Elliptic Ding-Iohara-Miki Algebra and

Commutative Families of
the Elliptic Ruijsenaars Operators
Yosuke Saito
Mathematical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
July 7, 2014, Tohoku University.
Goal of this talk
This talk is based on [YS1] : arXiv:1301.4912, [YS2] : arXiv:1305.7097.
Goal. Construct two families M
N
(p), M

N
(p) (N Z
>0
) of commuting
dierence operators such that M
N
(p)H
N
(q, t, p), M

N
(p)H
N
(q
1
, t
1
, p),
[M
N
(p), M

N
(p)]=0. Here H
N
(q, t, p) is the elliptic Ruijsenaars operator
dened by
H
N
(q, t, p):=
N

i=1

j=i

p
(tx
i
/x
j
)

p
(x
i
/x
j
)
T
q,x
i
,
(T
q,x
i
f(x
1
, , x
N
):=f(x
1
, , qx
i
, , x
N
)),
(x; p)

:=

n0
(1 xp
n
),
p
(x) := (p; p)

(x; p)

(px
1
; p)

.
Method
Free eld realization of H
N
(q, t, p) ( elliptic Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra),
Elliptic Feigin-Odesskii algebra A(p).
1
Free eld realization of the elliptic Ruijsenaars operator
Bosons. For q, t, p C \ {0, 1}, assume q = t = p and |q| < 1, |p| < 1.
[a
m
, a
n
]=m
(1q
|m|
)(1p
|m|
)
1t
|m|

m+n,0
, [a
m
, a
n
]=m
(1q
|m|
)(1p
|m|
)
(qt
1
p)
|m|
(1t
|m|
)

m+n,0
,
[a
m
, a
n
]=0, [a
0
, Q]=1, [a
m
, a
0
]=[a
m
, a
0
]=0, [a
m
, Q]=[a
m
, Q]=0.
Fock space. F

:=span{a

| : , P} (C), where
P:={=(
1
, ,
N
) :
1

N
, NZ
0
,
i
Z
0
} : set of partitions,
():={i :
i
= 0}, ||:=

()
i=1

i
, a

:=a

1
a

()
( P),
|:=e
Q
|0 (C), |0 : vacuum vector satisfying a
n
|0=a
n
|0=0 (n>0).
We dene the normal ordering : : by : a
0
Q :=: Qa
0
::= Qa
0
and
: a
m
a
n
::=

a
m
a
n
(m < n),
a
n
a
m
(m n),
: a
m
a
n
::=

a
m
a
n
(m < n),
a
n
a
m
(m n).
2
Boson operators for free eld realization of H
N
(q, t, p). Dene
(p; z):= : exp
(

n=0
1t
n
1p
|n|
p
|n|
a
n
z
n
n
)
exp
(

n=0
1t
n
1p
|n|
a
n
z
n
n
)
:,
((p; z))

:=exp
(

n>0
1t
n
1p
|n|
p
|n|
a
n
z
n
n
)
exp
(

n>0
1t
n
1p
|n|
a
n
z
n
n
)
,
(p; z):=exp
(

n>0
(qt
1
p)
n
(1t
n
)
(1q
n
)(1p
n
)
a
n
z
n
n
)
exp
(

n>0
1t
n
(1q
n
)(1p
n
)
a
n
z
n
n
)
.
Dene (p; z) := ((p; z))

((p; p
1
z))
+
, E(p; z) := (p; z) (p; z)t
a
0
.
Theorem ([YS1]). Set
N
(p; x) :=

N
j=1
(p; x
j
) (N Z
>0
). Then
[E(p; z)]
1

N
(p; x)|N =
t
N+1

p
(t
1
)
(p; p)
3

H
N
(q, t, p)
N
(p; x)|N,
where [f(z)]
1
stands for the constant term of f(z) in z.
3
Boson operators for free eld realization of H
N
(q
1
, t
1
, p). Dene
(p; z):= : exp
(

n=0
1t
n
1p
|n|

|n|
p
|n|
a
n
z
n
n
)
exp
(

n=0
1t
n
1p
|n|

|n|
a
n
z
n
n
)
:,
((p; z))

:=exp
(

n>0
1t
n
1p
|n|

|n|
p
|n|
a
n
z
n
n
)
exp
(

n>0
1t
n
1p
|n|

|n|
a
n
z
n
n
)
,
where := (qt
1
)
1/2
.
Dene

(p; z) := ((p; z))

((p; p
1
z))
+
, F(p; z) := (p; z)

