Suport de Curs IDFR, Limba Engleza An I

Specializarea: Toate specializrile
LIMBA ENGLEZ
APLICAT N
AFACERI
crs practic
AN!L I
Se"estrele # $i %
Cluj-Napoca 2013
Cod disciplin: ELE 1006 (semestrul 1); ELE 2006 (semestrul 2)
SPECIALIZAEA !I!"LA #E #ISCIPLI$A !"!%E
Cont&'ilit&te (i In)orm&tic
de *estiune
Lect. univ. dr. Fekete Adriana-
Corina
adriana.fekete@portalid.ubbcluj.ro
Dr. Gz Roxana
roxanaz@!a"oo.fr
Economie (i A)&ceri
Intern&+ion&le
,in&n+e (i -nci
Lect. univ. dr. #aan-#elter Diana-
C"ri$tine
diana.zelter@linua.ubbcluj.ro
Dr. Flanja Delia
deliaflanja@!a"oo.fr
Economi& Comer+ului.
!urismului (i Ser/iciilor
0&r1etin2
Lect. univ. dr. Fekete Adriana-
Corina
adriana.fekete@portalid.ubbcluj.ro
Dr. Flanja Delia
deliaflanja@!a"oo.fr
In)orm&tic Economic Lect. univ. dr. G"i%an &aria #oica
'uenia
zoica."itan@linua.ubbcluj.ro
A$i$t. univ. dr. Ar(a)u *eronica
Diana
veronica.ar(a$u@linua.ubbcluj.ro
0&n&2ement A$i$t. univ. dr. +ov,c$ R-ka
reka.kovac$@linua.ubbcluj.ro
A$i$t. univ. drd. .an /oana Gabriela
ioana.nan@linua.ubbcluj.ro
0&n&2ement lini& m&23i&r Lect. univ. dr. +ele(en Antonia
/zabella
antonia.kele(en@linua.ubbcluj.ro
A$i$t. univ. 0ir1 'nik1
eniko.biro@linua.ubbcluj.ro
2
E$*LIS4 ,% 1
S!
5EA -"SI$ESS S!"#E$!S
I6 *E$EAL E0A7S
2"e cour$e addre$$e$ inter(ediate 3Co((on 'uropean Fra(e4ork of Reference 056 $tudent$. 2o "elp
!ou decide 4"at level !ou are7 4e $ue$t !ou u$e t"e follo4in de$criptor$ of lanuae abilit! a$ iven
b! t"e Co((on 'uropean Fra(e4ork of Reference.
le/el description
A1
Can under$tand and u$e fa(iliar ever!da! expre$$ion$ and ver! ba$ic p"ra$e$ ai(ed at t"e $ati$faction of
need$ of a concrete t!pe. Can introduce "i(8"er$elf and ot"er$ and can a$k and an$4er 9ue$tion$ about
per$onal detail$ $uc" a$ 4"ere "e8$"e live$7 people "e8$"e kno4$ and t"in$ "e8$"e "a$. Can interact in a
$i(ple 4a! provided t"e ot"er per$on talk$ $lo4l! and clearl! and i$ prepared to "elp.
A2
Can under$tand $entence$ and fre9uentl! u$ed expre$$ion$ related to area$ of (o$t i((ediate relevance 3e..
ver! ba$ic per$onal and fa(il! infor(ation7 $"oppin7 local eorap"!7 e(plo!(ent6. Can co((unicate in
$i(ple and routine ta$k$ re9uirin a $i(ple and direct exc"ane of infor(ation on fa(iliar and routine (atter$.
Can de$cribe in $i(ple ter($ a$pect$ of "i$8"er backround7 i((ediate environ(ent and (atter$ in area$ of
i((ediate need.
-1
Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in
work, school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst travelling in an area where
the language is spoken. Can produce simple connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal
interest. Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes & ambitions and briefly give reasons and
explanations for opinions and plans.
-2
Can under$tand t"e (ain idea$ of co(plex text on bot" concrete and ab$tract topic$7 includin tec"nical
di$cu$$ion$ in "i$8"er field of $peciali$ation. Can interact 4it" a deree of fluenc! and $pontaneit! t"at (ake$
reular interaction 4it" native $peaker$ 9uite po$$ible 4it"out $train for eit"er part!. Can produce clear7 detailed
text on a 4ide rane of $ubject$ and explain a vie4point on a topical i$$ue ivin t"e advantae$ and
di$advantae$ of variou$ option$.
C1
Can under$tand a 4ide rane of de(andin7 loner text$7 and reconi$e i(plicit (eanin. Can expre$$
"i(8"er$elf fluentl! and $pontaneou$l! 4it"out (uc" obviou$ $earc"in for expre$$ion$. Can u$e lanuae
flexibl! and effectivel! for $ocial7 acade(ic and profe$$ional purpo$e$. Can produce clear7 4ell-$tructured7
detailed text on co(plex $ubject$7 $"o4in controlled u$e of orani$ational pattern$7 connector$ and co"e$ive
device$.
C2
Can under$tand 4it" ea$e virtuall! ever!t"in "eard or read. Can $u((ari$e infor(ation fro( different $poken
and 4ritten $ource$7 recon$tructin aru(ent$ and account$ in a co"erent pre$entation. Can expre$$ "i(8"er$elf
$pontaneou$l!7 ver! fluentl! and preci$el!7 differentiatin finer $"ade$ of (eanin even in (ore co(plex
$ituation$.
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages)
/t i$ ab$olutel! nece$$ar! t"at $tudent$ 4"o$e level i$ lo4er t"an inter(ediate $"ould 4ork individuall! to
reac" t"at level. 2o t"i$ purpo$e7 $tudent$ can u$e practical ra((ar$ 4"ic" contain e$$ential t"eoretical
infor(ation and practical ta$k$ 3$ee Suggested i!iograph"6 or take 'nli$" lanuae cour$e$ offered b!
$peciali$ed in$titution$.
C%"SE #ESCIP!I%$
%'8ecti/es
2"e purpo$e of Eng!ish for#
st
$ear %usiness Students i$ to develop t"e 4ritten and oral co((unication
$kill$ of bu$ine$$ $tudent$. 2"e cour$e focu$e$ on t4o vital area$ of t"e learnin proce$$: i(provin
readin and 4ritin $kill$ a$ 4ell a$ developin learnin $kill$. 2"e $ubject (atter7 dra4n fro( variou$
bu$ine$$ field$7 i$ not exce$$ivel! $peciali$ed.
Structure
3
'i"t unit$ are devoted to trainin $tudent$ in t"e $kill$ of readin7 developin vocabular!7 and 4ritin.
2"e$e unit$ are de$ined to "elp $tudent$:
0eco(e fa(iliar 4it" t"e variou$ vocabular! ite($ related to bu$ine$$ 'nli$"
0eco(e fa(iliar 4it" t"e variou$ expre$$ion$ related to $pecific lanuae function$
/(provin readin $kill$ b! focu$in on bot" content and t"e u$e of t"e$e$ expre$$ion$ in ta$k-
ba$ed 4ritin exerci$e$
0uild up 4ritin $kill$ b! practi$in t"e contextual u$e of t"e vocabular! ite($ and focu$in on
ra((ar in controlled practice exerci$e$.
Learn and revie4 ba$ic bu$ine$$ vocabular!
2"e $tructure of t"e unit$ i$ $!$te(atic7 conci$e and explicit7 re$pon$ive to t"e variet! of co((unicative
circu($tance$ in bu$ine$$. 2"e content i$ for(ative7 ai(in at developin $tudent$; a4arene$$ of t"e
need for co((unicatin correctl! in a forein lanuae. &ainl! de$ined to be u$ed a$ $elf-$tud!
(aterial7 t"e book intend$ to encourae $tudent$ to take individual $tud! (ore $eriou$l!7 to offer
$tandardi$ed exerci$e$7 to provide concrete exa(ple$7 to focu$ on lanuae u$e 3kno4lede of lanuae7
lanuae $kill$7 a4arene$$ of t"e nature of learnin7 a4arene$$ of t"e readin proce$$7 attitude$ to
readin: unkno4n 4ord$7 $trateie$7 <(eanin;7 opportunitie$ for di$cu$$ion8 exc"ane$ of opinion6.
2"e text$ provide opportunitie$ for revie4 and expan$ion of t"e $kill$ t"rou"out t"e !ear. Furt"er(ore7
t"e unit$; orani$ation allo4$ t"e $tudent to take advantae of individual $tud!. 2"e abundance of
(aterial in t"e text$ (ake$ t"e( ea$il! adaptable to var!in learner intere$t$7 $tudent $pecialtie$7 and
lanuae level$.
2"e unit$ of t"e book deal 4it" text$ t"at offer t"e po$$ibilit! of learnin $pecific vocabular!7 ra((ar
$tructure$ and functional lanuae in appropriate context$. 2"e ta$k$ $tudent$ 4ill "ave to carr! out 4ill
"elp t"e( develop t"eir lanuae $kill$ in an interated 4a!7 i.e. extractin t"e (ain idea$ fro( a text88
takin note$ etc.
2"e $tructure of (o$t unit$ i$ t"e follo4in:
a. Lead-in
b. Readin
c. *ocabular! develop(ent
d. Lanuae focu$
e. Function$
2"e lead-in $ection i$ devi$ed to introduce $tudent$ to t"e topic of t"e unit. /t con$i$t$ of 9ue$tion$ or
exerci$e$ t"at foreca$t t"e $ubject (atter to be dealt 4it" in t"e readin $ection.
2"e reading section contain$ text$ t"at offer bot" infor(ation connected 4it" t"e bu$ine$$ environ(ent
and t"e opportunit! to i(prove and enric" $tudent$; vocabular! 4it" ne4 4ord$ and expre$$ion$.
2"e vocabulary development $ection offer$ explanation of $o(e of t"e lexical ite($ fro( t"e text and
expand$ t"e learnin context to t"e lexical area$ of t"e 4ord$8 expre$$ion$ $tudied. /t pre$ent$ bot"
eneral and $peciali$ed vocabular! and t"e activitie$ initiated "ere re9uire $u$tained individual 4ork 4it"
t"e dictionar!.
2"e language focus $ection $tart$ fro( exa(ple$ found in t"e text. /t "a$ t4o $ub-$ection$: one t"at
deal$ 4it" t"e theoretica! input of a certain ra((ar proble( 3rule$7 exa(ple$ etc.6 and t"e $econd =
&ractice = t"at contain$ different t!pe$ of exerci$e$. >o4ever7 $tudent$ $"ould decide 4"et"er t"e! need
(ore practice and if $o7 t"e! $"ould u$e additional $elf-$tud! (aterial$ 3practical ra((ar$6.
2"e functions section contain$ a nu(ber of expre$$ion$ t"at repre$ent certain lanuae function$. 2"i$
(a! "elp $tudent$ beco(e fa(iliar 4it" t"e context in 4"ic" t"e$e expre$$ion$ are u$ed. 2"e $ection
al$o contain$ $ue$ted 4ritin activitie$ in order to focu$ attention on individual activitie$ t"at offer t"e
po$$ibilit! of (akin u$e of t"e kno4lede ac9uired 4it"in eac" unit7 a$ a 4"ole.
/n $o(e unit$ t"ere i$ a $ection entitled Eng!ish in 'se. 2"i$ $ection ai($ at fa(iliari$in $tudent$ 4it" t"e
$tructure of t"e Language in 'se $ection of t"e lanuae abilit! exa(ination t"at t"e! 4ill "ave to take on
raduation.
Course c&lend&r
2"e ei"t unit$ 4ill be approac"ed in t"e order t"e! appear7 i.e. t"e fir$t four unit$ in t"e fir$t $e(e$ter
and t"e re(ainin four in t"e $econd $e(e$ter.
'ver! $e(e$ter $tudent$ 4ill "ave cla$$e$ 4it" t"e teac"er t4ice7 four "our$ eac" ti(e. 0efore co(in to
cla$$7 $tudent$ $"ould $tud! t"e unit$ planned a$ follo4$:
4
First semester
Fir$t (eetin = unit$ 5 and ?7 (ntroduction to %usiness Communication and &resentations
@econd (eetin = unit$ A and B7 )he Structure of the Firm and %usiness Ethics
Second semester
Fir$t (eetin = unit$ C and D7 *anagement and Recruitment
@econd (eetin = unit$ E and F7 %usiness )ra+e! and Cu!ture and Ci+i!isation
2"e cla$$e$ are (ainl! ai(ed at c"eckin $tudent$; individual 4ork and an$4erin po$$ible 9ue$tion$7
clarif!in 4"atever a$pect$ $tudent$ (a! "ave found difficult to under$tand.
Ge 4ould like to in$i$t on t"e fact t"at attendin t"e cla$$e$ alone cannot ive $tudent$ t"e nece$$ar!
kno4lede of 'nli$". @elf-$tud! i$ extre(el! i(portant in ac9uirin a forein lanuae e$peciall! for
lon-di$tance $tudent$ 4"o are not expo$ed to t"e 4eekl! cla$$roo( context. Readin ne4$paper
article$ in 'nli$" 3t"e /nternet i$ an inex"au$tible re$ource6 and lookin up unkno4n vocabular! can be
of reat "elp.
Assessment
@tudent$ 4ill "ave to co(plete t"ree "o(e4ork a$$in(ent$ durin eac" $e(e$ter. 2"e$e a$$in(ent$
carr! AHI of t"e final (ark.
'ver! $e(e$ter $tudent$ 4ill "ave to take a 4ritten te$t. 2"e te$t 4ill (ainl! con$i$t of:
ra((ar and vocabular! ta$k$ = CHI
9ue$tion$ referrin to t"e topic$ covered durin t"e $e(e$ter 3t"e 9ue$tion$ t"at appear a$
reflection topic$ in t"e @2JK A.D 2>/.+L $ection$6 = CHI
2"e final (ark 4ill be calculated a$ follo4$:
"o(e4ork a$$in(ent$ = AHI
final te$t = EHI
/t i$ ver! i(portant t"at $tudent$ under$tand t"at t"i$ practical cour$e book doe$ not contain t"e entire
vocabular! of t"e 'nli$" lanuaeL 2"at 4ould be i(po$$ible. Con$e9uentl!7 $tudent$ $"ould
under$tand t"at in t"e te$t t"e! (a! "ave to deal 4it" ta$k$ containin vocabular! t"at doe$ not appear in
t"e cour$e book but 4"ic" t"e! are $uppo$ed to kno4 at t"e inter(ediate level. 2"e t!pe and $tructure of
t"e ta$k$ t"at 4ill appear in t"e te$t 4ill be t"e $a(e a$ t"o$e of t"e ta$k$ t"at appear in t"e cour$e book.
>o4ever7 t"e! 4ill not nece$$aril! be identical $ince t"e ai( of t"e te$t i$ not to a$$e$$ $tudent$;
(e(or!7 but t"eir abilit! to u$e t"e ac9uired kno4lede in co((unication $ituation$.
2"eoretical kno4lede 4ill not be te$ted. @tudent$ $"ould be able to $peak the !anguage not aout it.
/t i$ not co(pul$or! to attend t"e cla$$e$. >o4ever7 contributin to t"e cla$$ can brin !ou 5 additional
point to t"e final (ark.
5
Suggested Bibliography
MMM Co!!ins Coui!d Eng!ish Language ,ictionar" 3London: Collin$ 'L27 >arper Collin$ Kubli$"er$7
?HHA6
0udai7 L.7 -ramatica eng!e./ 0 teorie 1i e2erci3ii 30ucure)ti: 2eora7 ?HH56
A.N. 2"o($on7 A.*. &artinet7 4 &ractica! Eng!ish -rammar 3London: Jxford Oniver$it! Kre$$7 5PPD6
*ince7 &.7 4d+anced Language &ractice 3London: &ac&illan >eine(ann 'L27 5PPB6
*ince7 &.7 (ntermediate Language &ractice 3London: &ac&illan >eine(ann 'L27 5PPF6
&ann7 &alcol( Q2a!lore-+no4le$7 @teve 3?HHF6. ,estination %57 &ac&illan
&ann7 &alcol( Q2a!lore-+no4le$7 @teve 3?HHF6. ,estination C#6C57 &ac&illan
@4an7 &ic"ael 3?HHP6. &ractica! Eng!ish 'sage7 JOK
@4an7 &ic"ael7 0aker7 David 3?H5?6. -rammar Scan. ,iagnostic )ests for &ractica! Eng!ish 'sage7 JOK
9e'sites
"ttp:88444.ca(bride.or8elt8dictionarie$8cald."t(7
"ttp:88444.pear$on.c"8Lanuae2eac"in8Dictionarie$8Dictionarie$-0riti$"85BBP8PEFHCF?AHDHDD8.e4-
'dition-Lon(an-0u$ine$$-'nli$".a$px7 "ttp:88444.(ac(illandictionarie$.co(8"o(e."t(7
"ttp:88444.oup.co(8elt8cataloue8i$bn8H-5P-BA5?BA-ERccSlobal.
,ree:&ccess online diction&ries:
"ttp:88dictionar!.ca(bride.or87 "ttp:88444.ldoceonline.co(87
"ttp:88444.oup.co(8elt8cataloue8teac"er$ite$8oaldE8RccSlobal.
urther !ocabulary Study
"$I! 1
&ic"ael *ince = (ntermediate Language &ractice7 p. 5PP-?H?T
&ic"ael *ince = 4d+anced Language &ractice7 p. ?5?-?5DT ?5P-??H
"$I! 2
&ic"ael *ince = (ntermediate Language &ractice7 pp. ?AD-?AFT
&ic"ael *ince = 4d+anced Language &ractice7 pp. ??B-??E
"$I! ;
&ic"ael *ince = 4d+anced Language &ractice7 pp. ?HA-?HDT ?HP-?5AT ??H-??A
"$I! <
&ic"ael *ince = (ntermediate Language &ractice7 pp. ?A5-?AAT ?B?-?BB
&ic"ael *ince = 4d+anced Language &ractice7 pp. 5P?-5PD
"$I! =
&ic"ael *ince = 4d+anced Language &ractice7 pp. ?HA-?HCT ?HP-?5AT ?5D-?5P
"$I! 6
&ic"ael *ince = 4d+anced Language &ractice7 pp. 5PP-?H?
urther "anguage Study
#$% #%&S% S'S#%(
(ichael !ince ) *dvanced "anguage +ractice
2en$e con$olidation = Onit$ 5 = B 3pp. 5-?B6
Krore$$ 2e$t 3pp. ?C-?P6
(ichael !ince ) ,ntermediate "anguage +ractice
Onit$ ? = P 3pp. A-AD6
Kroble($7 'rror$ and Con$olidation 3p. AE6
*.-. #homson, *.!. (artinet ) * +ractical %nglish .rammar
2"e pre$ent ten$e$ 3pp. 5C?-5D?6
2"e pa$t and perfect ten$e$ 3pp. 5D5-5EP6
2"e future 3pp. 5FH-5PB6
.%/0&12,&,&,#,!%
Onit 5P 3pp. 5HE-55A6
6
Onit$ AF = AP 3pp. 5C?-5DC6
2"e infinitive 3p. ?5?-??E6
2"e erund 3pp. ??F-?AA6
/nfinitive and erund con$truction$ 3pp. ?AB-?AF6
*C#,!%2+*SS,!%
Onit$ D-E 3pp. AH-BH6
Onit$ 5C = 5D 3pp. CF-DA6
2"e pa$$ive voice 3pp. ?DA-?DF6
0%#ALS
Onit$ 55-5? 3pp. CP-EH6
Onit$ 5E = 5F 3pp. DB-E56
*a" and can for per(i$$ion and po$$ibilit! 3pp. 5?F-5AA6
Can and e a!e for abilit! 3pp. 5AB-5AD6
7ught8 shou!d8 must8 ha+e to8 need for obliation 3pp. 5AE-5BD6
*ust8 ha+e8 wi!! and shou!d for deduction and a$$u(ption 3pp. 5BE-5BP6
7
TABLE &F C&NTENTS
Objectives........................................................................................................3
S''este( Bi)lio'rap*+,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-
S.a/0 Mic*ael0 Ba1er0 2a3i( 4%5#%6, Gra""ar Sca/, 2ia'/ostic
Tests 7or Practical E/'lis* !sa'e0 &!P,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-
Frt*er 8oca)lar+ St(+,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-
UNIT 1 ...................................................................................................................................................6
UNIT 2 ...................................................................................................................................................6
UNIT 3 ...................................................................................................................................................6
UNIT 4 ...................................................................................................................................................6
UNIT 5 ...................................................................................................................................................6
UNIT 6 ...................................................................................................................................................6
Frt*er La/'a'e St(+,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-
MODALS................................................................................................................................................7
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS COMMUNICATION..............................................12
!NIT &NE 9 INTR&2!CTI&N T& B!SINESS C&MM!NICATI&N#:
1. Communication............................................................................................................................... 13
1.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................13
OMMUNIATION ...........................................................................................................................13
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................13
1.2. %eadin& .......................................................................................................................................................13
1.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................14
1.3.3. L((/ at t0e -0+ases &iven in 1.3.1. T0en .atc0 1-1 2it0 a-0...................................................................15
1.4 3)ncti(ns.......................................................................................................................................................16
2. Communication and the media.......................................................................................................16
2.1. Lead in .........................................................................................................................................................16
Ans2e+ t0e 4(**(2in& 5)esti(ns6...............................................................................................................16
2.3. %eadin& ........................................................................................................................................................17
TI!S TO "7L! 8OU$ ..............................................................................................................................17
2.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................11
TI!S TO "7L! 8OU$ ..............................................................................................................................19
2.4. Lan&)a&e 3(c)s6 T0e N()n : N).be+ A&+ee.ent......................................................................................2;
2.5. 3)ncti(ns......................................................................................................................................................2;
"e**(< I=.> 4+(.>.................................................................................................................2;
"e**(< ., na.e is>I 2(+/ 4(+>...............................................................................................2;
3. IT and uman Inte!action..............................................................................................................21
3.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................21
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................21
3.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................21
TI!S TO "7L! 8OU$ ..............................................................................................................................21
3.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................23
3.4. 3)ncti(ns......................................................................................................................................................24
UNIT 2 "RESENTATIONS............................................................................................................26
!NIT T;& 9 PRESENTATI&NS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,%<
1. Bu#ine## $!e#entation#.....................................................................................................................2%
8
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................27
2. &i!#t meetin'#................................................................................................................................... 31
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................31
3. Bu#ine## meetin'#............................................................................................................................3(
TI!S TO "7L! 8OU$ ..............................................................................................................................34
?)siness Meetin&s t0at Matte+ - it@s !(ssib*e$................................................................................................35
"(2 t( !*an a Meetin&...................................................................................................................................35
UNIT 3 COM"AN) STRUCTURE................................................................................................3*
!NIT T=REE 9 T=E STR!CT!RE &F T=E FIRM,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:>
1. T+$e# o, Bu#ine##e# ........................................................................................................................3-
1.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................39
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................39
1.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................39
1.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................41
1.4. 3)ncti(ns......................................................................................................................................................42
2. The $.ace o, /o!0............................................................................................................................(2
2.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................42
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................42
2.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................42
2.3. Lan&)a&e in )se ...........................................................................................................................................43
2.4. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................44
2.4.1. Matc0 t( .a/e sentences...........................................................................................................................44
2.4.2. Use t0e 2(+d &iven in ca-ita*s t( 4(+. a 2(+d t0at 4its in t0e s-ace.........................................................44
A*t0()&0 a ce+tain -e+centa&e (4 &+ad)ates 2i** sti** be 1 AAA B7M!LO8C siD .(nt0s a4te+ *eavin& )nive+sit,<
t0e .aj(+it, 2i** 0ave 4()nd 2 AAA B7M!LO8C b, t0en. Man, (4 t0ese 2i** even 0ave been (44e+ed a j(b
20i*e at )nive+sit,< as a +es)*t (4 visitin& a j(b 4ai+. E(b 4ai+s a+e 0e*d at .an, )nive+sities eac0 ,ea+.
