1.

PROCEDURE
Social function Procedure: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of
instructions or directions.
Text organization procedure:
Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features procedure :
Use of imperative ( Cut.., Dont mix..)
Use of action verbs (turn, put)
Use of connectives(first, then, finally)
Example:
How To Make Fruit Ice
Materials :
Mango
Avocado
sugar water
Milk
Ice
Apple
Strawberries
Wine
Jackfruit
Steps :
1. First, Cut the fruit round or dice.
2. then, Scratching the flesh of a melon.
3. then, Boil sugar with water until cooked for about 30 minutes.
4. Next, Put in serving glasses that have been cut round pieces or dice.
5. then, to taste Pour the sugar water, put ice cubes and put milk on ice fruit.
6. Last, put the decorations on the glass with a piece of strawberry on it.




2. RECOUNT
Social function recount: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of
events.
Generic Structure of Recount:
Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
Re-orientation ( optional closure of events)
Language features Recount:
* Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
* Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)
* Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
* Use of adverbial phrases
* Use of adjectives
Example:
My trip to Borobudur Temple

Last week, I spent my vacation in Jogjakarta, the city is famous in Indonesia. I went to
the temple of Borobudur. My family and I went there in the morning we went to Borobudur
temple by private car family. I had prepared everything before we went to Jogja. While we were
driving, we get to see some beautiful scenery mountains, forests, and waterfalls as well as cars
pass by. My family and I arrived at the Borobudur Temple at 4:30 pm. There, I saw a lot of
tourists. Borobudur temple is crowded on a holiday vacation. I can learn and practice speaking
English with a foreign tourist different language to me. Dovi his name. He is very friendly. This is
the first time I spoke English with foreign tourists. We returned at 22:30 at night. It was a very
interesting holiday for me and my family was happy.









3. NARRATIVE
Social function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience
in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then
turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure Narrative:
Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)
Language features Narrative:
Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)
Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)
Example:
The Origin of the city Surabaya

Once upon a time , there were two animals , Sura and Baya name . Sura is the name of the
Beast is the Beast shark and Baya the crocodile . They live in the deep sea . After Sura and
Baya were looking for some food . Suddenly, Baya see a nice goat . " Yummy is good , this is
the most delicious lunch , " said Baya . ' No way ! This is my lunch . You greedy " Sura said .
Later they fought for goats . After several hours of fighting, they were very tired . Feels tired of
fighting , they live in different places . Sura Baya live in the water and stay in the country.

Border is the beach , so they do not will fight again . Someday , Sura went to the ground and
look for some food in the river . he was very hungry and there was not much food in the sea .
Baya was very angry when he knew that Sura broke a promise . they fight again . They both
punching and kicking . tail Sura Baya fight . Baya did the same thing to Sura . He bit very hard
until Sura finally gave up and returned to the sea . Baya happy . named his final city of
Surabaya .




4. DESCRIPTION
Social Function descriptive: To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure descriptive:
1) Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
2) Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)
Language features descriptive:
Focus on specific participants
Use of attributive and identifying processes
Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.
Use of the Simple Present Tense

Example:
BUTTERFLY
This is butterfly. It is look so beautiful with kind of colour. We can find at flower park.
The butterfly has antena on its head. It has beautiful wing. It always compute honney in top
flower. It life in good smell place, and it many kind of colour wing.

















5. NEWS ITEM
Social function news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are
considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure news item:
a) News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
b) Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
c) Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the
event)
Language features news item:
Information on the use of head lines.
Use of action verbs( hit, attack)
Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)

Example:

Air Force still Investigating Cause of Plane Crash
The Air Force is still investigating the cause of last Thursdays military plane crash on Mount
Salak, Bogor, an officials say.
I cannot reveal any preliminary suspicions on the crash because we are still waiting for result
of the investigating, Air Force spokesman Chaerudin Ray said here Sunday.
He said he was sure that human error was not the cause of the Casa 212s crash because the
Captains Pilot, Maj. Bendot Arjiyanto, was both an experienced pilot and an instructor.
Chaerudin said no Casa planes belonging to the Air Force, including the 1984 Casa light
transport airplane, carried a black box.
We only rely on the tape recorder and a record from the Jakarta air traffic control, he said.