(p; z)t
a
0
.
Theorem ([YS1]).
[F(p; z)]
1

N
(p; x)|N =
t
N1

p
(t)
(p; p)
3

H
N
(q
1
, t
1
, p)
N
(p; x)|N.
Elliptic Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra U(q, t, p)
Denition (Elliptic Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra U(q, t, p), [YS1]). Let
G

p
(x) :=
p
(q
1
x)
p
(t
1
x)
p
(q
1
t
1
x), g
p
(x) := G
+
p
(x)/G

p
(x).
4
Let x

(p; z) :=

nZ
x

n
(p)z
n
,

(p; z) :=

nZ

n
(p)z
n
be currents
and C be a central, invertible element satisfying the following relations :
[

(p; z),

(p; w)] = 0,
+
(p; z)

(p; w) =
g
p
(Cz/w)
g
p
(C
1
z/w)

(p; w)
+
(p; z),

(p; z)x
+
(p; w) = g
p
(
C

1
2
z
w
)
x
+
(p; w)

(p; z),

(p; z)x

(p; w) = g
p
(
C

1
2
z
w
)
1
x

(p; w)

(p; z),
x

(p; z)x

(p; w) = g
p
(
z
w
)
1
x

(p; w)x

(p; z),
[x
+
(p; z), x

(p; w)]
=

p
(q)
p
(t
1
)
(p; p)
3

p
(qt
1
)
{

(
C
w
z
)

+
(p; C
1/2
w)
(
C
1
w
z
)

(p; C
1/2
w)
}
.
Here (x) :=

nZ
x
n
. We dene the elliptic Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra
U(q, t, p) as an C-associative algebra generated by {x

n
(p)}
nZ
, {

n
(p)}
nZ
,
C and the above relations.
By the trigonometric limit p 0, the elliptic Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra
5
U(q, t, p) degenerates to the Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra U(q, t) in [FHHSY].
Theorem (Free eld realization of U(q, t, p), [YS1]). Dene

(p; z) : F

C[[z, z
1
]] (C) as

+
(p; z):= : (p;
1/2
z)(p;
1/2
z) :,

(p; z):= : (p;

1/2
z)(p;
1/2
z) : .
Then the map
C , x
+
(p; z) (p; z), x

(p; z) (p; z),

(p; z)

(p; z)
gives a representation of the elliptic Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra U(q, t, p).
6
Commutative families of the elliptic Ruijsenaars operators
Denition (Elliptic Feigin-Odesskii algebra A(p)). Let

n
(q, p; x) :=

1a<bn

p
(qx
a
/x
b
)
p
(q
1
x
a
/x
b
)

p
(x
a
/x
b
)
2
(n Z
>0
),

p
(x, y) :=

p
(q
1
y/x)
p
(ty/x)
p
(qt
1
y/x)

p
(y/x)
3
.
Dene the star product (f g)(x
1
, , x
m+n
) as
(f g)(x
1
, , x
m+n
)
:= Sym
[
f(x
1
, , x
m
)g(x
m+1
, , x
m+n
)

1m
m+1m+n

p
(x

, x

)
]
,
Then (f g) h = f (g h). For a partition , dene

(q, p; x) by

(q, p; x) := (

1
(q, p; )

()
(q, p; ))(x).
7
Let A
0
(p) := C, A
n
(p) := span{

(q, p; x) : || = n} (n 1). We dene

the elliptic Feigin-Odesskii algebra A(p) by A(p) :=

n0
A
n
(p) whose
algebra structure is given by the star product .
Proposition ([FHHSY]). The elliptic Feigin-Odesskii algebra (A(p), ) is an
unital, associative, commutative algebra.
Proposition. The operators E(p; z), F(p; z) satisfy the following relations.
1

p
(z, w)
E(p; z)E(p; w) =
1

p
(w, z)
E(p; w)E(p; z),
1

p
(z, w)
F(p; z)F(p; w) =
1

p
(w, z)
F(p; w)F(p; z),
[E(p; z), F(p; w)]=

p
(q)
p
(t
1
)
(p; p)
3

p
(qt
1
)

w
z
)
{
+
(p;
1/2
w)
+
(p;
1/2
p
1
w)}.
By the proposition, the following operator-valued functions are symmetric
8
in x
1
, , x
N
.

