hole net?orC.
:hen )plinCMr$le( !eets or e$ceeds the rpd;triggerA the M ?ill /e co!!andde to a
po?er le(el ?hich has /een calc)lated to p)t the )plinC r$le( eD)al to the rpd;trigger C
rpd;offsetA ?e !)st re!e!/er that e(ery increase in po?er le(el is an additional decrease of
2 d@! in o)tp)t po?er. The proced)re to detect the need for a rapid po?er do?n ?ill not
/egin )ntil eno)gh !eas)re!ents ha(e /een recei(ed to satisfy rpd;period !onitor period.
Po?er le(el *ordered+ S Po?er le(el *c)rrent+ R *;,M5U,#8 N rpdMtrigger R rpdMoffset+J2
Per Cell data/ase ele!ents are"
7 rapid;p5r;do5n #na/les the feat)re.
7 rpd;trigger: specifies *in r$le( (al)e+ the threshold )sed to trigger the proced)re.
This para!eter !)st al?ays /e greater than the settings of the rpd;offset and l;r'le4;ul;p
and the defa)lt (al)e is %0 *&0 d@!+.
7 rpd;offset: Defines *in d@+ the offset /elo? the trigger threshold )sed /y the
proced)re to calc)late the ne? po?er le(el. The setting of this para!eter !)st al?ays /e less
than the rpd trigger and the defa)lt (al)e is 1.
7 rpd;period: specifies the n)!/er of po?er le(el !eas)re!ents ?hich ?ill /e
a(eraged /efore applying the rapid po?er do?n proced)re. The defa)lt setting is 2.
6.2.2 A::2-,/'-)& & P/(/41'1(0
4t is reco!!ended to ena/le this feat)re in all Cind of net?orCsA as it is (ery i!portant
to ha(e the po?er of /oth the !o/ile and the /ase station in the !ini!)! reD)ired le(el for
ha(ing good D)ality in the syste!.
;s)allyA )plinC interference pro/le!s are fo)nd. These are diffic)lt to control as
)plinC path is !ore diffic)lt to !onitor and the )plinC interference co!es fro! handsets that
are !o(ing thro)gho)t the net?orC. This is ?hy this feat)re is specially i!portant as per!its
to red)ce the )plinC interference.
The reco!!ended para!eters for this feat)re are"
7 rapid;p5r;do5n: Al?ays ena/led.
7 rpd;trigger: 4t can /e set eD)al to the top of the r$le( po?er ?indo? *u;r'le4;ul;p+
or a little /it higher in order to /e !ore conser(ati(e.
7 rpd;offset: 4t can /e set to taCe the !o/ile to the !iddle of the r$le( po?er
*rpd;trigger - *u;r'le4;ul;p - l;r'le4;ul;p-02- ?indo? *or a little /it lo?er in order to /e
!ore conser(ati(e+.
7 rpd;period: The defa)lt (al)e is 7P.
6.3 D-551(1&' &1-9.<)+( 2-0'0 -& BCCH A-*21B /&* SACCH A*1*-,/'1*B
6.3.1 D10,(-:'-)&
4dle !ode perfor!ance !ay /e significantly affected /y the red)ced siEe of the
!icrocells. The re-selection process of the !o/iles is )s)ally (ery slo?A so a !o/ile !ay /e
still ca!ped on a certain cell ?hen it is o)tside of its effecti(e co(erage area. 4f the !o/ile
tries to originate a call /efore the re-selection is !ade o/(io)s pro/le!s ?ill arise. This is
specially noticea/le for fast !o(ing !o/iles as sho?n in >ig)re 3&.
Figure &: Fast Mo4ing Mo%ile still camped in M1 and located outside its co4erage area
To sol(e this pro/le!A Motorola has i!ple!ented a feat)re to differentiate the
neigh/o)r list in idle !ode to the one in dedicated !ode. A cell !ay report to the !o/iles
different neigh/o)r topologies dependent )pon ?hether they are ca!ped on the cell in idle
!ode *yste! Type-2 !essages+ or they are in dedicated !ode *yste! Type-0 !essages+. 4n
cells ?here fast !o(ing !o/iles !ay e$perience degraded D)ality of ser(iceA !icrocells !ay
/e defined as neigh/o)rs in dedicated !ode /)t not in idle !ode.
4n >ig)re 3'A a !o/ile o/ser(es a different neigh/o)r topology depending on ?hether
it is in idle or dedicated !ode.
De-icate-
Mo-e
"-le
Mo-e
Micro Neig,7ours De>ne- Micro Neig,7ours De>ne-
No Micro Neig,7ours No Micro Neig,7ours
De>ne- De>ne-
Macrocell Macrocell Macrocell Macrocell
Figure .: (ifferent 3eigh%our Iists in Edle and (edicated Mode
Micro $ Micro $ Micro 3 Micro 3
&icr" 7
2rea
&icr" 9
2rea IDLE
MODE
Macrocell
6.3.2 A::2-,/'-)&
As said /eforeA this feat)re is specifically tho)ght for !icrocells ha(ing fast !o/iles in
their ser(ing areas. 4f this is the caseA !icrocell neigh/o)rs ?ill /e defined 3)st in one list
*ACCH list+ of the !acrocells a(oiding !o/iles ca!ping in !icros in idle !ode.
4t is diffic)lt to see if it is going to /e a pro/le! to ha(e !icrocells in /oth lists ?hen
ha(ing fast !o/iles in one area. >ield e$perience has de!onstrated that the additional losses
e$perienced ?hen ha(ing !icrocells in /oth list are not too !)ch in the ?orst caseA /)t the
traffic generated allo?ing origination in !icros is significant. 4t is reco!!ended thenA to p)t
!icros in /oth lists and !onitor the! for a short period. 7nly if the losses ?ere i!portant
sho)ld /e e$cl)ded fro! the @CCH list of their !acro neigh/o)rsA if notA the traffic carried in
the !icro layer increase significantly.
6.4 S:11* H/&*)C1( D15-&1* :1(&1-9.<)+( A.(1F/C1B.
6.4.1 D10,(-:'-)&
All the para!eters associated ?ith the hando(er proced)res can /e defined on a per-
neigh/o)r /asisA s)ch as P@9T config)ration to /e )sedA hando(er !argins and hreDa(e
a(eraging ?indo? )sed for P@9T calc)lation. Co!/ining these para!etersA the speed of the
hando(er trigger !ay /e tailored as needed.
