Architecture of broadcom SOC (2835) application board of Raspberry Pi.

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIRED: Raspberry Pi board (Broadcom BCM

2835), Keyboard, mouse, led, breadboard, SD Card, win32 disk-manager, putty, x-ming.
1.SOC DIAGRAM:
Raspberry Pi as a microcontroller development board like Arduino, or as a laptop
replacement. In fact it is more like the exposed innards of a mobile device, with lots of
maker-friendly headers for the various ports and functions. There are a bunch of prepackaged
starter kits that have wellvetted parts lists; there are a few caveats and gotchas when fitting
out your Raspberry Pi. The stiff cables on all sides make it hard to keep flat, and some of the
components like the SD card slot can be mechanically damaged even through normal use.
The Pi contains six layers of conductive traces connecting various components, unlike a lot of
simple microcontroller PCBs that just have traces on the top and the bottom. There are four
layers of thin traces sandwiched in between the top and bottom; if the board gets flexed too
much you can break some of those traces in a manner that is impossible to debug.


Figure 1. Components of Broadcom SOC
[1]



















2.BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Figure 2. Block diagram of Broadcom SOC
[2]

3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS:
1) System Timer: The System Timer peripheral provides four 32-bit timer channels and
a single 64-bit free running counter. Each channel has an output compare register,
which is compared against the 32 least significant bits of the free running counter
values.

2) The Processor: At the heart of the Raspberry Pi is the same processor you would
have found in the iPhone 3G and the Kindle 2, so you can think of the capabilities of
the Raspberry Pi as comparable to those powerful little devices. This chip is a 32 bit,
700 MHz System on a Chip, which is built on the ARM11 architecture. ARM chips
come in a variety of architectures with different cores configured to provide different
capabilities at different price points. The Model B has 512MB of RAM and the
Model A has 256 MB. (The first batch of Model Bs had only 256MB of RAM.).

3) Interrupt controller: The interrupt controller can be programmed to interrupt the
processor when any of the status bits are set. The GPIO peripheral has three dedicated
interrupt lines. Each GPIO bank can generate an independent interrupt. The third line
generates a single interrupt whenever any bit is set.

4) General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO): 3.3 volt logic via 26 pin header (NOT 5
volt or short tolerant) Pins can be configured to be input/output. General Purpose
Input/Output (GPIO) is a generic pin on a chip whose behavior can be controlled by
the user at run time. True GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins that you can use
to turn LEDs on and off etc. I2C interface pins that allow you to connect hardware
modules with just two control pins. SPI interface with SPI devices, a similar concept
to I2C but uses a different standard.

5) PCM / I2S Audio: The PCM audio interface is an APB peripheral providing input
and output of telephony or high quality serial audio streams. It supports many classic
PCM formats including I2S. The PCM audio interface has 4 interface signals;
PCM_CLK - bit clock. PCM_FS - frame sync signal. PCM_DIN - serial data input.
PCM_DOUT - serial data output. PCM is a serial format with a single bit data_in and
out.

6) DMA Controller: The BCM2835 DMA Controller provides a total of 16 DMA
channels. Each channel operates independently from the others and is internally
arbitrated onto one of the 3 system busses

7) UART: The BCM2835 device has two UARTS. On mini UART and and PL011
UART. The PL011 UART is a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter. This is
the ARM UART (PL011) implementation. The UART performs serial-to-parallel
conversion on data characters received from an external peripheral device or modem,
and parallel-to-serial conversion on data characters received from the Advanced
Peripheral Bus (APB).

8) Pulse Width Modulator: PWM controller incorporates the following features:
Two independent output bit-streams, clocked at a fixed frequency.
Bit-streams configured individually to output either PWM or a serialised version of
a 32-bit word.
PWM outputs have variable input and output resolutions.
Serialise mode configured to load data to and/or read data from a FIFO storage block,
which can store up to eight 32-bit words.
Both modes clocked by clk_pwm which is nominally 100MHz, but can be varied by
the clock manager.
9) CPU
ARM 1176JZF-S (armv6k) 700MHz
RISC Architecture and low power draw
Not compatible with traditional PC software
10) MEMORY
RAM:- 512MB (Model B rev.2), 256 MB (Model A, Model B rev.1)
SD Card:- Youll need at least 4GB, and it should be a Class 4 card. Class 4 cards are
capable of transferring at least 4MB/sec. Some of the earlier Raspberry Pi boards had
problems with Class 6 or higher cards, which are capable of faster speeds but are less
stable. A microSD card in an adapter is perfectly usable as well. Youll notice theres no
hard drive on the Pi; everything is stored on an SD Card. One reason youll want some
sort of protective case sooner than later is that the solder joints on the SD socket may fail
if the SD card is accidentally bent.

11) Two USB 2.0 ports in RPi: Dual USB sockets on RPi model B, single on model A.
It can be expandable via regular or powered hubs. On the Model B there are two USB 2.0
ports, but only one on the Model A. Some of the early Raspberry Pi boards were limited
in the amount of current that they could provide. Some USB devices can draw up 500mA.
The original Pi board supported 100mA or so, but the newer revisions are up to the full
USB 2.0 spec.

