Gutenberg Richter

1
SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME

PRIORITY FP6-2002-INCO-MPC-1

EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS
BY REVERSIBLE MIXED TECHNOLOGIES

Instrument: Specific Targeted Research Project
Thematic Priority: FP6-2002-INCO-MPC-1
Start date of project: 1st October 2004
Duration: 36 months

Contribution of UTCB to the Workpackage 3
RISK ANALYSIS

Date of preparation: August 5, 2005
Author(s): Dan Lungu, Cristian Arion, Radu Vacareanu
Organisation: Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest,
Structural Safety & Natural Hazards Research Centre

WP Leader:
Organisation:

Project coordinator: Federico M. Mazzolani
Organisation: Department of Structural Analysis and Design,
University of Naples Federico II, Italy

Revision [draft]

2


1. Seismic Hazard of Romania

Seismic zones of Romania are given in the map of Figure 1 according to simplified original
classification of Dr. Cornelius Radu.

Figure 1. Seismic zones of Romania end the epicenters of earthquakes during the period 984 - 2001

The map of maximum observed seismic intensities in Romania for a time interval ranging
from 1091 to 1980 is presented in Figure 2. According the map, the maximum seismic intensity
observed in Bucharest over almost one thousand years is VIII+.

3


Figure 2. Map of maximum observed seismic intensities in Romania, 1091-1980

In Figure 3 is illustrated the present seismic zonation of Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine and
Republic of Moldova. The general pattern of the map (which is based on deterministic
macroseismic observations) as well as the content of the table describing the conversion of
seismic intensity into ground acceleration are self-explanatory. They clearly suggest the need for
harmonization of seismic macrozonation maps and prove the need for a joint zonation of the
seismic hazard in the influence area of the Vrancea source. A NATO project with this subject is
under way.

Figure 3. Macroseismic zonation for Vrancea source

4


Figure 4. Present seismic zonation (2005) of Romania corresponding with MRI=50 yr.

Two catalogues of earthquakes occurred on the territory of Romania were compiled,
more or less independently, by Radu (1974, 1980, 1995) and by Constantinescu & Marza (1980,
1995). The Radus catalogue is more complete, even the majority of significant events are also
included in the Constantinescu & Marza catalogue. The magnitude in Radu catalogue is the
Gutenberg-Richter magnitude, M
GR
(Gutenberg & Richter, 1954).

Table 1. Radu Catalogue of major historical Vrancea earthquakes, I
0
9 (in Design of structures in
seismic zones: Eurocode 8 - Worked examples, 1997)

Nr.
Date Time
(GMT)
Intensity (max)
I
o
Magnitude
M
G-R
M
S
Radus
source
h:m:s Radu Others Radu Others
1 1196 Feb 13 07: (8) 8-9 9/CM (6.7) 7.2 7.3/CM 7.0/KS RT, R
2 1230 May 10 07: (8-9) 9
+
8.5/CM (6.9)7.4 7.1/CM 7.1/KS RT, R, N
3 1446 Oct 10 04: 8 8.5/CM 8-9/RT 6.7 7.3/CM 7.3/KS 6.9/RT RT, R
4 1471 Aug 29 10-11: (8) 9 9/CM 8-9 KS (6.9) 7.4 7.3/CM 7.1/KS RT, R
5 1516 Nov 8 12: 9 9/CM 8/KS 7.2 6.8/KS RT, R
6 1620 Nov 8 13-14: (8-9)9 9/CM 8/KS (6.9)7.2 7.3/CM 6.5/KS RT
7 1679 Ian29?/Aug 9 (8) 6 9/CM (6.7) 5.5 7.3/CM 6.8/KS RT
8 1681 Aug 18 (00)01: 9 8/CM (6.7)7.4 6.8/CM 6.8/KS RT
9 1738 May 31/ Jun 11 10-11: (8-9) 9 9.5/CM (6.9)7.4 7.5/CM 7.0/KS RT, R
10 1802 Oct 26 10:55 9 10/CM 7.5 7.7/CM 7.4/KS R
11 1838 Jan 23 18:45 8 9/CM 6.7 7.3/CM 6.9/KS R
Observations:
(i) Abbreviations of Radus sources:R - Radu Catalogues, 1971 & 1974, RT - Radu & Torro Catalogue, 1986,
N - Nikonov Catalogue, CM - Constantinescu & Marza Catalogue, 1980, KS - Kondorskaya & Shebalin Catalogue, 1977
(ii) Radus initial (1980) estimation of intensity and magnitude are given in parenthesis (...);
(iii) Radus underlined values for I
0
intensities denote the most probable value; (iv) I
0
is maximum MSK-64 intensity.