6.4.2 A::2-,/'-)&
4n >ig)re 31A the speed of the hando(er for each neigh/o)r is controlled thro)gh the
period of the a(eraging ?indo? . 4f different neigh/o)rs of the sa!e cell ha(e different needs
in ter!s of hando(er speedA this ?indo? !ay /e config)red ?ith different (al)es for each
case. >or )sing per neigh/o)r hreDa(eA the data/ase para!eter )seMneigh/o)rMhreDa(e !)st
/e set to 1.
Underr"und Underr"und
in+buildin in+buildin
nei!b"ur nei!b"ur
3ine O; Si!t 3ine O; Si!t
Nei!b"ur Nei!b"ur
SER/ER SER/ER
$
3
HO $ &slo?) @ Hig, HreAa+e
HO 3 &Bast) @ Lo? HreAa+e
Per Neig,7our A+eraging Per Neig,7our A+eraging
Figure /: :er7neigh%our "4eraging dependant on system demand
Another possi/le application for the per neigh/o)r para!eters is to lea(e a !icrocell
/eca)se of i!perati(e reasons. Defining different hoM!argin to different neigh/o)rsA the
ordering criteria of the !acro neigh/o)rs can /e altered for not going 3)st to the /est ser(erA
/)t going to the !acro ?ith good le(el and lo? occ)pancy. 4n this ?ayA it can /e a(oided
going to !acro neigh/o)rs that are congested and !acros ha(ing spare capacity are loaded.
6.5 P(151( D-551(1&' C/((-1( 5)( I&'(/,122 H/&*)C1(
6.5.1 D10,(-:'-)&
The criteria to select the target channel for an intracell hando(er has /een !odified.
:hen either an )plinC or do?nlinC interference hando(er are triggeredA the ne? channel ?ill
/e selected /ased in the follo?ing criteria"
9enerate list A ?ith any
channels in the /est
interference /and
9enerate list @" fro! list A select
any channels in a different carrier &
in a different hopping syste! *if
applica/le+
elect /est channel in
list A
N
Hopping cellY
elect /est channel in @CCH if
not posssi/leA select /est channel
in list @
N
elect /est channel in non
@CCH if not posssi/leA select
/est channel in list @
,ist @ createdY
Figure 1: Channel Selection Criteria for Entracell )ando4ers
6.5.2 A::2-,/'-)&
As soon as a hando(er for D)ality is neededA the ser(er signal strength is checCed. 4f it
is o(er a certain le(elA an interference hando(er is triggered. 4f the intracell hando(er is
ena/ledA the hando(er is perfor!ed ?ithin the sa!e cell. The change of carrier is prioritised in
this Cind of hando(er. The change of carrier is )sef)l in either a fi$ed plan or a hopping one.
This co)ld a(oid a hando(er to a ?orse cellA and there is not risC at all for the call.
4n the graph /ello?A it can /e seen an e$a!ple. Altho)gh there is /ad D)ality in a
certain area for freD. &0 *?hile ser(ed /y !icrocell ?ith freD. 0%A&0+A /eca)se of the canyon
propagation effect for freD)encies *01A&0+A that freD. has /een re)sed in the !icrocell TCH. At
that partic)lar spotA if interference is e$perienced ?hile )sing freD &0A an intracell hando(er to
another carrier ?ill a(oid the sit)ation. 4n this ?ayA a tighter re)se pattern in these !icrocells
can /e i!ple!ented.
0
,ad 0ualit%
2rea
,ad 0ualit%
2rea ;"r ;req 4:
freD 0%A &0
freD 01A &0
freD 0&A &2 freD 02A &%
Figure #2: Change of Carrier "pplication E'ample
4n a hopping en(iron!entA as there is not a constant interferer /)t a pro/a/ility of
interferenceA if the ser(er is clearly the do!inant cellA it is ?orth trying to change the carrier
*as this )s)ally !eans changing the MA47 and the ti!eslot+ /efore perfor!ing a D)ality
hando(er to a !)ch ?orse cell.
6.6 L-4-'1* N+4<1( )5 I&'(/,122 H/&*)C1(0
6.6.1 D10,(-:'-)&
This feat)re li!its the n)!/er of intracell interference hando(ers d)e to interference
that can occ)r in a specified a!o)nt of ti!e.
4f hop;cnt n)!/er of hando(ers occ)r ?ithin hop;cnt;tmrA the hando(er ?ill /e
escalated to /e a 5U.;A, hando(er to another cell.
A (al)e of 0 for hop;cnt;tmr disa/les the f)nctionality that ?ill res)lt in no li!it to
the n)!/er of intracell hando(ers.
The 5U.;A, hando(er that res)lts fro! this escalation ?ill /e s)/3ected to the re-
ordering descri/ed for GMicro N Micro .)ality Hando(erH and GTi!ed 7ffset )pon 5$D)al
Hando(erH.
The t?o ne? data/ase ele!ents reD)ired for the control of this f)nctionality are"
6o0Hcn' 0" 5es)lts in effecti(ely disa/ling intracell interference hando(ers
1 to 200 " N)!/er of interference hando(ers allo?ed ?ithin hopMcntMt!r period
6o0Hcn'H'&r 0" #ffecti(ely disa/les f)nctionality *no li!it to intracell hando(ers+
1 to 200" N)!/er of ACCH periods /efore hopMcnt (al)e is reset
6.6.2 A::2-,/'-)& & P/(/41'1(0
:hen an intracell hando(er is perfor!ed d)e to an interference sit)ationA it is not
ad(isa/le to Ceep on perfor!ing hando(ers inside the cell if the /ad D)ality sit)ation is still
present. Tro)gh this feat)re acti(ationA a !a$i!)! n)!/er of atte!ps d)ring a certain ti!e
?ill /e tried. 4f !ore hando(ers are triggered d)ring that ti!eA the hando(er is scalated to
r$D)al hando(er.
Possi/le para!eter (al)es are"
hopMco)nt" 2
hopMco)ntMti!er" 0
6." H/&*)C1( M/(9-& :1( C/+01
6.".1 D10,(-:'-)&
T?o hando(er !argins ha(e /een config)red per neigh/o)rA specific to the ca)se of
the hando(er /eing perfor!ed. This ca)se specific hando(er !argin ?ill al?ays /e )sed in
deter!inig if '6e neig67our s6oul5 7e eGclu5e5 fro! the candidate list.
6oH&arginHrG=ualInJ" The (al)e to /e applied to the P@9T calc)lation ?hen
hando(er ca)se is 5U.;A,.
4f P@9T - hoM!arginMr$D)al\n] W 0A the neigh/o)r ?ill /e e$cl)ded.