(.-anies c(.e a*(n& t( adve+tise j(bs< 20ic0 a+e )s)a**, in 3 AAA BMANAF7C< and t0e ca+ee+ st+)ct)+es
and bene4it -ac/a&es t0at &( 2it0 t0e.. E(b 4ai+s a+e an 4 AAA B7337TC 2a, 4(+ )nde+&+ad)ates t( 4ind ()t
20at /ind (4 j(b t0e, .i&0t be inte+ested in. I4 ,() &( t( a j(b 4ai+< d+ess 5 AAA B!%O37SSIONC. D(n=t 2ea+
jeans and a T-s0i+t. Gea+ a s)it$ 8() d(n=t 2ant t( *((/ 6 AAA B%7S!ONSI?L7C 20en ,() 0ave ,()+ 4i+st 7
AAA BM77TC 2it0 ,()+ -(tentia* 1 AAA B7M!LO8C. I4 ,()=+e inte+ested in a j(b (n (44e+< ,() .a, 0ave t( 4i**
()t an 9 AAA BA!!L8C 4(+.< s( it=s 1; AAA B"7L!C t( ta/e a*(n& +e*evant in4(+.ati(n 2it0 ,(). 8()=** a*s(
need -+((4 (4 a** ,()+ 11 AAA BHUALI38C< s( d(n=t 4(+&et t( ta/e -0(t(c(-ies (4 a** ,()+ ce+ti4icates 2it0
,(). ..................................................................................................................................................................45
2.5. 3)ncti(ns......................................................................................................................................................45
3(+ecastin& .................................................................................................................................45
3. &und Rai#in'.................................................................................................................................... (1
3.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................45
3.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................45
%ead t0e 4(**(2in& teDt and 4i** in t0e &a-s 2it0 ON7 2(+d................................................................45
(+-(+ati(ns : "(2 (+-(+ati(ns %aise 3)nds 3(+ Invest.ent..........................................................45
3.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................46
3.4.1. Use t0e 2(+d &iven in ca-ita*s t( 4(+. a 2(+d t0at 4its in t0e s-ace. .......................................................46
1 AAA BGO%#C at S0e--a+t(n a+-ets Ltd v(ted t(da, t( c(ntin)e 2it0 t0ei+ ind)st+ia* acti(n. Uni(n *eade+
7*aine Gat/ins iss)ed a state.ent sa,in&6 IA*t0()&0 2e d( n(t envisa&e an a**-()t st+i/e at t0is sta&e<
eve+,(ne at t0e -*ant 2i** c(ntin)e t( +e4)se t( 2(+/ 2 AAA BTIM7C )nti* t0is dis-)te is sett*ed. Ge )+&e B3C
AAA BMANAF7C t( +ec(nside+ t0ei+ -+(-(sa*s.J T0e ind)st+ia* acti(n< 20ic0 be&an t0+ee 2ee/s a&(< 0as
a44ected 4 AAA B!%ODU7C at t0e 4act(+,. E(e T)+ne+< Mana&in& Di+ect(+ (4 S0e--a+t(n a+-ets< 0as<
0(2eve+< +e4)sed t( b(2 t( )ni(n de.ands. II4 S0e--a+t(n a+-ets 2ants t( s)+vive< it 0as t( bec(.e .(+e 5
AAA BOM!7T7C<J 0e said. IIt is ., +es-(nsibi*it, as an 6 AAA B7M!LO8C (4 (ve+ 5;; 7 AAA B7M!LO8C t(
ens)+e t0is c(.-an, c(ntin)es t( .a/e a -+(4it. 1 AAA B!7%IODC< 2e 0ave t( .a/e c0an&es t( i.-+(ve
e44icienc,. I4 2e d(n=t< 2e=** be a** ()t (4 a j(b. It .a, n(t be -*easant< b)t it is essentia*. S(.e (4 t0e 2(+/in&
-+actices at t0e 4act(+, a+e< 4+an/*,< 9 AAA BANTIHU7C and t(ta**, 1; AAA BA!!L8C t( t0e .(de+n 2(+*d. I
j)st 2is0 t0e )ni(ns 2()*d 2(+/ 2it0 .e (n t0is< +at0e+ t0an 4i&0tin& .e eve+, ste- (4 t0e 2a,.J..................47
3.5. 3)ncti(ns......................................................................................................................................................47
UNIT ( BUSINESS ETICS...........................................................................................................(*
9
!NIT F&!R 9 B!SINESS ET=ICS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?>
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................49
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................51
UNIT 1 MANA2EMENT................................................................................................................1%
!NIT FI8E 9 MANAGEMENT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,@A
1. Mana'ement A!t o! Science3......................................................................................................1*
1.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................51
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................51
1.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................51
&oundation# o, the Mana'ement a# a Science "e!#$ecti4e...............................................................1*
&oundation# o, the Mana'ement a# an A!t "e!#$ecti4e...................................................................1-
1.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................59
A!t and Science in Mana'ement Re#ea!ch........................................................................................65
1.4. Lan&)a&e 4(c)s6 %e4*eDive !+(n()ns...........................................................................................................61
2. Moti4ation and 6o!0 Re.ation#hi$#..............................................................................................61
2.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................61
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................61
2.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................62
2.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................63
2.4. Lan&)a&e 4(c)s6 T0e tense s,ste.6 !+esent Si.-*e vs. !+esent (ntin)()s...............................................65
!+esent Si.-*e ..........................................................................................................................................65
!+esent (ntin)()s....................................................................................................................................66
3. Mu.tinationa.#.................................................................................................................................. 6%
3.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................67
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................67
3.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................67
B0tt-6KKce-.*se.ac.)/K-)bsKd(2n*(adK!167.-d4C................................................................................................61
3.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................61
3.4. Lan&)a&e 4(c)s6 T0e tense s,ste.6 !ast Si.-*e vs. !ast (ntin)()s.........................................................7;
Si.-*e !ast .................................................................................................................................7;
!ast (ntin)()sK!+(&+essive ......................................................................................................7;
UNIT 6 RECRUITMENT................................................................................................................%2
!NIT SIB 9 RECR!ITMENT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<:
1. The Rec!uitment "!oce##................................................................................................................%3
1.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................73
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................73
1.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................73
1.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................74
1.4. Lan&)a&e 4(c)s6 T0e tense s,ste.6 !+esent !e+4ect Si.-*e........................................................................75
2. C7# and .ette!# o, a$$.ication........................................................................................................%6
2.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................76
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................76
2.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................76
(nc*)din& Secti(n ....................................................................................................................71
2.4. G+itin&..........................................................................................................................................................79
%esea+c0 7Dec)tive K 7Dec)tive Assistant.................................................................................................79
2.5. Lan&)a&e 4(c)s6 T0e tense s,ste.6 !+esent !e+4ect (ntin)()s.................................................................1;
!+esent !e+4ect (ntin)()sK !+(&+essive...................................................................................................1;
3. The inte!4ie/................................................................................................................................... *1
3.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................11
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................11
3.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................11
%ead t0e 4(**(2in& teDt and 4i** in t0e &a-s...............................................................................................11
E(b inte+vie2 Advice.................................................................................................................................11
1
0
3.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................11
3.4. Lan&)a&e 4(c)s ............................................................................................................................................13
T0e )se (4 t0e -assive.................................................................................................................14
UNIT % BUSINESS TRA7E8.........................................................................................................*1
!NIT SE8EN 9 B!SINESS TRA8EL,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,A-
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................16
!NIT EIG=T 9 C!LT!RE AN2 CI8ILISATI&N,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,>%
1. uman !i'ht# and cu.tu!a. di4e!#it+..............................................................................................-2
1.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................92
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................92
1.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................92
1.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................93
1.4. Lan&)a&e 4(c)s6 T0e tense s,ste.6 !ast !e+4ect..........................................................................................94
2. Uni4e!#a. human !i'ht# and cu.tu!a. !e.ati4i#m...........................................................................-(
2.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................94
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................94
2.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................94
3 As s)c0< it se+ves as an eDce**ent indicat(+ (4 inte+nati(na* c(nsens)s (n 0).an +i&0ts................................97
2.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent..............................................................................................................................97
2.4. Lan&)a&e 4(c)s6 T0e tense s,ste.6 !ast !e+4ect (ntin)()s......................................................................91
3. Nationa. #te!eot+$e#........................................................................................................................--
3.1. Lead-in..........................................................................................................................................................99
STO! AND T"IN#$ ................................................................................................................................99
3.2. %eadin&.........................................................................................................................................................99
G0at is L?+itis0nessLM...............................................................................................................................99
3.3. '(cab)*a+, deve*(-.ent............................................................................................................................1;1
3.4. Lan&)a&e 4(c)s6 M(da* 'e+bs...................................................................................................................1;2
M(da*s.......................................................................................................................................1;2
Ma,..........................................................................................................................................................1;2
Mi&0t........................................................................................................................................................1;2
M)st.........................................................................................................................................................1;2
S0()*d......................................................................................................................................................1;2
O)&0t t(...................................................................................................................................................1;2
G()*d.......................................................................................................................................................1;3
3.5. 3)ncti(ns....................................................................................................................................................1;3
!e+4ect tenses : (ntin)()s tenses..........................................................................................................1;4
!+esent !e+4ect (ntin)()sK !+(&+essive...................................................................................1;4
APPEN2IB # 9 A2CECTI8ES D &BLIGAT&RE PREP&SITI&N,,#5-
APPEN2IB % 9 GRAMMAR FILES,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,#5>
MOR"O8O2)............................................................................................................................... 111
S)NTA9............................................................................................................................................ 121
F!NCTI&NS FILES,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,#:#
1
1
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
*L%SSA5 > -"SI$ESS E$*LIS4 ?%CA-"LA5
@tudent$ $"ould be able to u$e t"e vocabular! under I$!%#"C!I%$ !% -"SI$ESS
C%00"$ICA!I%$ to co((unicate about:
Communic&tion in 'usiness settin2s
Import&nce o) communic&tin2 e))ecti/el@
,&ctors t3&t in)luence e))ecti/e communic&tion
Au&lities o) & 2ood communic&tor
,orms o) communic&tion
,orms o) Britten communic&tion
,orms o) spo1en communic&tion
,orm&l /ersus in)orm&l l&n2u&2e
Pre/ention o) communic&tion 're&1doBns
?er'&l &nd non:/er'&l communic&tion
'e in communic&tion Bit3 some'od@
noun UOV FJR&AL
'iod&t& noun UOV
'usiness c&rd noun UCV
'@ Bord o) mout3
communic&tion noun
con/ers&tion noun UC or OV
corpor&te communic&tion UOV
correspondence noun UOV
discourse noun FJR&AL
en2&2e s' in con/ers&tion FJR&AL
etiCuette noun UOV
eDc3&n2e noun
)&ce:to:)&ce adjective
)&csimile noun UCV
)&D noun UC7 OV
)orm&l adjective
ille2i'le adjective
in s3ort
in Britin2
indecip3er&'le adjective
in)orm&l adjective
in)orm&tion noun UOV
inter)&ce noun UCV
I! noun UOV
le2i'le adjective
m&nners plural noun
me&ns o) communic&tion noun UCV
mess&2e verb U2V
netBor1in2 noun UOV
non/er'&l communic&tion noun UOV
ple&s&ntr@ noun UCV FJR&AL
polite adjective
politic&l correctness noun UOV
respect noun UOV
s3&re verb
s3opt&l1 noun UOV
s3ort3&nd )or st3
sm&ll t&l1 noun UOV
speec3 noun
st&tioner@ noun UOV
t&l1 noun UC7 OV
tele2r&m noun UCV
teleD noun UC or OV
templ&te noun UCV
tete:&:tete noun UCV
teDt verb U2V
t3e Internet noun
/irtu&l adjective
Bell:m&nnered adjective
BindoB noun UCV
Bord processin2 noun UOV
1
2
"$I! %$E > ,&#/310C#,3& #3 B0S,&%SS C3((0&,C*#,3&
4. Communication
1616 Le&d:in
C%00"$ICA!I%$
de)inition: t"e proce$$ b! 4"ic" people exc"ane infor(ation or expre$$ t"eir t"ou"t$ and
feelin$
(Longman ,ictionar" of Contemporar" Eng!ish)
orms and Components of $uman Communication
>u(an$ co((unicate in order to $"are kno4lede and experience$. Co((on for($ of "u(an
co((unication include $in lanuae7 $peakin7 4ritin7 e$ture$7 and broadca$tin.
Co((unication can be interactive7 tran$active7 intentional7 or unintentionalT it can al$o be verbal
or nonverbal. Co((unication varie$ con$iderabl! in for( and $t!le 4"en con$iderin $cale.
/nternal co((unication7 4it"in one$elf7 i$ intraper$onal 4"ile co((unication bet4een t4o
individual$ i$ interper$onal. At larer $cale$ of co((unication bot" t"e $!$te( of
co((unication and (edia of co((unication c"ane. @(all roup co((unication take$ place
in $ettin$ of bet4een t"ree and 5? individual$ creatin a different $et of interaction$ t"an lare
roup$ $uc" a$ orani$ational co((unication in $ettin$ like co(panie$ or co((unitie$. At t"e
lare$t $cale$ (a$$ co((unication de$cribe$ co((unication to "ue nu(ber$ of individual$
t"rou" (a$$ (edia. Co((unication al$o "a$ a ti(e co(ponent7 bein eit"er $!nc"ronou$ or
a$!nc"ronou$. 2"ere are a nu(ber of t"eorie$ of co((unication t"at atte(pt to explain "u(an
co((unication. >o4ever7 variou$ t"eorie$ relatin to "u(an co((unication "ave t"e $a(e
core p"ilo$op"!. Co((unication follo4$ a five-$tep proce$$7 4"ic" bein$ 4it" t"e creation of a
(e$$ae and t"en $endin it to anot"er individual7 orani$ation or a roup of people. 2"i$
(e$$ae i$ received and t"en interpreted. Finall! t"i$ (e$$ae i$ re$ponded to7 4"ic"
co(plete$ t"e proce$$ of co((unication.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication)
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
G"at po$$ible barrier$ to interper$onal co((unication can !ou identif!R
G"at lanuae i$ (ainl! u$ed in international co((unicationR G"!R
1626 e&din2
Read t"e follo4in $"ort text$ referrin to co((unication and an$4er t"e 9ue$tion$ t"at follo4.
!eDt 16
W>ave !ou ever $aid to !our$elf7 W/ 4i$" / "ad $poken upWR Jr7 W/f onl! / "ad introduced (!$elfWR
Jr7 WDid / $a! t"e 4ron t"inWR
Con+ersationa! Confidence i$ t"e an$4er. 9ust " !istening7 !ouXll (a$ter t"e proven
interper$onal $kill$ !ou need to deal 4it" e+er" individual7 e+er" roup7 e+er" occa$ion.
2"e re$ultR .e4 door$ 4ill open to !ou. You 4onXt "e$itate to accept an invitation7 to
approac" $o(eone i(portant7 to $eize an opportunit!. YouXll never aain feel like an out$ider.
@ucce$$ 4ill naturall! flo4 !our 4a!--and 4it" le$$ effort t"an !ou ever i(ained po$$ible.W
Z+era!4d+antage 3adverti$e(ent in )he :ew Repu!ic8 *arch #58 5;;#)
5. G"! are people $o(eti(e$ reluctant to $peak up t"eir (ind$R
?. G"at i$ t"e role of li$tenin in a conver$ationR
A. >o4 can people develop t"eir co((unication $kill$R
!eDt 26
WXCo((unicationX i$ a rei$tr! of (odern lonin$. 2"e ter( evoke$ a utopia 4"ere not"in i$
(i$under$tood7 "eart$ are open7 and expre$$ion i$ unin"ibited. De$ire bein (o$t inten$e 4"en
t"e object i$ ab$ent7 lonin$ for co((unication al$o index a deep $en$e of dereliction in $ocial
relation$"ip$. ... XCo((unicationX i$ a ric" tanle of intellectual and cultural $trand$ t"at encode$
our ti(eX$ confrontation$ 4it" it$elf. 2o under$tand co((unication i$ to under$tand (uc" (ore.
An apparent an$4er to t"e painful divi$ion$ bet4een $elf and ot"er7 private and public7 and
inner t"ou"t and outer 4ord7 t"e notion illu$trate$ our $trane live$ at t"i$ point in "i$tor!. /t i$ a
$ink into 4"ic" (o$t of our "ope$ and fear$ $ee( to be poured.W
9ohn ,urham &eters8 Speaking into the 4ir
4 <istor" of the (dea of Communication 35PPP7 p. ?6
5. Accordin to t"e aut"or7 "o4 can t"e nature of co((unication be definedR
?. G"at doe$ t"e aut"or (ean b! [inner t"ou"t\ and [outer 4ord\R
A. >o4 can (i$under$tandin appearR
!eDt ;6
WA 4ord 3or in eneral an! $in6 i$ interindividual. 'ver!t"in t"at i$ $aid7 expre$$ed7 i$ located
out$ide t"e $oul of t"e $peaker and doe$ not belon onl! to "i(. 2"e 4ord cannot be a$$ined
to a $inle $peaker. 2"e aut"or 3$peaker6 "a$ "i$ o4n inalienable ri"t to t"e 4ord7 but t"e
li$tener "a$ "i$ ri"t$7 and t"o$e 4"o$e voice$ are "eard in t"e 4ord before t"e aut"or co(e$
upon it al$o "ave t"eir ri"t$ 3after all7 t"ere are no 4ord$ t"at belon to no one6.W
*. %akhtin Speech -enres and 7ther Late Essa"s 32ran$. *ern &cGee6. Au$tin: Oniver$it! of
2exa$ Kre$$7 5PFD7 p. 5?5
5. G"at do 4ord$ refer toR
?. 2"e $a(e 4ord (a! (ean different t"in$ to different per$on$. 2r! to explain "o4 t"i$
"appen$.
A. >o4 do ne4 4ord$ appear in a lanuaeR
16;6 ?oc&'ul&r@ de/elopment
16;616 0&tc3 t3e p3r&ses in column 1 Bit3 t3eir me&nin2 in column 26
5. at t"e "and$ of $b A. to "ave fini$"ed
?. be at an end 0. 3not6 ive careful attention to $b8$t"
A. be in $b;$ debt C. $"o4 !our re$pect for $b b! vi$itin t"e(7 oin
to t"eir funeral7 attendin a (e(orial $ervice7 etc.
B. be!ond t"e call of dut! D. at t"e beinnin of $t"
C. ive ri$e to $t" '. feel rateful to $b for t"eir "elp7 kindne$$7 etc.
D. "ave t"e "onour of doin $t" F. die in order to protect or $ave $b8$t"
E. "old $4a! G. $a! or do $t" to $"o4 !our re$pect and
ad(iration for $b
F. in lare part >. to a reat extent
P. la! do4n !ou life 3for $b8$t"6 /. (ake $t" definite or co(plete
5H. la! 4a$te to $t" N. u$ed to indicate t"e re$ult or con$e9uence of a
$ituation or action
55. on t"e t"re$"old of $t" +. perfor(ed 4it" reater courae or effort t"an i$
u$ual or expected
5?. pa! 3no6 "eed to $b8$t" L. cau$e $o(et"in to "appen or exi$t
5A. pa! tribute to $b &. co(pletel! de$tro! a place or area
5B. pa! !our re$pect$ 3to $b6 .. becau$e of $b;$ action$
5C. $et t"e $eal on $t" J. $tart di$areein or aruin 4it" $b about $t"
5D. take i$$ue 4it" $t"8$b 3over8about
$t"6
K. be iven t"e opportunit! of doin $t" t"at (ake$
!ou feel proud
5E. t"erein lie$ $t" ]. polite for(ula 4"en di$areein 4it" $b
5F. 4it" 3all due6 re$pect to R. "ave po4er or influence over a roup of people
or a reion
16;626 ,ill in t3e 2&ps in t3e )olloBin2 teDts '@ usin2 t3e p3r&ses 1:1F 2i/en in t3e
/oc&'ul&r@ t&s1 16;616
A6
(1) GGG t"e Kri(e &ini$ter7 it i$ t"e people of t"i$ countr! 4"o "ave7 (2) GGG7 $uffered (;) GGG "i$
overn(ent7 and / a( $ure t"e! 4ill 4ant to (<) GGG "i$ la$t re(ark.
-6
2"ou$and$ of people at"ered to (=) GGG t"e (an! local $ervice(en 4"o (6) GGG t"eir countr!.
C6
2errori$t$ $till (H) GGG in (an! of t"e rural area$ and (F) GGG t"e proble(. 2"e! "ave alread! (I)
GGG (uc" valuable far(land7 and 4e could be facin !et anot"er drou"t. An! "ope$ t"at t"i$
a4ful $ituation (i"t (10) GGG look pre(ature.
#6
Na(e$ &auplin;$ roundbreakin re$earc" not onl! (11) GGG "i$ "i"l! e$tee(ed book$ and
(12) GGG a li$terin acade(ic career7 it al$o put u$ (1;) GGG a (ajor breakt"rou" in t"e
treat(ent of Karkin$on;$ Di$ea$e. / no4 (1<) GGG introducin Krofe$$or &auplin.
E6
/ 4ould like to (1=) GGG t"e !oun police officer 4"o7 (16) GGG "i$ o4n $afet!7 4ent to t"e "elp of
our dau"ter and $aved "er fro( certain deat". /t 4a$ an act of con$iderable braver!7 4a! (1H)
GGG7 and 4e 4ill forever (1F) GGG6
16;6;6 Loo1 &t t3e p3r&ses 2i/en in 16;616 !3en m&tc3 1:F Bit3 &:36
5. "ave A. ri$e to $o(et"in
?. pa! 0. t"e $eal on $o(et"in
A. take C. 4a$te to $o(et"in
B. ive D. t"e "onour to do $o(et"in
C. "old '. tribute to $o(ebod!
D. $et F. i$$ue 4it" $o(ebod!
E. la! do4n G. $4a!
F. la! >. !our life for $o(et"in
16< ,unctions
,nformation exchange
*sking for information ) useful expressions
Could !ou tell (e...R
Do !ou kno4...R
Do !ou "appen to kno4...R
/Xd like to kno4...
Could !ou find out...R
/X( intere$ted in ...
/X( lookin for...
5. Communication and the media
$%!E
t3e medi& noun UuncountableV
2"e noun $"ould al4a!$ be acco(panied b! t"e definite article and $"ould be follo4ed b! a
verb in t"e plural.
2616 Le&d in
AnsBer t3e )olloBin2 Cuestions:
G"at role do t"e (edia pla! in t"e $ociet!R
Are !ou intere$ted in t"e ne4$R Do !ou read ne4$paper$ or 4atc" ne4$ bulletin$R
2626 ?oc&'ul&r@ de/elopment
*roup t3e )olloBin2 Bords into t3e t3ree c&te2ories 2i/en in t3e t&'le 'eloB6 "se &
diction&r@6
8ourn&lism neBsp&pers &nd m&2&Jines r&dio &nd tele/ision
in+estigati+e circu!ation roadcast
circulation
onzo
corre$pondent
colu(ni$t
editor
tabloid
pa!-per-vie4
c"annel
co(pact
colour
$upple(ent
$atellite
article
edition
feature
colu(n
che=ueook
revie4
$coop
broadcast
tran$(it
fre9uenc!
editorial
$tation
$"o4
reporter
epi$ode.
ne4$ bulletin
investigative
airti(e
cable
co((ercial
broad$"eet
net4ork
26;6 e&din2
e&d t3e )olloBin2 teDt6 !o B3&t eDtent do @ou &2ree Bit3 itK *i/e @our pros &nd cons6
93ile re&din2. )ill in t3e 2&ps Bit3 %$E Bord6
!IPS !% 4ELP 5%"E
93&t s3ould @ou doK
E/er@ time @ou 3&/e to sol/e suc3 t&s1s:
- fir$t7 read t"e 4"ole pararap"7 a$ it i$7 4it" ap$T $o(eti(e$ t"e clue i$ in t"e $entence t"at
co(e$ after t"e ap to be filledT
- re(e(ber t"at !ou "ave to u$e %$E 4ordL
- decide 4"at part of $peec" i$ (i$$in 3noun7 verb7 adjective7 adverb7 prepo$ition7 etc.67
dependin on t"e natural 4ord orderT t"en7 if nece$$ar!7 concentrate on t"e for( t"at t"e
identified 4ord $"ould "ave 3nu(ber for a noun7 ten$e for a verb7 etc.6.
emem'er t3e tipsE !3e@ &re use)ulE
!3e 2roBin2 role o) t3e medi& in our societ@
Kararap" 5
/n t"e 4orld of toda!7 t"e (edia "ave beco(e al(o$t a$ nece$$ar! 1 GGG food and clot"in. /t i$
true t"at t"e (edia are pla!in an out$tandin role in $trent"enin t"e $ociet!T t"e! are a
(irror of 2 GGG $ociet!. 2"eir dut! i$ to infor(7 educate and entertain t"e people. 2"e! "elp u$
to kno4 4"at i$ oin on ; GGG t"e 4orld. 2"e! < GGG t"eir live$ in daner durin attack$ or
natural di$a$ter$7 ju$t to infor( u$ of t"e $ituation. /t i$ partl! due to t"e( t"at a4arene$$ i$
$preadin in t"e $ociet!. /t i$ t"e (edia = GGG $"ape our live$. Jur live$ 4ould be inco(plete 6
GGG t"e (edia.
Kararap" ?
2"e (edia H GGG t"e 4atc"do of t"e political de(ocrac!. /f t"e! F GGG t"eir role "one$tl!7 t"e!
4ill be a reat force in buildin t"e nation but7 no4ada!$7 t"e (edia "ave beco(e a
co((erciali$ed $ector e!in onl! for ne4$ t"at i$ "ot and $ell$. I GGG of ivin i(portant
infor(ation and educative prora((e$7 all t"at one et$ on televi$ion i$ $en$ational depiction
of all ne4$ $torie$7 t"eir onl! oal bein ainin televi$ion ratin point$ 32RK$6.
Kararap" A
'ver! i$$ue i$ "!ped for a da! or t4o7 $o (uc" $o 10 GGG !ou $4itc" to an! c"annel7 t"e! all 4ill
be fla$"in t"e $a(e $tor! but t"en 4"en t"e "eat i$ over t"ere i$ no follo4in of t"e ca$e. 2"e
ne4$ t"en jo$tle$ 11 GGG $pace 4it" ot"er $torie$ t"at are carr!in t"e "eat t"en. 'ven 12 GGG
4e cannot t"ink of a 4orld 4it"out televi$ion $et$7 (edia "a$ beco(e $o (uc" a part of u$ t"at
to reconi$e it$ i(pact7 4e need to $tep 1; GGG and con$ciou$l! t"ink about "o4 t"e! $"ape our
live$ and 4"at t"e! are $a!in.
Kararap" B
2"e (edia affect$ people;$ per$pective not 1< GGG t"rou" televi$ion7 but 1= GGG t"rou" radio
and ne4$paper$. /n t"i$ 4a!7 even (an! (e$$ae$ 16 GGG 4"ic" 4e cannot aree inevitabl!
co(e to u$ fro( diver$e con$tellation$ of (edia. 2"e! can even be turned 1H GGG our benefit b!
4"ettin our under$tandin and articulation of 4"at 4e believeT toda! ne4$ c"annel$ and even
$o(e ne4$paper$ are (out"piece of $o(e political partie$. 2"eir 4ork t"en li(it$ onl! to
$pread t"e ideolo! of t"e part! 1F GGG t"an ive correct ne4$. Keople "ave to jude 1I GGG
t"eir o4n b! lookin and li$tenin to different c"annel$ for t"e $a(e ne4$ and t"en for( a
conclu$ion.
Kararap" C
2"e (edia are an interal part of our $ociet!. >o4ever7 a (atter of concern i$ t"eir exce$$ive
intervention in ever!t"in. @o(eti(e$7 ju$t for (akin (one!7 in$inificant ne4$ i$ iven $o 20
GGG priorit! t"at t"e real ne4$ i$ not even brou"t 21 GGG notice. Ye$7 it doe$ al$o entertain but
aain it;$ a debatable i$$ue becau$e b! ;entertain(ent; 4e (ean "ealt"! entertain(ent and not
t"o$e non$en$e 2* $erial$. @o 21 GGG la$t7 like $cience t"e! are a tool7 4"ic" 4e "ave to u$e
b! our jud(ent to provide (axi(u( $ati$faction $ide b! $ide 4it"out "ar(in our$elve$. 2"e
ot"er di$advantae i$ t"at $o(eti(e$ t"e! al$o publi$" or broadca$t $o(e vular ne4$7 and
$o(eti(e$ une$$ential activitie$ are $erved 22 GGG ver! i(portant ne4$ and broadca$t aain
and aain. 2"i$ doe$ not broaden t"e reac" of t"e (edia.
Kararap" D
/n $pite of bein $en$ational and bia$ed7 t"e $inificance of t"e (edia cannot be inored7
e$peciall! in an ae7 in 4"ic" lobali$ation and liberali$ation "ave beco(e t"e order of t"e da!.
/n t"i$ lobali$ed 4orld7 t"e ta$k and dutie$ of t"e (edia are increa$in da! b! da!. 2"ere i$ $till
a lot to be done b! t"e (edia for t"e better(ent of t"e $ociet!.
3adapted fro( "ttp:88444.(erine4$.co(8article8t"e-ro4in-role-of-(edia-in-our-$ociet!85ADCEP.$"t(l6
26;616 0&tc3 t3e )olloBin2 Bords or p3r&ses )rom t3e teDt Bit3 t3eir &ppropri&te
de)inition6

5. a4arene$$ 3par. 56 a. increa$e $o(eone;$ de$ire for $o(et"in
?. 4atc"do 3par. ?6 b. a per$on7 ne4$paper etc. t"at expre$$e$ t"e opinion$ of a
overn(ent or a political orani$ation
A. "!ped 3par. A6 c. unfairl! preferrin a per$on or a roup over anot"er
B. 4"et3tin6 3par. B6 d. a per$on or roup of people 4"o$e job i$ to protect t"e ri"t$ of
people 4"o bu! t"in$ and to (ake $ure co(panie$ do not do
an!t"in illeal or "ar(ful
C. (out"piece 3par. B6 e. to a(u$e or intere$t people in a 4a! t"at ive$ t"e( plea$ure
D. entertain 3par. C6 f. ver! excited or nervou$ and unable to keep $till
E. bia$ed 3par. D6 . kno4lede or under$tandin of a particular $ubject or $ituation
F. better(ent 3par. D6 ". 3for(al6 i(prove(ent7 e$peciall! in $o(eone;$ $ocial and
econo(ic po$ition
0&1e up sentences o) @our oBn to illustr&te t3e me&nin2 o) t3e Bords &'o/e6 S3oB t3em
to @our nei23'our &nd &s1 t3em B3et3er t3e@ underst&nd t3e me&nin2 illustr&ted6 I) t3e@
donLt. m&1e t3e necess&r@ corrections6
26;626 9rite one Bord in e&c3 2&p6
5. Jbviou$l! it oe$ ^^^ $a!in t"at / don;t 4ant !ou to tell an!one el$e about t"i$.
?. Readin ^^^ line$7 it $ee($ t"at t"e overn(ent;$ con$iderin ti"tenin (edia reulation$.
A. /;( afraid t"at book i$ ^^^ of print7 but /;ll $ee if 4e can find a $econd-"and cop! for !ou
$o(e4"ere.
B. / follo4ed !our in$truction$ ^^^ t"e letter but / $till couldn;t et t"e printer to 4ork properl!.
C. Gettin 'laine to edit !our article i$ ju$t a$kin ^^^ troubleT !ou kno4 "o4 pedantic and
opinionated $"e i$L
D. ^^^ an$4er to !our 9ue$tion7 no7 / "ave never "ad an! bu$ine$$ dealin$ 4it" &r Kartride.
E. 'ven if !ou;ve ot a reat idea for a novel7 it;$ incredibl! "ard puttin pen ^^^ paper for t"e
fir$t ti(e.