(Source: The Jakarta Post, June 30, 2008)



6. REPORT
Social function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing,
animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.
Text organization report:
I. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under
discussion is.)
II. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities,
habits/behaviour).
Language features report:
Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)

Example:
Apple

The apple is the pomaceous fruit of the ampple tree, it is one of the most widely cultivated tree
fruits, the ree is small , 3 to 12 meter tail. The flowers are white they have five petals with 2,5 to
3,5 centimeters in diameter, the fruit is 5 to 9 centimeter in diameter, the apple tree comes from
central asia, there are more than 7.500 known cultivars of apples. Research shows that apples
may reduce the risk of colon cancer prostate cancer and lung cancer , apples contain relatively
low amounts of vitamin c as well as several other antioxidant compounds the fiber content in
apples may reuce the risk of colon cancer , they may also help coping with heeart disease,
weight loss, and controlling cholestrol, they are rich with caloric content like most fruits and
vegetables.







7. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in
the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure analytical exposition:
I. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the
writers position)
II. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may
vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
III. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)
Language features analytical exposition:
* Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
* Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
* Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
* Usually present tense
* Compound and complex sentences

Example:
Fast Food
Fast food nowadays is considered a normal eating venture. People are not just eating out on
special occasions or weekends anymore. It means that all the time they mostly eat fast foods.
However is fast food good for health?
Fast food has its popularity in the 1940s. Within a few years, fast-food operations popped up
everywhere. With the compelling rise in fast-food restaurants since the 1940s, oddly it started
the rise in obesity and cancer during that same time period.
Fast food is highly processed with a wide array of additives. To ensure fast foods low cost, the
fast food products are made with highly-processed ingredients to give it shelf-life, to hold
consistency, and to enhance flavor. Fast food is altered from its original healthy form.
It is not the calories in fast food which damage health and waistline. It is the chemical additives
such as aspartame and MSG (monosodium glutamate). Studies show that the chemical
additives lead to weight and disease issues.
So, there is absolutely nothing nutritional about fast food. Fast food simply feeds hunger and
craving/


8. SPOOF
Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist.
Generic structure spoof text:
a. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
b. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
c. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)
Language features spoof:
* Use of connectives (first, then, finally)
* Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
* Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)

Example:
Private Conversation"
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting.I did not
enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking very
loudly.I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned around. I looked at the man and the
young woman angrily. They did not pay any attention.In the end, I could not bear it. I turned
around again. I could not hear a word I said angrily.Its none of your business the young man
said rudely. This is a private conversation













9. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something
should or should not be the case.
Generic structure hortatory exposition:
Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)
Language features hortatory exposition:
Emotive words: alarmed, worried
Words that qualify statements: usual probably
Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
Usually present tense
Compound and complex sentences
Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must
Example:
Why Should Wearing a Helmet when Motorcycling

We often hear lots of stories from road regarding people taking spill on motorcycle when they
are riding without usinghelmet. Mostly the riders badly end up in mess. Wearing a fitted
protective helmet offers many benefits which reduces the negative aspects of riding. First and
the most important is that wearing the correct helmet can save a riders life, physical ability,
family pain, and money. The recommended designs of motorcycle helmets can providetotal
protection. They not only protect riders from getting a worse road injured accident but also from
flying bugs, such as rain, sleet, mud and other potential projectiles. Second, wearing a helmet
can gives the raiders a matter of style. Helmets give the opportunity for rider to express the
image they may want to project when riding on they way. This benefit may not be important to
some people, but to others, it means a lot and important. By choosing the most
appropriatehelmet from all of the various styles, such as beanie, shorty, German, and many
others, wearing a helmet which can projecting an image is an inherent crucial part of
motorcycling and help riders feel more confident when riding on the road. However, what most
important is wearing helmet when riding is a matter of using it properly. Bikers should use the
helmets which are fixed to their head. It is really not good if they places simply the helmets on
the head without settling them properly. The bikers should fasten the helmet correctly to their
head in order to get safe and comfort.
10. EXPLANATION
Social function explanation: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of
natural or socio cultural phenomena
Generic structure explanation:
* A general statement to position the reader
* A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
* Closing
Language features explanation:
Focus on generic, non-human participants.
Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive
voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical
language.
Focus on generic, non-human Participants
Use mainly of Material Processes and Relational Processes
Use mainly of Temporal and causal Circumstances and Conjunctions