12) Ethernet port: The model B has a standard RJ45 Ethernet port. The Model A does
not, but can be connected to a wired network by a USB Ethernet adapter (the port on the
Model B is actually an onboard USB to Ethernet adapter). WiFi connectivity via a USB
dongle is another option.

13) HDMI connector: The HDMI port provides digital video and audio output. 14
different video resolutions are supported, and the HDMI signal can be converted to DVI
(used by many monitors), composite (analog video signal usually carried over a yellow
RCA connector), or SCART (a European standard for connecting audio-visual
equipment) with external adapters.

14) Video:
HDMI or (digital) DVI via cheap adaptor/cable
Composite NTSC/PAL via RCA
Wide range of resolutions
NO VGA without an add-on, nontrivial converter (Adafruit)

15) Audio:
Via HDMI or from stereo jack
Output only
Support Maturity appears to be lagging

16) Networking
10/100mbps via RJ45 on model B
Wireless via USB add-on supported

17) Speaking of Power: On of the first things youll realize is that there is no power
switch on the Pi. This microUSB connector is used to supply power (this isnt an
additional USB port; its only for power). MicroUSB was selected because the connector
is cheap USB power supplies are easy to find.
Primary power via microUSB plug: a one amp cell charger works well, but you'll need
two amps with a USB hard drive
Model A about a quarter amp less
PC USB port does not work

REFERENCE:
[1]. http://www.raspberrypi.org/
[2].http://elinux.org/RaspberryPiBoard/

Write a program in python for RASPBERRY PI to display your name.
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIRED: Raspberry Pi board (Broadcom BCM
2835), Keyboard, mouse, led, breadboard, SD Card, win32 disk-manager, putty, xming.
PROCEDURE:
Step1: Interface the Raspberry Pi board to the mouse and keyboard.
Step2: Plug in the board to the power supply adapter.
Step3: Wait for a few seconds for Raspberry Pi to finish the booting process. Then you will
be asked to log into the Raspberry Pi, please enter pi for the login: and password: as pi
and press enter.
Step4: Once you have logged in, pi@raspberrypi:-$ will be displayed with a flashing cursor
afterwards, this is where you enter your commands.
Type startx and press enter; this command will load the graphical user interface session.
Step5: Window manager will open up LXDE desktop.
Step6: Click on Start icon and then go to Accessories->Leafpad. Leafpad is the text editor. A
new window will open. Now write the program coding as shown below and save the program
as firstprogram.py onto your desktop.
Step7: Go to Start->Accessorioes->LXTerminal.When LXTerminal has started, your cursor
will appear next to a $ sign. Now write the commnad as sudo python firstprogram.py.
Step8: The output will be displayed.
INPUT AND OUTPUT SCREENSHOTS:

Fig.1 : Login Screen


Fig.2 : Main Screen

Fig.3: Output Screen
.








Study the architecture of OMAP4 Panda board.
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIRED: Pandaboard ES kit (1 Pandaboard ES,
Board packing material,1 Shipping Box), USB Cable (mini-AB to Type A), HDMI Cable
(Type A), DB-9 Male-to-female cable (straight-through), HDMI-A Male to DVI-D Cable,
DC wall supply (+5Vdc, 2.0mm center pin diameter/6.5mm outer hole diameter jack).

SOC DIAGRAM:
PandaBoard is mobile application development Board that is widely used. It also provides
various peripherals interfacing slots in form of expansion header. PandaBoard is preferred
generally because of its varied features and low cost, also its low power consumption. It also
provides all that is needed in the development process by researchers and embedded
developers in such a low cost. It provides very good platform for developing embedded
products as it can be interfaced with large number of sensors. This Board also allows user to
develop software to utilize the features of the powerful OMAP4460 System-On-chip (SOC).
In addition, by providing expandability via onboard connectors like U.S.B slot, HDMI slot,
SD card slot and many more. The PandaBoard is low power and low cost single-board mobile
application development platform manufactured by Texas instrument.

Fig.1: Components of OMAP Panda Board SOC
[1]

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig.2: Block Diagram of OMAP4460 Panda Board
[1]


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS:
1) System Clock Distribution: The OMAP4460 Pandaboard ES implements a 38.4
MHz 1.8V CMOS square-wave oscillator thatdirectly drives the FREF_SLICER_IN
input (ball AG8) of the OMAP4460 processor and the MCLKinput to the TWL6040
Audio Companion IC. This clock is used as an input to the PLLs within
theOMAP4460 processor so that it can generate all the internal clock frequencies
required for system operation.

2) OMAP4460 Processor: The heart of Pandaboard ES is the OMAP4460 processor.
The OMAP4460 high-performancemultimedia application device is based on
enhanced OMAP architecture and uses 45-nm technology.

3) External Power Supply: The VDD_MPU balls on the OMAP4460 processor that
power the ARM cores are supplied by an external switch mode supply at U25.