F. Kut !our idea$ do4n ^^^ paper and 4e;ll di$cu$$ t"e( at t"e next (eetin.
P. You;ve "ad $o(e ood ne4$7 "aven;t !ouR /t;$ 4ritten all ^^^ !our face.
26;6;6 "se t3e Bords 2i/en in 'r&c1ets to )orm & Bord t3&t )its in t3e sp&ce6
!IPS !% 4ELP 5%"E
93&t s3ould @ou doK
- decide 4"at part of $peec" 4ould (eaninfull! co(plete t"e $entence and t"en u$e $uffixe$
and8or prefixe$ t!pical of t"at part if $peec" 3e.. for noun$: -(ent7 -ne$$7 -ance7 -tion7 etc.T for
adverb$ =l!T for adjective$ =ou$7 -ful7 etc.6T
- pa! attention to aree(ent 3e.. nu(ber for noun$6T
- pa! attention to $pellinL $pellin i$ extre(el! i(portant in $uc" ta$k$T if !ou are not $ure7 u$e
a dictionar!T
- read t"e $entence carefull!T $o(eti(e$ t"ere i$ a neative connotation t"at re9uire$ t"e u$e of
prefixe$8$uffixe$ 4it" a neative (eaninT
- do not tr! to learn 4ord$ b! "eartL !ou cannot re(e(ber t"e( allL read a$ (uc" a$ po$$ible
and u$e a dictionar!L $tud! 4ord fa(ilie$ 3e.. e(plo!7 e(plo!(ent7 e(plo!er7 e(plo!ee7
une(plo!(ent7 e(plo!able7 une(plo!able6.
A6
2"e (1) GGG (SA5) [never jude a book b! it$ cover\ could not be (ore true for Ridiculou$ Rule$
b! &arjorie Allen. 2"e cover i$ co(pletel! blank7 4"erea$ t"e book i$ cra((ed full of 4onderful
exa(ple$ and anecdote$. Allen i$ an (2) GGG 3SPEA7) critic of (uc" of 4"at i$ tau"t to native
and non-native $peaker$ of 'nli$"7 and "a$ i$$ued a (;) GGG 3#ECLAE) of 4ar aain$t
textbook$ and $t!le book$ 4"ic" tell lie$. 2ake t"e ridiculou$ and (<) GGG (0EA$) rule of never
endin a $entence 4it" a prepo$ition. 2"e lovel! = if fa(ou$ = $tor! oe$7 t"at Gin$ton
C"urc"ill7 4ell kno4n for "i$ nu(erou$ (=)GGG (9I!E) a$ 4ell a$ for bein 0riti$" Kri(e
&ini$ter durin t"e @econd Gorld Gar 7 received a (anu$cript back fro( an inorant (6) GGG
(E#I!) 4"o "ad told "i( rat"er rudel! t"at "e "ad to (H) GGG (P4ASE) a $entence 4"ic"
ended 4it" a prepo$ition. C"urc"ill re$ponded b! (akin t"e $i(ple !et forceful (F) GGG
(S!A!E) in t"e (arin: [2"i$ i$ an i(pertinence up 4it" 4"ic" / 4ill not put.\ = t"e (I) GGG
(I0PL5) bein t"at not to end a $entence 4it" a prepo$ition often $ound$ ridiculou$ in 'nli$".
@adl!7 Allen infor($ u$ t"at t"e $tor! i$ probabl! (ere (10) GGG (4EA). and t"at C"urc"ill (a!
"ave actuall! onl! 4ritten [rubbi$"L\ in t"e (arin.
-6
/ love 4atc"in (1) GGG (#ISC"SS) prora((e$7 and / love politic$7 $o !ou;d t"ink /;d enjo!
4atc"in (2) GGG (P%LI!ICS) bein intervie4ed on 2*. 0ut / don;t. All too often7 (;) GGG
(M%"$AL) a$k t"e( t"e (o$t (<) GGG (I#IC"LE) 9ue$tion$7 and7 4"en t"e! do et an
intere$tin 9ue$tion7 $it t"ere 4atc"in in (=) GGG (-ELIE?E) a$ $o(e of t"e (o$t (6) GGG
(P%9E) people in t"e countr! ive totall! (H) GGG (C%$?I$CE) re$pon$e$. /t;$ a$ if t"e! don;t
care 4"et"er t"eir repl! i$ (F) (-ELIE?E) or not. Jften7 t"e!;re ver! poor (I) GGG
(C%00"$ICA!E)7 and t"e!;re fre9uentl! even (ore (10) GGG (I$,%0) about ke! i$$ue$ t"an
/ a(. / don;t expect t"e( to be particularl! (11) GGG (4"0%")= t"e! are $eriou$ people7 after
all = but at lea$t t"e! could $a! $o(et"in intere$tin occa$ionall!. /t (ake$ (e 4ant to $tand
for election (!$elf.

26;6<6 Stud@ t3e /oc&'ul&r@ 2i/en 'eloB &nd t3en )ill in t3e 2&ps in t3e )olloBin2 teDt '@
usin2 t3e &ppropri&te p3r&ses6
&dd up = 3infor(al6 $ee( rea$onable or loical 3u$ed (ainl! in a neative $en$e6
'oil doBn to st3 = if a $ituation or proble( boil$ do4n to one t"in7 t"at t"in$ i$ t"e (ain point
in t"e $ituation7 or t"e (ain cau$e of t"e proble(
c&pit&lise on st3 = ain a furt"er advantae for !our$elf fro( a $ituation
comeN'e under )ire = be critici$ed $everel! for $t" !ou "ave done
in t3e )in&l &n&l@sis = u$ed to $tate a ba$ic trut" after ever!t"in "a$ been di$cu$$ed and
con$idered
nec1 &nd nec1 = 3of t4o people or roup$6 level 4it" eac" ot"er in a race or co(petition
pluc1 st3 out o) t3e &ir = $a! a na(e7 nu(ber7 etc. 4it"out ivin it an! t"ou"t
Cuic1NsloB o)) t3e m&r1 = fa$t8$lo4 in reactin to a $ituation
stop t3e rot = $top a bad $ituation fro( ettin 4or$e
t&l1 st3 up = de$cribe or di$cu$$ $t" in a 4a! t"at (ake$ it $ound better t"an it i$
2"e pri(e (ini$ter "a$ (1) GGGG durin t"e election ca(pain for bein $lo4 to re$pond to
event$7 but "e 4a$ (2) GGG t"i$ (ornin. /n a $peec" in Dover7 "e clai(ed t"at t"e Jppo$ition;$
tax policie$ didn;t (;) GGG7 and t"at t"e! 4ere (<) GGG nu(ber$ GGG6 &ean4"ile7 t"e Jppo$ition
4ere tr!in to (=) GGG t"e late$t bad une(plo!(ent fiure$7 4"ic" clearl! illu$trated7 in t"eir
vie47 t"at t"e onl! t"in 4"ic" could (6) GGG 4a$ a c"ane of overn(ent. 2"e! al$o (H) GGG
t"e late$t opinion poll-fiure$7 4"ic" no4 put t"e( (F) GGG 4it" t"e overn(ent. (I) GGG it 4ill
ju$t (10) GGG 4"o t"e voter$ c"oo$e to believe.
26<6 L&n2u&2e ,ocus: !3e $oun > $um'er A2reement
&umber *greement
t"e nu(ber of is fo!!owed genera!!" " $inular8 whi!e a nu(ber of " plural
)he numer of in+estors 4a$ huge.
A nu(ber of $"are"older$ were expected to $ell t"eir $"are$.
nouns/pronouns can e coordinated with the fo!!owing simp!e or corre!ati+e con>unctions:
and7 or7 eit"er _ or7 neit"er _ nor7 bot" _ and7 not onl! _ but al$o.
a6 and7 bot" _ and re=uire the plural form of the +er
)he president and the secretar" genera! are not present.
0ot" the president and the secretar" genera! are on a usiness trip.
b6 or7 eit"er _ or fo!!ow t"e rule of proxi(it! ( the c!osest su>ect dictates the numer of the
+er)
<is supporters or he "a$ to take this issue +er" serious!".
'it"er he or his supporters "ave to take a decision.
c6 neit"er _ nor ma" fo!!ow the ru!e of proxi(it! (as ao+e)8 ut in e+er"da" use the plural is
preferred
.eit"er the guests nor the host i$ to e !amed.
or
.eit"er the guest nor the host are to e !amed.
Git" as we!! as8 e2cept8 ut8 with onl! the first noun dictate$ t"e aree(ent 4it" t"e predicate.
&r. None$ as we!! as all "i$ colleaue$ is expected to co(e.
All t"e (e(ber$ of t"e board7 ut David7 are "ere.
A (an with a !oun c"ild was a$kin for "elp.
26=6 ,unctions
&6 Identi)@in2 @oursel)
$ello, ,6m7 from7
$ello, my name is7, work for7
>ello7 let (e introduce (!$elf7 /;(_/;( in c"are of88 /;( re$pon$ible for_
>ello7 fir$t na(e` $urna(e_/;ve ot an appoint(ent 4it"_
'6 *reetin2s B3en @ou meet someone )or t3e )irst time
,irst 2reetin2 epl@ to t3e 2reetin2
$eutr&l >o4 do !ou doR /;( 3ver!6 plea$ed8
deli"ted to (eet !ou.
/t;$ 3ver!6 nice to (eet !ou.
>o4 do !ou doR /t;$ 3ver!6 nice
to (eet !ou too.
/;( plea$ed to (eet !ou too.
In)orm&l >o4 do !ou doR .ice8 ood to (eet
!ou.
>ello. .ice to "ave !ou 4it" u$.
>i. Klea$ed to (eet !ou.
.ice8 ood to (eet !ou too.
Klea$ed to (eet !ou too.
8. ,# and $uman ,nteraction
;616 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
Can t"e full effect of t"e current infor(ation revolution be predictedR
/$ (eetin face-to-face (ore valuable t"an corre$pondin electronicall!R
;626 e&din2
+arts of the sentences in the following text have been removed. #hey are given in the
box below the text. #hey are lettered * to -. /ead the text and fill in the blanks numbered
4 to 49 with the corresponding missing parts * to -.
!IPS !% 4ELP 5%"E
93&t s3ould @ou doK
- fir$t7 read t"e text7 inorin t"e e(pt! $pace$7 $o t"at !ou can et t"e i$tT
- t"e $econd ti(e !ou read t"e text !ou can adopt t"e follo4in $trate!: ever! ti(e !ou co(e
to an e(pt! $pace7 read carefull! t"e $entence before and t"e one after t"e e(pt! $pace7 and
look for a (eaninful connection bet4een t"e $entence8part of $entence !ou "ave c"o$en and
t"e textT con$ider all t"e iven $entence$7 do not $top at t"e fir$t one t"at !ou con$ider to be t"e
correct an$4erT
- $o(eti(e$ !ou are iven (ore $entence$ t"an ap$T if $o7 t"e extra $entence i$ eit"er too
eneral or $i(ilar to t"e correct variant7 but in a 4a! or anot"er inade9uateT
- read t"e text aain to $ee if it (ake$ $en$e.
$eB /ideo eD&mines imp&ct o) computers on 3um&n inter&ction
b! 0arbara &c+enna
2"rou" t"e advent of t"e 4eb7 4e can et 4"atever 4e 4ant online = 1 GGG. Ge can bank
online7 (ake friend$ online7 even attend virtual concert$ and art $"o4$ online. Jne (an in
Dalla$7 2 GGG7 "a$ even one $o far a$ to confine "i($elf to "i$ "o(e for a full !ear7 ac9uirin
ever!t"in "e need$ 3includin a *alentineX$ Da! date6 t"rou" t"e 4eb.
Jb$ervin t"e increa$in Wrealne$$W of virtual realit!7 OC@C 3Oniver$it! of California7 @anta
Cruz6 fil( profe$$or C"ip Lord "a$ produced a video t"at explore$ t"e 9ue$tion of "o4 ; GGG.
2"e video7 4wakening from the )wentieth Centur"8 aired recentl! on public televi$ion and i$ t"e
4inner of t"e Dalla$ *ideo Fe$tivalX$ Lat"a( A4ard for 5PPP.
W/ $tarted 4orkin on t"i$ durin a $abbatical in earl! 5PPF7W Lord $a!$. W/ 4anted to look at "o4
t"e co(puter i$ c"anin t"e 4a!$ in 4"ic" 4e conduct dail! life. Jne of (! central oal$ 4a$
to find out 4"et"er t"e /nternet and virtual net4orkin = teleco((utin7 di$tance learnin7 e-
co((erce = "ave "ad an effect < GGG.W
2o explore t"i$7 Lord co(bine$ (ontae$ of life in @an Franci$co 4it" intervie4$. A(on t"o$e
"e intervie4$ are >o(er Fl!nn7 $poke$per$on for a @an Franci$co underround7 (ulti(edia
band na(ed 2"e Re$ident$T No"n @anborn7 director of t"e online rock and roll (urder (!$ter!
WKaul /$ DeadWT 'llen Oll(an7 a $oft4are enineer7 co((entator7 and aut"or of C!ose to the
*achine? Gannon >all7 a 4eb $ite de$inerT and Rebecca @olnit7 a $ocial co((entator and
aut"or of t"e ju$t-publi$"ed book7 @ander!ust: 4 <istor" of @a!king 3*ikin Kre$$6.
Rat"er t"an ai( to prove a point7 Lord i$ out to = GGG. Jne (ontae open$ 4it" a vie4 of t"e
old-fa$"ioned (arble-floored interior of a Gell$ Faro 0ank branc" bank in @an Franci$co and
fade$ to a nearb! @afe4a!7 in 4"ic" a Gell$ Faro W(ini-bankW i$ built into t"e 4all. 2"e
juxtapo$ition continue$ 6 GGG t"e bankX$ dra(atic picture of racin "or$e$ pullin a $taecoac"
and7 over t"at i(ae7 in $tark 4"ite7 t"e ORL 444.4ell$faro.co(.
W/$ t"e p"!$ical $pace of t"e bank beco(in ob$oleteRW Lord a$k$.
2"rou" "i$ intervie4$ Lord al$o explore$ t"e i(pendin fate of $uc" t"in$ a$ t"e auto(obile7
fil(7 co((unit!. 0ut t"e 9ue$tion t"at (o$t concern$ Lord i$ 4"et"er t"e p"!$ical $pace of t"e
cit! it$elf H GGG.
Lord et$ ver! different opinion$ fro( "i$ $ubject$. Geb de$iner and co(putin $peciali$t
Gannon >all conduct$ (o$t of "i$ bu$ine$$ virtuall! = t"rou" e-(ail7 4eb $ite$7 and t"e p"one.
WGannon reconize$ t"at F GGG7 but once "e $tart$ 4orkin on a project "e doe$ ever!t"in
virtuall!7 via t"e /nternet. For Gannon7 becau$e "i$ bu$ine$$ i$ virtual7 "e could be an!4"ere.
>e doe$nXt need t"e cit!. 2o "i(7 t"e cit! i$ like fa$"ion. You c"oo$e it t"e $a(e 4a! !ou 4ould
c"oo$e clot"e$. >e $a!$7 X!ou 4ear t"e cit!.X W
0ut $ocial co((entator Rebecca @olnit feel$ ver! differentl!7 affir(in t"e i(portance of real-
life interaction at $uc" place$ a$ t"e Far(erX$ &arket7 4"ere I GGG. 2o fle$" out t"i$
per$pective7 Lord al$o $"o4$ footae of t4o roup$ of @an Franci$can$ = bic!cli$t$ and
rollerblader$. 2"e bic!clin event7 called Critical &a$$7 i$ an!t"in but virtual7 dra4in $o(e
A7HHH bic!cli$t$ eac" (ont" 4"o "it t"e $treet$ durin a Frida! ru$" "our.

A$ Lord trail$ alon 4it" t"e rollerblader$7 "undred$ of 4"o( co(e out eac" Frida! for t"e
WFrida! .i"t @kate7W "e co(e$ to t"i$ conclu$ion:
W&a!be becau$e of t"e utopian i(ae$ 4e "ear about t"e ne4 tec"noloie$7 / t"ou"t t"at
broadca$tin7 netca$tin7 4irele$$ net4ork$7 and paer$7 cellp"one$7 and beeper$ all 10 GGG=
for celebration and t"e ritual rubbin of $"oulder$ in $treet$7 plaza$7 and $9uare$. 0ut / 4a$
4ron. 0ecau$e 4e $till need fa$"ion. Ge $till need to 4ear t"e cit! becau$e t"e cit! i$...W Lord
trail$ off7 lettin >u(p"re! 0oart7 in t"e c"aracter of @an Franci$co detective @a( @pade7
fini$" "i$ $entence: W2"e $tuff t"at drea($ are (ade of.W
(http://www.ucsc.edu/currents/AAB;;/;CB#A/!ord.htm!)
A. an initial face-to-face (eetin 4it" client$ i$ nece$$ar!
0. t"e co(puter i$ affectin t"e 4a!$ 4e interact 4it" eac" ot"er and our environ(ent
C. rocerie$7 pre$cription$7 even pet$
D. vendor$ and cu$to(er$ interact directl! and c"ance encounter$ 4it" friend$ can take
place
'. explore t"e i(plication$ of our e(erin co(puter-enerated culture
F. 4ere con$pirin to end t"e need for public at"erin
G. i$ beco(in ob$olete
>. 4"o call$ "i($elf DotCo(Gu!
/. on "o4 4e u$e our p"!$ical $pace
N. 4it" a $"ot of a billboard adverti$in
;6;6 ?oc&'ul&r@ de/elopment
;6;616 0&tc3 t3e )olloBin2 Bords or p3r&ses )rom t3e teDt Bit3 t3eir &ppropri&te
de)inition6
5. rollerblader 3n6 a. no loner u$eful7 becau$e $o(et"in ne4er and better "a$
been invented
?. footae 3n6 b. referrin to an event or $ituation7 e$peciall! an unplea$ant
one7 4"ic" i$ oin to "appen ver! $oon
A. to fle$" $t" out 3v6 c. t"e act of puttin t"in$ toet"er7 e$peciall! t"in$ t"at are not
nor(all! toet"er7 in order to co(pare t"e( or to (ake
$o(et"in ne4
B. ob$olete 3adj6 d. 4orkin at "o(e u$in a co(puter connected to a co(pan!X$
(ain office
C. $tark 3adj6 e. a period 4"en $o(eone7 e$peciall! $o(eone in a univer$it!
job7 $top$ doin t"eir u$ual 4ork in order to $tud! or travel
D. i(pendin 3adj6 f. cine(a fil( $"o4in a particular event
E. juxtapo$ition 3n6 . to keep $o(eone or $o(et"in 4it"in t"e li(it$ of a particular
activit! or $ubject
F. to fade 3v6 ". t"e ti(e 4"en $o(et"in fir$t bein$ to be 4idel! u$ed
P. teleco((utin 3n6 i. ver! plain in appearance7 4it" little or no colour or decoration
5H. $abbatical 3n6 j. to add (ore detail$ to $o(et"in in order to (ake it clear7
(ore intere$tin etc
55. to confine 3v6 k. per$on 4"o u$e$ $pecial boot$ 4it" a $inle ro4 of 4"eel$
fixed under it to $kate on "ard $urface$
5?. advent 3n6 l. to raduall! di$appear
;6;626 I) t3e Bord in 'old is correct. put & tic16 I) it is incorrect. repl&ce it Bit3 one o) t3e
Bords in 'old )rom t3e ot3er sentences6
5. 2"e /nternet i$ a reall! va$t console of co(puter$7 all connected toet"er.
?. @ince 4e ot resource7 4e;ve been 4atc"in (u$ic video$ online.
A. 'arl! co(puter a(e$ $ee( 9uite nucle&r co(pared 4it" toda!;$ a(e$.
B. /t $ee($ to (e t"at primiti/e po4er i$ far cleaner t"an oil.
C. 2"e$e ancient tool$ "ave been cr&)ted 4it" an enor(ou$ a(ount of $kill.
D. 2"e next eneration of a(e$ tec3niCue 4ill "ave better rap"ic$.
E. 2"ere;$ a netBor1 in co(putin called <beta te$tin;7 4"ic" (ean$ !ou te$t $o(et"in to
$ee if it 4ork$ properl! before it beco(e$ official.
F. 2"i$ late$t 're&1t3rou23 4ill (ean c"eaper7 fa$ter internet acce$$ for all.
P. 2"e co(puter "a$ fini$"ed anal!$in all t"e 'ro&d'&nd.
5H. 2"e $ea i$ a reat natural d&t& but 4e need t"e ri"t tec"nolo! to u$e it.
;6;6;6 "se t3e Bord 2i/en in c&pit&ls to )orm & Bord t3&t )its in t3e sp&ce6
Ge often t"ink of our$elve$ a$ livin in a ti(e of 1GGG (C%$!I$"E) tec"noloical c"ane and
develop(ent. Ge tend to believe t"at 4e are uni9ue in "i$tor! in dealin 4it" a con$tantl! 2 GGG
(E?%L?E) 4orld of adet$7 device$ and innovation$. >o4ever7 t"e end of t"e nineteent"
centur! and t"e $tart of t"e t4entiet" 4a$ al$o a ti(e t"at $a4 (an! ; GGG (E?%L!) c"ane$.
Keople "ad needed to $"o4 < GGG (,LEOI-LE) t"rou"out t"e nineteent" centur!7 a$ t"e
effect$ of t"e /ndu$trial Revolution (eant con$tantl! (akin = GGG (A#M"S!) to deal 4it"
c"anin 4orkin condition$. 2o4ard$ t"e end of t"e centur!7 t"ou"7 people "ad to beco(e
(ore 6 GGG (A#AP!) t"an ever before. 2"e t!pe4riter 35FEA67 t"e telep"one 35FED6 and ot"er H
GGG (I$,L"E$CE) develop(ent$ ave people t"e F GGG (CAPA-LE) to live and 4ork in 4a!$
t"eir randparent$ could not "ave i(ained. Jver t"e next AH !ear$7 little re(ained I GGG
(AL!E) a$ t"e ca(era7 t"e cine(a7 t"e p"onorap"7 t"e plane and radio all "ad an 10 GGG
(ELEC!IC) effect on people and $ociet!.
;6<6 ,unctions
Presentin2 &nd supportin2 opinions
As1in2 )or opinions
93&t &re @our )eelin2s on t3isK
!o one person !o & 2roup o) people
G"at are !our vie4$ on_.R An! reaction to t"atR
G"at are !our feelin$ about_R >a$ an!bod! an! $tron feelin about 8
vie4$ on t"atR
G"at do !ou t"ink of _.R G"at;$ t"e eneral vie4 on8 feelin about
t"atR
G"at;$ !our opinion about t"atR >a$ an!bod! an! co((ent$ to (akeR
=&ME;&RF ASSIGNMENT #
Jne of t"e (o$t neative a$pect$ of t"e i(pact of t"e /nternet in our dail! life i$ t"e fact t"at it
alter$ $ocial be"aviour7 "abit$ and abilitie$ of people. Grite an aru(entative e$$a! in re$pon$e
to t"e follo4in $tate(ent: )he (nternet makes peop!e !one!ier. 3Grite bet4een ?HH-?CH 4ord$.6
You $"ould $ub(it !our "o(e4ork electronicall! 3adriana.fekete@linua.ubbcluj.ro6. 3t!pe of
docu(ent: Gord6. #o not send m&teri&l doBnlo&ded )rom t3e Internet6
#e&dline > 20 $o/em'er
A!!E$!I%$E
/n aru(entative e$$a!$ t"ere $"ould be a balance bet4een t"e pros and t"e cons. Refer to
eac" aru(ent in a di$tinct pararap". 2"e conclu$ion of an aru(entative e$$a! $"ould
$u((ari$e t"e aru(ent$ and ive !our opinion. Do not u$e bulleted li$t$L Kre$ent concrete
detail$ and refer to !our o4n experience.
UNIT 2 PRESENTATIONS
@tudent$ $"ould be able to u$e t"e vocabular! under PESE$!A!I%$S to co((unicate about:
!@pes o) present&tions m&de in 'usiness
Prep&rin2 &nd pl&nnin2 & present&tion
Audience &n&l@sis
Present&tion m&teri&ls
#eli/er@ tec3niCues
-od@ l&n2u&2e &nd /oice
Si2n&llin2 Bords &nd p3r&ses
Auestion:&nd:&nsBer session
*olden rules )or present&tions
&ddress verb U2V FJR&AL
&udience noun UCV
'o&rd noun UCV
'od@ l&n2u&2e noun UOV
c3&rt noun U C V
)ile noun UCV
)lip c3&rt noun UCV
)loB c3&rt noun UCV
)older noun UCV
3&r&n2ue noun UCV
3&/e t3e )loor
in)orm&tion o/erlo&d noun UOV
in:tr&@ noun UCV
1e@note &ddressNspeec3Nspe&1er noun UCV
l&n2u&2e '&rrier noun UCV
misunderst&ndin2 noun UC7OV
monolo2ue noun UCV
non:/er'&l adjective
o'ser/er noun UCV
onloo1er noun UCV
or&tion noun UCV FJR&AL
outline noun UCV
out:tr&@ noun UCV
o/er3e&d tr&nsp&renc@ noun UCV
o/er3e&d pro8ector noun UCV
pie c3&rt noun
present&tion noun U C7 O V
printer noun UCV
rep3r&se verb U2V
rin2 'inder noun UCV
semin&r noun U C V
spect&tor noun UCV
t&1e t3e )loor
t&l1 noun UCV
/isu&l &id noun UCV
B3ite'o&rd noun UCV
Bor1s3op noun UCV
"$I! !9% > +/%S%&#*#,3&S
Speaking in pu!ic is often cited as the numer one fear of adu!ts. )he %ook of Lists
p!aces the fear of death in fifth p!ace whi!e pu!ic speaking ranks first. 9err" Seinfe!d
said8 D)hat wou!d mean at a funera!8 peop!e are fi+e times more !ike!" to want to e in
the casket than gi+ing the eu!og".D
4. Business presentations
Le&d:in

S!%P A$# !4I$7E
>o4 can one prepare before a pre$entationR
G"! do !ou t"ink $o(e people are afraid of public $peakinR >o4 can t"e! overco(e t"i$ fearR
1616 e&din2 compre3ension
e&d t3e )olloBin2 &rticle &'out 'usiness present&tions6 Some sentences 3&/e 'een
remo/ed )rom t3e teDt6 C3oose )rom sentences A: 7 t3e one B3ic3 )its e&c3 2&p (1:10)6
!3ere is one sentence B3ic3 @ou do not need to use6 (emem'er t3e tipsK)
E))ecti/e Pu'lic Spe&1in2 in -usiness Present&tions
0! Dou @taneart
Ri"t or 4ron7 people for( a perception about "o4 co(petent !ou are b! "o4 !ou pre$ent
!our$elf 4"en !ou $tand and $peak. 1GGGG /n fact7 public $peakin i$ an ea$! 4a! to $et
!our$elf apart fro( !our co(petition7 becau$e 4"en !ou $tand up and $a! 4"at !ou 4ant to
$a!7 t"e 4a! t"at !ou 4ant to $a! it7 !ou are doin 4"at PCI of t"e people in t"e audience 4i$"
t"e! could do. A per$on 4"o i$ confident in front of a roup ive$ off an air of co(petence7
4"erea$ a per$on 4"o fu(ble$ (i"t leave a neative i(pre$$ion.
G"en / 4a$ in collee7 / "ad an intern$"ip 4it" a (ajor oil co(pan!7 and at t"e end of t"e
$u((er7 / "ad to pre$ent a $u((ar! of (! intern$"ip to a roup of depart(ent (anaer$ and
vice-pre$ident$. 2GGGG &an! of t"e ot"er intern$ 4ere raduate $tudent$ 4"o 4ere (uc" (ore
co(fortable in front of a roup. G"en / $poke7 / could feel t"e $4eat bead$ on (! fore"ead7 and
/ could $ee (! "and$ $"akin. 2"e butterflie$ in (! $to(ac" 4ere uncontrollable. After t"e
pre$entation7 / a$ked (!$elf7 W/f / 4ere t"e deci$ion-(aker in t"at roo(7 and / onl! "ad one
per(anent po$ition to offer7 4ould / c"oo$e (eRW ;GGGG Jver t"e next fe4 !ear$7 / trained 4it"
$o(e of t"e (o$t $ucce$$ful public $peakin coac"e$ in t"e countr!. <GGGG 0elo4 are $o(e of
t"e reat public $peakin tip$ t"at / "ave found t"at reall! 4ork.
e&liJe I0P o) ner/ousness doesnQt e/en s3oB6 2"e audience u$uall! canXt $ee t"e
butterflie$7 or $"ak! "and$7 or $4eat! pal($. 2"e proble( occur$ 4"en 4e $tart t"inkin
about t"e$e $!(pto($ rat"er t"an focu$in on t"e audience and our topic. =GGGG Focu$ on
t"e( and t4o t"in$ 4ill "appen: 56 t"e! 4ill like !ou (ore7 and ?6 (uc" of t"e nervou$ne$$
t"at !ou feel 4ill o a4a!.