6oH&arginHrGlevInJ- The (al)e to /e applied to the P@9T calc)lation ?hen hando(er
ca)se is 5U,#8.
4f P@9T - hoM!arginMr$le(\n] W 0A the neigh/o)r ?ill /e e$cl)ded.
A per cell flag is )sed to deter!ine if the ca)se specific !argin sho)ld /e )sed in the
can5i5a'e or5ering 0roce5ure.
6oH&arginHusageH(lag K 0 hoM!argin\n] (al)e *standard hando(er !argin+ ?ill /e
)sed for sorting the candidate list for 5U,#8 and 5U.;A, hando(ers.
6oH&arginHusageH(lag K 1 hoM!arginMr$D)al\n] or hoM!arginMr$le(\n] ?ill /e
)sed for sorting the candidate list for 5U.;A, or 5U,#8 hando(ers.
4ndi(id)al neigh/ors can /e g)aranteed to not /e the target of a partic)lar type of
hando(er /y setting the ca)se specific !argin to the highest (al)e. The !argin can /e set to
control the le(el at ?hich the neigh/or !)st /e at /efore considering it as a candidate for a
specific hando(er ca)se.
EGclusion 0roce5ure-
5e!o(e neigh/or fro! candidate list if"
P@9T- hoM!argin*n+W0
*@etter Cell Hando(er+
P@9T- hoM!arginMr$D)al*n+W0
*;,JD, 5U.;A, Hando(er+
P@9T- hoM!arginMr$le(*n+W0
*;,JD, 5U,#8 Hando(er+
Sor'ing 0roce5ure-
hoM!arginMflagS0Y
ort neigh/ors /ased on"
P@9T - hoM!argin*n+
*All Hando(ers Ca)ses+
yes
P@9T - hoM!arginMr$D)al*n+
*;,JD, 5U.;A, Hando(er+
P@9T - hoM!arginMr$le(*n+
*;,JD, 5U,#8 Hando(er+
P@9T - hoM!argin*n+
*All 7ther Hando(er Ca)ses+
Figure #1: E'clusion and Sorting :rocedures 5hen )ando4er Margin per Cause is applied
6.".2 A::2-,/'-)&
:ith this feat)reA there is !ore fle$i/ility since it gi(es the possi/ility to"
- A(oid the hando(er to )n?anted neigh/o)rs ?here the call ?o)ld /e in risC.
- ort the neigh/o)rs in the desired orderA for going to the less congested cells or to the less
interfered neigh/o)rs.
- Hando(er the calls only to good neigh/o)rs. >or so!e of the! this condition ?ill /e
satisfied e(en ?ith negati(e P@9T to the ser(er and for othersA it ?ill /e neccessary to ha(e
possiti(e P@9T.
6.= T-41* O5501' +:)& R$DUAL H/&*)C1(
This feat)re addresses a partic)lar sit)ation that nor!ally happens in the syste!s" it is
possi/le for the ser(ing cell to ha(e a !)ch /etter 5U,#8 than a neigh/or ?hen a call is
handed o(er to the neigh/or for 5U.;A, reasons. This sit)ation ?o)ld liCely res)lt in a
po?er /)dget hando(er /acC to the original ser(ing cell. 4f the poor 5U.;A, condition still
e$istsA the call !ay e$perience a contin)o)s /o)ncing /et?een cells.
The ping pong protection !echanis! is i!ple!ented to help in this sit)ation.
- :hen a channel is acti(ated as the target channel of a 5U.;A, hando(erA the
7ounceH7ackH=ualH'&r is started. 4ts (al)e is the n)!/er of ACCH periods d)ring ?hich
/o)nceMprotectM!argin is applied.
- :hen a channel is acti(ated as the target channel of a congestion hando(erA the
7ounceH7ackHcongH'&r is started. 4ts (al)e is the n)!/er of ACCH periods d)ring ?hich
/o)nceMprotectM!argin is applied.
! 7ounceH0ro'ec'H&argin" additional (al)e added to the config)red hoM!argin of the
so)rce cell
Quality HO
'Timer starts(
!"_marin
cell7
) a
!"_marin
cell7
) a * penalt%
'Timer expires(
Cell $ Cell $
Cell $ Cell $
Cell 3 Cell 3
Cell 3 Cell 3
!"_marin
cell7
) a
Figure #2.7 :ing7:ong :rotection Mechanism in a ?'9ual )ando4er
The ta/les /elo? sho? ho? the candidate e$cl)sion and ordering proced)res are
carried o)t for different conditions. An interference hando(er ca)se ?hich res)lts in an
intercell hando(er d)e to lacC of reso)rces on the ser(ing cell ?ill /e treated in the sa!e ?ay
as a 5U.;A, hando(er.
The criteria for e$cl)ding neigh/ors fro! the candidate list is P@9T*n+ - MA594N*n+
W 0A ?here MA594N*n+ is sho?n /ello?.