5

Table 2. Catalogue of major historical crustal (surface) earthquakes in Romania

I
o
Intensity
(MSK)

M
G-R

M
w

Moment
Magnitude
Date Lat.

N
Long.

E

h
Focus
depth
km Catalog C. Radu INFP, 2002
1550 Oct. 26 45.4 24.6 IX 7.2
1829 July 1 47.5 22.2 35 6.2
1879 Oct. 10 44.7 21.7 7 VIII 5.3 5.3
1901 Apr. 02 45.5 20.75 18 VII 5.0 5
1916 Jan. 26 45.4 24.6 21 VIII 6.4
1959 May 29 45.65 21.2 5 VII-VIII 5.0 5
1991 Jul. 12 45.38 21.05 11 VIII 5.7 5.6
1991 Jul. 18 44.90 22.35 12 VIII 5.6 5.6
1991 Dec. 02 45.45 21.12 9 VIII 5.6 5.5

The magnitude in Constantinescu & Marza catalogue was the surface magnitude, M
S
,
later tacitly assimilated as M
GR
(Marza, 1995). Example of Romanian earthquakes Catalogue for
the most severe i.e. subcrustal Vrancea source in Romania and the most energetic century i.e. XX-
century is given in Table 3.

Table 3. Catalogue of subcrustal Vrancea earthquakes (M
w
6.3 ) occurred during the 20
th
century

RADU Catalogue,
1994
MARZA
Catalogue,
1980
www.infp.ro
Catalogue,
1998
Date Time
(GMT)
h:m:s
Lat. N

Long. E

h, km I
0
M
GR
M
w
I
0
M
s
M
w
1903 13 Sept 08:02:7 45.7 26.6 >60 7 6.3 - 6.5 5.7 6.3
1904 6 Feb 02:49:00 45.7 26.6 75 6 5.7 - 6 6.3 6.6
1908 6 Oct 21:39:8 45.7 26.5 150 8 6.8 - 8 6.8 7.1
1912 25 May 18:01:7 45.7 27.2 80 7 6.0 - 7 6.4 6.7
1934 29 March 20:06:51 45.8 26.5 90 7 6.3 - 8 6.3 6.6
1939 5 Sept 06:02:00 45.9 26.7 120 6 5.3 - 6 6.1 6.2
1940 22 Oct 06:37:00 45.8 26.4 122 7 / 8 6.5 - 7 6.2 6.5
1940 10 Nov 01:39:07 45.8 26.7 150
1)
9 7.4 - 9 7.4 7.7
1945 7 Sept 15:48:26 45.9 26.5 75 7 / 8 6.5 - 7.5 6.5 6.8
1945 9 Dec 06:08:45 45.7 26.8 80 7 6.0 - 7 6.2 6.5
1948 29 May 04:48:55 45.8 26.5 130 6 / 7 5.8 - 6.5 6.0 6.3
1977 4 March
2)
19:22:15 45.34 26.30 109 8 / 9 7.2 7.5 9 7.2 7.4
1986 30 Aug 21:28:37 45.53 26.47 133 8 7.0 7.2 - - 7.1
1990 30 May 10:40:06 45.82 26.90 91 8 6.7 7.0 - - 6.9
1990 31 May 00:17:49 45.83 26.89 79 7 6.1 6.4 - - 6.4
1)
Demetrescus original (1941) estimation: 150Km; Radus initial estimation (1974) was 133 km

2)
Main shock

The envelope of the peak ground acceleration (PGA, cm/s
2
) recorded in Romania during
the last 3 strongest Vrancea earthquakes is interpolated in Figure 5. This clearly shows the
directivity pattern (N45
O
E) of the subcrustal Vrancea sources activity.