Add some ent3usi&sm to @our t&l16 Your audience 4ill never be (ore excited about !our talk
t"an !ou are7 $o ive t"e( $o(e ener!7 and t"e! 4ill ive it back to !ou. Galk about a "alf
$tep fa$ter. @(ile. Let !our e$ture$ and voice e(p"a$i$ co(e naturall!. 6GGGG
Limit @our t&l1 to & )eB 1e@ points6 .arro4 do4n !our topic to eit"er one ke! point for a $"ort
talk7 or t"ree ke! point$ for a loner talk 3a talk loner t"an AH-(inute$.6 A$k !our$elf7 W/f (!
audience onl! re(e(bered one t"in fro( (! talk7 4"at 4ould be (o$t i(portant t"in for
t"e( to re(e(berRW HGGGG For in$tance7 t"ink of t"e @tatue of Libert!. G"at do !ou $eeR
You probabl! $ee a picture in !our (ind of t"e $tatue. .o4 t"ink of a pink elep"ant. Aain7
!ou probabl! $ee a picture in !our (ind7 but t"e i(portant 9ue$tion i$_4"ere did t"e $tatue
oR Your (ind can onl! trul! focu$ on one t"in at a ti(e. FGGGG 2"e (ore point$ !our
pre$entation "a$7 t"e le$$ focu$ t"e audience 4ill "ave on eac" individual point. Jnce !ou
"ave !our ke! point$7 t"en create !our Ko4erKoint $lide$. 2"at 4ill keep !ou fro( "avin
"undred$ of Ko4erKoint $lide$.
!ell stories6 DonXt tell little 4"ite lie$7 but do tell anecdote$ and per$onal experience$. @torie$
build rapport 4it" !our audience7 and t"e! ive !ou (ore credibilit!. Your audience 4ill
re(e(ber !our $torie$ a lot loner t"an t"e! 4ill re(e(ber !our talkin point$. IGGGG +id$
in to4n (ade fun of "i(7 but Le$ found out t"at t"i$ (anX$ "ou$e "ad cau"t on fire7 and "i$
t4o bab! irl$ died in t"e blaze. 2"e (an atte(pted to o in and $ave t"e( (an! ti(e$7 but
t"e "eat 4a$ too reat. G"en "i$ brot"er-in-la4 $"o4ed up7 "e verball! a$$aulted t"e (an
callin "i( a c"icken for not oin in to $ave "i$ irl$. 10GGGG / "eard t"i$ $tor! !ear$ ao7
and / canXt re(e(ber t"e $pecific point Le$ 0ro4n 4a$ (akin on $tae. / do re(e(ber t"e
Wc"icken-(an7W t"ou"7 and / fre9uentl! t"ink about "o4 / $"ould et all t"e fact$ before
pa$$in jud(ent on people. Le$ 0ro4nX$ $torie$ "ave lonevit!7 and !our $torie$ 4ill "ave
t"at t!pe of i(pact a$ 4ell.
93en in dou't. spe&1 )rom t3e 3e&rt6 Let !our audience $ee t"e real !ou7 and !ou 4ill "ave a
reat $peakin perfor(ance.
(adapted and aridged from http://www.!eadersinstitute.com/artic!es/effecti+e_ pu!ic_ speaking_in_
usiness_presentations.htm!)
A. @ince t"en7 / "ave $poken before t"ou$and$ of people7 and coac"ed "undred$ of (anaer$7
executive$7 and ot"er leader$ on "o4 to pre$ent (ore effectivel! to roup$.
0. / 4a$ t"e !oune$t per$on in t"e roo(7 ju$t ?H.
C. / "eard Le$ 0ro4n7 a fa(ou$ (otivational $peaker7 !ear$ ao7 and "e told a $tor! about "o4
a (an in "i$ "o(eto4n 4ent around t"e to4n $9uare "oldin t4o bab! doll$ and $9ua4kin like
a c"icken.
D. 2"e rea$on t"i$ i$ $o i(portant i$ t"at t"e "u(an (ind like$ to t"ink of onl! one t"in at a
ti(e.
'. 0! "u(an nature7 (o$t people are focu$ed on t"e($elve$ not on !ou.
F. 'ver $ince t"en7 t"e (an "a$ not $poken a 4ord -- in$tead "e ju$t cluck$ like a c"icken.
G. 2"e! al$o for( perception$ about t"e co(pan! !ou repre$ent ba$ed on !our perfor(ance.
>. / t"ou"t t"e! 4ould.
/. A$ !ou add additional point$7 eac" previou$ point 4ill beco(e diluted.
N. DonXt over do it7 but ive (ore ener! t"an 4"at !ou nor(all! 4ould.
+. / "ad to an$4er Wno.W
1626 En2lis3 in use
162616 e&d t3e &rticle 'eloB &nd )ill in t3e 2&ps Bit3 %$E Bord6 (emem'er t3e
tipsK)
1= Str&te2ies )or *i/in2 %r&l Present&tions
L!nn F. Nacob$7 Nere(! @. >!(an
&ore 1 GGG deat" and taxe$7 t"e t"in people fear (o$t i$ $peakin 2 GGG public. .eedle$$ to
$a!7 collee $tudent$ are not i((une ; GGG t"i$ terror7 4"ic"7 for !ou p$!c"olo! "ound$7 even
"a$ a < GGG: lo$$op"obia. Onfortunatel!7 in collee7 it;$ not al4a!$ $o ea$! to avoid public
$peakin. @o(e $c"ool$ "ave re9uired cour$e$ in $peec". And even in collee$ = GGG $peec"
i$n;t a $ubject7 t"ere often i$ a broad variet! of cour$e$ t"at incorporate pre$entation$ or
report$=and $o(eti(e$ full-lent" $e(inar$=into t"e reular cla$$ activitie$. @till7 t"ere;$ 6 GGG
need to lo$e !our breakfa$t 3or lunc" or dinner6 H GGG !our upco(in pre$entation. Jur 5C tip$
for i(provin !our public $peakin 4ill (ake even a arden-variet! $peaker into a real Cicero:
16 #o @our 3omeBor1. .obod! F GGG ive a ood pre$entation I GGG puttin in $o(e $eriou$
ti(e preparin re(ark$. &an! ifted $peaker$ look a$ if t"e!;re ju$t talkin off t"e cuff7 $a!in
10 GGG co(e$ to (ind. 0ut7 in trut"7 t"e!;ve $pent con$iderable ti(e fiurin out 4"at t"e!;re
oin to $a!. You $"ould7 too.
<:St&r !ip. /t;$ al4a!$ a ood idea to tr! out !our pre$entation on !our profe$$or 11 GGG ivin
it in cla$$. Jffice "our$ 4ork 4ell for t"i$.
26 Pl&@ t3e p&rts. Good pre$entation$ are $tructured in $ection$. &an! pre$entation$ need onl!
t4o or t"ree (ain point$. Jranizin !our point$ 12 GGG a fe4 (ain part$ and tellin !our
audience 1; GGG t"e$e part$ are = bot" before and a$ !ou o t"rou" !our pre$entation = can
be t"e difference 1< GGG a 4innin pre$entation and a lo$er.
;6 #o & dr@ run. /t;$ al4a!$ ood to do a run-t"rou" 3or even a couple of run-t"rou"$6 t"e
ni"t 1= GGG t"e pre$entation. 2"i$ can "elp 16 GGG bot" !our ti(in and !our (anner of
pre$entation. 0e $ure to (ake (ental note$ if !ou 4ent on 1H GGG lon or ot nervou$ or $tuck.
@o(e people find it u$eful to "ave a friend pretend to be t"e audience: >e or $"e can build up
!our confidence and (a!be even a$k a 9ue$tion or t4o.
<6 Loo1 present&'le. .o need to 4ear a $uit7 but it;$ "ard for people to take a pre$entation
$eriou$l! 4"en !ou look like $o(eone 1F GGG ju$t rolled out of bed.
=6 !&l1; donLt re&d. .obod! enjo!$ $eein a $peaker bur!in "i$ or "er face in a $cript7 readin
$tiffl! 1I GGG a piece of paper. 2r! to talk fro( note$7 or7 if !ou u$e a 4ritten-out text7 tr! to look
do4n 20 GGG it onl! occa$ionall!. /t;$ le$$ i(portant t"at !ou capture t"e text 4ord for 4ord t"an
t"at !ou pre$ent t"e (ain idea$ in a natural and relaxed 4a!.
66 !&1e it sloB. 2"e $inle bie$t (i$take inexperienced $peaker$ (ake i$ oin too fa$t.
Re(e(ber t"at !our audience "ear$ t"e (aterial for t"e fir$t ti(e and i$n;t nearl! a$ fa(iliar 21
GGG t"e topic a$ !ou are.
EDtr& Pointer. /f !ou find !our$elf runnin 22 GGG of ti(e7 eit"er drop or briefl! $u((arize an!
leftover (aterial. /f !our pre$entation include$ a di$cu$$ion period7 e$ture at t"e point$ !ou
"aven;t full! covered and $ue$t t"e( a$ t"in$ t"at could be di$cu$$ed later.
H6 "se &ids. For certain $ort$ of pre$entation$7 vi$ual 2; GGG= $uc" a$ Ko4erKoint$7 "andout$7
even t"in$ 4ritten on t"e board = can "elp !our audience locate and ra$p t"e (ain point$.
Nu$t be $ure to explain t"e$e (aterial$ full! in !our pre$entation: .o one i$ "app! to $ee an
outline t"at can;t be (ade "ead$ or 2< GGG of.
F6 #onLt 'ur@ t3e croBd. /ncludin (a$$ive nu(ber$ of 9uotation$ or unfat"o(able a(ount$
of data can over4"el( even t"e 2= GGG attentive audience.
I6 -e @oursel). A$ i(portant 26 GGG t"e content !ou pre$ent i$ !our aut"enticit! in pre$entin it7
$o don;t tr! to be $o(eone !ou;re not. You;ll never $ucceed.
106 Pl&@ it str&i23t. 2"ere;$ 2H GGG "ar( in includin a little "u(or in !our pre$entation$7
e$peciall! if !ou can carr! it off 4ell. 0ut in (o$t collee pre$entation$7 clo4n$ 4ill et C;$.
116 Circle t3e croBd. A ver! i(portant part of public $peakin i$ to (ake 2F GGG contact 4it"
people $eated in all part$ of t"e roo( = even t"o$e noddin off in t"e back. 2"at $"o4$ people
t"at !ou;re intere$ted 2I GGG co((unicatin 4it" t"e( = not ju$t ettin ;0 GGG t"i$ experience
a$ 9uickl! a$ po$$ible. And it 4ouldn;t "urt to o out fro( in back of t"e podiu( or de$k and
4alk around t"e roo( a little. @"arin $pace 4it" t"e audience can al$o co((unicate !our
intere$t in $"arin !our re$ult$ ;1 GGG t"e(7 $o(et"in !ou $urel! 4ant to do.
126 Appe&r rel&Ded. You don;t "ave to actuall! be relaxed=fe4 $peaker$ are = but at lea$t tr!
to appear a$ relaxed a$ po$$ible. 0rin alon $o(e 4ater or a drink7 take $"ort ;2 GGG fro(
ti(e to ti(e7 and t"ink plea$ant t"ou"t$. .o one enjo!$ $peaker$ ;; GGG are tre(blin and
$4eatin bullet$.
1;6 ,inis3 stron2. Al4a!$ be $ure to "ave a $ati$f!in conclu$ion ;< GGG !our pre$entation in
;= GGG !ou (ake clear to t"e li$tener$ 4"at t"e! no4 kno4. /t create$ a 4ar( feelin in t"e
(ind$ of !our li$tener$ and $"o4$ t"e( t"at t"e!;ve reall! learned $o(et"in fro( !our talk a
4"ic" t"e! probabl! "ave.
1<6 9elcome interruptions. @o(e $peaker$ are terrified t"at $o(eone 4ill interrupt t"e( ;6
GGG a 9ue$tion or co((ent. Actuall!7 t"i$ i$ one of t"e ;H GGG t"in$ t"at can "appen7 becau$e
it $"o4$ t"at $o(eone in t"e audience "a$ enaed ;F GGG 4"at !ou;re $a!in7 and7 if !ou
"ave t"e ti(e to offer a brief re$pon$e7 it can actuall! lead to enuine prore$$ on t"e point !ou
4ere (akin. And t4o-4a! conver$ation 3a$$u(in !ou;re (ini(all! ood at it6 i$ al4a!$ a
ten$ion-reducer.
1=. 7noB B3en to stop lecturin2. Certain pre$entation$ = e$peciall! in advanced or upper-
divi$ion cla$$e$ or $e(inar$ = can re9uire !ou to pre$ent $o(e (aterial7 t"en lead a di$cu$$ion.
0e $ure to attentivel! li$ten ;I GGG an! co((ent$ or 9ue$tion$ !our cla$$(ate$ (i"t rai$e <0
GGG $tartin on !our an$4er. And in a di$cu$$ion period7 never lecture 3onl! di$cu$$67 and be
$ure to an$4er exactl! t"e 9ue$tion a$ked. /n (an! cla$$e$7 "o4 !ou di$cu$$ i$ a$ i(portant a$
"o4 !ou pre$ent.
3adapted fro( http://www.usnews.com/education/!ogs/professorsBguide/5;#;/;5/5E/#FBstrategiesBforB
gi+ingBora!Bpresentations6
Stud@ t3e )olloBin2 p3r&ses6
& ner/ous Brec1 (in)orm&l) = ver! up$et and 4orried
8ump in = interrupt $o(ebod! 4"ile t"e! are talkin
lose si23t o) st3 = foret an i(portant fact about a $ituation
nod o)) (in)orm&l) = to fall a$leep
not3in2 could 'e )urt3er )rom t3e trut3 = u$ed to e(p"a$ize t"at $o(et"in i$ definitel!
not true
p&re st3 doBn = to reduce $o(et"in7 e$peciall! b! (akin a lot of $(all reduction$
sit t3rou23 st3 = to attend a (eetin7 perfor(ance etc. and $ta! until t"e end7 even if it i$
lon and borin
set in = if $o(et"in $et$ in7 e$peciall! $o(et"in unplea$ant7 it bein$ and $ee($ likel! to
continue for a lon ti(e
(t&l1) &t cross purposes = if t4o people are at cro$$ purpo$e$ t"e! do not under$tand eac"
ot"er becau$e t"e! are talkin about different t"in$ but fail to realize t"i$
t3e present&tion (&c3ie/ement) o) oneLs li)e = t"e (o$t re(arkable8t"e be$t ac"ieve(ent
o) oneLs li)e = one;$ be$t po$$ible ac"ieve(ent
"se t3e p3r&ses &'o/e to )ill in t3e 2&ps in t3e )olloBin2 teDt:
Ge "ad to 1 GGG Rob;$ di$a$trou$ pre$entation to t"e roup toda!. Ge 4ere overloaded 4it"
infor(ation7 and "e co(pletel! 2 GGG t"e (ain point$T "e $"ould ; GGG it GGG. >e t"ou"t a
ood po4erpoint 4ould co(pen$ate for poor pre$entation $kill$7 but not"in could "ave been <
GGG6 &o$t of t"e ti(e "e $poke too $lo4l! 3one or t4o people 4ere = GGG6. 2"en Dr None$
a$ked "i( a trick! 9ue$tion and !ou could $ee t"e panic 6 GGG. G"en 'laine a$ked about
projected $ale$ "e H GGG before $"e;d fini$"ed7 and t"e! ended up F GGG. >e 4a$ "opin it
4ould be t"e pre$entation I GGG7 but in$tead "e ended up a 10 GGG.
5. irst meetings
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
G"at factor$ can influence t"e $ucce$$ of a fir$t (eetinR
2616 e&din2 compre3ension
P&rts o) t3e sentences in t3e )olloBin2 teDt 3&/e 'een remo/ed6 !3e@ &re 2i/en in t3e 'oD
'eloB t3e teDt6 !3e@ &re lettered A to L6 e&d t3e teDt &nd )ill in t3e 'l&n1s num'ered 1 to
10 Bit3 t3e correspondin2 missin2 p&rts A to L6 !3ere &re tBo letters t3&t @ou do not
need6
93&t to S&@ 93en 0eetin2 Someone )or t3e ,irst !ime
/t can be 9uite a nervou$ ti(e 4"en !ou are (eetin $o(eone ne4 and often people can
4onder 4"at t"e! $"ould $a!. /t doe$nXt (atter if it i$ a date7 a ne4 4ork colleaue7 a bu$ine$$
(eetin or $o(eone !ou (eet in a $ocial $ituation7 !ou can find !our$elf $tuck for 4"at to $a!
4"en (eetin $o(eone for t"e fir$t ti(e. >o4ever7 1 GGGG and bein a relation$"ip on ood
ter($.
!3e 2reetin2
2"e fir$t t"in to do 4"en (eetin $o(eone i$ to $(ile and reet t"e(7 tellin t"e( !our na(e.
A $(ile 4ill relax !ou a$ 4ell a$ (akin !ou appear friendl! and open7 $o t"e ot"er per$on al$o
relaxe$ and 2 GGG.
You $"ould $a! !our na(e 3probabl! ju$t !our fir$t na(e unle$$ it i$ a bu$ine$$ $ituation6.
Aain7 t"i$ relaxe$ !ou and t"e ot"er per$on becau$e it (ake$ !ou appear open and ; GGG. /t
doe$nXt (atter t"at t"e! (a! 4ell foret !our na(e laterT !ou (ade !our$elf appear open to
t"e(.
"se t3e situ&tion
You "ave (et toet"er for a purpo$e7 4"et"er t"at i$ a (eetin7 a part!7 or 4"atever. You can
find $o(e connection bet4een !ou to talk about in t"at. /f !ou are at a co(pan! (eetin !ou <
GGG. Jr at a part! !ou (i"t a$k "o4 t"e! kno4 t"e "o$t.
0e!ond t"at7 !ou could u$e !our p"!$ical $urroundin$ to find $o(et"in to talk about. @o !ou
(a! a$k about t"e ot"er per$onX$ journe! or re(ark upon t"e decor etc. A$k t"eir opinion about
$o(et"in and $"o4 t"at !ou are intere$ted in 4"at t"e! t"ink.
7eep it li23t
+eep !our co((ent$ li"t and po$itive and !ou $"ould et a re$pon$e t"at i$ al$o in t"e $a(e
(anner. DonXt voice = GGG until !ou kno4 t"e per$on better a$ it i$ po$$ible !ou could offend
t"e(. +eep controver$ial conver$ation topic$ for a later (eetin.
el&D
You "ave rea$on to be confident 4"en (eetin $o(eone for t"e fir$t ti(e becau$e in t"i$
$ituation t"e! "ave never (et !ou eit"er. You are e9ual$7 bot" in t"e $a(e po$ition in t"at
re$pect.
'ven t"ou" !ou "ave to be a little careful not to offend people7 donXt feel !ou need to put on an
act. /t i$ t"e real !ou 6 GGG if !ou are to "ave a la$tin and po$itive relation$"ip $o t"at i$ 4"at
!ou $"ould pre$ent to t"e(.
"se @our m&nners
'ven if !ou "ave offended $o(eone on a fir$t (eetin7 !ou can re$cue t"e $ituation $o t"ere i$
no need to panic about it. @i(pl! apoloize and let it be kno4n t"at H GGG. /f people can $ee
t"at !our apolo! i$ $incere and t"at !ou (eant no offence7 t"e va$t (ajorit! of people 4ill be
fine 4it" !our apolo! and not "old a rude aain$t !ou.
#onQt outst&@ @our Belcome
/f !ou are (eetin $o(eone for t"e fir$t ti(e7 F GGG7 or at lea$t 4ork out $o(e kind of exit
$trate! if t"e (eetin i$ not oin 4ell. Jften7 t"i$ i$ $i(pleT all !ou "ave to do i$ $a! t"at !ou
need to o talk to a friend !ou "ave ju$t $potted acro$$ t"e roo(.
0e $ure to t"ank t"e( for t"eir ti(e in $peakin 4it" !ou and I GGG and t"e door i$ open for !ou
to o back to talk 4it" t"e( aain.
@o7 4"at to $a! 4"en (eetin $o(eone for t"e fir$t ti(e $"ould be li"t7 open and friendl!. /t
$"ould 10 GGG. /t i$ enou" to $(ile and be open and intere$ted in t"e ot"er per$on and (ake
li"t conver$ation about t"e $ituation t"at brin$ !ou toet"er.
3adapted fro( http://e.ineartic!es.com/G@hatBtoBSa"B@henB*eetingBSomeoneBForBtheBFirstB
)ime6idHEIEIICA6
A t"at !ou need t"e ot"er per$on to connect 4it" and to like
0 feel$ (ore "appil! di$po$ed to4ard !ou
C could a$k "o4 lon t"e ot"er per$on "a$ 4orked for t"e co(pan!
D it i$ out of !our reac"
' !ou (a! 4ell 4ant to keep t"e (eetin 9uite $"ort
F not probe too deepl! into per$onal i$$ue$ nor di$clo$e too (uc" of !our$elf
G an! particularl! $tron opinion$
> all of t"e$e $ituation$ offer !ou opportunitie$ to $trike up a conver$ation
/ leave on ood ter($ $o t"e! are left 4it" a ood i(pre$$ion of !ou
N not"in bad can "appen
+ it connect$ t"e t4o of !ou
L it 4a$ not !our intention to cau$e offence
262 ?oc&'ul&r@ de/elopment
262616 Stud@ t3e )olloBin2 p3r&ses6
& meetin2 o) minds = a $ituation in 4"ic" people "ave $i(ilar idea$ and opinion$
'e on t3e s&me B&/elen2t3 (in)orm&l) = t"ink in a $i(ilar 4a! about $t"
'e struc1 '@ s'Nst3 (in)orm&l) = be i(pre$$ed b! or intere$ted in $t"
()eel) &t 3ome = 3feel6 co(fortable and relaxed
m&1e st3 o) s'Nst3 = under$tand or reard $b or $t" in a particular 4a!
m@ 3e&rt B&s in m@ mout3 = u$ed to $a! !ou felt ver! nervou$ or fri"tened about $t"
pl&@ it '@ e&r = deal 4it" a $ituation b! reactin a$ t"in$ "appen rat"er t"an "avin a plan
(ri23t) )rom t3e Bord 2o = 3ri"t6 fro( t"e beinnin
to st&rtN'e2in Bit3 = at t"e beinnin
Bit3 open &rms = 4elco(e $b in a ver! affectionate and ent"u$ia$tic 4a!
"se t3e p3r&ses &'o/e to )ill in t3e 2&ps in t3e )olloBin2 teDt:
G"en / (et (! ne4 bo$$7 it 4a$n;t exactl! 1 GGG. / didn;t kno4 4"at 2 GGG "i( reall!7 and ;
GGG7 / ju$t "ad to < GGG6 0ut 4e;re J+ no4.
&! fir$t "o$t fa(il! are fanta$ticL Ge ot on reall! 4ell = GGG . 2"e! 4elco(ed (e 6 GGG7 and / H
GGG al(o$t i((ediatel!.
/ (et (! bo!friend on t"e /nternet and / reckoned 4e;d F GGG. 0ut a$ / 4a$ drivin to (eet "i(
in per$on7 I GGG. >e 4a$ lovel!7 t"ou"7 and / 10 GGG "i$ 9uirk! $en$e of fun i((ediatel!.
262626 epl&ce t3e underlined BordNp3r&ses Bit3 &not3er BordNp3r&se t3&t 3&s t3e s&me
me&nin26
5. >o4;$ life R
?. 2"e! 4ere ver! un4illin to leave.
A. @"e reconize$ and i$ rateful for ever!t"in !ou;ve done.
B. /n t"e beinnin it 4a$ a difficult relation$"ip.
C. >e i$ prepared to take re$pon$ibilit! for 4"at "appened.
D. 2"ere i$ 4ide$pread ad(iration for 4"at "e "a$ ac"ieved.
E. Ge;ve "ad ood ti(e$ and bad ti(e$ in our relation$"ip.
F. / "ad a tou" ti(e la$t !ear but t"in$ are i(provin no4.
P. / like t"e $ituation a$ it i$.
5H. 0ecau$e of t"e $pecial connection parent$ "ave 4it" t"eir c"ildren7 t"e! often ive up (an!
i(portant t"in$ for t"e(.
8. Business meetings
;616 e&d t3e )olloBin2 teDt &'out meetin2s6 Some o) t3e underlined p&rts &re correct;
some 3&/e & mist&1e in t3em (& 2r&mm&r mist&1e. & /oc&'ul&r@ mist&1e. & spellin2
mist&1e. & missin2 Bord. &n unnecess&r@ Bord. &nd in&ppropri&teness in t3e conteDt)6
Identi)@ t3e mist&1es &nd correct t3em6
!IPS !% 4ELP 5%"E
4oB c&n @ou 1noB B3&t is Bron2K 93&t s3ould @ou doK
- read t"e $entence$ carefull! and concentrate on $pellin7 t"e (eanin of 4ord$7 4ord order7
aree(ent bet4een $ubject and predicate7 ten$e$7 etcT
- do not inore loical (eanin.
93@ &re @ou presentin2K
2"i$ i$ t"e fir$t t"in t"at 5. !ou 4ill need a$kin !our$elf. G"! are !ou pre$entinR /$ ?. it an
i(portant (e$$ae to ive or are !ou $i(pl! (akin up nu(ber$R Are !ou lookin A. to ri$e
!our per$onal profile or are !ou $tandin in for $o(eone 4"o "a$ dropped outR Are !ou
co(fortable B. 4it" !our $ubject (atter or "ave !ou been iven t"e topic of t"e pre$entationR /f
!ou "ave $eriou$ doubt$ no4 i$ t"e ti(e to $tart C. to con$ider if !ou need to be $peakin or if
!ou can $tart to c"ane t"e topic of t"e pre$entation.
0lock out $o(e ti(e in !our diar!.
2"i$ i$ one of D. t"e (o$t co((onl! (i$take$ t"at 4e $ee a lot of. For an i(portant bu$ine$$
pre$entation7 4e $ue$t E. t"at !ou block out around ?H "our$ of !our ti(e. 2"i$ i$ "o4 (uc"
ti(e it 4ill take to do a ood job - in re$earc"7 plannin and (o$t i(portantl! in re"ear$in. F. /f
!ou "avenXt ot t"at (uc" $pace in t"e diar! t"en !ou 4ill $i(pl! "ave to (ove $o(et"in out7
or !ou P. 4ill (u$t 4ork in evenin$ or 4eekend$. 2"i$ i$ 4"at (o$t of u$ end up doin.
Your co(petitive advantae
Ge "ave 5H. $at in t"ou$and$ of bu$ine$$ pre$entation$ - and (an! can be 9uite borin affair$.
2"e one co((on factor t"at 4e $ee a lot i$ bullet point$. 2"e$e are 55. a ver! uneffective 4a!
of co((unicatin. /f t"ere i$ onl! one piece of advice t"at !ou could follo4 fro( t"i$ $ite - it
4ould be to u$e picture$ rat"er t"an bullet point$. 0u$ine$$ re$earc" $"o4$ 5?. t"at t"e
c"ance$ of ac"ievin !our objective$ increa$e fro( around AAI up to around DDI. And t"at i$
a (ajor co(petitive advantae.