Example:
Tsunami

The term of tsunami comes from the Japanese which means harbour ("tsu") and wave
("nami"). A tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or a sea is rapidly
displaced on a massive scale.

A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the
overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate
boundaries.

Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunami, and occur where
denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.

As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium, it
radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.

Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water
behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into
the coastal

11. DISCUSSION
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features
1) Focus on generic human and generic non-human Participants
2) Use of:
Material Processes, e.g. has produced, have developed, to feed
Relational Processes, e.g., is, could have, cause are
Mental Processes, e.g., feel.
3) Use of Comparative, contrastive and Consequential conjunctions
4) Reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns (abstraction).

Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an
issue (for points against points)
Generic structure discussion:
Opening statement presenting the issue
Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
Concluding recommendation
Language features discussion:
* Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
* Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.
* Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
* Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
* Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
* Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
* Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
* Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.









Example:
National Examination



The national examination is one of organized government assessments to measure student
success. the final value national exams that later determine a student graduation or not worthy
of the school. This is a cause debates and controversy in the community and among teachers.
How about your own??.


On one side of the national examination considered to improve the quality of education of a
country. With the national exam schools and teachers will be encouraged to be able to better
services for the students as possible and make every effort to make their students to pass the
exam. so the students will be encouraged to study in earnest to get as much value as possible
to prove that he could graduation.


However, there are those which disagree if the value of the national exam used to measure
student success in learning at school. Therefore it actually makes students become
overburdened with a value that must be achieved. This is what makes the students would think
to cheat a friend or buy a the answer key to its jockey matter, which is now found to Semarang.
student thinks he bought the key, he will get which maximum value. In fact it is so considered
dishonest and can affect not good for students who are serious about the national exam.

Actually school exam is absolutely necessary because it can encourage students to learn more
serious and also useful to measure the success of the learning process. Is the national exam as
the sole determinant of student graduation or combined with the end of school exams, legitimate
debate. And the government's policy discourse in the subjects adding UAN into 6 subjects were
legitimate - legitimate course of debate, as long as government policy is offset by equipping
facilities and infrastructure in all schools equally.
12. REVIEW
Social function review: To critique an art work or event for a public audience
Generic structure review:
o Orientation ( background information on the text)
o Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of
more than one.
o Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
o Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art
works being criticized.
Language features review:
v Focus on specific participants
v Use of adjectives
v Use of long and complex clauses
v Use of metaphor
v Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie,
TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.


















Example:
Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix

Orientation
I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always hold a special place in
my heart.

Evaluasi 1
I have to say that of all of the books, however, this was not my favorite.

Evaluasi 2
When the series began it was as much of a "feel good" experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa.
The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.

Interpretation
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works...you feel a whole
new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the
last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping pace of
the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if we're reading all
about Harry "just hanging out" instead of having his usual adventures. Reading in detail about
Harry cleaning up an old house, for example - housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or
no, and I'm not very interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it.

A few other changes in this book - the "real" world comes much more in to play rather than the
fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently been taken off his meds. I
know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a teenager and all, but
the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. He goes from being a warm-hearted,
considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend's heads off over nothing. It just
seemed like it didn't fit with his character, like he turned into a walking clich of the "angry teen"
overnight.

Summary
The "real" story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I actually
liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me care
about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would have been great.
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