Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Le Mans 2014
Leading-Edge Motorsport Technology Since 1990
CONTENTS
5 NEWS
The latest on Porsches rear bodywork, plus Strakkas withdrawal
8 RACE ANALYSIS
An analysis of the opening races of the WEC
12 AUDI R18 2014
The latest on Audis Le Mans challenger
18 TOYOTA TS040
Could this be Toyotas year?
24 PORSCHE 919 HYBRID
WThe return of a legend, but will it be
33 PORSCHE 991 RSR
Porsche heavily updated its GT challenger at Bahrain in 2013
36 CORVETTE C7R
American muscle car makes Le Mans debut
42 FERRARI 458
Revisiting the moment Ferraris new car was frst unveiled
51 ASTON MARTIN VANTAGE
Astons update kit was introduced at Sebring, 2013
52 EQUIVALENCE OF TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED
Ricardo Divila takes us through the complexities of EoT
56 NISSAN ZEOD
Peter Wrights analysis of this revolutionary carv
60 40KG POWERPLANT
RML developed a lightweight engine to produce 400bhp
66 DATABYTES
Cosworth on dealing with the data at Le Mans, 2014
EDITED BY: Andrew Cotton, Sam Collins and Kevin Younger
DESIGN: Dave Oswald
I
The manufacturer LMP1 cars have stolen the limelight at
Le Mans this year, and rightly so as the technology, the
budget and the risk that each is taking is unprecedented
at the endurance classic. While the power unit technology
is the over-riding focus, teams have also been playing around
with aerodynamics (see Porsches rear bodywork, Audis front
splitter and Toyotas rear wing) and with braking systems.
While this supplement brings you up to date with the latest
developments in this fast-changing world, the undercurrent of
privateer racing is also positive. The Rebellion Racing team was
8.6s of the fastest times at the test day, and the ACO and FIA
responded with a weight break and a change to the fuel limits,
which it ran at the test day already.
In LMP2, alongside the new Ligier featured in the latest
edition of Racecar Engineering, there are new cars coming,
including the Dome, the Wirth (HPD), Pilbeam, Adess, Tiga
and Welter. The ACO has taken a great deal of care to get
the LMP1 regulations correct, and has spent two years on
the GT convergence talks, which abruptly stopped in May.
Now, however, it will turn its attention to the privateer LMP2
category and again, must take care. Porsche and Toyota are
both known to be carefully considering programmes that will
allow them to compete in the US against these new designs.
The WEC and the TUSCC are both struggling for entries in the
class this year. The LMP2 class, and the LMGT-Am are both
crucial categories to the success of endurance racing. There will
be changes, but for teams, and drivers, value of racing needs to
be maintained.
ANDREW COTTON Editor
CONTENTS/COMMENT
LE MANS 2014 3
LE MANS NEWSDESK
4 LE MANS 2014
Flexible bodywork sees Porsche
legality questioned
Legality of the new Porsche 919 has been
questioned following the Le Mans test day.
Rival teams noticed that at high speed the
engine cover of the car was visibly defecting,
probably causing a reduction in drag. This
could be in breach of article 3.4 of the technical
regs which states that Movable bodywork
parts/elements are forbidden when the car is
in motion and also that the rear bodywork
viewed from above should have a continuous
unbroken surface without cut-outs.
Additionally the rear bodywork extends a
few millimetres beyond the rear of the difuser,
something that may contravene article 3.5.2 of
the technical regulations which states that No
part of the difuser must be more than 200mm
above the reference surface and its rear end
must be plumb (Flush) with the perimeter of the
bodywork (rear wing removed).
Shortly before the teams arrived at Le Mans
for the start of testing, the FIA warned that it was
aware that all three teams were experimenting
with fexible bodywork and that at Spa, Audi,
Porsche and Toyota were all strictly speaking
illegal. We have observed during scrutineering
that each of your cars had some fexibility in order
to prevent any damaging of the underside of
cockpit in case of unwanted passage out of track
or on kerbs, a message sent to all teams by the
governing body stated. Formally speaking, this
contravenes article 3.4 of the LMP1 regulations.
However as it seems indispensable and used
by all of you, we agree not to apply strictly this
article for this specifc part. In order to be fair
to everybody, we will accept a fexibility in that
point of: 10mm under 500 daN. To be absolutely
clear, we make it mandatory to have a stop
efect and that this defection cannot under no
circumstances be more than 15mm. Moreover
we remind you that the FIA reserves the right to
introduce load/defection tests on any part of the
bodywork which appears to be (or is suspected
of ), moving whilst the car is in motion.