Re"ear$in
2"i$ i$ an ab$olute (u$t. You (a! be 5A. 9uick-4itted and like to ad lib7 but /Xll tell !ou one
t"in. Learn 5B. !our $peec" 4ord 4it" for 4ord and !ou 4ill be able to ad lib betterL Re(e(ber
t"e co(edian Frankie >o4ard 4it" "i$ bu(blin deliver! - Woo" no4 4"ere 4a$ /RW 'ver! one of
t"o$e re(ark$ 5C. 4a$ carefull! $cripted and practi$ed for "our$ in front of a (irror.
;626 ,ill in t3e 2&ps in t3e teDt 'eloB Bit3 t3e most &ppropri&te Bords or p3r&ses in t3e
)olloBin2 'oD6
irre!e+ant issues fa!! apart !ife!ood more than enough
a!! the wa" up to shapes and si.es on a+erage an" c!ear resu!t
e+idence effecti+e pro>ect coordination
-usiness 0eetin2s t3&t 0&tter : itQs Possi'leE
&eetin$ co(e in all 16 GGG. 2"ere are t"e ever!da! office (eetin$7 board (eetin$7 $e(inar$
= 26 GGG (ajor conference$. And (eetin$ can no4 be face-to-face7 teleconference7
videoconference7 or online via t"e /nternet. And 4"en i$ t"e la$t ti(e !ou "eard $o(eone $a!7
WGee7 4e need to "ave (ore (eetin$.WR 2"ere are ;6 GGG (eetin$ to o around t"e$e da!$7
and for a ood rea$on. &eetin$ are (ore i(portant t"an ever. &odern 4orkplace$ are built on
tea($7 $"arin of idea$7 and <6 GGG6
/f co((unication i$ t"e =6 GGG of an! oranization7 t"en (eetin$ are t"e "eart and (ind. 2"e
place 4"ere 4e co((unicate our idea$7 "a$" t"e( out7 $"are our pa$$ion for better or 4or$e7
develop ne4 under$tandin$ and ne4 direction$. /tX$ 4"ere deal$ can "appen or 66 GGG7 4"ere
$trateie$ are articulated and debated -- in $"ort -- 4"ere 4e enae 4it" ot"er$. 2"atX$ 4"at
itX$ all about7 people (eetin 4it" people.
@urve! re$ult$ publi$"ed b! t"e Annenber @c"ool of Co((unication$ at OCLA and t"e
Oniver$it! of &inne$otaX$ 2rainin Q Develop(ent Re$earc" Center $"o4 t"at executive$ H6
GGG $pend BHI-CHI of t"eir 4orkin "our$ in bu$ine$$ (eetin$. Furt"er F6 GGG of t"e
perva$ivene$$ of (eetin$ co(e$ fro( a recent i$$ue of Fa$t Co(pan! (aazine7 4"ere
oranizational p$!c"oloi$t Non R!bur $a!$ "e advi$e$ corporate client$ to provide t4ice a$
(uc" (eetin $pace a$ t"e! did ?H !ear$ ao.
4oB to Pl&n & 0eetin2
@tudie$ al$o point out a di$courain trend: @urve!ed profe$$ional$ aree t"at a$ (uc" a$ CHI
of t"at (eetin ti(e i$ unproductive and t"at up to ?CI of (eetin ti(e i$ $pent di$cu$$in I6
GGG. 2!picall!7 t"e! co(plain t"at (eetin$ are too lon7 are $c"eduled 4it"out ade9uate ti(e
to prepare and end 4it"out 106 GGG.
;6;6 ,ill in t3e 2&ps in t3e )olloBin2 teDt Bit3 & Bord deri/ed )rom t3e Bord 2i/en in
'r&c1ets6 (emem'er t3e tipsK)
&o$t of u$ "ave been to $e(inar$ or conference$ 4"ere 4eXve left feelin in$pired and 16 GGG
(M"?E$ILE). 0ut "o4 (an! of u$ "ave ever left ever!da! (eetin$ feelin t"e $a(e 4a!.
Rarel!7 no doubt. 2"e rea$on i$ t"at ood $e(inar$ and conference$ are oranized preci$el! to
enae u$. @adl!7 (o$t office (eetin$ are not.
0elieve it or not7 (eetin$ can and $"ould be t"e (o$t 26 GGG (I$!EES!) and ;6 GGG
(P%#"CE) part of !our da!. And if !ouXve ever been to a reat conference or $e(inar7 !ou
alread! "ave $een $o(e of t"e ba$ic principle$ at 4ork. 2"e$e can be <6 GGG (S"00A5) a$:
56 preparation
?6 facilitation
A6 in$piration
B6 re$ult$
Kreparation (ean$ (akin $ure !our (eetin "a$ a clear7 $tated purpo$e7 and an aenda.
Karticipant$ are c"o$en carefull!7 invited in =6 GGG (P%,ESSI%$) 4a! and iven $ufficient
prior infor(ation. Kreparation al$o (ean$ attention to detail$ includin: roo( 66 GGG (-%%7)7
caterin7 a8v e9uip(ent7 H6 GGGG (0I$#).
Facilitation (ean$ t"at $o(eone or a tea( i$ re$pon$ible for uidin t"e (eetin7 a plan for t"e
(eetin i$ reflected in t"e aenda and t"e facilitator 3or c"air6 keep$ t"in$ on ti(e and on
track.
/n$piration i$ probabl! t"e (o$t F6 GGG (L%%7) a$pect of ever!da! (eetin$. All t"e attention to
detail and proce$$ can pu$" t"e opportunit! for I6 GGG (SP%$!A$E%"S) and ent"u$ia$(
a$ide. 0uild in activite$ t"at enae participant$7 u$e $trateie$ to enerate di$cu$$ion7 or vi$ual
aid$ to rab attention.
Re$ult$ (ean$ t"at ever! (eetin $"ould be directed to4ard one or (ore 106 GGG (C%0E).
Karticipant$ (u$t feel t"at $o(et"in "a$ been acco(pli$"ed7 and t"e! (u$t $ee all of t"eir
(eetin$ a$ part of t"e bier $trate! to involve t"e( in t"e future of t"e oranization.
Ac"ieve(ent$ at one (eetin $"ould be recapped in t"e next7 and $o on.
;6<6 ?oc&'ul&r@ de/elopment
Stud@ t3e )olloBin2 p3r&ses6
)or2e &3e&d (Bit3 st3) = (ake $tron and $tead! prore$$ 4it" $t"
3old t3e )loor = $peak durin a di$cu$$ion7 e$peciall! for a lon ti(e $o t"at nobod!
el$e can $peak
in dri's &nd dr&'s = raduall! and in $(all a(ount$ or nu(ber$
l&@ st3 doBn = officiall! $tate rule$7 principle$7 etc. t"at people (u$t obe! or follo4
le&/e st3 3&n2in2 = fail to (ake a definite deci$ion or $tate(ent about $t"
r&m'le on (in)orm&l) = $peak about $t" for a lon ti(e in a borin or confu$in 4a!
run o/er = continue for loner t"an planned
rus3 into st3 = do $o(et"in 4it"out t"inkin carefull! about it fir$t
t3roB st3 to2et3er = (ake or produce $t" in a "urr!
to t3e detriment o) st3Ns' = re$ultin in "ar( or da(ae to $t"8$b
"se t3e p3r&ses &'o/e to )ill in t3e 2&ps in t3e )olloBin2 teDt6
2"e c"airper$on (a! be re$pon$ible 4"en a (eetin oe$ badl!. >ere;$ 4"!:
- Karticipant$ are allo4ed to arrive 1 GGG.
- 2"e! don;t kno4 4"at;$ "appenin becau$e t"e c"airper$on "a$ 2 GGG t"e aenda at
t"e la$t (inute and "a$n;t ; GGG clear rule$ for t"e conduct of t"e (eetin.
- Git"out fir( uidance fro( t"e c"air7 one or t4o people (a! < GGG and = GGG for ae$7
and a$ a re$ult7 t"e (eetin 6 GGG 4it" not"in ac"ieved.
- Koor ti(e (anae(ent (a! (ean people H GGG deci$ion$7 or t"at deci$ion$ are F GGG.
- Jne per$on at t"e (eetin 3often t"e c"airper$on6 I GGG t"eir o4n aenda7 10 GGG t"e
(eetin and t"e ot"er participant$.
A!!E$!I%$E
Do not foret t"at an! text $"ould "ave an introductor! part7 a bod! and a conclu$ion. 'ac" ne4
idea $"ould be approac"ed in a di$tinct pararap" and illu$trated b! detail$ and relevant
exa(ple$. @"ort and clear $entence$ are al4a!$ (ore convincin t"an t"e lon but inco"erent
one$. Jrani$e !our pararap"$ in a loical $e9uence. Con$ider 4"o !ou are addre$$in and
adopt t"e re9uired rei$ter: for(al or infor(al. Jnce !ou "ave decided on t"e rei$ter7 be
con$i$tentL Ka! attention to t"e lent" of !our paper. /f !ou 4rite $inificantl! (ore t"an AHH
4ord$7 !ou (i"t "ave referred to irrelevant a$pect$. /f !ou 4rite le$$7 !our paper (i"t be
inco(plete.
4%0E9%7 ASSI*$0E$! 2
Grite $entence$ of !our o4n to illu$trate t"e (eanin of t"e p"ra$e$ iven in ta$k$ 5.A 3pae
?F67 ?.?.5 3pae AH67 and A.B 3pae AA6. You $"ould $ub(it !our "o(e4ork electronicall!
3adriana.fekete@linua.ubbcluj.ro6. 3t!pe of docu(ent: Gord6. #o not send m&teri&l
doBnlo&ded )rom t3e Internet6
#e&dline: 10 #ecem'er
UNIT 3 COMPANY STRUCTURE
@tudent$ $"ould be able to u$e t"e vocabular! under C%0PA$5 S!"C!"E to co((unicate about:
-usiness &ims o) comp&nies
-usiness &cti/ities o) comp&nies (&ccordin2 to t3e t@pe o) Bor1 t3e@ &re in/ol/ed Bit3)
!@pes o) comp&nies > 2ener&l c3&r&cteristics
!@pes o) or2&nis&tions '@ siJe
Intern&l structure o) comp&nies
Corpor&te culture
&cCuisition noun UC7OV
&))ili&te noun UCV
&2enc@ noun UCV
&lli&nce noun UCV
&nnu&l 2ener&l meetin2 noun UCV
&ssoci&te adjective
&ut3orit@ noun UCV
'lue c3ip comp&n@ noun UCV
'r&nc3 noun UCV
'ro1er&2e noun UCV
'ure&u noun UCV
'u@ s' out p"ra$al verb U&V
c3&m'er o) commerce noun UCV
cle&rin2 3ouse noun UCV
client noun UCV
clientele roup noun U@V
Co6 noun UOV
commerci&l adjective
consult&nc@ noun
Corp6 noun UCV
corpor&te adjective
counterp&rt noun UCV
d&u23ter comp&n@ noun UCV
dep&rtment noun UCV
di/ision noun UCV
e:'usiness noun UC7 OV
enterprise noun
Est6 adjective
est&'lis3ment noun UCV
eDp&nd verb U/72V
)&mil@ 'usiness noun UCV
)elloB noun UCV
)irm noun UCV
)r&nc3ise noun UCV
3e&d o))ice roup noun UCV
3um&n resources plural noun
Incorpor&ted adjective
8oint /enture noun UCV
m&1e & t&1eo/er 'id )or st3
m&nu)&cturers plural noun
mer2er noun UCV
monopol@ noun UC or @V
multin&tion&l noun UCV
$*% noun UCV
o))ice noun UC7 OV
o))s3ore adjective
p&rent comp&n@ noun UCV
p&rtners3ip noun
personnel roup noun UOV
plc. PLC noun UCV
position noun UCV
pri/&te adjective
proprietor noun UCV
pu'lic comp&n@Ncorpor&tionNenterprise
noun UCV
pu'lic utilit@ noun UCV
run & 'usiness verb U/V
sister comp&n@ noun UCV
sm&ll 'usiness noun UCV
spo1esm&n noun UCV
st&1e3older societ@ noun UCV
st&tus noun UOV
str&te2ic &lli&nce noun UCV
su'ordin&te adjective
su'sidi&r@ noun UCV
S9%! noun UOV
s@ndic&te noun UCV
tender noun UCV
terti&r@ adjective
tr&de verb U/7 2V
tr&ns&ct verb U2V FJR&AL
trust comp&n@ noun UCV
unlimited comp&n@ noun UCV
/enture noun UCV
"$I! !4EE > #$% S#/0C#0/% 3 #$% ,/(
4. #ypes of Businesses
1616 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
G"at (ake$ a $ucce$$ful bu$ine$$(an84o(an in !our countr!R
1626 e&din2
e&d t3e )olloBin2 teDt &nd )ill in t3e 2&ps Bit3 %$E Bord6 (emem'er t3e tipsK)
!@pes o) Comp&nies under t3e Comp&nies Act "7
Le2isl&tion 2o/ernin2 Comp&nies
2"e internal overnance procedure$ and (anae(ent7 ri"t$ of $"are"older$ and dutie$ and
re$pon$ibilitie$ of co(pan! officer$ are overned 1 GGG t"e Co(panie$ Act 2 GGG 5PFC.
e2isterin2 & Comp&n@
2o rei$ter a co(pan!7 t"e re9uired docu(ent$ (u$t be filed and certain condition$ i(po$ed b!
t"e Rei$trar of Co(panie$ $ati$fied. A certificate of incorporation 4ill t"en be i$$ued and t"e
co(pan! brou"t ; GGG exi$tence. A co(pan!;$ fir$t $"are"older$ are <$ub$criber$; and can be
natural per$on$ or ot"er co(panie$.
Incorpor&tion #ocuments
2"e docu(ent$ 4"ic" (u$t be filed include7 i(portantl!7 t"e (e(orandu( of a$$ociation and
t"e article$ of a$$ociation. 2"e (e(orandu( li$t$ t"e co(pan! na(e7 it$ object$7 t"e countr! of
it$ rei$tered office7 t"e liabilit! of it$ $"are"older$ and t"e $"are capital. 2"e article$ li$t t"e
co(pan! reulation$ and rule$ < GGG t"e internal ad(ini$tration.
After t"e certificate of incorporation i$ i$$ued7 t"e co(pan! i$ con$idered a$ rei$tered and can
co((ence tradin. A public li(ited co(pan! (u$t = GGG $pecific capital re9uire(ent$ before it
can co((ence bu$ine$$. A private li(ited co(pan! re9uire$ onl! one (e(ber7 4"erea$ a
public li(ited co(pan! re9uire$ a (ini(u( of t4o.
Cl&ssi)ic&tion o) Comp&nies
2"e Co(panie$ Act broadl! cateori$e$ co(panie$ a$ eit"er public 6 GGG private co(panie$.
2"ere are t"ree cateorie$ of liabilit! of t"e co(pan! $"are"older$7 4"ic" refer to t"eir liabilit!
for t"e co(pan!;$ debt$ if or 4"en it enter$ li9uidation:
@"are"older$X liabilit! for co(panie$ li(ited b! $"are$ i$ li(ited to an! a(ount $till o4in to t"e
co(pan! for t"eir $"are$. 2"i$ i$ referred to a$ Xli(ited liabilit!X and i$ t"e H GGG popular for( of
co(pan!7 a$ t"e director$ and $"are"older$ do not beco(e per$onall! liable for t"e debt$ and
conduct of t"e co(pan!7 except in $pecial circu($tance$.
For co(panie$ li(ited b! uarantee7 (e(ber$; liabilit! i$ li(ited to t"eir undertakin to pa!
certain $u($ on it$ 4indin F GGG7 and unli(ited co(panie$ offer no protection to $"are"older$
for co(pan! debt$.
&ovin on fro( t"e$e ba$ic (odel$ for $"are"older$X liabilit!7 t"e Co(panie$ Act per(it$
incorporation of private co(panie$ li(ited b! $"are$T public co(panie$ li(ited b! $"are$T
private co(panie$ li(ited b! uarantee and private unli(ited co(panie$.
Pri/&te Comp&nies
Krivate co(panie$ are defined b! reference to public li(ited co(panie$. All co(panie$ t"at are
not public co(panie$ are private co(panie$. A private co(pan! i$ not per(itted to offer it$
$"are$ to t"e public. Due I GGG t"e capitali$ation re9uire(ent$7 t"e ve"icle tend$ to be u$ed for
$(aller bu$ine$$e$.
G"ere a private co(pan! i$ li(ited b! it$ $"are$7 $"are"older$ are liable to contribute to t"e
a$$et$ an! unpaid a(ount on $"are$ i$$ued to t"at $"are"older. 2"e no(inal value of t"e
$"are$7 includin pre(iu($ pa!able on $ub$cription7 deter(ine$ t"e a(ount 10 GGG i$ pa!able.
2"e (e(orandu( of a$$ociation "a$ to be enerall! in t"e <for(; pre$cribed b! t"e @ecretar! of
@tate.
G"ere a private co(pan! i$ li(ited 11 GGG uarantee7 $"are"older$ 4ill be liable to contribute
to t"e a$$et$ of t"e co(pan! t"e a(ount re9uired for pa!(ent of t"e co(pan!;$ debt$ and
co$t$ of 4indin up7 up to t"e (axi(u( $et out in t"e (e(orandu(. 2"i$ i$ u$uall! b5.
Pu'lic Comp&nies
A public co(pan! (u$t be li(ited b! $"are$T t"e (e(orandu( (u$t explicitl! $tate t"at 12 GGG
i$ a public co(pan!. 2"e na(e (u$t end 4it" [public li(ited co(pan!\ or t"e abbreviation
WKLCW. 2"e $"are capital (u$t not be le$$ 1; GGG bCH7HHH. At lea$t one-9uarter of eac" $"are;$
no(inal value and t"e 4"ole of an! pre(iu( on it (u$t be paid before it can be allotted. /f t"ere
are le$$ t"an t4o $"are"older$ of t"e co(pan! for (ore t"an $ix (ont"$7 t"e $inle (e(ber 4ill
be jointl! and $everall! liable 4it" t"e co(pan! for it$ debt$7 t"u$ li(ited liabilit! protection 1<
GGG be lo$t7 a$ t"e co(pan! doe$ not $ati$f! t"e re9uire(ent$ of t"e Act. 2"e @tock 'xc"ane
(a! deal 4it" t"e $"are$ of a public co(pan!7 or t"e Alternative /nve$t(ent &arket. @uc"
co(panie$ are de$cribed a$ <publicl! 9uoted;7 <publicl! traded; or <li$ted co(panie$;.
"nlimited Comp&nies
A (e(ber of $uc" a co(pan! "a$ no li(it on t"eir liabilit! for a co(pan!;$ debt$ and
obliation$ if it beco(e$ in$olvent. @"are"older$ (a! not 1= GGG $ued b! creditor$7 4"o (u$t
petition for t"e 4indin up of t"e co(pan!. An! $"are capital (u$t be $tated in t"e article$ of
a$$ociation.
%/erse&s Comp&nies
2"i$ i$ 4"ere t"e co(pan! "a$ been incorporated 16 GGG t"an in Great 0ritain7 t"ou" "a$ an
e$tabli$"ed bu$ine$$ in Great 0ritain. 2"e provi$ion contained in t"e Act include$ t"o$e
concernin t"eir con$titution and officer$ and an addre$$ for $ervice 4it"in t"e juri$diction7 t"e
preparation and deliver! of account$7 and t"e rei$tration of c"are$ over propert!.
2"e for(ation of a co(pan! for (o$t tradin enterpri$e$ (ean$ for(in a co(pan! li(ited b!
$"are$.
http://www.gi!!hams.com/artic!es/#IF.cfm
16;616 0&tc3 t3e )olloBin2 Bords )rom t3e teDt Bit3 t3e correct de)initions:
5. juri$diction a. 3leal6 re$pon$ibilit!
?. partner$"ip b. t"e ri"t to u$e an official po4er to (ake leal deci$ion$7 or
t"e area 4"ere t"i$ ri"t exi$t$
A. capital c. to u$e a particular a(ount of ti(e for $o(et"in7 or ive a
particular $"are of (one!7 $pace etc to $o(eone or
$o(et"in
B. liabilit! d. not "avin enou" (one! to pa! 4"at !ou o4e
C. in$olvent e. to include $o(et"in a$ part of a roup7 $!$te(7 plan etc
D. to petition f. t4o or (ore o4ner$ 4"o "ave areed to divide7 in $o(e
proportion7 t"e ri$k$ taken and t"e profit$ earned b! t"e fir(
E. (e(orandu( . to a$k t"e overn(ent or an oranization to do $o(et"in b!
$endin t"e( a petitionT to (ake a for(al re9ue$t to $o(eone
in aut"orit!7 to a court of la47 or to God
F. to incorporate ". (one! or propert!7 e$peciall! 4"en it i$ u$ed to $tart a
bu$ine$$ or to produce (ore 4ealt":
P. $"are"older i. differentl! and $eparatel!
5H. $everall! j. a $"ort leal docu(ent t"at contain$ t"e i(portant detail$ of
an aree(ent
55. to allot k. per$on t"at o4n$ $"are$8 $tock$
16;626 .otice t"e difference: 3wn2 owe
J4n: po$$e$$T "ave po$$e$$ion of7 be in po$$e$$ion of7 be t"e o4ner of7 "old
J4e: be indebted7 be in debt7 be oblied7 "ave a loan fro(
16;6;6 .otice "o4 t"e follo4in 4ord$ are for(ed:
Kroprietor$"ip7 partner$"ip7 o4ner$"ip: : ; ship
Liabilit!7 re$pon$ibilit! c liable7 re$pon$ible : ; ty
@avin$7 belonin$: verb ; ing<s=
Onli(ited: un ; ad>
16;6<6 Complete t3e sentences '@ c3&n2in2 t3e )orm o) t3e Bord in c&pit&ls6 (emem'er
t3e tipsK)
5. >o4 dare t"e! ^^^ bla(e 4it"out kno4in all t"e fact$ fir$tR P%!I%$
?. At t"e ^^^ of $u((er7 t"e te(perature can reac" CH
H
C. 4I*4
A. /;d like to (ake a ^^^ fro( (! bank account7 plea$e. #A9
B. Dori$ Carter7 4"o i$ 5HE toda!7 put$ "er ^^^ do4n to "avin a lovin fa(il!7 and $even cup$
of tea a da!. L%$*
C. A ^^^ of re$ident$ no4 $upport t"e propo$al to build a ne4 roundabout in t"e to4n centre.
0AM%
D. G"at ^^^ $trent" do t"o$e binocular$ "aveR 0A*$I,5
E. Ge took out a loan fro( t"e bank7 $o 4e;re oin to "ave to (ake (ont"l! ^^^ for t"e next
five !ear$. PA5
F. Li$keard and Callinton are ba$icall! ^^^ fro( "ere7 $o it;ll take about t"e $a(e ti(e to et to
eit"er of t"e(. #IS!A$!
P. 2"eir "elp 4a$ "uel! ^^^. -E$E,I!
5H. Klea$e keep e-(ail$ $"ort. ^^^ (ake$ ever!one;$ live$ ea$ier. -IE,
55. 2"e $c"ool;$ football pitc" "a$ been ^^^ over t"e $u((er to confor( to ne4 national
$tandard$. L%$*
5?. / don;t 4ant to ^^^ t"e aon! for !ou7 but /;( afraid !ou;ll "ave to 4ait anot"er t4o da!$ to
kno4 "o4 (uc" (one! !ou;ve 4on. L%$*
16<6 ,unctions
Presentin2 in)orm&tion
/;( oin to talk about_.
Fir$t of all7 let;$ look at___.
After t"at__.
A$ !ou can $ee fro( t"e bar rap"____
.o47 if 4e turn to___.. .o47 turnin to__.
Finall! 7 let;$ look at___.
/n conclu$ion___.. @o7 to conclude__.
5. #he place of work
2616 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
G"at job$ 4ill di$appear in t"e futureR G"!R
G"at are t"e factor$ t"at contribute to job $ati$factionR
2626 e&din2
P&rts o) t3e sentences in t3e )olloBin2 teDt 3&/e 'een remo/ed6 !3e@ &re 2i/en in t3e 'oD
'eloB t3e teDt6 !3e@ &re lettered A to I6 e&d t3e teDt &nd )ill in t3e 'l&n1s num'ered 1 to
F Bit3 t3e correspondin2 missin2 p&rts A to I6 !3ere is one letter t3&t @ou do not need6
(emem'er t3e tipsK)
!3e $&tur&l Producti/it@ C@cle
/n !our per$onal life7 4"en attendin to bu$ine$$ or 4orkin on $ide project$7 "o4 often do !ou
$pend F con$ecutive "our$ in front of a co(puterR /t doe$n;t (ake $en$e becau$e 1 GGG.
'ver!one oe$ t"rou" alternatin period$ of "i" and lo4 (ental acuit!. 2"ere are da!$ 4"en
/ 4ork on per$onal project$ for 4ell over F "our$7 but t"e ti(e i$ al4a!$ divided into (ultiple
$e$$ion$. / (i"t $pend a fe4 "our$ codin a de$in7 a fe4 "our$ 4ritin7 and a fe4 "our$
readin feed$7 (oderatin co((ent$7 and re$pondin to e(ail.
/ 4ork t"i$ 4a! becau$e 2 GGG. An! (ore t"an A "our$ in front of a co(puter and (! e!e$ $tart
"urtin and / beco(e re$tle$$. / lo$e t"e abilit! to do (! be$t 4ork. /n$tead of forcin (!$elf to
continue7 ; GGG. 2"e$e break$ (axi(ize productivit! b! eli(inatin do4n period$. /t;$ counter
productive to force 4ork 4"en t"e (ental ener! i$n;t t"ere.
!3e Pro'lem Bit3 &n F 4our 9or1 #&@
A continuou$ F "our 4ork da! i$ a relic of t"e pa$t. /t (ake$ $en$e for p"!$ical labour and
(anufacturin 4ork7 but 4it" infor(ation 4orker$ it < GGG. 2"e abilit! of a factor! 4orker to t"ink
anal!ticall! i$ irrelevant7 "e;$ eit"er crankin 4idet$ or "e i$n;t.
/n t"e ca$e of t"e (odern infor(ation 4orker7 nearl! all ta$k$ involve creative or $trateic
t"inkin. 2"e 4a! $o(eone an$4er$ an e(ail or interpret$ a piece of infor(ation can differ
dra$ticall! dependin on "i$ or "er ener! level. .obod! doe$ t"eir be$t 4ork C:AH in t"e
afternoon after = GGG
/ can;t $peak for all 4orker$7 but /;ve ob$erved t"at productivit! level$ enerall! peak t4ice a da!
a fir$t t"in in t"e (ornin and $"ortl! after lunc". 2"e (o$t productive period i$ t"e beinnin
of t"e da!. Keople are capable of creative ta$k$ like 4ritin and $olvin co(plex tec"nical
proble($. After a couple "our$ of inten$e 4ork7 6 GGG like re$pondin to e(ail and tinkerin
4it" exi$tin creation$. 2o4ard$ t"e end of t"e c!cle7 t"e (ind i$ $o cluttered and drained t"at
4orker$ re$ort to [4ork related activitie$\ t"at appear productive but don;t contribute to t"e
botto( line. 2"e afternoon c!cle i$ $i(ilar but t"e productivit! peak i$n;t a$ "i". For different
people t"e peak$ and valle!$ 4ill var!7 but H GGG
2"i$ nu(ber i$n;t cau$ed b! $lackin. You can;t force an infor(ation 4orker to be "i"l!
productive 4"en t"e ener! i$n;t t"ere. Gorker$ can tr! t"eir "arde$t7 but t"e 4ork ju$t 4on;t
"ave t"at creative ede. 2"e lo4 ratio of "i"l! productive "our$ to total "our$ 4orked i$ t"e
re$ult F GGGG.
G"en 4orker$ reac" t"e lo4 ener! part of t"e c!cle7 t"e! can;t rec"are 4it" a non-4ork
activit!. 2"e onl! option i$ office purator!. You can;t be "i"l! productive becau$e !ou;re
(entall! fatiued7 but !ou can;t rec"are becau$e t"e F "our 4ork da! re9uire$ t"e appearance
of con$tant productivit!. 2"e re$ult i$ (illion$ of unproductive 4orker$ trapped at t"eir de$k$
4"en t"e!;d rat"er be doin $o(et"in el$e.
