Cable modelling in ATP from NODA to TYPE94

Hans Kristian Hidalen, Amir Haati !oloot Electric Power Engineering / NTNU
NTN", Nor#a O.S. Bragstadspl. 2F
N-749! Trond"ei#! Norwa$
%47 7&'9422'/Fa()7&'94279
"ans."oidalen*el+ra,t.ntn-.no
Abstract - Cable modelling in ATP suffers from the lack of the most modern phase domain,
vector fitting based approaches. This papers compares the available models with a frequency
domain Fourier calculation. This revealed that the !arti model is best for calculation of the
dominant mode of propagation, while the P"#equivalent is best for finding induced voltages in
a cable system when the fundamental frequency is known. The P"#equivalent actually gave the
most reliable overall response. The paper then addresses two possible steps for overcoming
the inherited weaknesses of the cable models$ a% &eplacement of the 'oda model fitter
(A&!AF"T% with a )ectorFit !at*ab routine, and b% "mplementation of a state space model
in a type +, ('orton#Transmission% component. The A&!AF"T bypass failed while the type +,
implementation gave good results.
Keywords$ Cable modeling, '-.A, !A&T", P", )ector Fitting, Type +,.
$% &ntrod'(tion
Si#-lation o, ca.le s$ste# transients in /TP 0! 21 can .e .ased on t"e ,re2-enc$ dependent
#odels Se#l$en 0&1! 34arti 041 or Noda 0'! 51. T"e calc-lation o, t"e propagation / and
ad#ittance 0
c
#atrices is per,or#ed .$ 6a.le Para#eters or 6a.le 6onstants 07! 71. T"e
li#itation in ca.le #odelling in /TP is pri#aril$ not d-e to 6a.le 6onstants/Para#eters
alt"o-g" possi.le correction points are identi,ied in 091. T"e con8ersion ,ro# ,re2-enc$
do#ain ca.le data to a trans#ission line #odel re2-ires so#e ,-nda#ental ass-#ption. P9-
e2-i8alent) onl$ s-ita.le ,or s"ort ca.les and +nown ,re2-enc$! Bergeron) onl$ s-ita.le ,or
+nown ,re2-enc$! 34arti and Se#l$en) wor+s in t"e #odal do#ain and ass-#es a constant
trans,or#ation #atri(. T"e #ost recent #odel! NO:/! "owe8er! wor+s directl$ in t"e p"ase
do#ain. T"e NO:/ #odel appro(i#ates t"e propagation #atri( ele#ents wit" a pol$no#ial
;-do#ain trans,er ,-nction -sing a pre-deter#ined ti#e step. T"e latest #odelling tec"ni2-es
.ased on 8ector ,itting and descri.ed in 0<-21 are not i#ple#ented in /TP.
)% Test (ase
T"e test case is ta+en ,ro# 01 and consists o, t"ree < +# long single core coa(ial ca.les
wit" core and s"eat" and t"e geo#etr$ and #aterial data gi8en in Fig. .
T"e test case in 01 is not necessaril$ .ased on t"e sa#e calc-lations as 6a.le Para#eters. 9n
partic-lar di,,erent appro(i#ations co-ld "a8e .een -sed ,or t"e gro-nd ret-rn i#pedances.
6onse2-entl$! t"e res-lts in 01 s"o-ld onl$ .e co#pared 2-alitati8el$ to t"e /TP res-lts and
,or generalit$ we will -se Fo-rier Trans,or# res-lt as t"e tr-e sol-tion. T"e ca.le s$ste# in
Fig. will "a8e 4 do#inant #odes o, propagation as reported in 01 wit" tra8elling ti#es '5!
22! 25! and 55& s.
Fig-re . =eo#etr$ o, test case.
*% Com+arison #it, -o'rier Transform
T"e ca.le s$ste# in Fig. is e(cited .$ an open circ-it step 8oltage as s"own in Fig. 2.
Fig-re 2. Open circ-it step response o, ca.le s$ste#
T"e open circ-it step response >1
m
? o, t"e ca.le s$ste# according to Fig. 2 is gi8en .$ >?)
> ? 2
c m c k
" / / 0 1 / 0 1 + =
>?
w"ere e(p> ? / y 2 l = is t"e c-rrent propagation #atri( >2?