Porsche claimed that when the bodywork was
attached to the cover in the centre of the car, the
continuous line was maintained and therefore
was legal. No protest was lodged.
Flexing body panels or movable aero? All the LMP1 teams may be in breach of regs, but the Porsches are the most noticeable
FOR FULL ANALYSIS CLICK HERE
LE MANS 2014 5
The race debut of the brand new Strakka-DOME S103 has again
been delayed, this time due to a heavy crash. In the week leading
up to the Le Mans test day the Strakka team was conducting
performance tests to validate its low drag aerodynamic
confguration when a crash at the notorious Eau Rouge corner
curtailed running. The resulting damage was too severe for the
team to prepare for the Le Mans 24 Hours this year. The car will
make its WEC debut later in the season.
The car has been designed by Japanese frm DOME and is
thought to be one of the most aerodynamically advanced LMP2
spec cars ever built. Construction of the car is handled by the
English Strakka team at their Silverstone base.
TESTING CRASH FORCES STRAKKA TO PULL OUT
Deltawing promotes road car concept
DeltaWing Technologies has revealed how its
concept could look as a street-legal, four-
passenger car. Using Ben Bowlbys general
concept of half the weight, half the power,
half the drag the Deltawing road car has
many of the benefts of the competition
version used at Le Mans and in the TUSCC.
Intended as a solution for manufacturers
facing more stringent fuel economy
and emissions standards, the platform
ofers efciency benefts whether using
new generation smaller and lighter high
efciency petrol or diesel powertrains,
alternative fuels such as compressed
natural gas (CNG), or hybrid and all-
electric powerplants. DeltaWing has released
the concept in order to promote its intention
to partner with mass-market auto companies
that share its vision rather than manufacture
independently, thus ofering cars with the
DeltaWings lightweight architecture to a
broad global audience and signifcantly
expanding the designs efciency and
environmental benefts.
Company executives have been meeting
with car makers that support the goal of bringing
the DeltaWing vehicle architecture and its
lightweight and efciency technologies to road
cars to help meet the CAFE (Corporate Average
Fuel Economy) standard of 54.5 mpg by model
year 2025.
Many of the aerodynamic, lightweight and
handling benefts of the race car can translate
to the street, said Don Panoz, chairman of
DeltaWing Technologies Inc. We are competing
at the highest levels of road racing with half
the weight, half the horsepower, and nearly
half of the fuel consumption. We believe we
can deliver similar results on the street without
compromising safety, comfort and performance.
We have a formula thats highly efcient and still
fun to drive.
One fy in the ointment may be increasing
pedestrian safety regulations that could be tricky
to adopt to the front of the vehicle. Meanwhile
some people will perhaps struggle with the
aesthetics of such an unconventional looking car.
LE MANS NEWSDESK
6 LE MANS 2014
Frazer Nash Prototype project stalls
The Frazer Nash brand has evaluated a 2015 Le Mans
return as the Garage 56 entry. Designs were at an
advanced stage for the Le Mans Prototype before
the project apparently stalled. It had been hoped
that the programme could have been announced
at the ACO press conference ahead of the 2014 Le
Mans 24 Hours, but for reasons that are not clear the
announcement appears to have been cancelled.
Racecar Engineering understands that the project
had been granted the Garage 56 innovative technology
entry into the 2015 Le Mans 24 Hours ahead of a full
2016 LMP1 programme. Sergio Rinlands Astauto design
consultancy had been commissioned by Frazer Nash to
develop the early designs of the car which featured a
highly innovative powertrain.
Frazer-Nash frst contested the Le Mans 24 Hours in
1935 when it failed to fnish but in 1949 it fnished third
overall. The last time the brand contested the race was in
1957 when the company ceased car production, it was
later absorbed by Porsche Cars GB.
Today the Frazer-Nash Group, which also
incorporates Bristol Cars, is owned by technology
entrepreneur Kamal Siddiqi. It is currently focussed on
developing powertrain technology, with range extended
hybrids a particular speciality.