6

#
#
#
#
#
%
%
%
$
#
%
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
&
#
$
$
%
#
#
&
&
%
#
&
#
#
#
%
#
#
&
&
&
#
&
#
#
#
21 22
23
24
25
26 27
28
29
48
47
46
45
44
Ukraine
Hungary Republic of
Moldova
Yugoslavia
Bulgaria
Black
Sea
Banat
Valahia
Moldova
Cris
Mures
Danube
Dobrogea
P
r
u
t
#
#
#
#
#
Satu-Mare
Craiova
Timisoara
Cluj-Napoca
Oradea
Bucuresti
Turnu Magurele Ruse
Iasi
Baia
Adjud
Peris
Bacau
Varna
Surduc
Barlad
Dochia
Onesti
Tulcea
Focsani
Istrita
Giurgiu
Otopeni
Pitesti
Kavarna
Campina
Branesti
Botosani
Chisinau
Calarasi
Carcaliu
Provadia
Cernavoda
Vrancioaia
Vidra Lotru
Krasnogorka
Muntele Rosu
Bolintin Vale
Vidraru Arges
Transilvania
Cahul
Shabla
Fetesti
Ramnicu Sarat
1977
1986
1990
1940
86.6
79.1
97.2
45.8
14.3
26.1
11.5
50.9
82.0
90.8
36.2
48.2
32.9
93.6
33.6
61.5
297.1
109.4
186.9
157.2
208.6 150.8
194.9
114.1
223.8
112.4
112.2
132.0
168.6
136.6
212.8
146.4
232.1
164.0
107.1
100.4
158.6
#
Constanta
Valenii de Munte
219.8
Ploiesti
O
lt
#
100 0 100 200 Kilometers
ArcView GIS version 3.1, ESRI Inc. CA.
#
Epicenters of strong
Vrancea events
(Mw > 6.9)
Lungu, Aldea, 1999
N
E W
S
March 4, 1977
Mw=7.5
h=109 km
Aug.30, 1986
May 30, 1990
Mw=7.2
h=133 km
Mw=7.0
h=91 km
Mw - moment magnitude
h - focus depth
200 - 300
150 - 200
75- 150
0 - 75
PGA, cm/s2
ROMANIA. Maximum peak ground acceleration PGA, cm/s2 recorded during 1977, 1986 and 1990 VRANCEA earthquakes
Seismic stations with
free-field records:
& Bulgaria network
$ GEOTEC network
&
# INCERC network
% INFP network
R. of Moldova network

Figure 5. Maximum recorded peak ground acceleration during the last Vrancea strong events

Based on the results of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Vrancea source (Lungu et al.,
1995...2002) and taking into account the contributions from the crustal seismic sources around
Romania, Figure 6 presents the proposed hazard map for the new code for design of earthquake
resistant buildings in Romania, P100-2004. The map give the design peak ground acceleration,
a
g
for the MRI=100 yr seismic event. In the case of Bucharest city for the MRI=475 yr seismic
event a
g
is 0.35-0.4g as function of source depth, Table 4.

Table 4. PGA in Bucharest

Maximum credible Vrancea magnitude M
w,max
= 8.1
Focal depth, h, km 100 110 120 130 140 150
Mean recurrence interval, MRI, years 475
m 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.17
PGA, in g
m+1.0 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.31 0.28

7


Bucharest
MRI = 475 yr
PGA 0,35 g
T
p
= 1.6

Figure 6. Peak ground acceleration for design, a
g
for MRI=100 yr., P100-2004 code proposal

The response spectra in Figure 7 are recommended for Romania locations characterized by
various control period of response spectra: T
C
0.7s, 0.7s < T
C
1.0s, 1.0s<T
C
1.6s during
the MRI = 100 years Vrancea events.