c
0 2 2 y

= is t"e c"aracteristic ad#ittance #atri( >&?

and 0/ @ <@ <@ <@ <@ <1
T
k
1 s = is t"e ,re2-enc$ do#ain e(citation
T"e o-tp-t ,ro# Noda Set-p >TE4P./FT? is -sed to esta.lis" t"e / and 0
c
#atrices as
,-nction o, ,re2-enc$. / ,re2-enc$ range o, A; to 4A; wit" 2< sa#ples per decade was
c"osen in t"e Noda Set-p! wit" an additional "ig" ,re2-enc$ point at < 4A; >Fre2. 8eloc. in
/TP:raw?. Noda Set-p reports t"e 0
c
#atri( directl$ >called 6B6A/C?! w"ile t"e / #atri(
is reported 8ia its eigen8ector #atrices A and A" >in8erse? and eigen8al-es 3'. T"e / #atri(
is t"en calc-lates as
( ) >e(p> ??
T
/ A diag 3' l A" = . T"e / #atri( is transposed .eca-se
Noda Set-p reports t"e propagation #atri( ,or t"e 8oltage wa8es. T"ere are se8eral
eigen8al-e switc"o8ers in t"e Noda Set-p o-tp-t! .-t t"e calc-lated / #atri( is s#oot".
r

r
2
r
&
r
4
#
<.& #
2 &
4 ' 5
rD.9'<E<
-2
0#1
r2D&.77'E<
-2
0#1
r&D&.797E<
-2
0#1
r4D4.2'<E<
-2
0#1
cD&.&5'E<
-7
0#1
sD.77E<
-7
0#1
c-sD2.7'
s-gD2.7'
%
-
p.-.
tD<

4
2
'
&
5
/ discrete Fo-rier trans,or# >:FT? ro-tine is t"en -sed to calc-late t"e ti#e response as
s"own in Fig. &. T"e n-#.er o, sa#ple points was increased to 7< pr decade in order to
o.tain a res-lt e2-al to ,ig. 9 in 01. Fit" 2< points per decade t"e oscillations in t"e 6ore 2
8oltage are so#ew"at s#oot"ened. T"e ind-ced 8oltages are -sed ,or co#paring #odels
.eca-se t"ese are di,,ic-lt to #odel acc-ratel$.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x 10
-3
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
Time [ms]
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
p
.
u
.
]
Core 2
Sheath 3
Fig-re &. Open circ-it ind-ced 8oltage at re#ote end.
A% 'oda cable model
9n t"e Noda #odel t"ere are two #ain c"allenges. T"e ,itting >/C4/F9T? can ,ail and t"e
ti#e do#ain response can .e -nsta.le. First o, all t"e ti#e step "as to .e pre-deter#ined.
F"en a ti#e step o, s was -sed /C4/F9T was -na.le to ,it ele#ent >'! ? o, t"e /-
#atri(! w"ile ,or dtD< s ,itting was ac"ie8ed. T"e ,itting and sta.ilit$ pro.le#s see#ed less
prono-nced w"en t"e ti#e step was closer to t"e #ini#-# tra8el ti#e >'5 s in t"is case?.
T"is is o, co-rse a great li#itation ,or s$ste#s consisting o, ca.les o, 8ario-s lengt"s.
Fig-re 4 s"ows t"e open circ-it step response w"en t"e de,a-lt ,itting para#eters are -sed
>eps/D&! A#a(D5! NiterD&? and t"e ti#e step is dtD< s. GNO CESPONSEH is reported ,or
all ele#ents o, t"e le,t part o, t"e A-#atri( e(cept ,or t"e diagonal ele#ents. T"e response in
Fig. 4 is 2-ite di,,erent ,ro# Fig. & wit" a do-.le a#plit-de and "ig"er ,re2-enc$ content.
T"ere is also a dri,t-o,, in t"e G6ore 2H 8oltage! .-t in t"is case t"e sol-tion sta.le! .-t
apparentl$ wrong. 9ncreasing t"e acc-rac$ o, t"e #odel >eps/D! A#a(D24? did c"ange t"e
res-lt so#ew"at co#pared to Fig. 4 >dri,t-o,, in 6ore 2 8oltage red-ced! a .it lower
a#plit-des o, t"e oscillations? .-t t"e res-lt was 2-alitati8el$ t"e sa#e and still ,ar ,ro# Fig.
&. 9, we increase t"e acc-rac$ o, t"e ,itting >eps/D! A#a(D24? we are a.le to ,it t"e #odel
also ,or s ti#e step. T"e res-lt is s"own in Fig. ' and t"e res-lts are 2-alitati8el$ closer to
Fig. & concerning t"e a#plit-des and ,re2-enc$ o, t"e oscillations. Aowe8er! t"e ,irst negati8e
pea+ is #issing and t"ere are s-peri#posed "ig" ,re2-enc$ oscillations t"at e8ent-all$ ca-sed
t"e responses to .eco#e -nsta.le.