A ener! level$ drop and 4orker$ do4nrade to le$$ de(andin ta$k$
0 4e lo$e t"e abilit! to concentrate effectivel! 4it"in a fe4 "our$.
C doe$n;t account for t"e (ental ener! c!cle.
D overall /;d e$ti(ate onl! A-B "our$ a da! could be cla$$ified a$ "i"l! productive.
' / $4itc" to an activit! t"at allo4$ (! (ind to rec"are.
F of t"e continuou$ F "our 4ork da!.
G t"e environ(ent "a$ beco(e (ore acco((odatin.
> it alin$ 4it" (! (ental ener! c!cle
/ t"e!;ve been $uckin do4n coffee all da! to $ta! a4ake.
26;6 L&n2u&2e in use
,ill in t3e 2&ps in t3e )olloBin2 teDt Bit3 %$E Bord6 (emem'er t3e tipsK)
Altern&ti/e 9or1 Arr&n2ements
2"e obviou$ $olution 1 GGG t"i$ proble( i$ plannin around t"e (ental ener! c!cle 2 GGG
breakin t"e 4ork da! into (ultiple $e(ent$. 2"e traditional office $ettin doe$n;t
acco((odate t"i$ becau$e t"ere are fe4 available rec"are activitie$. Keople can;t ; GGG
"ou$e"old c"ore$7 run errand$7 or enae in recreational activitie$ 4it"out leavin t"e
4orkplace.
@o(e co(panie$ "ave tried to (ake t"e 4ork environ(ent <GGG acco((odatin b! offerin
(eal$7 fitne$$ centre$7 and $pecial area$ = GGG relaxation. Alt"ou" t"e$e a(enitie$ are
certainl! an i(prove(ent7 t"e!;re expen$ive for e(plo!er$ and onl! partiall! $ati$f! e(plo!ee$.
2"e $olution t"at 6 GGG t"e (o$t $en$e i$ a re(ote 4ork arrane(ent becau$e it reduce$
e(plo!er co$t$ and allo4$ e(plo!ee$ to adju$t t"eir 4ork $c"edule H GGG t"eir (ental ener!
c!cle. G"en a 4orker beco(e$ (entall! fatiued7 t"e! can o off t"e clock and enae F GGG
rec"are activitie$ t"at are per$onall! productive like exerci$e or relaxation. G"en ener!
return$7 t"e 4orker can $tart 4orkin aain I GGG a "i" level7 effectivel! cuttin 10 GGG t"e lo4
productivit! period of t"e c!cle. '(plo!er$ don;t pa! for unproductive ti(e and e(plo!ee$ et
to 4ork in a (ore natural pattern t"at adju$t$ to t"eir per$onal live$.
G"! i$n;t ever!one doin t"i$ alread!R &an! 4orker$ alread! are7 and 11 GGG co((ute$ et
4or$e and co((unication$ i(prove7 t"e nu(ber 4ill continue to increa$e. Jf cour$e t"ere 4ill
al4a!$ be a need 12 GGG office 4orker$ in bu$ine$$e$ 3like doctor;$ office$ and la4 fir($6 t"at
re9uire dail! cu$to(er interaction7 but for (o$t co(panie$ it reall! i$n;t nece$$ar!.
2"ere i$ al$o t"e aru(ent t"at people need to collaborate 1; GGG per$on. 2"i$ i$ $teadil!
beco(in le$$ e$$ential. &o$t office co((unication$ are alread! done t"rou" e(ail 1< GGG
in$tant (e$$ener. Face to face (eetin$ are certainl! nece$$ar!7 but for t"e va$t (ajorit! of
lo4er and (id level e(plo!ee$ (eetin$ are t"e exception and could be conducted via
p"one8video conference or conden$ed into one or t4o da!$ 1= GGG 4eek.
Anot"er co((on objection i$ t"at e(plo!ee$ 4ill abu$e re(ote 4ork arrane(ent$ b! $lackin
off. /;( inclined to believe t"at (o$t adult$ value t"eir e(plo!(ent enou" t"at t"i$ i$n;t a
proble(. /n ca$e$ 4"ere $upervi$ion i$ re9uired7 4eb ca($ and ot"er tec"nolo! can 16 GGG
u$ed to (onitor a 4orker.
/ $u$pect t"e real rea$on re(ote 4ork arrane(ent$ are $till t"e exception i$ inertia. Co(panie$
are u$ed to doin bu$ine$$ in t"e office and are reluctant to c"ane. 2"ere i$ al$o t"e pre$ence
of office politic$. /f one per$on i$ iven a re(ote arrane(ent7 jealou$ e(plo!ee$ 4ill co(plain.
Doe$n;t it (ake $en$e to ive ever!one 4"at t"e! 4ant and $ave a boat load of ca$" on office
$paceR
/ (a! onl! be a kid in "i$ ?Hd$7 but / can tell 4"en $o(et"in ju$t (ake$ $en$e. / perceive an
increa$in nu(ber of people are noticin t"e $a(e p"eno(ena. Fort! !ear$ fro( no4 4e;ll be
tellin our randc"ildren about t"e olden da!$ 4"en ever!one;$ (o((! and dadd! 4ent to
4ork in an office.
(http://www.picktherain.com/!og/wh"BtheBABtoBFBofficeBworkerBwi!!BecomeBaBthingBofBtheBpast/)
26<6 ?oc&'ul&r@ de/elopment
26<616 0&tc3 to m&1e sentences6
5. / put a lot of effort _ A on "old for ae$.
?. 2"e!;ve (ade t"eir deci$ion _ 0 about 4"o;$ oin to et pro(oted.
A. /t;$ not in !our intere$t to _ C of 4ork for over t4o (ont"$ no4.
B. 2"e $ecretar!;$ kept (e _ D into 4ritin t"i$ report.
C. / don;t kno4 4"! !ou didn;t appl!_ ' bu$ine$$ alon.
D. / t"ink 4e;re all in aree(ent _ F in !our 4ork.
E. Dean;$ been out _ G for t"at po$ition.
F. 2"e $"op "a$n;t been in _ > accept a pa! cut.
P. /;( lad !ou;re finall! takin an intere$t _ / 4ork7 doe$n;t "eR
5H. Na$on live$ fairl! near "i$ place of_ N on t"i$7 aren;t 4eR
26<626 "se t3e Bord 2i/en in c&pit&ls to )orm & Bord t3&t )its in t3e sp&ce6
Alt"ou" a certain percentae of raduate$ 4ill $till be 1 GGG (E0PL%5) $ix (ont"$ after
leavin univer$it!7 t"e (ajorit! 4ill "ave found 2 GGG (E0PL%5) b! t"en. &an! of t"e$e
4ill even "ave been offered a job 4"ile at univer$it!7 a$ a re$ult of vi$itin a job fair. Nob
fair$ are "eld at (an! univer$itie$ eac" !ear. Co(panie$ co(e alon to adverti$e job$7
4"ic" are u$uall! in ; GGG (0A$A*E)7 and t"e career $tructure$ and benefit packae$
t"at o 4it" t"e(. Nob fair$ are an B ^^^ (E,,EC!) 4a! for underraduate$ to find out
4"at kind of job t"e! (i"t be intere$ted in. /f !ou o to a job fair7 dre$$ C ^^^
(P%,ESSI%$). Don;t 4ear jean$ and a 2-$"irt. Gear a $uitL You don;t 4ant to look 6
GGG (ESP%$SI-LE) 4"en !ou "ave !our fir$t H GGG (0EE!) 4it" !our potential F GGG
(E0PL%5). /f !ou;re intere$ted in a job on offer7 !ou (a! "ave to fill out an I GGG
(APPL5) for(7 $o it;$ 10 GGG (4ELP) to take alon relevant infor(ation 4it" !ou. You;ll
al$o need proof of all !our 11 GGG (A"ALI,5)7 $o don;t foret to take p"otocopie$ of all
!our certificate$ 4it" !ou.
26=6 ,unctions
Forecasting
Cert&int@ Pro'&'ilit@ Possi'ilit@ Impro'&'ilit@
Gill definitel!` vb.
/ a( $ure t"at_.
2o be bound to_
/t certainl! ` vb.
Gill probabl!_
e $"ould ` vb.
e i$ likel! to_.
2"e likeli"ood i$
t"at_
e could ` vb.
/t;$ po$$ible 4e_
e (a! ` vb_.
2"ere (i"t be_
2"ere;$ ju$t a
c"ance t"at_.
e i$ unlikel! to_
/ doubt if_.
8. und /aising
;616 Le&d:in
Consider t3e )olloBin2 Cuestions:
/$ it nece$$ar! for a co(pan! to "ave it$ o4n fund-rai$in polic!R
Doe$ a 4ell-defined polic! contribute to t"e $ucce$$ of t"e co(pan! in t"e bu$ine$$ 4orldR
;626 e&din2
e&d t3e )olloBin2 teDt &nd )ill in t3e 2&ps Bit3 %$E Bord6
Corpor&tions > 4oB Corpor&tions &ise ,unds ,or In/estment
5. 0! inve$tin in ne4 i$$ue$ of a co(pan!;$ $tock7 $"are"older$ provide t"e fund$ for a
co(pan! to bein ne4 or expanded operation$. >o4ever7 (o$t $tock $ale$ do not involve ne4
i$$ue$ of $tock. /n$tead7 4"en $o(eone 1 GGG o4n$ $tock decide$ to $ell $o(e or all of t"eir
$"are$7 t"at $tock i$ t!picall! traded on one of t"e national 2 GGG exc"ane$7 4"ic" are
$peciali$ed (arket$ for bu!in and $ellin $tock$. /n t"o$e tran$action$7 t"e per$on 4"o $ell$
t"e $tock = not t"e corporation 4"o$e $tock i$ traded = receive$ t"e fund$ fro( t"e $ale.
?. An exi$tin corporation t"at 4ant$ to $ecure fund$ to expand it$ operation$ "a$ t"ree option$:
/t can i$$ue ne4 $"are$ of $tock7 u$in t"e proce$$ de$cribed earlier. 2"at option 4ill reduce t"e
$"are of t"e bu$ine$$ t"at current $tock"older$ ; GGG7 $o a (ajorit! of t"e current $tock"older$
"ave to approve t"e i$$ue of ne4 $"are$ of $tock. .e4 i$$ue$ are often approved becau$e if
t"e expan$ion prove$ to be profitable7 t"e current $tock"older$ are likel! to benefit < GGG "i"er
$tock price$ and increa$ed dividend$. Dividend$ are corporate profit$ t"at $o(e co(panie$
periodicall! pa! out to $"are"older$.
A. 2"e $econd 4a! for a corporation to $ecure fund$ i$ b! borro4in (one! fro( bank$7 fro(
ot"er financial in$titution$7 or fro( individual$. 2o do t"i$ t"e corporation often i$$ue$ bond$7
4"ic" are leal obliation$ to repa! t"e a(ount of (one! borro4ed7 plu$ intere$t7 = GGG a
de$inated ti(e. /f a corporation oe$ out of bu$ine$$7 it i$ leall! re9uired to pa! 6 GGG an!
bond$ it "a$ i$$ued before an! (one! i$ returned to $tock"older$. 2"at (ean$ t"at $tock$ are
ri$kier inve$t(ent$ t"an bond$. Jn t"e ot"er "and7 all a bond"older 4ill ever receive i$ t"e
a(ount of (one! $pecified in t"e bond. @tock"older$ can enjo! (uc" larer return$7 if t"e
corporation i$ profitable.
B. 2"e final 4a! for a corporation to pa! for ne4 inve$t(ent$ i$ b! reinve$tin $o(e of t"e
profit$ it "a$ earned. After pa!in taxe$7 profit$ are H GGG paid out to $tock"older$ a$ dividend$
or "eld a$ retained earnin$ to u$e in runnin and expandin t"e bu$ine$$. 2"o$e retained
earnin$ co(e F GGG t"e profit$ t"at belon to t"e $tock"older$7 $o reinve$tin $o(e of t"o$e
profit$ increa$e$ t"e value of 4"at t"e $tock"older$ o4n and "ave ri$ked in t"e bu$ine$$7 4"ic"
i$ kno4n a$ $tock"older$; e9uit!. Jn t"e ot"er "and7 if t"e corporation incur$ lo$$e$7 t"e value
of 4"at t"e $tock"older$ o4n in t"e bu$ine$$ oe$ do4n7 $o $tock"older$; e9uit! decrea$e$.
( http://www.theBunitedstatesofamerica.com/admin/rechterframes/5J;E.htm)
;6;616 0&tc3 t3e Bords Bit3 t3e correct de)inition:
5. i$$ue$ 3par. 56 a. corporate profit$ t"at $o(e co(panie$ periodicall! pa! out to
$"are"older$
?. to incur 3par. B6 b. leal obliation$ to repa! t"e a(ount of (one! borro4ed7 plu$
intere$t7 at a de$inated ti(e
A. tran$action 3par. 56 c. t"e value of a propert! after !ou "ave taken a4a! t"e a(ount
left to pa! on t"e (ortae 88 t"e value of a co(pan!;$ $"are$
B. to $ecure 3par. ?6 d. t"e action or proce$$ of bu!in and $ellin $o(et"in
C. expan$ion 3par. ?6 e. a $et of t"in$7 for exa(ple $"are$ in a co(pan!7 t"at are
(ade available to people at a particular ti(e
D. dividend$ 3par. ?6 f. (one! t"at !ou (ake b! $ellin $o(et"in or fro( !our
bu$ine$$7 e$peciall! t"e (one! t"at re(ain$ after !ou "ave
paid all !our bu$ine$$ co$t$
E. bond$ 3par. A6 . to et (one! fro( a bank or fro( a per$on b! pro(i$in to
ive t"e( ood$ or propert! if !ou cannot return t"e (one!
F. return$ 3par. A6 ". a profit on (one! t"at !ou "ave inve$ted
P. profit$ 3par. B6 i. t"e proce$$ of (akin a bu$ine$$7 orani$ation7 or activit!
ro4 b! includin (ore people7 (ovin into ne4 area$7 $ellin
(ore product$ etc.
5H. e9uit! 3par. B6 j. to lo$e (one!7 o4e (one!7 or "ave to pa! (one! a$ a re$ult
of doin $o(et"in
;6<6 ?oc&'ul&r@ de/elopment
;6<616 "se t3e Bord 2i/en in c&pit&ls to )orm & Bord t3&t )its in t3e sp&ce6
1 GGG 39%76 at @"epparton Carpet$ Ltd voted toda! to continue 4it" t"eir indu$trial action.
Onion leader 'laine Gatkin$ i$$ued a $tate(ent $a!in: [Alt"ou" 4e do not envi$ae
an all-out $trike at t"i$ $tae7 ever!one at t"e plant 4ill continue to refu$e to 4ork 2 GGG
3!I0E6 until t"i$ di$pute i$ $ettled. Ge ure (;) GGG 30A$A*E6 to recon$ider t"eir
propo$al$.\ 2"e indu$trial action7 4"ic" bean t"ree 4eek$ ao7 "a$ affected < GGG
3P%#"CE6 at t"e factor!. Noe 2urner7 &anain Director of @"epparton Carpet$7 "a$7
"o4ever7 refu$ed to bo4 to union de(and$. [/f @"epparton Carpet$ 4ant$ to $urvive7 it
"a$ to beco(e (ore = GGG 3C%0PE!E67\ "e $aid. [/t i$ (! re$pon$ibilit! a$ an 6 GGG
3E0PL%56 of over CHH H GGG 3E0PL%56 to en$ure t"i$ co(pan! continue$ to (ake a
profit. F GGG 3PEI%#67 4e "ave to (ake c"ane$ to i(prove efficienc!. /f 4e don;t7
4e;ll be all out of a job. /t (a! not be plea$ant7 but it i$ e$$ential. @o(e of t"e 4orkin
practice$ at t"e factor! are7 frankl!7 I GGG 3A$!IA"E6 and totall! 10 GGG 3APPL56 to t"e
(odern 4orld. / ju$t 4i$" t"e union$ 4ould 4ork 4it" (e on t"i$7 rat"er t"an fi"tin (e
ever! $tep of t"e 4a!.\
;6=6 ,unctions
!rends
upB&rd mo/ement: a ri$e to ri$e
an increa$e to increa$e7 to o up
a cli(b to cli(b
a ju(p to ju(p
doBnB&rd mo/ement: a fall to fall
a drop to drop
a decline to decline
a decrea$e to decrea$e
use o) prepositions: 2"e percentae ro$e )romR6toRR6
2"e a(ount $tood 8 $ta!ed &tRR
2"e fiure ro$e '@ RR66
2"ere 4a$ a ri$e o)RR6
contr&st
contra$t 4ord$ or p"ra$e$: but7 alt"ou"7 de$pite7 in $pite of t"e fact t"at7 4"erea$7 "o4ever7
nevert"ele$$
in contra$t 3to6__. __..4"ile___.
Jn t"e ot"er "and_. ___aain$t___.
Jn t"e contrar! __ ___co(pared to___..
/n co(pari$on 3to6__
simil&rit@
bot"_..and__.
like___e___.
t"e $a(e____.
e i$ $i(ilar to___..
.eit"er __nor__..
@i(ilarl!____..
UNIT 4 BUSINESS ETHICS
@tudent$ $"ould be able to u$e t"e vocabular! under -"SI$ESS E!4ICS to co((unicate about:
#e)inition o) 'usiness et3ics
Import&nce o) 'usiness et3ics in tod&@Ls 'usiness clim&te
-&sic et3ic&l consider&tions t3&t & comp&n@ needs to &ddress
Codes o) et3ics
"net3ic&l 'e3&/iour in t3e Bor1pl&ce
!r&inin2 in 'usiness et3ics
&ccount verb
&cid r&in noun UOV
&2e discrimin&tion
'iode2r&d&'le adjective
'ioet3ics noun UOV
'iolo2ic&l control noun UOV
c&r'on t&D noun UCV
conser/&tion noun UOV
corpor&te soci&l responsi'ilit@ noun UCV
decont&min&te verb U2V
de)orest verb U2V
depopul&te verb U2V
dumpin2 noun UOV
emission noun
en/ironment noun UC or OV
et3ic noun UCV
2lo'&l B&rmin2 noun UOV
2lo'&lis&tion noun UOV
2reen adjective
inte2rit@ noun UOV
8ust adjective
li)e:support s@stem noun UCV
litter verb U2V
mor&l adjective
n&tur&l resources noun
noise pollution noun UOV
norm noun UC u$uall! pluralV
nucle&r B&ste noun UOV
oil slic1 noun UCV
o/erpopul&ted adjective
oJone noun UOV
poison verb U2V
pollute verb U2V
positi/e discrimin&tion noun
precept noun UCV FJR&AL
preser/&tion noun UOV
principle noun UC or OV
protected adjective
r&ce discrimin&tion noun
rec@cle verb U2V
re)use dump noun UCV
reus&'le adjective
scr&p @&rd noun UCV
smo2 noun U@ or OV
soci&l conscience noun UOV
t3e polluter p&@s principle
t3roB&B&@ adjective
unet3ic&l adjective
"$I! ,%" > B0S,&%SS %#$,CS
16 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
G"at i$ bu$ine$$ et"ic$R
e)lection topic
0u$ine$$ et"ic$ i$ concerned 4it" i$$ue$ of (oralit! in co((ercial deci$ion (akin. 't"ical
9ue$tion$ include t"e relation$"ip bet4een bu$ine$$ and t"e environ(ent7 bet4een co(panie$
and t"eir e(plo!ee$7 product t!pe$7 9ualit!7 pricin and (an! ot"er a$pect$ of bu$ine$$.
C&te2orise t3e )olloBin2 commerci&l pr&ctices usin2 & sc&le )rom 1 to =:
5 S acceptable in $o(e circu($tance$
? S u$uall! acceptable
A S depend$ on $ituation
B S u$uall! unacceptable
C S al4a!$ unacceptable
#o not )or2et to 2i/e re&sons )or @our c3oices6
M (anufacturin and $ellin co$(etic$ te$ted on ani(al$
M (akin e(plo!ee$ redundant 4it"out an! 4arnin
M (akin fal$e clai($ of $ellin environ(entall!-friendl! product$ 4"en7 in fact7 t"e! are
"ar(ful for t"e environ(ent
M e(plo!in illeal i((irant$ a$ c"eap labour and deprivin t"e( of t"eir leal ri"t$
M doin bu$ine$$ 4it" co(panie$ 4"ic" exploit c"ildren
M exaeratin !our co(pan!;$ ac"ieve(ent$ in neotiation$
M droppin !our price$ to force co(petitor$ out of t"e (arket.
26 En2lis3 in use
2616 5ou &re 2oin2 to re&d & teDt &'out 'usiness et3ics6 For eac" blank t"ink of J.' 4ord
t"at can be$t fit in t"e context.
e6. H = 4"at
"et?s Start @ith A@hat is ethicsBA
@i(pl! put7 et"ic$ involve$ learnin 0 GGG i$ ri"t or 4ron7 and t"en doin t"e ri"t t"in -- but
Wt"e ri"t t"inW i$ not nearl! 1 GGG $trai"tfor4ard a$ conve!ed in a reat deal of bu$ine$$
et"ic$ literature. &o$t et"ical dile((a$ in t"e 4orkplace are not $i(pl! a 2 GGG of W@"ould 0ob
$teal fro( NackRW or W@"ould Nack lie to "i$ bo$$RW
3&an! et"ici$t$ a$$ert t"ereX$ al4a!$ a ri"t t"in to ; GGG ba$ed on (oral principle7 and ot"er$
believe t"e ri"t t"in to do depend$ on t"e $ituation -- ulti(atel! itX$ < GGG to t"e individual.6
&an! p"ilo$op"er$ = GGG et"ic$ to be t"e W$cience of conduct.W 24in Citie$ con$ultant$ Dou
Gallace and No"n Kekel explain t"at et"ic$ include$ t"e funda(ental round 6 GGG b! 4"ic" 4e
live our live$. K"ilo$op"er$ "ave been di$cu$$in et"ic$ for at H GGG ?CHH !ear$7 $ince t"e ti(e
of @ocrate$ and Klato. &an! et"ici$t$ con$ider e(erin et"ical belief$ to be W$tate of t"e artW
leal (atter$7 i.e.7 4"at beco(e$ an et"ical uideline toda! i$ often tran$lated to a la47
reulation or rule F GGG *alue$ 4"ic" uide "o4 4e ou"t to be"ave are con$idered (oral
value$7 e..7 value$ $uc" a$ re$pect7 "one$t!7 fairne$$7 re$pon$ibilit!7 etc. @tate(ent$ around
"o4 t"e$e value$ are applied are $o(eti(e$ called (oral or et"ical principle$.
So @hat is ABusiness %thicsAB
2"e concept "a$ co(e to (ean variou$ t"in$ to variou$ people7 but enerall! itX$ co(in to
kno4 4"at i$ ri"t or 4ron in t"e 4orkplace and doin 4"atX$ ri"t -- t"i$ i$ in reard I GGG
effect$ of product$8$ervice$ and in relation$"ip$ 4it" $take"older$. Gallace and Kekel explain
t"at attention to bu$ine$$ et"ic$ i$ critical durin ti(e$ of funda(ental c"ane -- ti(e$ (uc" 10
GGG t"o$e faced no4 b! bu$ine$$e$7 11 GGG nonprofit and for-profit. /n ti(e$ of funda(ental
c"ane7 value$ t"at 4ere previou$l! 12 GGG for ranted are no4 $tronl! 9ue$tioned. &an! of
t"e$e value$ are no loner follo4ed. Con$e9uentl!7 t"ere i$ no clear (oral co(pa$$ to uide
leader$ t"rou" co(plex dile((a$ about 4"at i$ ri"t or 4ron. Attention to et"ic$ in t"e
4orkplace $en$itize$ leader$ and $taff to "o4 t"e! 1; GGG act. Ker"ap$ (o$t i(portant7
attention to et"ic$ in t"e 4orkplace$ "elp$ en$ure t"at 4"en leader$ and (anaer$ are
$trulin in ti(e$ of cri$e$ and confu$ion7 1< GGG retain a $tron (oral co(pa$$. >o4ever7
attention to bu$ine$$ et"ic$ provide$ nu(erou$ ot"er benefit$7 a$ 4ell. .ote t"at (an! people
react t"at bu$ine$$ et"ic$7 4it" it$ continuin attention to Wdoin t"e ri"t t"in7W onl! a$$ert$ t"e
obviou$ 3Wbe ood7W WdonXt lie7W etc.67 and $o t"e$e people donXt take bu$ine$$ et"ic$ 1= GGG6 For
(an! of u$7 t"e$e principle$ of t"e obviou$ can o ri"t out t"e door durin ti(e$ of $tre$$.
Con$e9uentl!7 bu$ine$$ et"ic$ can be $tron preventative (edicine.
(adapted and aridged from http://www.artic!esA##.com/%usiness_Ethics/)
2626 e&d t3e second p&rt o) t3e &rticle &'out 'usiness et3ics &nd )ill in t3e 2&ps Bit3 t3e
Bords in t3e 'oD6 !3ere is one Bord t3&t @ou do not need:
dai!"8 mismanagement8 misunderstanding8 remedies8 practices8 preaching
#wo Broad *reas of Business %thics

5. *anageria! mischief. &ad$en and @"afritz7 in t"eir book W'$$ential$ of 0u$ine$$ 't"ic$W
3Kenuin 0ook$7 5PPH6 furt"er explain t"at W(anaerial (i$c"iefW include$ Willeal7 unet"ical7 or
9ue$tionable 1 GGG of individual (anaer$ or oranization$7 a$ 4ell a$ t"e cau$e$ of $uc"
be"aviour$ and 2 GGG to eradicate t"e(.W 2"ere "a$ been a reat deal 4ritten about (anaerial
(i$c"ief7 leadin (an! to believe t"at bu$ine$$ et"ic$ i$ (erel! a (atter of ; GGG t"e ba$ic$ of
4"at i$ ri"t and 4ron. &ore often7 t"ou"7 bu$ine$$ et"ic$ i$ a (atter of dealin 4it"
dile((a$ t"at "ave no clear indication of 4"at i$ ri"t or 4ron.

?. *ora! ma.es. 2"e ot"er broad area of bu$ine$$ et"ic$ i$ W(oral (aze$ of (anae(entW and
include$ t"e nu(erou$ et"ical proble($ t"at (anaer$ (u$t deal 4it" on a < GGG ba$i$7 $uc"
a$ potential conflict$ of intere$t7 4ronful u$e of re$ource$7 = GGG of contract$ and aree(ent$7
etc.
26;6 e&d t3e l&st p&rt o) t3e teDt &nd use t3e )olloBin2 Bords to )orm & Bord t3&t )its in
t3e s&me num'ered sp&ce in t3e teDt6 (P&@ &ttention to t3e p&rt o) speec3 B3ic3 is
missin2 in t3e sentence so t3&t @ou c&n c3oose t3e ri23t Bord6)
5. $pecial
?. expect
A. poor
B. re$earc"
C. $uppl!
D. e(ere
E. orani$e F. uide
Business ethics is now a management discipline. 0u$ine$$ et"ic$ "a$ co(e to be
con$idered a (anae(ent di$cipline7 1 GGG $ince t"e birt" of t"e $ocial re$pon$ibilit! (ove(ent
in t"e 5PDH$. /n t"at decade7 $ocial a4arene$$ (ove(ent$ rai$ed 2 GGG of bu$ine$$e$ to u$e
t"eir (a$$ive financial and $ocial influence to addre$$ $ocial proble($ $uc" a$ ; GGG. cri(e7
environ(ental protection7 e9ual ri"t$7 public "ealt" and i(provin education. An increa$in
nu(ber of people a$$erted t"at becau$e bu$ine$$e$ 4ere (akin a profit fro( u$in our
countr!X$ re$ource$7 t"e$e bu$ine$$e$ o4ed it to our countr! to 4ork to i(prove $ociet!. &an! <
GGG7 bu$ine$$ $c"ool$ and (anaer$ "ave reconized t"i$ broader con$tituenc!7 and in t"eir
plannin and operation$ "ave replaced t"e 4ord W$tock"olderW 4it" W$take"older7W (eanin to
include e(plo!ee$7 cu$to(er$7 = GGG and t"e 4ider co((unit!