1i<jN

p
(x
i
, x
j
)
1
E(p; x
1
) E(p; x
N
),

1i<jN

p
(x
i
, x
j
)
1
F(p; x
1
) F(p; x
N
).
The above relation [E(p; z), F(p; w)]= gives [[E(p; z)]
1
, [F(p; w)]
1
]=0.
This corresponds to the commutativity of the elliptic Ruijsenaars operators
as [H
N
(q, t, p), H
N
(q
1
, t
1
, p)] = 0.
Denition (Map O
p
). Dene O
p
: A(p) End(F

) (C) by
O
p
(f):=
[
f(z
1
, , z
n
)

1i<jn

p
(z
i
, z
j
)
1
E(p; z
1
) E(p; z
n
)
]
1
(fA
n
(p)).
Where [f(z
1
, , z
n
)]
1
stands for the constant term of f(z
1
, , z
n
) in
z
1
, , z
n
, and extend the above map to A(p) linerly.
9
Proposition. The map O
p
and the star product are compatible : for f,
g A(p), we have O
p
(f g) = O
p
(f)O
p
(g).
Sketch of the proof. This proposition follows from that the
operator-valued function

1i<jN

p
(x
i
, x
j
)
1
E(p; x
1
) E(p; x
N
)
is symmetric in x
1
, , x
N
and properties of constant terms.
Due to the free eld realization of the elliptic Ruijsenaars operator, we have
Theorem (Commutative family M(p), [YS2]). (1) The space
M(p) := O
p
(A(p)) consists of commuting boson operators.
(2) The space M
N
(p) := M(p)|
C
N
(p;x)|N
is a set of commuting dierence
operators containing the elliptic Ruijsenaars operator H
N
(q, t, p).
10
Lemma. Dene the function

p
(x, y) by

p
(x, y) :=
p
(x, y)

qq
1
, tt
1
=

p
(qy/x)
p
(t
1
y/x)
p
(q
1
ty/x)

p
(y/x)
3
.
We dene another star product

by
(f

g)(x
1
, , x
m+n
)
:= Sym
[
f(x
1
, , x
m
)g(x
m+1
, , x
m+n
)

1m
m+1m+n

p
(x

, x

)
]
.
Then in the elliptic Feigin-Odesskii algebra A(p), we have =

.
Denition (Map O

p
). Dene O

p
: A(p) End(F

) ( C) by
O

p
(f):=
[
f(z
1
, , z
n
)

1i<jn

p
(z
i
, z
j
)
1
F(p; z
1
) F(p; z
n
)
]
1
(fA
n
(p)).
We extend the map to A(p) linearly.
11
Theorem (Commutative family M

(p), [YS2]). (1) The space

M

(p) := O

p
(A(p)) consists of commuting boson operators.
(2) The space M

N
(p) := M

(p)|
C
N
(p;x)|N
is a set of commuting dierence
operators containing the elliptic Ruijsenaars operator H
N
(q
1
, t
1
, p).
Theorem ([YS2]). [M(p), M

(p)] = 0, [M
N
(p), M

N
(p)] = 0 (N Z
>0
).
12
Sketch of the proof of [M(p), M

(p)] = 0
Assume an r-variable function A(x
1
, , x
r
) and an s-variable function
B(x
1
, , x
s
) have a period p :
T
p,x
i
A(x
1
, , x
r
) = A(x
1
, , x
r
) (1 i r),
T
p,x
i
B(x
1
, , x
s
) = B(x
1
, , x
s
) (1 i s).
Then we have
[[A(z
1
, , z
r
)E(p; z
1
) E(p; z
r
)]
1
, [B(w
1
, , w
s
)F(p; w
1
) F(p; w
s
)]
1
]=0.
This follows from the relation
[E(p; z), F(p; w)]=

p
(q)
p
(t
1
)
(p; p)
3

p
(qt
1
)

w
z
)
{
+
(p;
1/2
w)
+
(p;
1/2
p
1
w)}.
Then we have [O
p
(
r
(q, p; z)), O

p
(
s
(q, p; w))] = 0 (r, s Z
>0
). This prove
[M(p), M

(p)] = 0.
13
Summary

FFR of H
N
(q, t, p), H
N
(q
1
, t
1
, p)
A(p) : Elliptic Feigin-Odesskii alg.
combine