Fig-re 4. Open circ-it step response as predicted .$ t"e NO:/ #odel >de,a-lt ,itting 8al-es?! ti#e step < s.
Fig-re '. Open circ-it step response as predicted .$ t"e NO:/ #odel >eps/D! "#a(D24?! ti#e step s.
4% !arti cable model
T"e 34arti Set-p was s-rprisingl$ -na.le to ,it t"e #odel -sing t"e de,a-lt ,itting para#eters.
9ncreasing t"e ,re2-enc$ range ,ro# <.< A; to < 4A; res-lted in an apparentl$ s-ccess,-l
,it! .-t t"e res-lts ,or t"e ind-ced 8oltage partic-larl$ in G6ore 2H is co#pletel$ wrong as
s"own in Fig. 5. Using a ,re2-enc$ o, < 4A; ,or t"e trans,or#ation #atri( calc-lation
res-lted in al#ost ;ero ind-ced 8oltage.
Fig-re 5. Open circ-it step response as predicted .$ t"e 34arti #odel >de,a-lt ,itting?! F#atri(D' +A;.
C% P"#equivalent
T"ere are no pro.le#s in creating a P9-e2-i8alent #odel o, t"e ca.le s$ste#. T"e res-lt o,
-sing ' +A; ,or t"e calc-lation o, t"e para#eters is s"own in Fig. 7. T"is is 2-alitati8el$ e2-al
to Fig. & .-t wit" lower a#plit-des. T"e ,irst negati8e pea+ is predicted correctl$. 9ncreasing
t"e para#eter ,re2-enc$ to << +A; res-lted in so#ew"at red-ced a#plit-des .-t t"e c-r8es
were 2-alitati8el$ e2-al.
Fig-re 7. Open circ-it step response as predicted .$ t"e P9-e2-i8alent #odel! para#eters calc-lated at ' +A;.
.% 4ergeron#model
Fig. 7 s"ows t"e res-lt o, t"e Bergeron #odel calc-lated at ' +A;. T"e res-lts are 8er$
di,,erent ,ro# Fig. &.
Fig-re7. Open circ-it step response as predicted .$ t"e Bergeron #odel! para#eters calc-lated at ' +A;.
5% Comparison of Core 6 voltages
So ,ar t"e P9-e2-i8alent s-rprisingl$ ga8e t"e .est res-lts ,or t"e ind-ced 8oltage at t"e ,ar
end. Fig. 9 now co#pares t"e direct 8oltage at re#ote end G6ore H ,or t"e NO:/! 34/CT9!
P9! and FOUC9EC #et"od. Now! t"e response is 2-ite well represented .$ t"e 34/CT9
#odel. T"e P9-e2-i8alent t"at ga8e t"e .est agree#ent ,or t"e ind-ced 8oltages is not an
appropriate #odel! e(cept ,or deter#ining t"e ,irst pea+. T"e NO:/ #odel s"ows a larger
pea+ and a re#ar+a.l$ longer tra8elling ti#e in t"is case. T"e /C4/F9T ro-tine adds t"e
ti#e step to t"e #ini#-# tra8el ti#e increasing it ,ro# '5 s to 55 s.
Fig-re 9. Open circ-it step response as predicted .$ t"e NO:/! 34/CT9! P9! and FOUC9EC #et"od.
Para#eters ,or P9 #odel calc-lated at ' +A;. Ti#e step < s.
Fro# t"e a.o8e e(a#ples it see#s o.8io-s t"at ca.le #odelling in /TP s"o-ld .e i#pro8ed.
Using a P9-#odel co-ld to so#e e(tend #atc" t"e Fo-rier re,erence calc-lations 2-alitati8el$!
.-t t"is is onl$ t"e case in sit-ations w"en t"e do#inant ,re2-enc$ co#ponent is +now. T"e
ot"er #odels see# to "a8e ,-nda#ental wea+nesses.
NO:/
P9
FOUC9EC
34/CT9
4% P,ase domain rational fitting
T"e 8ector ,itting approac" in t"e p"ase and ,re2-enc$ do#ain proposed in 01 see# to res-lt
in ro.-st ,itting wit" ,ew sta.ilit$ pro.le#s. T"is section descri.es "ow to -tili;e t"e 8ector
,itting approac" .ased on t"e ideas ,o-nd in 01. T"e ro-tine IectFit& is -sed in t"is paper as
doc-#ented in 02-41 >"ttp)//www.energ$.sinte,.no/prod-+t/IE6TF9T/inde(.asp?.
T"e ,-nda#ental rational ,itting in t"e ,re2-enc$ do#ain .eco#es)
!
> ?!
> ! ?
n
i7 k
c i7
k i7 k
c
0 i 7 d
s a
=
+