In 2009 Frazer Nash built and tested a concept
supercar called the Namir (pictured), which was set to
lend its technology to a new Bristol Sportscar. This gives
some hints to what the LMP1 power train may have
been. The car was to be ftted with four separate electric
motors, each driving one of the cars wheels, whilst an
800cc rotary engine would act as a generator powering
a bank of Lithium ion battery cells. It was to feature a
signifcant amount of torque vectoring via a bespoke
digital diferential.
The much-delayed Lotus T129 LMP1 car has
been revealed at Le Mans. Originally designed
to accept the NBE built Audi DTM V8, the
rear of the car has had to be extensively
reworked to accept the new AER P60 twin
turbo V6 engine. The car could be seen as part
of the HRT family line with the Holzer Group
in Germany playing a key role. A solitary
example of the T129 will contest some of the
remaining World Endurance Championship
races in 2014.
Toyota brake legality challenged at Le Mans
The legality of Toyotas braking system has
been challenged at Le Mans. Whilst there
is no suggestion of cheating or underhand
behaviour there has been some debate about
the way its brakes are managed. A clarifcation
from the FIA was issued and that shows the
others that our system is fully legal argues
Pascal Vasselon.
The brake by wire layout on the TS040 has an
automatic brake migration system that sends
the bias forwards or rearwards as the car travels
deeper into the corner. In essence it is a form of
active brake bias, as the electronic management
system on the car manages it automatically.
If a driver hits the pedal and feels signifcant
rear locking, the next time he arrives at that
corner he would adjust the brake bias forwards to
prevent it on a standard racing car. But sometimes
as he starts to turn into the corner front locking
can result as the wheels are unloaded. The Toyota
system, which is in essence identical to those used
in F1, mitigates this by using a brake migration
tool to automatically send the bias rearwards
again as the braking event continues. The drivers
have control of how extreme this efect is by using
rotary thumb switches on the steering wheel.
The technology is not unique to Toyota
and features on most, if not all, Formula 1
cars. Toyota did not feel that the concept was
especially confdential or indeed illegal as its
implementation seems rather obvious on a
hybrid competition car. However once rival
manufacturers became aware of the system they
complained to the FIA about its use, claiming that
it breaches two parts of the 2014 LMP1 technical
regulations.
Article 14.1 states that:
The only connection allowed between the two
circuits is a mechanical system for adjusting brake
force balance between the front and rear axles.
Article 14.7 states that For vehicles with a
Kinetic ERS, a specifc braking system is allowed.
With :
BSFC Average i s t he Best-in-Class Average Brake Specific Fuel Consumption on one single lap [g/kWh].
Best-in-Class Average BSFC is the best average BSFC on one lap whatever the appendix B column
considered.
BSFC@Pmax is the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption at maximum power [g/kwh]
ED is the Energy Density [MJ/kg]
BSFC Average is computed this way:
()
()
P Corr(t) is the corrected power [kW]
C(t) is the instantaneous Fuel Consumption given by the fuel flow meter [g/s]
Both integrals will be computed when P Corr(t) is positive and outside braking zones
LT is lap time [s]
2. Measurement
To check and compare average Power and average Consumption during events, FIA uses:
Fuel flow meter delivering the C(t) signal (instantaneous fuel flow)
Torque meter delivering the T(t) signal (instantaneous ICE torque)
Engine rotational speed w(t)
Corrected torque
() : Torque meter signal corrected by the effect of EGERS (see paragraph c.)
Instantaneous corrected Power is computed this way:
()
() ()
Page 3 /7
D. Torque Meter Management Process
The torque metering is compulsory for manufacturer's cars and must be able to be fitted on any other car. The
document below explains how FIA will manage the torque meter installation, measurement and calibration.
FIA Torque Meter
Control Process V03
E. Fuel Technology Factor (FTF)
1. Definition
FTF balances gasoline and fuel engine efficiencies. FTF is computed in 2 different ways whet her it is used for
allocated energy computation (FTF average) or maximum flow computation (FTF max):
With :
BSFC Average i s t he Best-in-Class Average Brake Specific Fuel Consumption on one single lap [g/kWh].
Best-in-Class Average BSFC is the best average BSFC on one lap whatever the appendix B column
considered.