E$CLUSION CRITERIA
HANDO#ER TYPE TIMER TYPE MARGINA&B
@#TT#5 C#,, C7N9 hoM!argin\n] R /o)nceMprotectM!ar
@#TT#5 C#,, .;A, hoM!argin\n] R /o)nceMprotectM!ar
@#TT#5 C#,, N7N# hoM!argin\n]
;,JD, 5U.;A, C7N9 hoM!arginMr$D)al\n]
;,JD, 5U.;A, .;A, hoM!arginMr$D)al\n] R /o)nceMprotectM!ar
;,JD, 5U.;A, N7N# hoM!arginMr$D)al\n]
;,JD, 5U,#8 C7N9 hoM!arginMr$le(\n]
;,JD, 5U,#8 .;A, hoM!arginMr$le(\n] R /o)nceMprotectM!ar
;,JD, 5U,#8 N7N# hoM!arginMr$le(\n]
The sorting of neigh/ors in the candidate list is perfor!ed according to the (al)e of
P@9T*n+ - MA594N*n+. The highest (al)e /eing first in the listA and others incl)ded in
decreasing order. The (al)e for MA594N*n+ is deter!ined as sho?n in the follo?ing ta/les"
SORTING CRITERIA
HANDO#ER TYPE TIMER TYPE H)G4/(9-&G+0/91G52/9 MARGINA&B
@#TT#5 C#,, C7N9
1
hoM!argin\n] R
/o)nceMprotectM!ar
@#TT#5 C#,, C7N9
0
hoM!argin\n] R
/o)nceMprotectM!ar
@#TT#5 C#,, .;A,
1
hoM!argin\n] R
/o)nceMprotectM!ar
@#TT#5 C#,, .;A,
0
hoM!argin\n] R
/o)nceMprotectM!ar
@#TT#5 C#,, N7N#
1
hoM!argin\n]
@#TT#5 C#,, N7N#
0
hoM!argin\n]
;,JD, 5U.;A, C7N9
1
hoM!arginMr$D)al\n] R
/o)nceMprotectM!ar
;,JD, 5U.;A, C7N9
0
hoM!argin\n] R
/o)nceMprotectM!ar
;,JD, 5U.;A, .;A,
1
hoM!arginMr$D)al\n] R
/o)nceMprotectM!ar
;,JD, 5U.;A, .;A,
0
hoM!argin\n] R
/o)nceMprotectM!ar
;,JD, 5U.;A, N7N#
1
hoM!arginMr$D)al\n]
;,JD, 5U.;A, N7N#
0
hoM!argin\n]
;,JD, 5U,#8 C7N9
1
hoM!arginMr$le(\n] R
/o)nceMprotectM!ar
;,JD, 5U,#8 C7N9
0
hoM!argin\n] R
/o)nceMprotectM!ar
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page &0 ANDC
;,JD, 5U,#8 .;A,
1
hoM!arginMr$le(\n] R
/o)nceMprotectM!ar
;,JD, 5U,#8 .;A,
0
hoM!argin\n] R
/o)nceMprotectM!ar
;,JD, 5U,#8 N7N#
1
hoM!arginMr$le(\n]
;,JD, 5U,#8 N7N#
0
HoM!argin\n]
6.9 M-,() H M-,() D+/2-'3 H/&*)C1(
6.9.1 D10,(-:'-)&
:hen a 5U.;A, hando(er condition e$istsA an atte!pt ?ill /e !ade to hando(er a
call ?hich is in the !icrocell layer to another cell in the !icro layer. A layer indication for
the ser(ing cell and the neigh/or type of the neigh/ors is )sed to prioritiEe the !icrocell
neigh/ors. The lo?er the n)!/er for the layer indicationA the larger the layer. C)rrentlyA this
!eans that cell le(el 0 S !acro layerA cell le(el 1 S !icro layer. The para!eters )sed to
i!ple!ent this are"
cellHlevelHin5ica'or 0" !acrocell
1" !icrocell
0riori'iFeH&icrocell 0" ,ayer of ser(ing cell ?ill not i!pact sorting of candidate list
1" ,ayer of ser(ing cell ?ill i!pact sorting of candidate list
Macrocell Macrocell
Ser+er Ser+er
Microcell Microcell
Ser+er Ser+er
Microcell Microcell
"mperati+e
Han-o+er
Figure #: Micro C Micro Huality )ando4er
5U.;A, Hando(ers can effecti(ely /e disa/led to a specific neigh/or /y setting the
hoM!arginMr$D)al\n] for that neigh/or to the highest (al)e. Hando(er candidates ?ill /e
prioritiEed as descri/ed ne$t.
The follo?ing ordering ?ill only /e perfor!ed if the f)nctionality is ena/led (ia the
prioriti6e;microcell flagA and the %ounce;protect;9ual;tmr *Ti!ed 7ffset )pon 5U.;A,
Hando(er+ is not acti(e. The dependency on %ounce;protect;9ual;tmr is to pre(ent a call
fro! ping ponging /et?een t?o !icrocells if /ad 5U.;A, e$ists in /oth.
OR/ERIN
?=HG"I condition 5ith call in microcell layer:
1. All neigh/ors ?hich e$ceed r$le(M!in\n] R Ma$ *0APa+
2. All neigh/ors re!aining after e$cl)sion proced)re considering hando(er !argin
per ca)se
3. Neigh/or types prioritiEed "
*a+ %A0A& sorted /y P@9T - !argin follo?ed in the list /y
*/+ 3 sorted /y P@9T - !argin follo?ed in the list /y
*c+ 1A2 sorted /y P@9T - !argin
?=HG"I condition 5ith call in macrocell layer:
1. All neigh/ors ?hich e$ceed r$le(M!in\n] R Ma$ *0APa+
2. All neigh/ors re!aining after e$cl)sion proced)re considering hando(er !argin
per ca)se
3. Neigh/or types prioritiEed "
*a+ 1 sorted /y P@9T - !argin follo?ed in the list /y
*/+ 2A3A%A0A& sorted /y P@9T N !argin
6.9.2 A::2-,/'-)&
The p)rpose of this feat)re is to !aintain the call in the !icro layer e(en ?hen the
hando(er ca)se is i!perati(e. There is no reason to hando(er the call to the !acrocell)lar
layer if ?e co)ld find a s)ita/le !icro for retaining the traffic in the lo?er layers.
6.1% H/&*)C1( </01* )& :/'. 2)00 ,/2,+2/'-)&
:ith this feat)reA the @ )ses !eas)re!ent infor!ation to deri(e the po?er le(el to
/e incl)ded in the Hando(er Co!!and for inter-cellA intra-@ hando(ers if the flag
)seMderi(edMhoMpo?er is ena/led ?ithin the data/ase.
This f)nctionality can only /e pro(ided for intra-@ hando(ers /eca)se the target
cell needs the po?er le(el infor!ation to /e incl)ded in the initial do?nlinC ACCH.
ThereforeA the target cell !)st ha(e access to the hando(er po?er le(el that is incl)ded in the
Hando(er Co!!and. 9M 5eco!!endations T 9M 01.01 does not pro(ide a !eans to
con(ey po?er infor!ation to the target cell for an e$ternal hando(er. ThereforeA the target cell
is )na/le to co!p)te the po?er le(el for e$ternal hando(ers since it does not Cno? the
recei(ed le(el strength reported /y the Mo/ile tation.
The po?er le(el is calc)lated for intra-@ hando(ers as follo?s"
4an5over 0o:er level ;In'ra!BSS< K MIN ;C E ;1 ! B<, /, 3<
:here"
A !a$Mt$M/ts of the target cell
@ 5$,#8 reported /y the M for the target cell
C !iddle of the po?er /o$ of the target cell"
*)Mr$le(M)lMp R lMr$le(M)lMp+J2
D !a$Mt$M!s of the target cell
P !a$i!)! po?er capa/ility of the M
4t is easy to realise in the for!)la a/o(e that A-@ is the path loss /et?een the !o/ile
and the target cellA and C is the centre of the target cellFs )plinC po?er control ?indo?. o to
achie(e an r$le(M)l in the centre of this ?indo?A the !o/ile needs to trans!it this le(el *C+
pl)s the path loss *A-@+A hence CR*A-@+.