>4?
!

> ! ?
g
m n
s i7 gk
g k gk
c
/ i 7 e
s a

= =

>'?
w"ere t"e poles! a and resid-es! c can .e real or co#e in co#ple( conJ-gated pairs.
T"e 0
c
#atri( is ,itted eit"er ele#ent .$ ele#ent or .$ stac+ing t"e ele#ents into a 8ector and
,it t"is wit" a co##on set o, poles >>i7?-notation?. Eac" #ode >g? o, / is ,itted ta+ing t"e ti#e
dela$ into acco-nt. T"e poles o, t"e #odes are +ept w"ile new resid-es are calc-lated ,or eac"
ele#ent in /. /ccording to >'? t"e resid-e calc-lation is a linear pro.le# sol8ed .$ si#ple
least-s2-are ,itting. T"is resid-e calc-lation re2-ires e(tensions to t"e p-.licl$ a8aila.le
IectFit&.# 4atKa. ro-tine.
T"e ti#e dela$s o, t"e #odes are in t"is paper si#pl$ calc-lated ,ro# t"e eigen8al-es o, / at
a "ig" ,re2-enc$ point >Fre2. 8eloc.Df
v
? as s"own in >5?. / #ore opti#al ti#e dela$
calc-lation is presented in 071.
( ) 9# >2 ? />2 ?
i i v v
l 3' f f =
>5?
w"ere 3'
i
is t"e eigen8al-e o, / and f
v
is a "ig" ,re2-enc$ in t"e range o, -< 4A;.
and l is t"e ca.le lengt"
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Frequency [Hz]
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

o
f

e
i
g
e
n
v
a
l
u
e
s
Fig-re <. Eigen8al-es o, / #atri( a,ter re#o8al o, ti#e dela$. :otted lines) tr-e eigen8al-es! solid lines)
arti,icial eigen8al-es calc-lated ,ro# >7?.

4! '! 5
2
&
Eigen8al-e
switc"o8er
Eigen8al-e
switc"o8er
T"ere are pro.le#s wit" eigen8al-e switc"o8ers in t"e NO:/ o-tp-t ,ile and t"e constant
trans,or#ation #atri( ass-#ption proposed in 01 is -sed "ere to a8oid t"is pro.le# as
s"own in >7?. T"is will res-lt in slig"tl$ wrong eigen8al-es at low ,re2-encies as seen ,ro#
Fig. <! .-t t"is is co#pensated .$ t"e resid-es.
( )
<
> ? > ?
s
m v v
/ diag A" f / A f e