BSFC@Pmax is the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption at maximum power [g/kwh]
ED is the Energy Density [MJ/kg]
BSFC Average is computed this way:
()
()
P Corr(t) is the corrected power [kW]
C(t) is the instantaneous Fuel Consumption given by the fuel flow meter [g/s]
Both integrals will be computed when P Corr(t) is positive and outside braking zones
LT is lap time [s]
2. Measurement
To check and compare average Power and average Consumption during events, FIA uses:
Fuel flow meter delivering the C(t) signal (instantaneous fuel flow)
Torque meter delivering the T(t) signal (instantaneous ICE torque)
Engine rotational speed w(t)
Corrected torque
() : Torque meter signal corrected by the effect of EGERS (see paragraph c.)
Instantaneous corrected Power is computed this way:
()
() ()
revolution
3 Effect of exhaust gas recovery system
Measurement of average true BSFC can be altered by exhaust
gas recovery systems which increase counter pressure at
exhaust and therefore decrease the efciency of the engine.
This phenomenon is taken into account by FIA by computing an
instantaneous corrected torque.
With :
Tcorr(t ) = corrected instantaneous torque
T(t ) = torque meter signal
Tloss(t ) = estimated torque loss from recovery.
Torque loss model to be dened
Page 4 /7
3. Effect of Exhaust Gas Recovery System:
Measurement of average true BSFC can be altered by Exhaust Gas Recovery Systems which increase counter
pressure at exhaust and thus decrease the efficiency of the engine. This phenomenon is taken into account by FIA by
computing an instantaneous corrected torque (see paragraph b.)
() ()
()
With :
if
if
With
is the additional allocated Diesel Energy due to technology differences. It can be negative [MJ]
is the weight of the Diesel ICE with the best average BSFC whatever the appendix B column
considered [kg]
is the weight of the Gasoline ICE with the best average BSFC whatever the appendix B column
considered [kg]
With :
BSFC Average i s t he Best-in-Class Average Brake Specific Fuel Consumption on one single lap [g/kWh].
Best-in-Class Average BSFC is the best average BSFC on one lap whatever the appendix B column
considered.
BSFC@Pmax is the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption at maximum power [g/kwh]
ED is the Energy Density [MJ/kg]
BSFC Average is computed this way:
()
()
P Corr(t) is the corrected power [kW]
C(t) is the instantaneous Fuel Consumption given by the fuel flow meter [g/s]
Both integrals will be computed when P Corr(t) is positive and outside braking zones
LT is lap time [s]
2. Measurement
To check and compare average Power and average Consumption during events, FIA uses:
Fuel flow meter delivering the C(t) signal (instantaneous fuel flow)
Torque meter delivering the T(t) signal (instantaneous ICE torque)
Engine rotational speed w(t)
Corrected torque
() : Torque meter signal corrected by the effect of EGERS (see paragraph c.)
Instantaneous corrected Power is computed this way:
()
() ()
THE FUEL TECHNOLOGY FACTOR (FTF)
EOT-SGAC.indd 72 24/02/2014 15:18
LE MANS 2014 53
satisfactory. Going fat out at the start of the
race would bring strategists to their knees when
the teams realised that the fuel left in their
budget mid-race would not bring the car to the
end at that pace, hobbling the spectacle.
I cant complain, as that gave me my frst win
albeit in C2 class at Le Mans in 1985, when
the paleo computer program I was using doled
out a strict consumption/lap time strategy that
left us behind during the opening hours, but
when reality struck, the competing teams let us
romp away to a fve-lap lead by the end.
Clear goals
Use whatever air intake method and engine
layout you want. You only get so much fuel
per lap, and it cannot exceed a given rate for
both petrol and diesel respectively and more
interestingly by the hybrid power level used.
Such intricacies may be a long way
from the reasons the fans follow racing
being there to see drivers competing but
the good thing about the way it is being
presented to the public is by the clear
presentation of the goals, in the statement that
the cars will be 30 per cent more fuel efcient
with the same performance, and that this
goalpost will be moved each year.
Unlike other championships where the
Balance of Performance (BoP) is used to
equalise disparate production cars to provide
a level feld in the interest of competition, the
FIA-ACO rules have introduced the concept of
Equivalence of Technology (EoT) that provides
incentives to introduce or use a large diversity
of technologies, but at the same time maintain
an equilibrium in the case of faster or slower
development cycles.
The challenge for the teams is to develop
their cars inside the rules. And this must be
monitored by the FIA-ACO, giving them an
equally interesting challenge.