4) USB/Ethernet Power Circuitry: There is a fixed 3.3V LDO (U11) that provides
power for the LAN9514 Ethernet/USB Hub device. Thisdevice is a Texas Instruments
TPS73633DBVR device which can provide up to 400mA of output current. This
device may be controlled via S/W by writing OMAP4460 GPIO_1.

5) Debug UART Interface: A single RS-232 port is provided on the Pandaboard ES via
9-pin D-sub female connector at location P4.It provides access to the UART3
interface of the OMAP4460.

7) SD/MMC Connector: The OMAP4460 Pandaboard ES supports removable memory
storage via onboard SD/MMC card cage.It is an eight-bit card cage that supports 1.8V
or 3.0V cards.

8) HDMI Interface: The OMAP4460 Pandaboard ES provides a High-Definition
Multimedia Interface (HDMI) via anindustry-standard Type A connector at location
P2. The interface is provided using the internal HDMImodule provided by the
OMAP4460.

9) Display Interface: The Pandaboard ES provides two possible options for the usage of
the OMAP4460 parallel displaysignals. The first option is to use the onboard TFP410
DVI transmitter, whose output feeds an onboardDVI-D connector. The second option
is to use a Display Board plugged into a pair of 20-pin LCDexpansion connectors (J1
and J4).

10) Bluetooth/WLAN Interfaces: The Pandaboard ES provides a module (LS Research
Inc. P/N TiWi-BLE) that provides a Bluetoothinterface, and a 2.4 GHz 802.11b/g/n
interface.

11) Audio Interfaces: The OMAP4460 Pandaboard ES provides a stacked audio
connector, which provides two 3.5mm audiojack connections. The upper jack on this
stacked connector (J16A in Figure 13 below), is connected toFM Audio Left and
Right inputs of the TWL6040 Audio Companion IC (AFML/AFMR). The lower
jackon this stacked connector (J16B in Figure 13 below) is connected to the Headset
Right and Left outputs of the TWL6040.

12) USB Interfaces: The Pandaboard ES utilizes two USB interfaces. The first is a
DP/DM interface from the internal transceiver within OMAP to the mini-AB
connector J18. The second interface utilizes the 12-wire ULPIinterface (USBB1) to an
onboard USB phy, whose DP/DM I/Os are interfaced to a Hub IC whichprovides four
downstream USB Host ports, and an Ethernet interface.

13) USBOTG Interface: The Pandaboard ES uses the USB OTG transceiver within the
OMAP4460 that is connected to anindustry-standard mini-AB connector (J18).

14) JTAG Connector (J8): The Pandaboard ES provides a 14-pin 0.1 (2.54mm) pitch
through-hole connector at J8.


REFERENCES:
[1]. www.pandaboard.org
ARM MBED SYSTEM BOARD
mbed NXP LPC11U24
To understand the procedure of writing and compiling, C source code for mbed boards.
Hardware Requirement: Target board mbed NXP LPC11U24, USB Cable
Procedure:
1. Connect mbed ARM board with PC using proper USB cable.
2. Upon connection there appear a drive at My Computer of your PC. like MBED (E: )
here.

3. Click on Platform and select mbed LPC11U24.
4. You will be able to see all the documents related to this platform there.
5. Pin diagram showing mapping of LPC11U24 pins with mbed LPC11U24 board with
all functions, is as under.





m

The mbed NXP LPC11U24 Microcontroller in particular is designed for prototyping low cost USB
devices, battery powered applications and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M0 based designs. It is packaged as
a small DIP form-factor for prototyping with through-hole PCBs, stripboard and breadboard, and
includes a built-in USB FLASH programmer.
It is based on the NXP LPC11U24, with a 32-bit ARM Cortex-M0 core running at 48MHz. It includes
32KB FLASH, 16KB RAM and lots of interfaces including USB Device, SPI, I2C, ADC, and other I/O
interfaces. The pinout above shows the commonly used interfaces and their locations. Note that all the
numbered pins (p5-p30) can also be used as DigitalIn and DigitalOut interfaces.
The mbed Microcontrollers provide experienced embedded developers a powerful and productive platform
for building proof-of-concepts. For developers new to 32-bit microcontrollers, mbed provides an
accessible prototyping solution to get projects built with the backing of libraries, resources and support
shared in the mbed community.
Features
NXP LPC11U24 MCU
o Low power ARM Cortex-M0 Core
o 48MHz, 8KB RAM, 32KB FLASH
o USB Device, 2xSPI, I2C , UART, 6xADC, GPIO
Prototyping form-factor
o 40-pin 0.1" pitch DIP package, 54x26mm
o 5V USB, 4.5-9V supply or 2.4-3.3V battery
o Built-in USB drag 'n' drop FLASH programmer
mbed.org Developer Website
o Lightweight Online Compiler
o High level C/C++ SDK
o Cookbook of published libraries and projects
The mbed NXP LPC11U24 is one of a range of mbed Microcontrollers packaged as a small 40-pin DIP,
0.1-inch pitch form-factor making it convenient for prototyping with solderless breadboard,
stripboard, and through-hole PCBs. It includes a built-in USB programming interface that is as simple
as using a USB Flash Drive. Plug it in, drop on an ARM program binary, and its up and running!