= >7?
Fig. s"ows t"e #agnit-de o, ele#ents in 0
c
and "ow t"e$ are ,itted wit" rational ,-nctions
>4? -sing Iector Fitting 0<! 2! &1. / co##on pole set is -sed ,or all ele#ents in 0
c
and an
acc-rac$ re2-ire#ent o, <.< L res-lted in an order o, 7.
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Frequency [Hz]
Y
c

m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

d
i
a
g
o
n
a
l

e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
Data
FRVF
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
Frequency [Hz]
Y
c

m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

o
f
-
d
i
a
g
o
n
a
l

e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
Data
FRVF
Fig-re . :iagonal >le,t? and o,,-diagonal >rig"t? ele#ents o, 0c and ,itting0<! 2! &1.
Fig. 2 s"ows t"e #agnit-de o, ele#ents in / and "ow t"e$ are ,itted wit" rational ,-nctions
>'? -sing Iector Fitting 0<! 2! &1 and e(ternal resid-e calc-lation in 4atKa.. /n acc-rac$
re2-ire#ent o, L ,or t"e #odal ,itting res-lted in orders o, 07! 5! 5! '1 ,or t"e ,o-r distinct
#odes s"own in Fig. <.
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Frequency [Hz]
H

d
i
a
g
o
n
a
l

m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Data
FRVF
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Frequency [Hz]
H

o
f
-
d
i
a
g
o
n
a
l

m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Data
FRVF
Fig-re 2. :iagonal >le,t? and o,,-diagonal >rig"t? ele#ents o, / and ,itting 0<-&1 wit" e(ternal resid-e
calc-lation.
.% ATP im+lementations
T"e 8ector ,itting ro-tine prod-ces poles! resid-es! and constant ter#s t"at easil$ are
con8erted to a state space #odel. Aowe8er! t"is does not ,it wit" t"e present /TP inter,ace.
>!?! >2!2?! >&!&?
>4!4?! >5!5?
>'!'?
Since t"e Noda #odel is a p"ase do#ain i#ple#entation it is ,irst atte#pted con8ert t"e
8ector ,itting data to t"e ;-do#ain inp-t re2-ired .$ t"e Noda #odel. Secondl$ it is atte#pted
to i#ple#ent an entirel$ new trans#ission line #odel in /TP -sing t$pe 94.
A% A&!AF"T bypass with )ector Fitting
Since t"e NO:/ #odel is .ased on a pol$no#ial ;-do#ain appro(i#ation to t"e /
T
and 0
c
#atrices! it is te#pting to tr$ to replace t"e /C4/F9T progra# wit" an alternati8e ,itter
.ased on rational s-do#ain ,itting and con8ersion to ;-do#ain. T"e ,itting in t"e s-do#ain is
done once ,or eac" ca.le w"ile t"e ;-do#ain con8ersion is done e8er$ ti#e t"e ti#e step
c"anges. 9n principle t"is is rat"er straig"t ,orward -sing t"e linear con8ersion 0'! 51
2

2
s
h 2

=
+
>7?
w"ere h is t"e ti#e step
9nserting t"e relation in >7? into >4? and >'? gi8es
!
> ?!
> ! ? > ?
n
i7 k
c i7
k i7 k
c2
0 i 7 2 d
2 a2
=
+ +