I have spoken before about the unintended
consequences of regulations for road cars,
including the bizarre old French equation that
specifed fnal drive ratio for taxation purposes.
The French CV (in its fscal power incarnation)
was originally specifed in 1956 as a tax to top
up the retirees fund, and was calculated by
using the bore, stroke, number of cylinders, RPM
and a coefcient V (respectively for diesel and
petrol). It could be defned by the cubic capacity
multiplied by the fuel type, acknowledging
diferent energetic capacities. Interestingly, the V
coefcient at the time was 5.7294 for petrol and
4.0106 for diesel, giving a ratio of 1.4285643.
The input of gear ratios and fnal drive
came in 1977, when using the cubic capacity,
with the coefcient for petrol at 1 and diesel
0.7, and the factor K derived from the averaged
mean speed at 1000rpm at each ratio expressed
in kph that the car could theoretically achieve.
So if you ever wondered why the ratios of
French cars of that period were a bit strange, it
did have a reason.
By 1998, sanity (of sorts) prevailed and the
calculation was simply expressed by taking the
maximum power of the engine in kW divided by
40, then having this value raised to the power
of 1.6 and adding the emission of CO2 in g/km
divided by 45, giving the fscal power, rounded
of to the nearest integer.
This approach seems to have inspired
the equations that will control the cars
this year, and will be a bit of a headache to
enforce, both in the design and the race
strategies to use, but it does allow engine
designers to concentrate on energy efciency
rather than the continual and expensive
evolutionary war between the regulation
makers and engineers.
As the engines can now be designed for
the confguration preferred by each
manufacturer in line with their production
priorities, this will bring in a wide variety
of methods that will depend on additional
instrumentation that is now enforced on the
cars to normalise the performance.
Torque sensors on the lay shaft a known
and validated technology will measure the
horsepower delivered to the gearbox. Second
is the measurement of the engine RPM,
easily obtained from the ECU, both together
then giving the power in kW; thirdly, the fuel
fow meter in g/s. All of these factors are the
parameters entered to calculate the Brake
Specifc Fuel Consumption (BSFC).
The fuel fow meter is a new system in
endurance racing and poses several demands
on the race teams, one being the necessity of
having a receptacle in the chassis to lodge the
sensors: you need two when there is no return
line to the tank, three when there is.
They are confgured much as the F1
fuel fow sensors and in fact use the same
suppliers. They measure ultrasonically at
2kHz nominally with an accuracy of max
+/- 0.25 per cent error, theoretically well
within the specifed 2 per cent margin of error
demanded by the regulations.
The aim is to maintain the spectacle, the safety,
relevance to road use and sustainable development
strategists to their knees when
the teams realised that the fuel
left in their budget mid-race would
not bring the car to the end at
that pace, hobbling the spectacle.
One can not carp as that gave
me my rst win albeit in C2
class at Le Mans in 1985, when
the paleo computer program
I was using doled out a strict
consumption/lap time strategy that
left us behind during the opening
hours, but when reality struck, the
competing teams let us romp away
to a ve-lap lead by the end.
Use whatever air intake method
and engine layout you want. You
only get so much fuel per lap, and
it cannot exceed a given rate for
both petrol and diesel respectively
and more interestingly by the
hybrid power level used.
Such intricacies may be a
long way from the reasons the
fans follow racing being there
to see drivers competing but the
good thing about the way it is
being presented to the public is
by the clear presentation of the
goals, in the statement that the
cars will be 30 per cent more
fuel efcient with the same
performance, and that this
goalpost will be moved each year.
Differently from other
championships where the Balance
of Performance (BoP) is used to
equalise disparate production
cars to provide a level eld in
the interest of competition, the
FIA-ACO rules have introduced
the concept of Equivalence of
Technology (EoT) that provides
incentives to introduce or use a
large diversity of technologies,
but at the same time maintain an
equilibrium in the case of faster or
slower development cycles.
The challenge for the teams
is to develop their cars inside the
rules. And this must be monitored
by the FIA-ACO, giving them an
equally interesting challenge.
I have spoken before about
the unintended consequences of
regulations for road cars, including
the bizarre old French equation
that specied nal drive ratio for
taxation purposes. The French CV
(in its scal power incarnation) was
originally specied in 1956 as a
tax to top up the retirees fund, and
was calculated by using the bore,
stroke, number of cylinders, RPM
and a coefcient V (respectively
for diesel and petrol). It could be
dened by the cubic capacity
multiplied by the fuel type,
acknowledging different energetic
capacities. Interestingly, the V
coefcient at the time was 5.7294
for petrol and 4.0106 for diesel,
giving a ratio of 1.4285643.