8

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
oada T , s

There is an instrumental evidence, from both the 1977 earthquake and 1986 earthquake
that soil conditions in Bucharest are characterised by the long predominant period of ground
vibration: T
g
=1.4-1.6s. That T
g
explains the long corner period of response spectra T
c
=1.6s, in
Figure 8. A tentative macrozonation of Tc in Romania territory, based on existing records is
given in Figure 9.

Figure 8. INCERC seismic station in Eastern Bucharest. Normalised power spectral density for
the NS comp. of the March 4, 1977 and August 30, 1986 earthquakes
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0 10 20 30
Pulsatia , rad/s
D
e
n
s
i
t
a
t
e
a

s
40
l
a

n
o
r
m
a
t
p
e
c
t
r
a
a
l
i
z
a
4 Martie 1977, mp.NS
30 Aug. 1986, M=7.0, comp. NS
M=7.2, co
p
=2 /T
p
INCERC Bucuresti
P
S
D

Peri
T
B
=0.07
T
D
=3
5.775/T
2
1.925/T
0
=2.75
T
C
=0.7s
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Perioada T, s
T
C
=1.0s
2.75/T
0
=2.75
T
B
=0.1
T
D
=3
0.7s<Tc 1.0s
=0.05
Tc 0.7s
=0.05
8.25/T
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
T, s Perioada
T
D
=2
8.8/T
2
4.4/T
0
=2.75
T
B
=0.16
T
C
=1.6s
1.0s<Tc 1.6s
= 0.05
Period T,s
Period T,s
Figure 7. Normalised acceleration
design spectra for various soil condition
in Romania, P100-2004 code proposal
Period T,s

9


Figure 9. Romania. Control period of response spectra, P100-2003

2. Vulnerable buildings in Romania

The major developments in four generations of seismic codes in Romania can be
described as in Figure 10 when the history of overall seismic design coefficient, C
s
for shear wall
and frames structures in Bucharest is represented (1940-2002). The geometry of C
s
is self
explanatory.
One may note the gap of the C
s
for flexible buildings and structures during the period
1963-1978.
However, even for rigid structures built during that period, the maximum C
s
was about
2/3 of the present day C
s
.
It is emphasised that after the 1977 event, new ductility rules for RC structures were
imported from US practice and incorporated into Romanian seismic codes, P100. According to
the EUROCODE 8 requirements the rules were significantly improved after 1989.

10

0.1
0.4
0.7
1
1.3
1.6
1.9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Seismic
design
coefficient
C
s
, %
8-10
6-8
4-6
2-4
Year of code issue
Building period
T , s
10 %
8%
12.5 %
10%
5 %
2.2%
1.8%
2%
Shear walls
Frames
0.3 s
1.5 s
T
c
=1.5 s
1941
1945
1990
1992
1978
1981
1970
1963
7.5%
7.5%
7.2%
6.8%
T
c
=0.4 s
RIGID
buildings
FLEXIBLE
buildings
Ductile structures
Non ductile buildings

Figure 10. Evolution of seismic design coefficient in Bucharest during period 1940-2003

Example of the vulnerable residential, hospital, schools, churches in important cities of Romania
are given in the following:
Vulnerable residential buildings
-from Ministry of Transports, Constructions and Tourism of Romania-

City

Number of vulnerable
buildings

Number of
inhabitants

Bacau 6 208.643
Barlad 6 78.786
Braila 4 232.409
Brasov 8 312.481
Bucharest 123+ ... 2.011.305
Buzau 1 146.926
Campina 2 40.297
Iasi 49 347.606
Roman 1 81.731
Suceava 1 118.183
Targu-Mures 1 164.132
Vaslui 6 78.735