This is the desired hando(er po?er le(elA /)t of co)rse it cannot /e )sed if it is greater
than either !a$Mt$M!s *D+ or the !o/ileFs physical capa/ility to prod)ce po?er *P+A therefore
the lo?est of the three ter!s is )sed *!in+.
Apparently the for!)la a/o(e ?o)ld ?orC 7PA /)t the act)al radiated D, trans!it
po?er *e.g. signal loss fro! le(els of co!/iningA cali/ration fro! site co!!issioningA etc.+
cannot /e attained fro! the data/ase. The path loss calc)lation ?ill initially res)lt in the M
not accessing e$actly in the !iddle of the po?er /o$. To co!pensate for the trans!it po?er
discrepancyA a po?er ad3)st!ent !echanis! is needed. This is ?here the ga!!a factor
co!es in. A ?eighted a(erage is !aintained /y CP as to ho? !)ch de(iation fro! the !iddle
of the po?er /o$ after each hando(er. 4nitiallyA the po?er ad3)st!ent )sed is Eero. The
ga!!a factor is !aintained internally.
The corrected for!)la sho)ld /e"
6an5over 0o:er level K &in ;C E I;1!ga&&a< ! BJ, /, 3+
>or inco!ing e$ternal hando(ersA the @ al?ays instr)cts the Mo/ile tation to )se
the (al)e of hando(erMpo?erMle(el as defined ?ithin the data/ase of the target cell.
AdditionallyA if the flag )seMderi(edMhoMpo?er is disa/led in the data/aseA the @ )ses the
(al)e of hando(erMpo?erMle(el at the target cell for inco!ing intra-@ hando(ers.
6.1%.1 A::2-,/'-)&
As Gfast initial po?er do?nHA it is reco!!ended to ena/le this feat)re in all Cind of
net?orCsA as it is (ery i!portant to ha(e the po?er of /oth the !o/ile and the /ase station in
the !ini!)! reD)ired le(el for ha(ing good D)ality in the syste!.
6.11 A22 ,./&&120 /' 5+22 :)71(
All channels at f)ll po?er sets all the channels in the Cell to /roadcast at a constant
po?er /eing the po?er le(el config)red as the !a$i!)! trans!it po?er allo?ed in the Cell.
This can /e necessary for ?orst case interference !onitoring d)ring net?orC opti!iEation.
The f)ll po?er !ode can /e ter!inated !an)ally at any ti!eA or a)to!atically stoppped /y
the @ on e$piration of a ti!er that ?e set ?hen the f)ll po?er !ode is acti(ated. Acti(ation
of the f)ll po?er !ode ?ill not affect the a(aila/ility of channels )sed for the nor!al
processing of calls in the CellA idle channels ?ill trans!it d)!!y /)rsts at the po?er le(el set
/y !a$Mt$M/tsA the channels are still a(aila/le for )se.
:hen f)ll po?er !ode is s?itched onA acti(e channels are affected as follo?s"
Do?nlinC po?er ?ill /e changed to !a$Mt$M/ts.
Do?nlinC DTU ?ill /e disa/led.
Dyna!ic do?nlinC po?er control ?ill /e disa/led.
The para!eters that s)pport the acti(ation or deacti(ation of f)ll po?er !ode for a
partic)lar Cell or ite are"
- set;full;po5er WsiteX or Wgs!McellMidX on W!in)tesX
?here W!in)tesX specifies the n)!/er of !in)tes the cell re!ain in f)ll po?er !odeA
?ith
- set;full;po5er WsiteX or Wgs!McellMidX off
s?itches off f)ll po?er !ode for the Cell or ite.
6.12 A*C/&,1* ./&*)C1( 0'/'-0'-,0
tatistics containing the n)!/er of s)ccessf)l hando(ersA hando(er fail)resA and the
type of hando(er ca)se are prod)ced on a per-neigh/o)r /asis. This helps to !onitor the
perfor!ance of the syste! and to detect specific hando(er and net?orC pro/le!s.
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page &% ANDC
". UNDERLAYING OTHER #ENDORS
Motorola has pro(ed its capa/ility to )nderly other (endors tro)gh the deploy!ent of
large !icrocell)lar net?orCs )nder #54C7NA N7P4AA A,CAT#, or 4#M#N
!acrocells.
:hen a !icrocell)lar )nderlay is going to /e deployed ?ith a different !acrocell)lar
(erdorA there are t?o things to consider"
The hand-do?n *!acro to !icro+ is (endor dependantA so each (endor has a
different i!ple!entation for this p)rpose.
The hand-)p is Motorola dependantA so all Motorola capa/ilities for triggering
the hando(er can /e )sed.
A D)icC (ie? of the interface /et?een other (endor !acros and Motorola !icros is
presented in the ne$t paragraphs.
".1 E(-,00)&
The reD)ired infor!ation a/o)t the hando(er process definition in #riccson syste!s is
s)!!arised ne$t.
The para!eters to define in the #ricsson syste! are"
- le4el" This is the type of cell"
1 S !icrocell
2 S standard cell
3 S )!/rella cell
4n this case it sho)ld /e set to 1 *!icrocell+
- ptimtemp *0-&00 sec.+"
This is the ti!e d)ring ?hich a penalty le(el *defined /y the psste! para!eter+ is
applied to the le(el reported /y the !icro. This ti!er triggers ?hen the !icro is reported as a
neigh/or. 4t is the sa!e than Motorola penalty ti!e and typical (al)es are fro! 10 to 10
seconds.
4f pti!te!p S 10A this !eans that d)ring 10 seconds the le(el reported fro! the !icro
is decreased /y the n)!/er of d@Fs defined in psste!.
- psstem *0-&3+"
This is the le(el *in d@+ /y ?hich the le(el reported fro! the !icro is decreased
d)ring the ti!e defined in pti!te!p. 4t is the sa!e than Motorola penalty le(el and a typical
(al)e is &3 *!a$ (al)e+.
4f psste! S &3 and pti!te!p S 10A d)ring 10 seconds the le(el reported fro! the
!icro is artificially considered to /e &3 d@ ?orse than in reality.
4n factA ?ith this (al)e of psste! *&3+A this !eans no hando(er ?ill /e perfor!ed to
the !icro d)ring pti!te!p seconds.