>9?
! /

> ! ? > ?
m n
i7 gk h
g k gk
c2
/ i 7 2 2
s a2

= =
+

><?
w"ere
2/
2/
h a
a2
h a
+
=

and
2/
c
c2
h a
=

>?
wit" sta.le i#ple#entation ,or
M M a2 <

Fig-re &. Open circ-it step response as predicted .$ t"e NO:/ #odel w"en /C4/F9T is replace .$ Iector
Fitting 0<-&1 wit" pol$no#ials! & poles pr #ode and ti#e step < s.
Now! t"e NO:/ trans#ission line #odel re2-ires t"e appro(i#ations on pol$no#ial ,or#. 9n
principle t"is con8ersion is straig"t ,orward -sing t"e Gpol$H and Gcon8H ,-nctions in 4atKa..
9, a2 is a 8ector o, poles t"en t"e 4atKa. ,-nction Gpol$>a2?H will prod-ce t"e pol$no#
re2-ired .$ NO:/. Aowe8er! in realit$ t"is con8ersion is ,ar ,ro# si#ple. T"e #ain pro.le#
is t"at t"e poles a2 in >? ,or s#all ti#e steps h .eco#e 8er$ close to -nit$ >w"ic" is t"e
sta.ilit$ .oarder?. Fit" and increased n-#.er o, poles and #-ltiple poles closed to -nit$ t"e
roots o, t"e pol$no# can .e larger t"an -nit$ res-lting in an -nsta.le sol-tion. T$picall$ it
was o.ser8ed in 4atKa. t"at Groots>pol$>a2???Ha2. T"e pro.le# is partic-larl$ artic-lated ,or
t"e / ,itting as t"is also in8ol8es con8ol-tions o, se8eral sets o, poles. Fig. & s"ows t"e
ind-ced open end 8oltage w"en t"e n-#.er o, poles per #ode "as .een restricted to as low as
t"ree. /n order o, t"ree will not prod-ce a good ,it ,or so#e o, t"e s#all o,,-diagonal
ele#ents in / t"at are 8er$ i#portant ,or t"e ind-ced 8oltages s"own in Fig. &. Still! t"ere is
so#e insta.ilit$ in t"e res-lt and t"e agree#ent co#pared to Fig. & is rat"er poor wit" #ore
"ig" ,re2-enc$ oscillations in8ol8ed. 9n concl-sion t"e /C4/F9T .$pass option tested "ere
does not see# to .e a possi.le ,i(.
4% Type+, state space implementation
9nstead o, t"e pol$no#ial representation -sed in t"e NO:/ #odel an i#ple#entation o, >4?
and >'? 8ia a state space ,or#-lation is pre,erred as s"own in >2? and >&?.
0 0 0
T
0 0 0 0
s 8 A 8 u
y c 8 d u
= +
= +
state space #odel o, 0
c
9u con8ol-tion >2?
g
s
/g / /g refl
T
/g /g /g
s 8 A 8 i e
y c 8

= +
=
state space #odel o, one #ode o, /9i
refl
con8ol-tion >&?
w"ere A is a diagonal #atri( wit" t"e poles and c t"e 8ector o, resid-es in >4? and >'?.
T"e trape;oidal r-le o, integration is t"en -sed to esta.lis" t"e e2-ation on a discrete!
rec-rsi8e ,or# in t"e ti#e do#ain.
/ T$pe 94 Norton-trans#ission state space #odel was de8eloped w"ere t"e o-tp-t ,ro#
8ector ,itting in 4atKa. >poles! resid-es! and constant ter#s? was incl-ded 8ia a te(t ,ile
>declared as constants?. T"e inp-t to t"e 4atKa. code is still t"e o-tp-t ,ro# NO:/ SETUP
>TE4P./FT ,ile?. 4O:EKS does not "andle co#ple( n-#.ers or #atrices and t"is
co#plicates t"e i#ple#entation considera.l$. For co#ple( conJ-gated poles t"e real part is
written to t"e te(t ,ile wit" re8ersed sign as a ,lag. T"e inter,ace process is ill-strated in
Fig.4 along wit" a ter#inal #odel as i#ple#ented in t"e t$pe 94 co#ponent.
Fig-re 4. 9nter,acing /TP wit" t"e ,itting ro-tine in 4atKa. >le,t? and t$pe94 i#ple#entation.
T"e Fig. ' s"ows t"e ind-ced core and s"eat" 8oltage co#para.le wit" Fig. &! and Fig. 5
s"ows t"e open end core 8oltage co#pared to t"e 34arti line #odel w"ic" was seen to
prod-ce good res-lts in Fig. 9.
/TP
K66
Noda
4atKa.
IectFit&
%%
T$pe94
N-TC
TE4P./FT
Fit:ata.t(t