The input of gear ratios and
nal drive came in 1977, when
using the cubic capacity, with
the coefcient for petrol at 1
and diesel 0.7, and the factor K
derived from the averaged mean
EQUIVALENCE OF TECHNOLOGY
73
73 April 2014 www.racecar-engineering.com
speed at 1000rpm at each ratio
expressed in kph that the car could
theoretically achieve. So if you
ever wondered why the ratios of
French cars of that period were a
bit strange, it did have a reason.
By 1998, sanity (of sorts)
prevailed and the calculation was
simply expressed by taking the
maximum power of the engine in
kW divided by 40, then having this
value raised to the power of 1.6
and adding the emission of CO2
in g/km divided by 45, giving the
scal power, rounded off to the
nearest integer.
This approach seems to have
inspired the equations that will
control the cars this year, and will
be a bit of a headache to enforce,
both in the design and the race
strategies to use, but it does allow
engine designers to concentrate
on energy efciency rather than
the continual and expensive
evolutionary war between the
regulation makers and engineers.
As the engines can now be
designed for the conguration
preferred by each manufacturer in
line with their production priorities,
this will bring in a wide variety
of methods that will depend on
additional instrumentation that
is now enforced on the cars to
normalise the performance.
Torque sensors on the lay
shaft a known and validated
technology will measure
the horsepower delivered to
the gearbox. Secondly is the
measurement of the engine RPM,
easily obtained from the ECU,
both together then giving the
power in kW; thirdly, the fuel ow
meter in g/s. All of these factors
are the parameters entered to
calculate the Brake Specic Fuel
Consumption (BSFC).
The fuel ow meter is a new
system in endurance racing and
poses several demands on the
race teams, one being the
necessity of having a receptacle
in the chassis to lodge the two
sensors in the case of no return
to the tank, and three if there is
a return line there.
They are congured much
as the F1 fuel ow sensors and
in fact use the same suppliers
(which measures ultrasonically at
2kHz nominally with an accuracy
of max +/- 0.25 per cent error,
theoretically well within the
specied 2 per cent margin of error
demanded by the regulations).
The EOT is dened as an
equivalence of BSFC, controlled
by three factors. These are: the
Fuel Technology Factor (FTF),
K Technology Factor (KTF) and
the ERS Incentive.
So the average BSFC is the
ratio of two integrals. These will
be computed when P Corr (t) is
positive and outside braking zones,
not otherwise. Braking zones
are dened as the longitudinal
The aim is to maintain the spectacle,
the safety, relevance to road use
and sustainable development
KTF balances fuel and gasoline engine weights. The heaviest technology is handicapped because it does not allow embedding the same
amount of ERS as the lightest technology
EGasoline is the allocated gasoline energy in Appendix B [MJ]
FTF the fuel technology factor dened in paragraph 1
EAdditional is the additional allocated Diesel Energy due to technology differences. It can be negative [MJ]
WBest Diesel is the weight of the Diesel ICE with the best average BSFC whatever the appendix B column considered [kg]
WBest Gasoline is the weight of the Gasoline ICE with the best average BSFC whatever the appendix B column considered [kg]
ERS-Diesel is the best-in-class ERS density among diesel cars only [s/kg]
ERS-Gasoline is the best-in-class ERS density among gasoline cars only [s/kg]
XFuel on lap time is the effect of additional Fuel on lap time [s/MJ]
THE K TECHNOLOGY FACTOR (KTF)
Page 4 /7
3. Effect of Exhaust Gas Recovery System:
Measurement of average true BSFC can be altered by Exhaust Gas Recovery Systems which increase counter
pressure at exhaust and thus decrease the efficiency of the engine. This phenomenon is taken into account by FIA by
computing an instantaneous corrected torque (see paragraph b.)
() ()
()
With :
if
if
With
is the additional allocated Diesel Energy due to technology differences. It can be negative [MJ]
is the weight of the Diesel ICE with the best average BSFC whatever the appendix B column
considered [kg]
is the weight of the Gasoline ICE with the best average BSFC whatever the appendix B column
considered [kg]
Where:
CAN 1/Public