M(p), M

(p),
[M(p), M

(p)] = 0.
Further problems
Construct an elliptic analog of the Macdonald symmetric functions
Degeneration of the elliptic Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra U(q, t, p)
Modular double of the Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra which has the form as
U(e(
1
/
2
), e(/
2
)) U(e(
2
/
1
), e(/
1
)) (e(u) := e
2iu
).
14
References.
[FHHSY] B. Feigin, K. Hashizume, A. Hoshino, J. Shiraishi, S. Yanagida. A
Commutative Algebra on Degenerate CP
1
and Macdonald Polynomials. J.
Math. Phys. 50 (2009) arXiv:0904.2291.
[YS1] Yosuke Saito. Elliptic Ding-Iohara Algebra and the Free Field
Realization of the Elliptic Macdonald Operator. (2013) arXiv:1301.4912.
[YS2] Yosuke. Saito. Commutative Families of the Elliptic Macdonald
Operator. SIGMA. 10 (2014), 021. arXiv:1305.7097.
15
Functional equation of the kernel function
Let

(p; z) : F

C[[z, z
1
]] ( C) be the operator dened by

(p; z):=exp
(

n>0
(qt
1
p)
n
(1t
n
)
(1q
n
)(1p
n
)
a
n
z
n
n
)
exp
(

n>0
1t
n
(1q
n
)(1p
n
)
a
n
z
n
n
)
.
We use the symbol

(p; x) :=

N
j=1

(p; x
j
) (N Z
>0
). Then we have
N|

N
(p; x)[E(p; z)]
1
=
t
N+1

p
(t
1
)
(p; p)
3

H
N
(q, t, p)N|

N
(p; x),
N|

N
(p; x)[F(p; z)]
1
=
t
N1

p
(t)
(p; p)
3

H
N
(q
1
, t
1
, p)N|

N
(p; x).
By calculating the matrix element 0|

M
(p; x)[(p; z)]
1

N
(p; y)|0 in
dierent two ways, we have the following proposition.
Proposition. Let (x; q, p)

:=

m,n0
(1 xq
m
p
n
) and dene the elliptic
gamma function by
q,p
(x) := (qpx
1
; q, p)

/(x; q, p)

. Let
16

MN
(q, t, p)(x, y) (M, N Z
>0
) be the kernel function dened by

MN
(q, t, p)(x, y) :=

1iM
1jN

q,p
(x
i
y
j
)

q,p
(tx
i
y
j
)
.
Dene the function C
MN
(p; x, y) by
C
MN
(p; x, y) :=
0|

M
(p; x)[((p; z))

((p; p
1
z))
+
]
1

N
(p; y)|0

MN
(q, t, p)(x, y)
=
[
M

i=1

p
(t
1
x
i
z)

p
(x
i
z)
N

j=1

p
(z/y
j
)

p
(t
1
z/y
j
)
]
1
.
Then the kernel function
MN
(q, t, p)(x, y) satises the following functional
equation.
{H
M
(q, t, p)
x
t
MN
H
N
(q, t, p)
y
}
MN
(q, t, p)(x, y)
=
(1 t
MN
)(p; p)
3

p
(t)
C
MN
(p; x, y)
MN
(q, t, p)(x, y).
17
Where H
M
(q, t, p)
x
stands for the elliptic Ruijsenaars operator acting on
functions of x
1
, , x
M
.
18
Elliptic gamma function and the double sine function
Let Im(
1
) > 0, Im(
2
) > 0. The elliptic gama function
ell
(
1
,
2
; u) is
dened by

ell
(
1
,
2
; u) :=
(e(
1
+
2
u); e(
1
), e(
2
))

(e(u); e(
1
), e(
2
))

,
where (x; q, p)

:=

m,n0
(1 xq
m
p
n
).
For
1
,
2
C, assume Re(
1
) > 0, Re(
2
) > 0. The double sine function
S(
1
,
2
; u) (0 < Re(u) < Re(
1
+
2
)) is dened by
S(
1
,
2
; u) := exp
(
R+i0
e
ku
(1 e

1
k
)(1 e

2
k
)
dk
k
)
.
Then
ell
(
1
,
2
; u) and S(
1
,
2
; u) satisfy the following relation.
lim
r0
e
i
12r
1

2
(2u
1

2
)

ell
(r
1
, r
2
; ru) = e

i
2
B
2,2
(
1
,
2
;u)
S(
1
,
2
; u)
1
,
19
where B
2,2
(
1
,
2
; u) is the double Bernoulli polynomial of degree 2 dened
by
B
2,2
(
1
,
2
; u) :=
u
2

(
1

1
+
1

2
)
u +
1
6
(

2
+

2

1
)
+
1
2
.
Thus we can understand that the double sine function S(
1
,
2
; u) is a
degeneration of the elliptic gamma function
ell
(
1
,
2
; u).
20