2
m
T
h /g /g
g
T
0 0
" c 8
c 8
=
=

:;d
0
(f ile tlty pe94_2.pl4; x-v ar t) v :X0003B v :X0003F
0 1 2 3 4 5 *10
-3
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
*10
-3
Fig-re '. Open circ-it step response as predicted .$ t"e TNPE94 #odel -sing Iector Fitting 0<-&1 wit" 5-7
poles per #ode >4? o, / and 7 poles ,or t"e w"ole 0c. Ti#e step s.
(f ile eeu2010.pl4; x-v ar t) v :!"94# v :!$%#
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.& 0.' 1.0 *10
-3
0.0
0.4
0.'
1.2
1.&
2.0
Fig-re 5. 6o#parison .etween t"e 34arti line #odel and t"e TNPE94 #odel ,or t"e direct open end 8oltage at
6ore. Slig"tl$ #ore initial oscillations o.ser8ed in t"e TNPE94 #odel. Ti#e step < s.
9t was a concern t"at t"e a#o-nt o, data wo-ld to too large ,or 4O:EKS. T"e n-#.er o,
resid-es o, t"e /-#atri( is t"e s2-are o, t"e n-#.er o, p"ases ti#es t"e total n-#.er o, poles
o, t"e #odes. T"e 5-cond-ctor ca.le wit" ,o-r distinct #odes ,itted wit" O7! 5! 5! 'P poles
re2-ires a resid-e arra$ o, 9<< ele#ents. 9t t-rned o-t t"at t"is was #anagea.le in 4O:EKS!
.-t t"e calc-lation ti#e is o, co-rse a concern. / case wit" '' poles was also tested wit"
s-ccess >&5Q''D97< ele#ents?. T"e resid-es ,or t"e 0
c
#atri( are ,ewer@ s2-are o, t"e
n-#.er o, p"ases ti#es t"e n-#.er o, poles >&5Q7D2'2 in t"is case?.
/% Con(l'sion
T"ere see# to .e a need ,or .etter ca.le #odels in /TP. T"e 34arti #odel t"at traditionall$ is
s-ita.le ,or o8er"ead line #odelling s"ow signi,icant wea+nesses .ot" in t"e ,itting process
and in t"e calc-lation o, ind-ced 8oltages. T"e NO:/ #odel res-lted in -nsta.le responses
and also re2-ired ,ine-t-ning o, t"e ,itting para#eters and large ti#e steps. T"e P9-#odel
act-all$ ga8e t"e o8erall .est and #ost relia.le res-lts@ "owe8er s-c" #odel is onl$ s-ita.le
,or cases w"ere t"e ,-nda#ental ,re2-enc$ is +nown. T"e atte#pt to replace t"e /C4/F9T 2-
do#ain ,itting wit" 8ector ,itting ,ailed as t"e ,-nda#ental pro.le# in t"e Noda #odel
approac" is a pol$no#ial description t"at easil$ gi8es -nsta.le poles ,or "ig" order ,ractions
and ti#e steps .elow t"e s#allest tra8el ti#e o, t"e ca.le. T"e i#ple#entation o, a new
trans#ission line #odel .ased directl$ on 8ector ,itting and state space ,or#-lation was
possi.le -sing a TNPE94 Norton-trans#ission co#ponent. T"e code is co#plicated and
e(tensi8e d-e to lac+ o, co#ple( n-#.ers and #atrices in t"e 4O:EKS lang-age. T"is new
#odel ga8e good and sta.le res-lts in close agree#ent wit" t"e re,erence Fo-rier calc-lation
and 01. No co#pro#ises in speci,$ing order/acc-rac$ and ti#e step were identi,ied. T"e
calc-lation is "owe8er slow and not s-ita.le ,or s$ste#s consisting o, #-ltiple ca.les.
9nitiali;ation at ti#e ;ero is a pro.le# ,or t"e t$pe94 i#ple#entation.
0eferen(es
01 Alternative Transients Program (ATP% # &ule 4ook! 6anadian//#erican E4TP User =ro-p! 977-997.
021 A. F. :o##el and et.al.! Electro#agnetic Transients Progra# Ce,erence 4an-al >E4TP T"eor$ Boo+?!
Portland! OC) Prepared ,or BP/! /-g. 975.