- le4thr *0-100+" This represents the le(el *in d@!A changed to positi(e+ a/o(e ?hich
the !o/ile sho)ld recei(e fro! the !icro to perfor! a hando(er to it. >or e$a!pleA le(thr S
20 !eans that if the le(el fro! the !icro is a/o(e -20 d@! the hando(er is perfor!ed fro!
the !acro to the !icro. A typical (al)e is '0 *-'0 d@!+.
7ther para!eters that !ay also ha(e infl)ence on this hando(ersA are"
a5 *onA off+"
>lag to allo? hando(er to a ?orse cell *eD)i(alent to a P@9T hando(er ?ith negati(e
hoM!argin+.
This para!eter sho)ld /e set to 7NA to per!it di(ert higher a!o)nt of traffic to the
!icros.
a5offset"
Margin in d@ /ello? the ser(er for a ?orse cell to recei(e a hando(er.
4f a?offset S 20A a hando(er to a cell ?ith P@9T -20 is allo?ed.
:ith the para!eters e$plained a/o(eA the ?ay the hando(er to !icrocells ?orCs is as
follo?s *applica/le to either internal or e$ternal neigh/o)rs+"
The Motorola !icrocell is defined as an e$ternal neigh/o)r to the #ricsson
!acro.:hen the !icro starts to /e reported /y the !o/ile as a neigh/or candidateA the ti!er
defined /y pti!te!p is triggered and the (al)e defined /y psste! is s)/tracted fro! the
5U,#8 reported fro! the !icro.
4n the nor!al caseA it is set psste!S&3 ?hat effecti(ely !aCes no possi/le hando(er to
the !icro d)ring pti!te!p secondsA and ?hen the ti!er e$piresA if the !icrocell is reported
a/o(e the le(el defined /y le(thr *-d@!+A the hando(er is triggered to the !icro.
".2 A2,/'12
Alcatel !echanis! is si!ilar to #ricssonTsA the hando(er relied only )pon a pre-
deter!ined le(el of the neigh/or cell.
The Penalty ti!e and Penalty le(el !)st /e si!ilar to #ricsson (al)es"
- Penalty le(el S &3 *!a$ (al)e+
- Penalty ti!er S 10-10 seconds
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page && ANDC
- Threshold le(el S -'0 or -'0 d@!
".3 S-141&0
They )se t?o different !echanis!s to go do?n in layerd net?orCs"
- 7ne !echanis! si!ilar to o)r type si$ hando(er.
- Nor!al P@9T .
".4 N)8-/
T?o !echanis!s are a(aila/le"
- ;!/rella hando(ers
- P@9T R !ini!)! !icro recei(ed le(el
Gm%rella hando4ers.
The hadheld phones ?ill /e directed to !icrocells and the carJporta/le phones to
!acrocells. The target cell selection is /ased on the M po?er class and on the !acroJ!icro
cell definition para!eters.
#D)ation"
4f *ad3McellMr$le( X hoMle(elM)!/rella+
&& *!sMp?rMcapa/ility W !icrocellMthreshold+
&& *!sMt$p?rM!a$ W !icrocellMthreshold+
do ;!/rellaMHando(er
:here"
microcell;threshold" the !o/iles )nder this threshold are considered lo? po?er M
ho;le4el;um%rella" reD)ired ad3acent cell signal strength in !icrocell
ms;t'p5r;ma' *in microcell-: !a$i!)! allo?ed M trans!itting po?er in !icrocell
ms;p5r;capa%ility" the !a$i!)! possi/le trans!itting po?er of an M
adB;cell;r'le4 *in microcell-: !eas)red signal strength of ad3acent !icrocell
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page &' ANDC
A::1&*-; A
PBGT C)&5-9+(/'-)&0 D10,(-:'-)&
4n this appendi$ the different P@9T config)rations are descri/ed in detail.
Standard Coniguration
4nitial conditions"
- at least H5#.A8#MNC#,,*n+ !eas)re!ents ha(e /een recei(ed
Proced)re"
>or e(ery ACCH !)ltifra!e periodA
4> * p/gt *n+ X H7MMA594N *n+ +
hando(er ca)se is generated pertaining to cell N
Line o Sight Coniguration!
4nitial conditions"
- D)alifyMco)nt S 0 *n)!/er of !eas)re!ents reports on that channel+
Proced)re"
D)alifyMco)nt S D)alifyMco)nt R 1
4> * D)alifyMco)nt = .;A,4>6MT4M# *n+ +
4> * p/gt*n+ X H7MMA594N*n+ +
Around the Corner Coniguration!
4nitial conditions"
Proced)re"
4> **r$le(MdlMscW5U,#8M#58M,*n++AND*r$le(M)lMscW5U,#8M#58M,*n+++
4> *p/gt*n+ X H7MMA594N*n++
"ualiied #eighbour Coniguration!
4nitial conditions"
- D)alifyMco)nt*n+ S .;A,4>6MD#,A6*n+
Proced)re"
4> **r$le(Mncell*n+ X 5U,#8MNC#,,MH *n++ AND *D)alifyMco)nt*n+ X 0++
D)alifyMco)nt*n+ S D)alifyMco)nt*n+-1
4> *r$le(Mncell*n+ = 5U,#8MNC#,,MH *n++
D)alifyMco)nt*n+ S .;A,4>6MD#,A6*n+
4> *D)alifyMco)nt*n+ S 0+
4> *p/gt*n+ X H7MMA594N*n+ +
$yna%ic &ando'er Margin Coniguration!
4nitial conditions"
- D)alifyMco)nt *n+ S D#,A6MT4M# *n+
Proced)re"
4> **r$le(Mncell*n+ X 5U,#8MM4N*n+ R Ma$*0 A Pa++AND*p/gt*n+ XH7MMA594N*n+++
4> *D)alifyMco)nt *n+ X 0+
D)alifyMco)nt*n+ S D)alifyMco)nt - 1
#,# *D)alifyMco)nt*n+ S D#,A6MT4M#*n++
4> *D)alifyMco)nt*n+ S 0+
hando(erM!arginMdyn S H7MMA594N*n+ R H7MTAT4CM7>>#T*n+-
H7MD6NAM4CM7>>#T*n+
#,# *hando(erM!arginMdyn S H7MMA594N*n+ R H7MTAT4CM7>>#T*n++
4> *p/gt*n+Xhando(erM!arginMdyn*n++
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page '0 ANDC
APPENDI$ B
AC1(/9-&9 S1''-&90
4n the @TA there is a process called Hando(er Detection and Po?er ControlA incl)ded
in the 5A ?hich is in charge of all decisions related to hando(er and po?er iss)es. :hile in
dedicated !odeA a n)!/er of a(erages are prod)ced si!)ltaneo)sly and a decision is taCen
/ased on these (al)es. There is one a(eraging !echanis! for each Cind of !eas)re!ent
reported. There is a different set of a(eraging !echanis!s for either Hando(er and Po?er
Control decisionsA as sho?n /ello?.