11

Vulnerable school buildings
-from Ministry of Education and Research of Romania-

Number of vulnerable schools

City

Requiring
technical
assessment

Having a
technical
report
Having
technical
documents
Total
Bacau 1 - - 1
Barlad 11 - - 11
Brasov 7 2 - 9
Bucharest 13 7 2 22
Constanta - - 1 1
Craiova 2 - 5 7
Galati 1 2 - 3
Giurgiu 2 - - 2
Iasi 3 5 - 8
Pitesti - 1 1 2
Ploiesti 1 5 - 6
Sibiu 3 1 - 4
Vaslui 10 - - 10

Total 54 23 9 86

Vulnerable hospital buildings
-from Ministry of Health and Family of Romania-
Number of vulnerable hospitals
CITY
Severely damaged.
Requiring immediate
technical assessment
Having a technical
report
Approved project
for retrofitting
Retrofitting in
work
Total
Bacau 3 3
Barlad 2 2
Bucharest 13 16 6 10 45
Buzau 9 9
Constanta 7 7
Craiova 4 4
Focsani 2 2
Galati 6 2 1 9
Giurgiu 1 1
Iasi 21 17 2 5 45
Pitesti 2 7 9
Ploiesti 2 2
Sibiu 1 1
Targu-Mures 2 2
Vaslui 4 1 5

12

Vulnerable buildings belonging to the cultural heritage
Examples

Orthodox Churches damaged after major historical earthquakes in Bucharest

No. Name Address 1802 1838 1940 1977
1
Manastirea
Plumbuita, de la
Podul Colentinei
Str. Plumbuita 58 severe
2 Manastirea Marcuta
Str. Gentianei din
Sos. Pantelimon
severe
3
Doamnei (fosta
manastire)
Intr. Bis. Doamnei 3,
Calea Victoriei 28
medium
4 Sf. Gheorghe-Nou Bd. Bratianu 27 medium
5 Manastirea Antim
Str. Mitropolitul Antim
Ivireanu 29
light
6 Sf. Elefterie-Vechi Str. Sf. Elefterie 15C medium medium
7 Oborul-Vechi Str. Traian 204 medium medium
8 Sf. Pantelimon Str. Iancu Capitanu 24 severe
9 Popa Rusu Str. Popa Rusu 13-17 medium
10 Precupetii Noi
Str. G-ral Ernest
Brosteanu 12
medium
11 Doamna Ghica-Tei Str. Doamna Ghica 2 medium
12
Manastirea
Sf. Spiridon-Nou
Calea Serban Voda 29 medium
13 Sf, Nicolae Tabacu Calea Victoriei 180 medium medium
14 Sf. Nicolae-Selari
Str. Blanari 16 /
Intr. Selari
collapse
15 Sf. Mina (Vergului) Str. C. F. Robescu 18A medium
16
Herastrau-Sfintii
Apostoli Petru si
Pavel
Str. Nicolae Caranfil
28
medium
17 Dobroteasa
Bd. Mircea Voda
35B
medium
18 Amzei Str. Biserica Amzei 12 light medium
19
Biserica si Scoala
Sf. Silvestru
Str. Silvestru 36 medium
20 Boteanu (cu Bradu) Str. Boteanu 8 medium severe
21 Popa Nan
Str. Popa Nan 47 bis si
Str. Gh. Costa-Foru 5
severe severe
22
Sfantul Apostol
Andrei-Chitila II
Sos. Chitilei 138 severe
23 Aparatorii Patriei II Str. Lunca Barzesti 3 medium

13


5
1
6
20
24
10
9
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Bucharest
Cultural heritage orthodox churches

Figure 11. Distribution by age of churches listed as cultural heritage
(Data source: National Institute of Historical Monuments Bucharest, 2004)

The 87 churches from Bucharest listed by the Romanian Ministry of Culture as historic
monuments (Source: National Institute of Historical Monuments Bucharest, 2004) are
represented in Figure 11.

2
4
16
20
16
29
47
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Bucharest
All orthodox churches

Figure 12. Distribution by age of all orthodox churches
(Data source: Atlas Guide of religious buildings in Bucharest, Vol 1, 2, 3, 1999)

14

3. Fragility functions for representative building types

Table 5 lists the several typical modern model building in contemporary Romania.