0&1 Se#l$en! /.! :a.-lea- /.) Fast and acc-rate switc"ing transient calc-lations on trans#ission lines wit"
gro-nd ret-rn -sing rec-rsi8e con8ol-tions! "555 Trans. on Power apparatus and systems! Iol. P/S-94 >2?!
pp. '5-'7! 97'
041 4arti! 3. C.) /cc-rate #odelling o, ,re2-enc$-dependent trans#ission lines in electro#agnetic transient
si#-lations! "555 Trans. on Power apparatus and systems! Iol. P/S-< >?! pp. 47-''! 972
0'1 Noda! T.! Nagao+a! N.! /#etani! /.) P"ase do#ain #odeling o, ,re2-enc$-dependent trans#ission lines .$
#eans o, an /C4/ #odel! "555 Trans. on Power .elivery! Iol-#e ! 9ss-e ! 3an. 995 Page>s?)4< R
4%
051 Noda! T.! Nagao+a! N.!/#etani! /.) F-rt"er i#pro8e#ents to a p"ase-do#ain /C4/ line #odel in ter#s o,
con8ol-tion! stead$-state initiali;ation! and sta.ilit$! "555 Trans. on Power .elivery!
Iol-#e 2! 9ss-e &! 3-l$ 997 Page>s?)&27 R &&4
071 /#etani! /.) / general ,or#-lation o, i#pedance and ad#ittance o, ca.les! 9EEE Trans. on Power
/pparat-s and S$ste#s! 8ol. P/S-99 >&?! pp. 9<2-9<! 97<.
071 /#etani! /. F-se! 9.) /ppro(i#ate #et"od ,or calc-lating i#pedance o, #-lticond-ctors wit" ar.itra$
cross-sectionS! Trans. 9EE 3apan! Iol. B- >7?! pp. 795-9<2! 99 >3apanese?@ Elect. Eng. 3apan! Iol. 2
>2?! pp. 7-2& >Englis" 8ersion o, Trans. 9EE 3apan?.
091 Noda T. TN-#erical tec"ni2-es ,or acc-rate e8al-ation o, o8er"ead line and -ndergro-nd ca.le constantsS!
9EE3 Trans 2<<7@ &) '49-''9.
0<1 =-sta8sen! B.! Se#l$en! /.) Cational appro(i#ation o, ,re2-enc$ do#ain responses .$ 8ector ,itting,
"555 Trans. on Power .elivery!
Iol-#e 4! 9ss-e &! 3-l$ 999 Page>s?)<'2 R <5
01 4orc"ed! /.! =-sta8sen! B.! Tarti.i! 4.) / -ni8ersal #odel ,or acc-rate calc-lation o, electro#agnetic
transients on o8er"ead lines and -ndergro-nd ca.les! "555 Trans. on Power .elivery! Iol-#e 4! 9ss-e &!
3-l$ 999 Page>s?)<&2 R <&7.
021 B. =-sta8sen! U9#pro8ing t"e pole relocating properties o, 8ector ,ittingU! 9EEE Trans. Power :eli8er$! 8ol.
2! no. &! pp. '77-'92! 3-l$ 2<<5.
0&1 :. :esc"riJ8er! 4. 4ro;ows+i! T. :"aene! and :. :e B-tter! U4acro#odeling o, 4-ltiport S$ste#s Using a
Fast 9#ple#entation o, t"e Iector Fitting 4et"odU! 9EEE 4icrowa8e and Fireless 6o#ponents Ketters!
8ol. 7! no. 5! pp. &7&-&7'! 3-ne 2<<7.
041 =-sta8sen! B.) Fast Passi8it$ En,orce#ent ,or Pole-Cesid-e 4odels .$ Pert-r.ation o, Cesid-e 4atri(
Eigen8al-es! "555 Trans. on Power .elivery! Iol-#e 2&! 9ss-e 4! Oct. 2<<7 Page>s?)2277 R 227'
0'1 Naredo! K. et.al) ; -Trans,or#-Based 4et"ods ,or Electro#agnetic Transient Si#-lations! "555 Trans.
on Power .elivery! Iol-#e 22! 9ss-e &! 3-l$ 2<<7 Page>s?)799 R 7<'.
051 4e+onnen! N.S.@ Sc"-tt-/ine! 3.E.) Fast .road.and #acro#odeling tec"ni2-e o, sa#pled
ti#e/,re2-enc$ data -sing ;-do#ain 8ector-,itting #et"od, Electronic 6o#ponents and Tec"nolog$
6on,erence! 2<<7. E6T6 2<<7. '7
t"
! 27-&< 4a$ 2<<7 Page>s?)2& R 2&'.
071 :e To##asi K! =-sta8sen B.) /cc-rate trans#ission line #odelling t"ro-g" opti#al ti#e dela$
identi,ication! Proc. 9nt. con,. on Power S$ste# Transients! paper 44! 3-ne 4-7! 2<<7! K$on-France.