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The document discusses regulation of body temperature in humans. It describes that normal body temperature ranges from 36.6-37.2°C. There are two types of body temperature - shell/skin temperature which covers superficial parts, and core temperature which is measured from the mouth, rectum, axilla, and ear. Body temperature is regulated through heat balance between heat gain and heat loss. Heat is gained through metabolic processes and the external environment, and lost through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation. The thermoregulatory system maintains temperature homeostasis and includes sensory receptors, the hypothalamic control center, and effector organs of the skin, muscles and endocrine glands.
The document discusses regulation of body temperature in humans. It describes that normal body temperature ranges from 36.6-37.2°C. There are two types of body temperature - shell/skin temperature which covers superficial parts, and core temperature which is measured from the mouth, rectum, axilla, and ear. Body temperature is regulated through heat balance between heat gain and heat loss. Heat is gained through metabolic processes and the external environment, and lost through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation. The thermoregulatory system maintains temperature homeostasis and includes sensory receptors, the hypothalamic control center, and effector organs of the skin, muscles and endocrine glands.
The document discusses regulation of body temperature in humans. It describes that normal body temperature ranges from 36.6-37.2°C. There are two types of body temperature - shell/skin temperature which covers superficial parts, and core temperature which is measured from the mouth, rectum, axilla, and ear. Body temperature is regulated through heat balance between heat gain and heat loss. Heat is gained through metabolic processes and the external environment, and lost through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation. The thermoregulatory system maintains temperature homeostasis and includes sensory receptors, the hypothalamic control center, and effector organs of the skin, muscles and endocrine glands.
i. Shell temperature (skin) Is a temperature of superficial parts. Its cover the that have high temperature eg: head, chest, abdomen
ii. Core temperature Is a temperature of deep parts of body. It can be measure from :-
Mouth (oral cavity) 37.0C Rectum 37.5C Axilla 36.5C (add from its temperature) External meatus of the ear 37.5C
Heat Balance
Definition: It is a balance between heat gain and heat loss from the body
1. Source of heat gain
1. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Energy for diet. 2. Exercise 3. 3. Diet 4. Heat gain from external environment Sun radiation
2. Way of heat loss
1. Conduction Heat exchange between objects at different temp. that are in contact with one another
2. Convection It is the removal of heat from the body by convection air currents. Eg: by using fans
3. Radiation It means transfer of heat as infrared electromagnetic rays from one object to another at a different temp with which it is not contact.
4. Evaporation Water loss to the surrounding. 1 gram of water = 0.6 Kcal of heat
Thermoregulatory System
Thermoregulatory system is a system that regulate body temperature
Components
1. Sensory receptor Thermoreceptor 2. Central integrator Hypothalamus (Center) 3. Effector organ system
1. Sensory Receptor (Thermoreceptor)
Type :
1. Peripheral Thermoreceptor
There are two groups of nerve endings present in the skin
Cold receptors stimulated by low temp. Warm receptors stimulated by high temp
Lateralspinothalamic tract
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
2. Central Thermoreceptor
Present in hypothalamus. It directly stimulated by blood passing thru it (blood temperature)
2. Thermoregulatory Center
Receive information from peripheral and central thermoreceptor
Composed of :-
Heat loss center in anterior nuclei in hypothalamus Heat gain center in posterior nuclei of hypothalamus
Send impulses to effector organs (skin, skeletal muscle and endocrine glands)
What happen when our body expose to cold?
Body temperature drops below the set point. Thus activate the mechanism to increase the body temperature :
1. Heat loss by vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood of skin and erection of skin hair (due to sympathetic stimulation) 2. Increase the heat production by muscle contraction 3. Increase hormone secretion (thyroxine, adrenaline)
Endocrinal effect
Exposure to cold :
1. Post hypothalamus Suprarenal gland Increase adrenaline secretion 2. Hypothalamus secretes releasing factor Stimulate Ant. Pituitary (TSH) Secrete Thyroxine Increase metabolic activity of body cells Secrete ACTH Glucocorticoids
Exposure to hot :
Core body temperature rises, thus activate the decrease body temperature mechanism
1. Increase heat loss by vasodilatation (by inhibiting the vc) and sweating 2. Decrease the heat production Decrease the voluntary activity Decrease fuel intake Decrease the thyroxine secretion
Sweating
It is perform by the skin as they release a salty fluid. The cooling effect of sweat depends on the rate of evaporation. Evaporation depends on humidity of the atmosphere.
Mechanism
1. Nervous mechanism
Ant. Nuclei of hypothalamus
Stimulate sympathetic nerve supply sweat gland
Production of sweat (under the armpit, on the feet, on the palm)
2. Hormonal Aldosterone Catecholamine
Fever
Definition Elevation of body temperature above the normal range (36.5-37.5C)
Pyrogen enters the body release substance like TNF-a, IL-1, IFN-g) lead to release of prostaglandin coz physiologic changes that retain heat increase core body temperature
Stages
Stages 1 Shivering Stages 2 Elevation of body temperature Stages 3 Sweating