)lMle(el
)lMD)al
dlMD)al
dlMle(el
r$D)alM)lMho
r$D)alMdlMho
r$le(MdlMho
r$le(M)lMho
ME1S9REMENTS
18ER1IN MEC41NISMS "OR 4O
neighMle(el
s)rro)ndMcell
ti!ingMad(ance
relMti!Mad(
Figure ##: Measurement types and their asociated a4eraging mechanisms for ho
ME1S9REMENTS
18ER1IN MEC41NISMS "OR 3C
)lMle(el
)lMD)al
dlMD)al
dlMle(el
r$D)alM)lMpc
r$D)alMdlMpc
r$le(MdlMpc
r$le(M)lMpc
Figure #$: Measurement types and their asociated a4eraging mechanisms for pc
4n this ?ayA each a(erage prod)ced ?ith dlMle(el !eas)re!ents ?ill /e prod)ced /y
r$le(MdlMho *if it is for hando(er p)rposes+ or r$le(MdlMpc *if it is for po?er control+. The
sa!e ?o)ld /e applied to the other !eas)re!ent types.
Till no? it has /een sho?n that there is one a(eraging !echanis! prod)cing a(erages
for each Cind of !eas)re!ent. The process /eco!es !ore co!ple$ if ?e consider that one
Cind of !eas)re!ent can /e )sed to taCe !ore than one decision *i.e. dlMle(el !eas)re!ents
are )sed for P@9T hando(ersA 9M criteria 2A interference hando(ers and do?nlinC le(el
hando(ers+. 4n this ?ayA the sa!e a(eraging !echanis! co)ld /e prod)cing a(erages for !ore
than one decision process.
)lMD)alMpc
dlMD)alMpc
dlMle(elMpc
)lMle(elMpc
/ECISION 3ROCESSES
r$D)alM)lMpc
r$D)alMdlMpc
r$le(MdlMpc
r$le(M)lMpc
18ER1IN MEC41NISMS "OR 3C
Figure #&: "4. mechanisms and the decision processes they 5ill generate a4erages for
P@9TMhoMneigMle(el
neighMle(elMcriteria2
)lMD)alMho
dlMD)alMho
dlMle(elMho
dlMinterfMho
P@9TMhoMser(erMle(el
ser(erMle(elMcriteria2
)lMle(elMho
)lMinterfMho
ti!ingMad(anceMho
/ECISION 3ROCESSES
r$D)alM)lMho
r$D)alMdlMho
r$le(MdlMho
r$le(M)lMho
s)rro)ndMcell
relMti!Mad(
18ER1IN MEC41NISMS "OR 4O
Figure #.: "4. mechanisms and the decision processes they 5ill generate a4erages for
4t is clear then that for each decision process ?e co)ld ha(e chosen a different
a(eraging sche!a *hreDa(e and hreDt+. :e ha(e to indicate to the a(eraging !echanis!
?hich hreDa(e and hreDt to )se according to the decision process they are going to /e )sed
for.
#ach a(eraging !echanis! has fo)r 32-position array associated. 4n the first t?o
positions of each array ?e can store hreDa(e and hreDt for one decision process. 7ne
a(eraging !echanis! can prod)ce then a(erages for a !a$i!)! of fo)r decision processes.
There is a data/ase pointer associated to each one of the decision processes *altho)gh
there are so!e pointers associated to !ore than one decission process+. :e ?ill gi(e a (al)e
to each pointer that represents in ?hich one of the 32 position arrays *% possi/le for each
a(eraging !echanis!+ ?e are going to store the hreD(e and hreDt for the decission process the
partic)lar pointer is associated ?ith. This is s)!!ariEed in the follo?ing graph.
/1T1B1SE 3OINTERS
r$D)alM)lMho
r$D)alMdlMho
r$le(MdlMho
r$le(M)lMho
s)rro)ndMcell
relMti!Mad(
18ER1IN
MEC41NISMS "OR 4O
P@9TMhoMneigMle(el
)lMD)alMho
dlMD)alMho
dlMle(elMho
dlMinterfMho
P@9TMhoMser(erMle(el
ser(erMle(elMcriteria2
)lMle(elMho
)lMinterfMho
ti!ingMad(anceMho
decisionM1MpM/gtMr$le(Ma(Mh
decisionM1MncellMr$le(Ma(Mcalc
decisionM1MncellMr$le(Ma(Mcalc
decisionM1M)lMr$D)alMa(Mh
decisionM1MdlMr$D)alMa(Mh
decisionM1MdlMr$le(Ma(Mh
decisionM1MdlMr$le(Ma(Mih
decisionM1MpM/gtMr$le(Ma(Mh
decisionM1MdlMr$le(Ma(Mh
decisionM1M)lMr$le(Ma(Mh
decisionM1M)lMr$le(Ma(Mih
ti!ingMad(anceMho
/ECISION 3ROCESSES
Figure #/: "4. Mechanisms@ decision processes and their data%ase pointers for ho
4n this ?ayA if ?e ha(e ena/led in one cell )plinC le(el and )plinC interference
hando(ersA the ?ay for gi(ing to r$le(M)lMho a(eraging !echanis! t?o hreDa(eTs and hreDtTs
*one set for )plinC le(el ho and another for )plinC interferenceA as this a(eraging !echanis!
prod)ces a(erages for /oth hando(er types+ is to store (al)es for hreDa(e and hreDt in
different arrays of this a(eraging !echanis!A so ?e ha(e to indicate in ?hich arrays ?e are
going to store the (al)es ?ith the data/ase pointers as sho?n /ello?.