Table 5. Model building types in Romania

Height
No. Label Description Range Typical
Name Stories Stories Meters
1
2
RC1M
RC1H
Concrete Moment Frame
Mid-Rise
High-Rise
4 - 7
8+
6
10
17.1
28.5
3
4
RC2M
RC2H
Concrete Shear Walls
Mid-Rise
High-Rise
4 - 7
8+
6
10
17.1
28.5

The building capacity curve (also known as a push-over curve) is a plot of a building
lateral load resistance as a function of a characteristic lateral displacement (i.e., a force-
deflection plot). It is derived from a plot of static-equivalent base shear versus building (e.g.,
roof) displacement. In order to facilitate direct comparison with earthquake demand (i.e.
overlaying the capacity curve with a response spectrum), the force (base shear) axis is converted
to spectral acceleration and the displacement axis is converted to spectral displacement.

The three control points that define model building capacity in Figure 13 are related to:
Design capacity
Yield capacity
Ultimate capacity

Sa
Sd
Dy Du Dd
Au
Ay
Ad
Ultimate
Capacity
Yield
Capacity
Design
Capacity

Figure 13. Example Building Capacity Curve, HAZUS

The classification suggested by Park, Ang & Wen was adapted for the damage states, Table 6.

15

Table 6.

Range of damage index Damage state
DI 0.1 None
0.1 < DI 0.25 Slight
0.20 < DI 0.40 Moderate
0.40 < DI < 1.00 Extensive
DI 1.00 Complete

In RISK-UE project, example of building fragility curves for Slight, Moderate, Extensive
and Complete structural damage states for above typical building types were computed. Example
results are indicated in Figure 14, Figure 15 and Figure 16.

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
1941-1962 1963-1969 1970-1977 1978-1989 1989-2002
Seismic code period
A
y
,

'
g
RC1H
RC2H

Figure 14. Yielding acceleration, A
y
according to seismic code period

16

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
1941-1962 1963-1969 1970-1977 1978-1989 1989-2002
Seismic code period
A
u
,

'
g
RC1H
RC2H

Figure 15. Ultimate acceleration, A
u
according to seismic code period

RC1H, 1990-2002
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 10 20 30 40 5
SD, cm
P
(
>
d
s
|
S
D
)
0
Slight
Moderate
Extensive
Complete

Figure 16. Fragility Curves for Slight, Moderate, Extensive and Complete Damage

17


References

JICA Technical Cooperation Project "Reduction of Seismic Risk for Buildings and Structures" with Romania, 2002-
2007, Ref.#7241011E0
P100-2004, draft code for design of earthquake resistant buildings in Romania.
Vrancea Earthquakes. Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation, 1999. Contributions from the First International
Workshop on Vrancea Earthquakes, Bucharest, Romania, Nov.1-4, 1997, Wenzel, F., Lungu, D., Editors,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, 374 p.
Arion, C., 2003. Seismic Zonation of Romania considering the soil condition and seismic sources. PhD Thesis
UTCB, Bucharest, 181p.
Lungu D., Arion, C., Aldea A., Seismic protection of the cultural heritage buildings, oral presentation at The VII
th

National Conference for protection of cultural heritage patrimony, Bucharest, March 31 April 2 2005.
Lungu D., Aldea A., Arion, C., Demetriu S.,Cornea T., 2000. Microzonage Sismique de la ville de Bucarest -
Roumanie, Cahier Technique de lAssociation Franaise du Gnie Parasismique, No.20, p.31-63
Lungu, D., Cornea, T., Aldea, A., Zaicenco, A., (1997). Basic representation of seismic action. In: Design of
structures in seismic zones: Eurocode 8 - Worked examples. TEMPUS PHARE CM Project 01198:
Implementing of structural Eurocodes in Romanian civil engineering standards. Edited by D.Lungu,
F.Mazzolani and S.Savidis.Bridgeman Ltd., Timisoara, p.1-60.
Radu, C. manuscripts, (1994). Catalogues of earthquakes occurred on Romanian territory during the periods 984-
1990 and 1901-1994.

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SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME

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