2"e 6 GGG of bu$ine$$ et"ic$ i$ $i(ilar to ot"er (anae(ent di$cipline$. For exa(ple7
oranization$ realized t"at t"e! needed to (anae a (ore po$itive i(ae to t"e public and $o
t"e recent di$cipline of public relation$ 4a$ born. H GGG realized t"e! needed to better (anae
t"eir "u(an re$ource$ and $o t"e recent di$cipline of "u(an re$ource$ 4a$ born. A$ co((erce
beca(e (ore co(plicated and d!na(ic7 oranization$ realized t"e! needed (ore F GGG to
en$ure t"eir dealin$ $upported t"e co((on ood and did not "ar( ot"er$ -- and $o bu$ine$$
et"ic$ 4a$ born.
.ote t"at PHI of bu$ine$$ $c"ool$ no4 provide $o(e for( of trainin in bu$ine$$ et"ic$. 2oda!7
et"ic$ in t"e 4orkplace can be (anaed t"rou" u$e of code$ of et"ic$7 code$ of conduct7 role$
of et"ici$t$ and et"ic$ co((ittee$7 policie$ and procedure$7 procedure$ to re$olve et"ical
dile((a$7 et"ic$ trainin7 etc.
;6 e)lection topic
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
Do !ou t"ink t"at a$ $ocietie$ beco(e ric"er7 con$u(er$ beco(e (ore critical and (ore likel!
to adopt et"ical $tandpoint$R
<6 En2lis3 in use
/n t"e follo4in article $o(e of t"e underlined part$ are correctT $o(e "ave a (i$take in t"e( 3a
ra((ar (i$take7 a vocabular! (i$take7 a $pellin (i$take7 a (i$$in 4ord7 an unnece$$ar!
4ord7 and inappropriatene$$ in t"e context6. /f t"e part i$ correct7 4rite CJRR'C2 in it$
corre$pondin nu(bered $paceT if t"e part i$ incorrect7 4rite t"e correct ver$ion in it$
corre$pondin nu(bered $pace:
I 0@t3s A'out -usiness Et3ics
356 0u$ine$$ et"ic$ in t"e 4orkplace i$ about prioriti$in (oral value$ for t"e 4orkplace and
en$urin be"aviour$ are alined 4it" t"o$e value$ -- it$ value$ (anae(ent. Yet7 (!t"$
abound about bu$ine$$ et"ic$. @o(e of t"e$e (!t"$ ari$e fro( eneral confu$ion about t"e
notion of et"ic$. Jt"er (!t"$ 3?6 ari$e fro( narro4 or $i(pli$tic vie4$ of et"ical dile((a$.
5. (ythC Business ethics is more a matter of religion than management. Diane +irrane7 in
W&anain *alue$: A @!$te(atic Approac" to 0u$ine$$ 't"ic$7W 3)raining and ,e+e!opment
9ourna!7 .ove(ber 5PPH67 3A6 a$$ert$ t"at Walterin people$; value$ or $oul$ i$nXt t"e ai( of an
oranizational et"ic$ prora( -- (anain value$ and conflict a(on t"e( i$ ...W
?. (ythC 3ur employees are ethical so we don?t need attention to business ethics. &o$t of
t"e et"ical dile((a$ faced b! (anaer$ in t"e 4orkplace are "i"l! co(plex. Gallace explain$
t"at one kno4$ 4"en t"e! "ave a $inificant et"ical conflict 4"en t"ere i$ pre$ence of a6
$inificant value conflict$ a(on differin 3B6 intere$t$7 b6 real alternative$ t"at are e9ualit!
ju$tifiable and c6 $inificant con$e9uence$ on W$take"older$W in t"e $ituation. +irrane (ention$
t"at 4"en t"e topic of bu$ine$$ et"ic$ co(e$ up7 people are 9uick to $peak of t"e Golden Rule7
"one$t! and courte$!. 3C6 0ut 4"en pre$ented 4it" co(plex et"ical dile((a$7 (o$t people
realize t"ereX$ a 4ide Wra! areaW 4"en tr!in to appl! et"ical principle$.
A. (ythC Business ethics is a discipline best led by philosophers, academics and
theologians. Lack of involve(ent of leader$ and (anaer$ in bu$ine$$ et"ic$ literature and
di$cu$$ion$ "a$ led (an! to believe t"at bu$ine$$ et"ic$ i$ a fad or (ove(ent7 "avin little to
do 4it" t"e da!-to-da! realitie$ of runnin an oranization. 2"e! believe 3D6 bu$ine$$ et"ic$ i$
pri(ar! a co(plex p"ilo$op"ical debate or a reliion. >o4ever7 bu$ine$$ et"ic$ i$ a
(anae(ent di$cipline 4it" a prora((atic approac" t"at include$ $everal practical tool$.
't"ic$ (anae(ent prora($ "ave practical application$ in ot"er area$ of (anae(ent area$7
a$ 4ell.
B. (ythC Business ethics is superfluous -- it only asserts the obviousC Ado goodDA 3E6
&an! people react t"at code$ of et"ic$7 or li$t$ of et"ical value$ to 4"ic" t"e oranization
a$pire$7 are rat"er $uperfluou$ becau$e t"e! repre$ent value$ to 4"ic" ever!one $"ould
naturall! a$pire. >o4ever7 t"e value of a code of et"ic$ to an oranization i$ it$ priorit! and
focu$ reardin certain et"ical value$ in t"at 4orkplace. For exa(ple7 it;$ obviou$ t"at all people
$"ould be "one$t. >o4ever7 if an oranization 3F6 i$ $trulin around continuin occa$ion$ of
deceit in t"e 4orkplace7 a priorit! on "one$t! i$ ver! ti(el! -- and "one$t! $"ould be li$ted in
t"at oranization;$ code of et"ic$. .ote t"at a code of et"ic$ i$ an oranic in$tru(ent t"at
c"ane$ 4it" t"e need$ of $ociet! and t"e oranization.
C. (ythC Business ethics is a matter of the good guys preaching to the bad guys. @o(e
4riter$ do $ee( to clai( a (oral "i" round 3P6 4"ile la(entin about t"e poor condition of
bu$ine$$ and it$ leader$. >o4ever7 t"o$e people 4ell ver$ed in (anain oranization$ realize
t"at ood people can take bad action$7 particularl! 4"en $tre$$ed or confu$ed. 3@tre$$ or
confu$ion are not excu$e$ for unet"ical action$ -- t"e! are rea$on$.6 &anain et"ic$ in t"e
4orkplace include$ all of u$ 4orkin toet"er to "elp eac" ot"er re(ain et"ical and to 4ork
t"rou" confu$in and $tre$$ful et"ical dile((a$.
D. (ythC %thics can?t be managed. Actuall!7 et"ic$ i$ al4a!$ W(anaedW -- but7 too often7
indirectl!. For exa(ple7 35H6 t"e be"aviour of t"e orani$ation$; founder or current leader i$ a
$tron (oral influence7 or directive if !ou 4ill7 on be"aviour or e(plo!ee$ in t"e 4orkplace.
@trateic prioritie$ 3profit (axi(ization7 expandin (arket $"are7 cuttin co$t$7 etc.6 can be ver!
$tron influence$ on (oralit!. La4$7 reulation$ and rule$ directl! influence be"aviour$ to be
(ore et"ical7 u$uall! in a (anner t"at i(prove$ t"e eneral ood and8or (ini(ize$ "ar( to t"e
co((unit!. @o(e are $till $ceptical about bu$ine$$ et"ic$7 believin !ou canXt (anae value$ in
an oranization. Donald$on and Davi$ 3*anagement ,ecision8 *?F7 .D6 3556 note t"at
(anae(ent7 after ever!t"in7 i$ a value $!$te(. @ceptic$ (i"t con$ider t"e tre(endou$
influence of $everal Wcode$ of et"ic$7W $uc" a$ t"e W5H Co((and(ent$W in C"ri$tian reliion$ or
t"e O.@. Con$titution. Code$ can be ver! po4erful in $(aller Woranization$W a$ 4ell.
E. (ythC Business ethics and social responsibility are the same thing. 2"e $ocial
re$pon$ibilit! (ove(ent i$ one a$pect of t"e overall di$cipline of bu$ine$$ et"ic$. &ad$en and
@"afritz 35?6 refine t"e definition of bu$ine$$ et"ic$ to be: 56 an application of et"ic$ to t"e
corporate co((unit!7 ?6 a 4a! to deter(ine re$pon$ibilit! in bu$ine$$ dealin$7 A6 t"e
identification of i(portant bu$ine$$ and $ocial i$$ue$7 and B6 a criti9ue of bu$ine$$. 35A6 /te($ A
and B are often (atter$ of $ocial re$pon$abilit!. 32"ere "a$ been a reat deal of public
di$cu$$ion and 4ritin about ite($ A and B. >o4ever7 t"ere need$ to be (ore 4ritten about
ite($ 5 and ?7 about "o4 bu$ine$$ et"ic$ can be (anaed.6 Gritin$ about $ocial re$pon$ibilit!
often do not addre$$ practical (atter$ of (anain et"ic$ in t"e 4orkplace7 e..7 developin
code$7 updatin police$ and procedure$7 approac"e$ to re$olvin et"ical dile((a$7 etc.
F. (ythC 3ur organiEation is not in trouble with the law, so we?re ethical. 35B6 Jne can
often be unet"ical7 !et operate 4it"in t"e li(it$ of t"e la47 e..7 4it""old infor(ation fro(
$uperior$7 fude on budet$7 con$tantl! co(plain about ot"er$7 etc. >o4ever7 breakin t"e la4
often $tart$ 4it" unet"ical be"aviour t"at "a$ one unnoticed. 2"e Wboil t"e froW p"eno(ena i$
a u$eful parable "ere: /f !ou put a fro in "ot 4ater7 it i((ediatel! ju(p$ out. /f !ou put a fro in
cool 4ater and $lo4l! "eat up t"e 4ater7 !ou can eventuall! boil t"e fro. 2"e fro doe$nXt $ee(
to notice t"e adver$e c"ane in it$ environ(ent.
P. (ythC (anaging ethics in the workplace has little practical relevance. &anain et"ic$
in t"e 4orkplace involve$ identif!in and prioritizin value$ to uide be"aviour$ in t"e
oranization7 35C6 and e$tabli$"in a$$ociated policie$ and procedure$ to en$ure t"o$e
be"aviour$ are conducted. Jne (i"t call t"i$ Wvalue$ (anae(ent.W *alue$ (anae(ent i$
al$o "i"l! i(portant in ot"er (anae(ent practice$7 e..7 (anain diver$it!7 2otal ]ualit!
&anae(ent and $trateic plannin.
=6 En2lis3 in use
Read t"e follo4in article about code$ of et"ic$. /n $o(e of t"e line$ t"ere i$ an extra 4ord
4"ic" i$ eit"er ra((aticall! incorrect or doe$ not fit 4it" t"e (eanin of t"e text. /f a line i$
correct7 4rite CJRR'C2 aain$t t"e corre$pondin nu(berT if t"ere i$ an extra 4ord in t"e line7
4rite t"e extra 4ord in capital letter$ aain$t t"e corre$pondin nu(ber 32ip: focu$ on t"e
(eanin of t"e $entence and on t"e natural 4ord order.6:
Et3ics !ools: Codes o) Et3ics
5_Accordin to Gallace7 WA credo enerall! de$cribe$ t"e "i"e$t value$ to 4"ic" t"e $a(e
?_co(pan! a$pire$ to operate. /t contain$ t"e ft"ou $"altX$. A code of et"ic$ $pecifie$ t"e
A_et"ical rule$ of operation. /tX$ t"e ft"ou $"alt notX$.W /n t"e latter of 5PFH$7 2"e Conference
B_0oard7 a leadin bu$ine$$ (e(ber$"ip oranization7 found t"at EDI of it$ corporation$ $urve!ed
"ad code$ of et"ic$.
C_@o(e bu$ine$$ et"ici$t$ al$o di$aree t"at code$ "ave an! value. 2"e! explain t"at too
D_(uc" focu$ i$ put on t"e code$ t"e($elve$7 and t"at code$ t"e($elve$ are not E_influential in
(anain et"ic$ in t"e 4orkplace. 2"en (an! et"ici$t$ note t"at itX$ t"e
F_de+e!oping and continuing dia!ogue around t"e codeX$ value$ t"at i$ (o$t i(portant.
P_Jcca$ionall!7 e(plo!ee$ react to code$ 4it" $u$picion7 believin in t"e value$ are
5H_W(ot"er"ood and apple pieW and code$ are for t"e 4indo4 dre$$in. 0ut7 4"en (anain
55_a co(plex i$$ue7 e$peciall! in a cri$i$7 "avin a code i$ critical. &ore i(portant7 itX$
5?_"avin de+e!oped a code. /n t"e (id-EH$7 No"n$on and No"n$on updated t"eir credo in a
5A_$erie$ of c"allene (eetin$. 0ob +niffin7 *ice Kre$ident of 'xternal Affair$7 "e 5B_explain$7 WGe
pored over eac" p"ra$e and 4ord. >o4ever 4e a$ked our$elve$7 fDo 4e
5C_$till believe t"i$RX Jur (eetin$ "ave re$ulted in $o(e fine tunin7 but ba$icall! 4e didnXt
5D_c"ane t"e value$. 2"e (eetin$ infu$ed t"e value$ in t"e (ind$ of all of u$ (anaer$.W
66 e)lection topics
S#3+ *&1 #$,&FD
'2>/CAL &AR+'2/.G i$ providin a product or $ervice in a 4a! 4"ic" con$ider$ not onl! t"e
con$u(er$ and t"e u$er$ of t"e product7 but al$o t"e eneral public7 t"e 4ider need$ of t"e
$ociet! and t"e environ(ent.
2r! to decide on a rea$onable et"ical po$ition on t"e i$$ue$ belo4. Are t"ere an! particular
condition$ t"at 4e $"ould take into con$ideration 4"en c"oo$in 4"ic" of t"e( are acceptable
or unacceptableR
@ellin un"ealt"! food de$pite 4arnin$
&arketin $4eet$ and junk food $nack$ to $(all c"ildren
&arketin ciarette$
O$in overtl! $exual i(ae$ to $ell product$
Focu$in too (uc" on anorexic lookin bod! $"ape 4"en (arketin product$ for teenaer$
@ellin environ(entall! unfriendl! product$ A.D at t"e $a(e ti(e clai(in t"e! do little
"ar( to our environ(ent.
H6 e&din2 compre3ension
Read t"e follo4in article. @o(e $entence$ "ave been re(oved fro( t"e text. C"oo$e fro(
$entence$ A- N t"e one 4"ic" fit$ eac" ap 35-P6. 2"ere i$ one $entence 4"ic" !ou do not need
to u$e.
Et3ic&l #ecision:m&1in2 Auic1 !est
b! 0ruce A. >a((
Jften7 (akin et"ical deci$ion$ in t"e 4ork place i$ a delicate balancin act bet4een co(petin
force$. 'a$! deci$ion$ like W$"ould / e(bezzle "undred$ of t"ou$and$ of dollar$W are obviou$
and enerall! do not re9uire (uc" "elp or anal!$i$ to deter(ine 4"et"er t"e! are et"ical or not.
1 GGG6 >avin a 9uick te$t allo4$ !ou to (ake t"e ea$! deci$ion$ and reconize 4"en t"e
deci$ion (a! be a bit (ore difficult. /f at an! point7 !ou cannot leiti(atel! an$4er t"e 9ue$tion7
!ou (i"t con$ider a$kin $o(eone el$e for "elp. 2 GGG6 Re(e(ber7 enerall! t"e deci$ion$
are !our$ and !ou "ave to live 4it" t"e re$ult$7 $o be prepared to accept re$pon$ibilit! for t"e(.
Is it le2&lK
2"i$ i$ t"e fir$t filter t"rou" 4"ic" !our et"ical deci$ion 4ill pa$$. ; GGG6 A bu$ine$$ la4
profe$$or in an &0A cour$e once $tated t"at t"e la4 i$ enerall! about 5? !ear$ be"ind
$ociet!X$ concept of et"ical practice$. DonXt $i(pl! $top !our et"ical deci$ion (akin proce$$ at
4"et"er an action i$ leal. /t (a! not be aain$t t"e la4 but it (a! al$o not be t"e ri"t t"in to
do. /f t"e an$4er i$ no or rai$e$ objection$7 !ou (u$t $top7 reject t"e action and take anot"er
cour$e < GGG6
4oB Bould it loo1 in t3e neBsK
Jka!7 !ouXve deter(ined t"at !our action i$ leal. .o47 "o4 4ould it look to t"e re$t of !our
co((unit!7 t"e nation and ever (ore fre9uentl!7 t"e 4orldR /tX$ one t"in for !ou or even !our
clo$e a$$ociate$ to kno4 about !our deci$ion$ and action$ but entirel! anot"er 4"en people
out$ide !our inner circle kno4 about t"e(. = GGG Gould !ou be e(barra$$ed to "ave t"e$e
event$ kno4nR >o4 4ould !our co(pan! perceive publicit! $urroundin !our action$R /f t"e
an$4er i$ unacceptable7 $top7 reject t"e action and take anot"er cour$e. /f t"e an$4er i$
acceptable7 o on to t"e next criteria.
#oes it compl@ Bit3 our comp&n@ /&luesK
G"at are !our co(pan! value$R Jka!7 letX$ fir$t a$$u(e !our co(pan! value$ are leiti(ate
one$. Do !our action$ confor( to t"e(R For exa(ple: if !our value$ $a! $o(et"in about
treatin e(plo!ee$ fairl!7 do !ou "ave a leiti(ate proce$$ for appl!in di$cipline and8or
di$c"areR Do (anaer$ fire people in t"e "eat of an e(otional up"eaval or i$ t"ere an
appropriate e$calation of di$cipline before t"e co(pan! allo4$ $uc" a $tepR 6 GGG6 /f !our
action confor($ to !our corporate value$7 (ove on to t"e next criteria.
"nder t3e s&me circumst&nces. Bould I B&nt t3e result o) t3is decision to 3&ppen to
e/er@oneK Am I tre&tin2 ot3ers &s I B&nt to 'e tre&tedK
>o4 do !ou 4ant to be treatedR /f !ouXve (ade a (i$take do !ou take re$pon$ibilit! for itR >ave
!ou accepted appropriate di$cipline 4it" an attitude conducive to correctin t"e be"aviourR H
GGG6 /f !ouXve done $o(et"in 4ell7 do !ou expect an appropriate re4ard7 even if it i$ onl!
verbalR Do !ou ive t"at $a(e level of re4ard to !our $taff or co-4orker$R For deci$ion$
concernin ot"er$7 i$ t"e re$ult of t"e action fairR Doe$ t"e per$on affected et onl! t"e
appropriate deree of re4ard or di$ciplineR Gould ot"er$ aree 4it" !our perception of t"e
outco(eR /f no7 $top7 reject t"e action and take anot"er cour$e. /f !e$7 (ove on to t"e next
criteria.
4oB Bill I )eel &)ter t3e decision is 1noBnK C&n I )&ce m@sel) t3e neDt mornin2K
2"i$ i$ t"e (an in t"e (irror $tor! 3updated to include t"e 4o(an in t"e (irror6. F GGG6 >o4 do
!ou feel about t"e deci$ionR 'ven if it i$ a tou" deci$ion and t"e outco(e 4ould affect
$o(eone neativel!7 "ave !ou acted out of t"e overall be$t intere$t of ever!one concernedR /f
t"e an$4er i$ no7 $top7 reject t"e action and find anot"er cour$e. /f !e$7 take t"e action 4it"
ood confidence !ouXve re$olved !our dile((a.
Jften 4it" $ub$e9uent infor(ation 4e reret our action$ but 4e al$o realize t"at 4e (ake
deci$ion$ 4it" t"e infor(ation available at t"e ti(e. /f t"e deci$ion doe$ not need to be (ade
i((ediatel!7 "ave !ou iven !our propo$ed action enou" reflection to feel confident about it$
outco(eR
2"i$ proce$$ (a! $ee( lon and involved. I GGG6 'ver! ti(e !ou di$card a particular option run
t"e next alternative t"rou" t"i$ $a(e practice. 2akin t"e ti(e to revie4 deci$ion$ 4it" an
et"ical per$pective i$ critical to (akin t"e ri"t c"oice$. G"en a co(pan!X$ people focu$ on
t"eir et"ical be"aviour7 ever!one involved i$ better off.
(adapted and aridged from http://www.workA##.com/cgiBin/!inks/>ump.cgiG(,HIAIF)
A. /f it i$ leal7 o on to t"e next criteria.
0. /f !our et"ical dile((a i$ obviou$l! at odd$ 4it" !our co(pan! value$7 $top7 reject t"e action and
take anot"er cour$e.
C. G"en !ou $"ave or appl! !our (akeup and !ou t"ink of t"e action !ou 4ill take7 can !ou look
!our$elf in t"e (irror and kno4 !ou are $ati$fied !ouXve done t"e ri"t t"inR
D. /tX$ a bit tou"er 4"en t"e deci$ion i$ bet4een t4o co(petin ri"t t"in$ to do.
'. /n eneral7 t"e! (a! even $"are part of t"e re$pon$ibilit!.
F. >o4ever7 t"e (ore !ou u$e it7 t"e (ore 9uickl! !ou can 4ork t"rou" t"e deci$ion revie4
proce$$ on $ub$e9uent occa$ion$.
G. 2"e 4ord di$cipline "a$ it$ oriin$ in t"e Greek 4ord (eanin to teac" not to puni$".
>. 2alk to !our $upervi$or or7 if !ou are luck! enou" to "ave an et"ic$ officer or et"ic$ "elpline7 talk
to 4"oever can "elp !ou (ake t"e final deci$ion.
/. >o4 4ill t"e people !ou donXt kno4 perceive !our action$R
N. Leal and et"ical are not e9uivalent concept$.
4%0E9%7 ASSI*$0E$! ;
Gatc" 0arr! @c"4artz;$ lecture 7n our !oss of wisdom 3follo4 t"e link
"ttp:88444.ted.co(8talk$8barr!^$c"4artzônôur^lo$$ôf^4i$do(."t(l6. Do !ou aree 4it"
"i(R G"!R Do not 4rite (ore t"an ?CH 4ord$. You $"ould $ub(it !our "o(e4ork electronicall!
doBnlo&ded )rom t3e Internet.
#e&dline: 20 #ecem'er6
UNIT 5 MANAGEMENT
@tudent$ $"ould be able to u$e t"e vocabular! under 0A$A*E0E$! to co((unicate about:
#e)inition o) m&n&2ement
0&n&2eri&l t&s1s
-&sic m&n&2eri&l s1ills
0&n&2eri&l responsi'ilities
Le&din2 /ersus m&n&2in2
0&n&2ement st@les
9omen in senior m&n&2eri&l positions
&ction pl&n noun UCV
&dminister verb U2 often pa$$iveV
&ssess verb U2V
&ut3orit@ noun
&utocr&t noun UCV
'oss 3&A.AG'R6 noun UCV
'ure&ucr&c@ noun UC or OV
c&mp&i2n verb U/V
CE% noun UCV
c3&irm&n. c3&ir. c3&irperson noun UCV
c3&llen2e noun UCV
c3ie) noun UCV
coll&'or&ti/e Bor1in2 noun UOV
consensus noun UOV
coordin&te verb U2V
decentr&lis&tion noun UOV
decision:m&1er noun UCV
dele2&te verb U2V
democr&tic adjective
deput@ noun UCV
direct verb
emplo@er noun UCV
empoBer verb U2V
eDecuti/e adjective
)&cilit&te verb U2V
)eed'&c1 noun UOV
2o&l noun UCV
2o/ernor noun UCV
2uide noun UCV
3e&d noun UCV
3ier&rc3@ noun UCV
implement & polic@Npl&nNdecision verb U2V
implement&tion noun UOV
l&isseJ:)&ire &ppro&c3 noun UCV
le&der noun UCV
line m&n&2er noun
m&n&2e verb U2V
0# noun UCV
medi&te verb U/7 2V
mentor noun UCV
middle m&n&2ement noun UOV
moti/&tion noun UOV
o))ice noun UCV
oper&tor noun UCV
outcome noun UCV
o/ersee verb U2V
p&perBor1 noun UOV
p&rtner noun UCV
people s1ills noun UC u$u. pl.V
pl&n noun UCV
president noun UCV
prioritise verb U/7 2V
pro'lem:sol/in2 noun UOV
r&tion&lise verb U/ or 2V
restructure verb U2V
silent p&rtner noun UCV
sleepin2 p&rtner noun UCV
str&te2ist noun UCV
super/isor noun UCV
te&m noun UCV
/ice president noun UCV
/ision noun UCV
/ote o) con)idence noun UCV
"$I! ,I?E > (*&*.%(%&#
4. (anagement ) *rt or ScienceB
1616 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
>o4 4ould !ou define (anae(entR
G"at i$ t"e role of a (anaerR
1626 e&din2
e&d t3e )olloBin2 &rticle6 93ile re&din2. )ill in t3e 2&ps Bit3 %$E Bord6
93ic3 o) t3e tBo &ppro&c3es do @ou )&/ourK
!3e Art &nd Science o) 0&n&2ement
Jne of t"e endurin 9ue$tion$ in t"e field of (anae(ent i$ 4"et"er it i$ an art or a $cience.
Geb$terX$ Collee Dictionar! define$ an art a$ [$kill in conductin an! "u(an activit!W and
$cience a$ Wan! $kill or tec"ni9ue t"at reflect$ a preci$e application of fact$ or a principle.W
Reflected in t"e difference$ in t"e$e definition$ i$ t"e u$e of preci$ion in $cience7 in t"at 1 GGG i$
a particular7 pre$cribed 4a! in 4"ic" a (anaer $"ould act. 2"u$7 (anae(ent a$ a $cience
4ould indicate t"at 2 GGG practice7 (anaer$ u$e a $pecific bod! of infor(ation and fact$ to
uide t"eir be"aviour$7 but t"at (anae(ent a$ an art re9uire$ no $pecific bod! of kno4lede7
onl! $kill. Conver$el!7 t"o$e 4"o believe t"at (anae(ent i$ an art are likel! to believe t"at
t"ere i$ ; GGG $pecific 4a! to teac" or under$tand (anae(ent7 and t"at < GGG i$ a $kill borne
of per$onalit! and abilit!. 2"o$e 4"o believe in (anae(ent a$ an art are likel! to believe t"at
certain people are = GGG predi$po$ed to be effective (anaer$ t"an are ot"er$7 and t"at $o(e
people cannot 6 GGG tau"t to be effective (anaer$. 2"at i$7 even 4it" an under$tandin of
(anae(ent re$earc" and an education in (anae(ent7 $o(e people 4ill not be capable of
bein effective practi$in (anaer$.
,ound&tions o) t3e 0&n&2ement &s & Science Perspecti/e
Kracti$in (anaer$ 4"o believe in (anae(ent a$ a $cience are likel! to believe t"at t"ere
are ideal (anaerial practice$ for certain $ituation$. 2"at i$7 4"en faced 4it" a (anaerial
dile((a7 t"e (anaer H GGG believe$ in t"e $cientific foundation of "i$ or "er craft 4ill expect
t"at t"ere i$ a rational and objective 4a! to deter(ine t"e correct cour$e of action. 2"i$
(anaer i$ likel! to follo4 eneral principle$ and t"eorie$ and al$o create and te$t "!pot"e$e$.
F GGG in$tance7 if a (anaer "a$ a proble( 4it" an e(plo!eeX$ poor 4ork perfor(ance7 t"e
(anaer 4ill look to $pecific (ean$ of perfor(ance i(prove(ent7 expectin t"at certain
principle$ 4ill 4ork in (o$t $ituation$. >e or $"e (a! rel! I GGG concept$ learned in bu$ine$$
$c"ool or t"rou" a co(pan! trainin prora((e 4"en deter(inin a cour$e of action7 per"ap$
pa!in 10 GGG attention to political and $ocial factor$ involved in t"e $ituation.