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page '% ANDC
r$le(M)lMho
hreDt hreDa(e
\a
00
a
01
a
02
......Aa
030
A

a
031
]
\#@

$Aa
12A
......Aa
130
A

a
131
]
\1@@a
22
......Aa
230
A

a
231
]
\a
30
a
31
a
32
......Aa
330
A

a
331
]
V
decisionM1M)lMr$le(Ma(Mh S1
decisionM1M)lMr$le(Ma(MihS2
chgMactMalgMdata r'le4;ul;ho WcellMidX 1 0 #A0
chgMactMalgMdata r'le4;ul;ho WcellMidX 1 0 $A1
chgMactMalgMdata r'le4;ul;ho WcellMidX 2 0 1A0
chgMactMalgMdata r'le4;ul;ho WcellMidX 2 0 A1
Figure #1: E'ample: (ifferent a4eraging schemas for the same a4. mechanism
4!portant things to notice in >ig)re %1 a/o(e are"
decisionM1MpM/gtMr$le(Ma(Mh is )sed for a(eraging ser(er and neigh/o)r
le(els for P@9T hando(ers *altho)gh thro)gh different a(eraging !echanis!s+A so ?e can
introd)ce one hreDa(e and hreDt for the ser(er and another one for the neigh/o)rA /eca)se ?e
points at the sa!e array n)!/er /)t /elonging to different a(eraging !echanis!A this is
considering that ?e are not )sing hreDa(e per neigh/o)r /)t per cell to trigger P@9T
hando(ers. 4f ?e )se hreDa(e per neigh/o)rA ?e do not )se the per cell (al)e.
decisionM1MncellMr$le(Ma(Mcalc is )sed for a(eraging neigh/o)r recei(ed le(el
tro)gh s)rro)ndMcell a(eraging !echanis! for /oth criteria 1 and criteria 2. This !eans than
the sa!e hreDa(e and hreDt (al)es ?ill /e )sed for a(eraging neigh/o)r sa!ples for those t?o
p)rposes.
decisionM1MdlMr$le(Ma(Mh is )sed for a(eraging ser(er recei(ed le(el tro)gh
r$le(MdlMho a(eraging !echanis! for /oth r$le(MdlMho and ser(erMle(elMcriteria2. This
!eans than the sa!e hreDa(e and hreDt (al)es ?ill /e )sed for a(eraging neigh/o)r sa!ples
in these t?o sit)ations.
The settings for po?er control ?o)ld /e"
/1T1B1SE 3OINTERS
18ER1IN
MEC41NISMS "OR 3C
r$D)alM)lMpc
r$D)alMdlMpc
r$le(MdlMpc
r$le(M)lMpc
)lMD)alMpc
dlMD)alMpc
dlMle(elMpc
)lMle(elMpc
decisionM1M)lMr$D)alMa(Mp
decisionM1MdlMr$D)alMa(Mp
decisionM1MdlMr$le(Ma(Mp
decisionM1M)lMr$le(Ma(Mp
/ECISION 3ROCESSES
Figure $2: "4. Mechanisms@ decision processes and their data%ase pointers for pc
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page '& ANDC
APPENDI$ C
P)71( C)&'()2 S1''-&90
Changes to de @T and M trans!it po?er le(els are deter!ined /y the Hando(er
Detection and Po?er Control process at the @T.
;plinC and do?nlinC !eas)re!ents are transferred to the HDPC at the end of e(ery
ACCH period. 4n order to ass)re that the )plinC and do?nlinC !eas)re!ents are fro! the
sa!e periodA )plinC !eas)re!ents are stored d)ring one periodA to co!pensate the delay fro!
the trans!ission of the do?nlinC data fro! de M to the @T.
90link 'i&ing-
4f the criteria for a change in M is !anaged in ti!e 0A HDPC recei(e the infor!ation
one period later. After the processing delays the po?er order is trans!itted at the /eginning of
period 2 and the M starts to trans!it at this po?er at ti!e 3. @T ?ill recei(e this ne?
po?er /et?een ti!es 3 and % and ?ill report to the HDPC in ti!e 0. This sho?s that ?e can
not )se sa!ples in ti!es 2A 3 or % for f)rther )plinC po?er control decisions as they do not
reflect the pre(io)sly ordered po?er control change.
/o:nlink 'i&ing-
4f the criteria for a change in the @T is !anaged in ti!e 0A HDPC recei(e the
infor!ation one period later. After the processing delays the ne? po?er is trans!itted
/et?een periods 2 and 3 /)t this ne? !eas)red po?er ?ill not /e a(ila/le to HDPC till period
%A so !eas)re!ents in periods 2 and 3 are )seless.
>ro! the ti!ing sche!a e$posed it can /e seen that it is neccessary a delay
!echanis! for pre(enting po?er control decisions /eing taCen /ased in !eas)re!ents not
reflecting the po?er control ordered. This co)ld /e !anaged in t?o ?ays"
5ecisionHalgHnu&K0
After a po?er control orderA another po?er order can not /e !ade till a ti!er e$pires.
The follo?ing para!eters !)st /e set properly"
- !sMpMconMinter(al S % R *hreDa(e^*n-pR1++ ACCH periods This is the delay for
trans!iting the ne? po?er R filling the a(eraging ?indo? ?ith eno)gh sa!ples ?ith the ne?
po?er.
- /tsMpMconMinter(al S 2 R *hreDa(e^*n-pR1++ ACCH periods This is delay for
trans!iting the ne? po?er R filling the a(eraging ?indo? ?ith eno)gh sa!ples ?ith the ne?
po?er-.
4n this case if ?e need a po?er )p /eca)se of D)ality and a po?er do?n /eca)se of
le(elA nothing is done.
5ecisionHalgHnu&K1
4n this caseA if ?e need a po?er )p /eca)se of D)alityA it is done regardless the le(el.
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Page '' ANDC
Another difference is introd)cedA this is that the ti!er does not start till the po?er ordered is
acCno?ledged or a second ti!er e$piresA so ?e ha(e not got to esti!ate ho? long does it taCe
a po?er order to taCe effect. 4n this sit)ation ?e ha(e to set the $$MpMconMinter(al to
*hreDa(e^*n-pR1++ ACCH periods *ti!e to fill the a(eraging ?indo? ?ith eno)gh sa!ples
?ith the ne? po?er+.
4n case there is not acCno?ledge fro! the !o/ileA a ne? para!eter is introd)cedA the
$$MpMconMacC. This ti!er starts ?hen a po?er change is ordered and stopped ?hen it is
acCno?ledged. 4f it e$pires /efore the acC. arri(esA $$MpMconMinter(al ?ill r)n. A safe (al)e
for !sMpMconMacC is % ACCH periods and for /tsMpMconMacC 2 or 3 ACCH periods. To
s)!!ariEe"
$$Mpo?erMcontrolMallo?edS1
decisionMalgMn)!S1
!sMpMconMacC S % ACCH periods
/tsMpMconMacC S 2 or 3 ACCH periods
$$MpMconMinter(alShreDa(e^*n-pR1+ ACCH periods

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