&an! earl! (anae(ent re$earc"er$ $ub$cribed to t"e vi$ion of (anaer$ a$ $cienti$t$. 2"e
$cientific (anae(ent (ove(ent 4a$ t"e pri(ar! driver of 11 GGG per$pective. @cientific
(anae(ent7 pioneered b! Frederick G. 2a!lor7 Frank and Lillian Gilbret"7 and ot"er$7
atte(pted to di$cover Wt"e one be$t 4a!W to perfor( job$. 2"e! u$ed $cientific proce$$e$ to
evaluate and orani$e 4ork 12 GGG t"at it beca(e (ore efficient and effective. @cientific
(anae(entX$ e(p"a$i$ 1; GGG bot" reducin inefficiencie$ and on under$tandin t"e
p$!c"olo! of 4orker$ c"aned (anaer and e(plo!ee attitude$ 1< GGG t"e practice of
(anae(ent.
5
,ound&tions o) t3e 0&n&2ement &s &n Art Perspecti/e
Kracti$in (anaer$ 4"o believe in (anae(ent a$ an art are unlikel! to believe t"at $cientific
principle$ and t"eorie$ 4ill be able to be i(ple(ented in actual (anaerial $ituation$. /n$tead7
t"e$e (anaer$ are likel! to rel! on t"e $ocial and political environ(ent $urroundin t"e
(anaerial i$$ue7 u$in t"eir o4n kno4lede of a $ituation7 rat"er 1= GGG eneric rule$7 to
deter(ine a cour$e of action. For exa(ple7 a$ a contra$t 16 GGG t"e exa(ple iven previou$l!7
a (anaer 4"o "a$ a proble( 4it" an e(plo!eeX$ poor 4ork perfor(ance i$ likel! to rel! on "i$
or "er o4n experience$ and jude(ent 4"en addre$$in t"i$ i$$ue. Rat"er t"an "avin a
$tandard re$pon$e to $uc" a proble(7 t"i$ (anaer i$ likel! to con$ider a broad rane of $ocial
and political factor$7 and i$ likel! to take different action$ dependin 1H GGG t"e context of t"e
proble(.
>enr! &intzber i$ probabl! t"e (o$t 4ell-kno4n and pro(inent advocate of t"e $c"ool of
t"ou"t t"at (anae(ent i$ an art. &intzber i$ an acade(ic re$earc"er 4"o$e 4ork capturin
t"e actual dail! ta$k$ of real (anaer$ 4a$ round breakin re$earc" for it$ ti(e. &intzber7
t"rou" "i$ ob$ervation of actual (anaer$ in t"eir dail! 4ork7 deter(ined t"at (anaer$ did
not $it at t"eir de$k$7 t"inkin7 evaluatin7 and decidin all da! lon7 4orkin for lon7
uninterrupted ti(e period$. Rat"er7 &intzber deter(ined t"at (aner$ enaed in ver!
fra(ented 4ork7 4it" con$tant interruption$ and rare opportunitie$ to 9uietl! con$ider
(anaerial i$$ue$. 2"u$7 &intzber revolutionized t"inkin 1F GGG (anaer$ at t"e ti(e t"at "i$
4ork 4a$ publi$"ed7 c"allenin t"e prior notion t"at (anaer$ be"aved rationall! and
(et"odicall!. 2"i$ 4a$ 1I GGG line 4it" t"e per$pective of (anae(ent a$ an art7 becau$e it
indicated t"at (anaer$ did not nece$$aril! "ave routine be"aviour$ t"rou"out t"eir da!$7 but
in$tead u$ed t"eir o4n $ocial and political $kill$ to $olve proble($ t"at aro$e t"rou"out t"e
cour$e of 4ork.
Anot"er $c"olar t"at pro(oted t"e notion of (anae(ent a$ an art 4a$ David '. Lilient"al7 4"o
in 5PDE "ad "i$ $erie$ of lecture$ titled *anagement: 4 <umanist 4rt publi$"ed. /n t"i$ $et of
publi$"ed lecture$7 Lilient"al arue$ t"at (anae(ent re9uire$ 20 GGG t"an a (a$ter! of
tec"ni9ue$ and $kill$T in$tead7 it al$o re9uire$ t"at (anaer$ under$tand individual$ and t"eir
(otivation$ and "elp t"e( ac"ieve t"eir oal$. Lilient"al believed t"at effective (anaerial
be"aviour (eant co(binin (anae(ent and leader$"ip into practice7 b! not onl! ettin 4ork
done but under$tandin t"e (eanin be"ind t"e 4ork. 2"u$7 "e pro(oted t"e idea of t"e
(anaer a$ a (otivator and facilitator of ot"er$. 2"i$ (anaer a$ an arti$t 4a$ likel! to re$pond
differentl! to eac" e(plo!ee and $ituation7 rat"er t"an u$e a pre$cribed $et of re$pon$e$
dictated 21 GGG $et of kno4n uideline$.
Anot"er proponent of t"e (anae(ent a$ art $c"ool of t"ou"t i$ Keter Drucker7 fa(ed
(anae(ent $c"olar 4"o i$ be$t kno4n for developin idea$ related to total 9ualit!
(anae(ent. Drucker ter($ (anae(ent [a liberal artW. >e arue$ t"at t"e di$cipline 3i.e.7 t"e
$cience6 of (anae(ent atte(pt$ to create a paradi( for (anaer$7 in 4"ic" fact$ are
e$tabli$"ed7 and exception$ 22 GGG t"e$e fact$ are inored a$ ano(alie$. >e i$ critical 2; GGG
t"e a$$u(ption$ t"at (ake up t"e (anae(ent paradi(7 becau$e t"e$e a$$u(ption$ c"ane
2< GGG ti(e a$ $ociet! and t"e bu$ine$$ environ(ent c"ane. 2"u$7 (anae(ent i$ (ore of an
art7 2= GGG $cientific Wfact$W do not re(ain $table over ti(e.
(http://www.enotes.com/managementBenc"c!opedia/artBscienceBmanagement)
16;616 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e )olloBin2 sentences Bit3 & Bord deri/ed )rom t3e Bord
2i/en &t t3e end o) e&c3 sentence:
5. 2"i$ $"ould be a viable ... of ood (anae(ent. C>ARAC2'R
?. All executive$ involved in t"e project did t"eir job to t"e be$t of t"eir .... A0L'
A. Given t"e ver! fe4 clue$ 4e "ave7 t"i$ i$ a "ardl! ... fla4 in our
bu$ine$$ plan.
/D'.2/2Y
5
B. /n order to be a ... bu$ine$$4o(an7 !ou "ave to be ac9uainted 4it" t"e
(ain i$$ue$ of inter-ender co((unication.
@OCC'@@
C. Onfortunatel!7 / cannot attac" too (uc" ... to !our $tati$tic$. CR'D/0L'
D. Good ... i$ e$$ential for t"e $ucce$$ of an! kind of bu$ine$$. L'AD
E. Jne $"ouldn;t elude ... 4"en dealin 4it" $eriou$ occupational ta$k$. R'@KJ.@/0L'
F. >i$ reate$t ... i$ t"at of bein a fla4le$$ leader. ACCJ&KL/@>
P. / 4ould ... like to $pecif! t"at 4e are be"ind $c"edule. KAR2/COLAR
5H. 2"e effort 4"ic" !ou put into our project 4ill turn out to be an
invaluable ... . /.*'@2
55. Actin in ... 4it" pre$ent lei$lation 4ill prevent an! proble($ 4it" t"e
aut"oritie$.
ACCJRD
5?. 2"e ... for t"i$ initiative to beco(e fruitful are t"at all of !ou $"ould
4ork overti(e.
R']O/R'
5A. At t"e trade fair la$t !ear7 our co(pan! received an a4ard for ... . 'eC'L
5B. ... talent i$ $uppo$ed to be in-born rat"er t"an ac9uired. &A.AG'
5C. 2"ank$ to our ... intervention7 t"e co(pan! didn;t o bankrupt. 2/&'
16;626 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s Bit3 ten o) t3e )olloBin2 )i)teen p3r&s&l /er's )rom t3e list6 "se
t3e rem&inin2 )i/e in sentences o) @our oBn6 5ou m&@ B&nt to consult & diction&r@ )or t3e
me&nin2 o) cert&in /er's6
ca!! ack ca!! upon ca!! for ca!! up ca!! out
set out set ack set forth set off set aside
ring forth ring ack ring aout ring out ring up
5. Ge "ad to ^^^ t"e "elp of a con$ultin fir( in order to $olve our 9uerie$ reardin auditin.
?. 2"e! finall! ^^^ to invite t"eir bu$ine$$ partner$ to t"e annual conference on reional
develop(ent.
A. /;( $orr! to ^^^ t"e $ubject of $olvenc! but /;( afraid 4e "ave to deal 4it" t"i$ i$$ue a$ 4ell.
B. Given t"at t"e ne4 procedure failed7 "e decided to ^^^ t"e previou$ one.
C. Klea$e7 don;t "e$itate to ^^^ (e ^^^ a$ $oon a$ !ou;ve ot 4ord fro( our (ain inve$tor.
D. / $uppo$e 4e 4ill "ave to ^^^ our difference$ and concentrate our effort$ on $olvin t"e
proble( in "and.
E. / 4ouldn;t like t"e proble( of travel co$t$ to ^^^ !ou ^^^ in !our intention to take part in t"i$
!ear;$ trade fair.
F. Follo4in t"e ne4$ of t"e (arket cra$"7 de$perate fir( o4ner$ bean to ^^^ for "elp
t"rou" all (edia.
P. / a( $orr! t"at &r. 0ro4n i$ not in "i$ office no47 but plea$e don;t "e$itate to ^^^ in an "our.
5H. 2"e ne4 (anae(ent re$tructurin "a$ ^^^ $inificant c"ane$ in t"e co(pan!;$ polic!.
16;6;6
A6 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s Bit3 &n &ppropri&te Bord deri/ed )rom t3e one 2i/en in 'r&c1ets6
Art &nd Science in 0&n&2ement ese&rc3
.oted 1 GGG (ESEAC4) 2"o(a$ +u"n7 in "i$ book )he Structure of Scientific Re+o!utions8
addre$$e$ i$$ue$ a$$ociated 4it" t"e $tate of current 2 GGG (SCIE$CE) re$earc" and t"e
opportunitie$ for $cientific di$cover!. +u"n7 in "i$ previou$ edition$ of t"i$ text7 dre4 di$tinction$
bet4een (ature and ; GGG (0A!"E) field$ of $tud!. /n (ature field$ of $tud!7 (an! of t"e
central 9ue$tion$ of t"at field "ave been an$4ered7 and $tron con$en$u$ exi$t$ a(on
re$earc"er$ reardin t"e funda(ental < GGG (ASS"0E) of t"at field. Conver$el!7 in i((ature
field$ of $tud!7 t"ere i$ $till a reat deal of debate on (ajor 9ue$tion$ in t"e field7 and ain$ in =
GGG (7$%9) co(e $poradicall!. /n (an! 4a!$7 (anae(ent i$ an i((ature $cience. G"ile it$
6 GGG (,%"$#) in p$!c"olo!7 $ociolo!7 and ot"er related area$ ive it a lon and ric" "i$tor!7
t"e nature of t"e area$ of $tud! render$ it i((ature. 2"at i$7 due to t"e difficultie$ of $tud!in
"u(an be"avior in a nu(ber of di$parate H GGG (SE!)7 t"e $tud! of (anae(ent i$ $till ver!
6
!oun 4"en co(pared 4it" ot"er field$ of re$earc" 3e..7 in t"e p"!$ical $cience$6. /n fact7
(an! $c"olar$ "ave arued t"at t"e $ocial $cience$ 3e..7 (anae(ent re$earc"6 $uffer fro(
env! of t"e p"!$ical $cience$7 in 4"ic" Wtrut"$W are able to be deter(ined t"rou" re$earc". A$
$uc"7 $ocial $cience$ re$earc"er$ (a! $trive to create a (ore W$cientificW approac" to t"eir
field$ in order to rant t"e( (ore F GGG (LE*I!I0A!E).
-6 In some o) t3e sentences t3ere is &n eDtr& Bord B3ic3 does not )it Bit3 t3e me&nin2 o)
t3e teDt6 ,ind t3e eDtr& Bord6
De$pite of it$ relative i((aturit!7 $o(e con$i$tent an$4er$ "ave been developed in t"e field of
(anae(ent. /n (an! 4a!$ t"i$ i$ due to t"e (an! increa$ed $op"i$tication of (anae(ent
re$earc". >o4ever7 t"ere are $till a nu(ber of re$earc" of ap$ in (anae(entT de$pite our
increa$ed kno4lede in $o(e area$7 t"ere i$ $till a ver! reat deal of di$aree(ent and
confu$ion in ot"er area$. /n t"e$e circu($tance$7 t"e practice of (anae(ent i$ likel! to 4ill be
dictated b! t"e per$pective of (anae(ent a$ an art. 0ecau$e of t"ere are no "ard and fa$t
rule$ in certain circu($tance$7 individual (anaer$X experience$ and $kill$ (u$t to uide t"e(.
2oda!7 (uc" of t"e (anae(ent re$earc" conducted in acade(ic in$titution$ blend$ 4it" t"e
notion of (anae(ent a$ an art and a$ a $cience.
16<6 L&n2u&2e )ocus: e)leDi/e Pronouns
16<616 e)leDi/e Pronouns
Look at t"e follo4in exa(ple of a reflexive pronoun:
#hey are thus ca!!ed upon to commit themselves to ma2imum performance and in+estment of
their fu!! potentia! in teams and pro>ect.
Fill in 4it" t"e $uitable reflexive pronoun for($:
/
!ou
"e
$"e
it
4e
!ou
the" themse!+es
16<626 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s Bit3 t3e ri23t re)leDi/e pronouns6
5. You $"ould co((it ^^^ (ore to our line of action.
?. @"e couldn;t find ^^^ a better po$ition.
A. / $"ould "ave (ore confidence in ^^^ 4"en it co(e$ to 4ork involve(ent.
B. >e keep$ deludin ^^^ about "o4 efficient a (anaer "e i$.
C. 2"e fir( didn;t (anae to protect ^^^ fro( cut-t"roat co(petition.
D. Ge $"ould $"o4 (ore con$ideration to ^^^ 4"en 4e "ave to deal 4it" un$crupulou$
bu$ine$$ partner$ like t"e(.
E. / doubt 4"et"er t"e! "ave iven ^^^ a $econd c"ance to $et t"in$ $trai"t in t"e
depart(ent affair$.
5. (otivation and @ork /elationships
2616 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
G"at i$ (otivationR
6
/t i$ t"e role of t"e (anaer to (otivate e(plo!ee$. Gould !ou prefer a (ale bo$$ or a fe(ale
bo$$R G"!R
2626 e&din2
A6 e&d t3e )olloBin2 teDt &nd c3oose t3e moti/&tion t3eor@ t3&t @ou li1e 'est6
0oti/&tion &nd Communic&tion
2"e abilit! to (otivate ot"er$ and i(prove (orale i$ a [$oft $kill\ = difficult to ac9uire and al(o$t
i(po$$ible to (ea$ure. Four ke! t"inker$ contributed to t"i$ field in t"e 5PCH$ and DH$7 and
t"eir 4ork i$ $till t"e ba$i$ for conte(porar! approac"e$:
5. &a$lo4 developed "i$ <"ierarc"! of need$;
a. $elf-actuali$ation need$
b. eo 3$elf-e$tee(6 need$
c. $ocial need$
d. $ecurit! need$
e. p"!$ioloical need$
Ge (ove to t"e next $tae up onl! 4"en t"e lo4er need i$ (et. And a$ $oon a$ an! need i$
(et7 t"en it i$ no loner a (otivator. 2"e botto( t4o are u$uall! not an i$$ue in bu$ine$$
3unle$$ !ou are "unr! or in daner6. After t"at7 our next need i$ to feel accepted and part of a
roup 3$ocial need6. /f t"at "appen$7 t"en next 4e "ave eo need$: reconition and
ackno4lede(ent fro( ot"er$7 a$ 4ell a$ a $en$e of $tatu$ or i(portance. Finall!7 if t"at need
i$ (et7 4e 4ant $elf-fulfil(ent 3<$elf-actuali$ation; in &a$lo4;$ ter($6: to ac"ieve7 to develop to
our fulle$t potential.
?. >erzber expre$$ed $i(ilar idea$. >e areed t"at t"e (o$t i(portant (otivator$ at 4ork
4ere t"e $en$e of ac"ieve(ent7 earned reconition and intere$t in t"e job it$elf. 0ut t"en t"ere
4a$ anot"er $et of job factor$ 3<"!iene; or <(aintenance; factor$6 t"at do not (otivate
e(plo!ee$7 but can cau$e di$$ati$faction if t"e! are (i$$in. 2"e$e include $alar!7 job $ecurit!7
4orkin condition$ and ood relation$ 4it" co-4orker$
A. &cGreor ob$erved t"at (anaer$ enerall! fall into t4o cateorie$: 2"eor! e and 2"eor!
Y. 2"eor! e (anaer$ believe t"at (o$t people di$like 4ork and (u$t be controlled and
directed to ac"ieve t"e orani$ation;$ oal$. 2"eor! Y (anaer$ believe t"at (o$t people like
4ork and activel! $eek re$pon$ibilit!. 2"e! believe in e(po4er(ent 3S ivin e(plo!ee$ t"e
aut"orit! to (ake deci$ion$ 4it"out traditional (anaerial approval6 and enablin 3S ivin t"e(
t"e tool$6.
B. Drucker believed in <(anae(ent b! objective$; 3&0J6. &0J call$ on (anaer$ to 4ork
4it" e(plo!ee$ to for(ulate clear7 a(bitiou$ but ac"ievable oal$. 2"ere "a$ to be (onitorin
and (ea$ure(ent to en$ure objective$ are bein (et7 and 4orker$ 4"o ac"ieve t"eir objective$
can be re4arded 4it" pa! ri$e$7 bonu$e$7 etc.
Communic&tion
Co((unication i$ t4o-4a!: top-do4n and botto(-up. /t can al$o be external: t"e KR function
"andle$ t"i$.
/n$ide an orani$ation7 infor(al co((unication "appen$ all t"e ti(eT ever!one enjo!$
di$cu$$in <office politic$; at t"e 4ater cooler and pickin up infor(ation <on t"e rapevine; 3S
pa$$ed fro( one per$on to anot"er in conver$ation6. For(al co((unication i$ t"rou" t"e
6
(ediu( of (eetin$7 pre$entation$7 report$7 etc. 0ut t4o ot"er ke! co((unication $kill$ are
re9uired:
<Active li$tenin;. 2"i$ (ean$ li$tenin 4it" full attention7 not interruptin except to a$k
for clarification7 and ivin con$ideration to t"e ot"er per$on;$ point of vie4.
<A$$ertivene$$;. 2"i$ (ean$ $tatin !our need$ and opinion$ confidentl! and clearl!7
4it"out on t"e one "and bein indirect or <$ufferin in $ilence;7 or on t"e ot"er bein
are$$ive and rude.
-6 e&d t3e )olloBin2 teDt &nd c3oose t3e person&lit@ t@pe t3&t @ou t3in1 @ou 'elon2 to6
!e&mBor1
A tea( 3or <ta$kforce; or <4orkin part!;6 need$ a variet! of per$onalit! t!pe$ to perfor( 4ell:
<>ead; people 4"o are ood at t"inkin and proble(-$olvin
<>and$; people 4"o are ood at doin and actin
<>eart; people 4"o are ood at net4orkin and re$olvin conflict$
Jnce a tea( "a$ been $et up7 it u$uall! oe$ t"rou" t"e five $tae$ identified b! 0ruce
2ucker:
5. For(in = people et to kno4 eac" ot"er
?. @tor(in = t"i$ refer$ bot" to <brain$tor(in; a$ idea$ et $ue$ted for t"e fir$t ti(e7 and
al$o to conflict$ t"at ari$e a$ tea( (e(ber$ clarif! t"eir role$ and expectation$.
A. .or(in = (e(ber$ $ort out a 4a! of 4orkin toet"er and bein to <o4n; and $"are t"e
tea( objective$.
B. Kerfor(in = (e(ber$ focu$ on $olvin proble($ and doin ta$k$. Krore$$ can be $een a$
t"e! pa$$ variou$ (ile$tone$ 3S event$ t"at (ark an i(portant $tae in a proce$$6.
C. Adjournin = t"e job i$ fini$"ed7 and t"ere i$ often a public reconition and celebration of
ac"ieve(ent$.
26;616 ,ill in t3e missin2 letters6
5. 2"e level of confidence and po$itive feelin$ t"at people "ave7 e$peciall! people 4"o 4ork
toet"er7 i$ t"eir level of <(o^ ^ ^ e; 3$li"tl! different fro( <(otivation; 4"ic" i$ linked to
doin t"in$6.
?. G"en 4e "ave t"e reconition and re$pect of t"e ot"er$7 it add$ reatl! to our <$elf-e$^ ^ ^
(; 3S t"e feelin t"at 4e are valued and i(portant6.
A. G"en 4e "ave been $ucce$$ful7 it i$ ood to "ave t"e <ackn^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ nt; 3S public
reconition and t"ank$6 of ot"er$.
B. Developin to our fulle$t potential 4a$ called <$elf-actuali$ation; b! &a$lo4. A (ore co((on
ter( i$ <$elf-ful^ ^ ^ (ent;.
C. 0ein $ucce$$ful after a lot of effort ive$ u$ a <$en$e of ac"^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^nt;.
D. Givin people (ore control over t"eir 4ork i$ called <e(^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^nt;.
E. Givin $o(eone t"e tool$ and $kill$ to do $o(et"in i$ called <en^ ^ în; t"e(.
F. @ucce$$ful (anaer$ are neit"er pa$$ive nor are$$ive. /n$tead7 t"e! are <a$$^ ^ ^ ^ve;.
P. 0u$ine$$ leader$ need to "ave vi$ion and <co((^ ^ ^ ^ nt; 3S ent"u$ia$(7 deter(ination
and a $tron belief in 4"at t"e! are doin6.
26;626 e&d t3e teDt &nd t3en &nsBer t3e Cuestions 'eloB6
2"e 4ork of &a$lo4 and >erzber "a$ been developed into t"e t"eor! of <job enric"(ent;. 2"i$
t"eor! $tate$ t"at t"ere are five c"aracteri$tic$ affectin an individual;$ (otivation and
perfor(ance.
5. @kill variet! = t"e extent to 4"ic" t"e job de(and$ different $kill$.
6
?. 2a$k identit! = t"e deree to 4"ic" a job "a$ vi$ible outco(e.
A. 2a$k $inificance = t"e deree to 4"ic" a job "a$ an i(pact on t"e 4ork of ot"er$.
B. Autono(! = t"e deree of freedo( and c"oice t"at people "ave in $c"edulin 4ork and
deter(inin procedure$.
C. Feedback = t"e a(ount of direct and clear infor(ation t"at i$ received about
perfor(ance.
2"e fir$t t"ree factor$ above contribute to t"e (eaninfulne$$ of t"e job. 2"e fourt" ive$ a
feelin of re$pon$ibilit!. 2"e fift" contribute$ to a feelin of ac"ieve(ent and reconition.
Nob enric"(ent trie$ to (axi(ize t"e above five factor$ 4it"in t"e con$traint$ of t"e
orani$ation. /t al$o include$ t4o $pecific $trateie$:
a. job enlare(ent = co(binin a $erie$ of ta$k$ into one c"allenin and intere$tin
a$$in(ent
b. job rotation = (ovin e(plo!ee$ fro( one job to anot"er
,ind & Bord in t3e teDt B3ic3 me&ns:
5. (akin $o(et"in better and (ore enjo!able
?. re$ult
A. po4er to (ake independent deci$ion$
B. 9ualit! of bein $eriou$7 u$eful and i(portant
C. (akin $o(et"in bier
D. piece of 4ork t"at !ou (u$t do a$ part of !our job or cour$e of $tud!
26;6;6 Stud@ t3e colloc&tions re)errin2 to decision m&1in26 C3ec1 &n@ un1noBn Bords in
t3e diction&r@6
ac"ieve7 define7 e$tabli$"7 fail in7 fall $"ort of7 fulfil7 identif!7 (eet7 reac"7 $et an objective
addre$$7 cau$e7 clear up7 create7 deal 4it"7 ive ri$e to7 "andle7 overco(e7
re$olve7 $olve7 tackle
a proble(
accept7 aree to84it"7 co(e up 4it"7 (ake7 offer7 put for4ard7 reject7 rule
out7 take up7 turn do4n
a $ue$tion
arrive at7 co(e to7 defer7 (ake7 overrule7 overturn7 po$tpone7 put off7 reac"7
rever$e7 take
a deci$ion
collective7 critical7 crucial7 difficult7 "ard7 i(portant7 joint7 ke!7 (ajor7 tou"7
unani(ou$
deci$ion
anticipated7 de$irable7 eventual7 expected7 favourable7 final7 likel!7
$ati$factor!7 $ucce$$ful
outco(e
$oB di/ide t3e Bords in e&c3 'oD into t3ree 2roups. '&sed on t3eir me&nin26
ac"ieve7 (eet7 reac"7
fulfil
define7 identif!7 e$tabli$"7
$et
fail in7 fall $"ort of an objective
a proble(
a $ue$tion
a deci$ion
deci$ion
outco(e
26;6<6 0&tc3 t3e te&m roles in t3e 'oD to t3e descriptions 'eloB6 !3is t&s1 is '&sed on t3e
ide&s o) -el'in &nd 0&r2erison:0cC&nn6
6
Coordin&tor Inno/&tor E/&lu&tor ,inis3er Implementer
Promoter S3&per Speci&list !e&m Bor1er
S4e&d peopleL
5. ^^^^^^^^^^^ - $olve$ difficult proble($ 4it" creative idea$T not afraid to c"allene nor($T
(a! inore detail$.
?. ^^^^^^^^^^^ - t"ink$ carefull! and accuratel! about t"in$T li$ten$ patientl!T (a! lack
ener! to in$pire ot"er$.
A. ^^^^^^^^^^^ - "a$ expert kno4lede in ke! area$T (a! be unintere$ted in all ot"er area$.
S4&nds peopleL
B. ^^^^^^^^^^^ - take$ ba$ic idea$ and (ake$ t"e( 4ork in practiceT (et"odical and
orani$edT can be $lo4.
C. ^^^^^^^^^^^ - et$ involved 9uickl! 4it" lot$ of ener!T (ore intere$ted in t"e final re$ult
t"an t"e proce$$T (a! be i(patient.
D. ^^^^^^^^^^^ - like$ co(pletin t"in$ on ti(e7 on budet7 and to $pecificationT can 4orr!
too (uc".
S4e&rt peopleL
E. ^^^^^^^^^^^ - central per$on 4"o (ake$ $ure ever!one 4ork$ 4ell toet"erT "elp$
ever!one focu$T can be $een a$ too controllin.
F. ^^^^^^^^^^^ - carin7 a ood li$tener7 and 4ork$ "ard to re$olve proble($T (a! "ave
difficult! (akin deci$ion$.
P. ^^^^^^^^^^^ - ent"u$ia$tic7 $ee$ t"e bi picture and ood at explainin it to people out$ide
t"e roupT can be too opti(i$tic and lo$e initial ener!.
26;6=6 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s Bit3 t3e reCuired dependent preposition:
5. / feel deepl! co((itted ^^^ (! e(plo!ee$.
?. Ge $"ould contribute (ore ^^^ t"e develop(ent of t"i$ bu$ine$$.
A. 2"e board of director$ finall! decided ^^^ a plan for future re$tructurin.
B. @"e $"ould pa! (ore attention ^^^ t"e 4a! in 4"ic" $"e treat$ "er $ubordinate$.
C. 2"ere "ave been no c"ane$ ^^^ $alar! aree(ent$.
D. 2"e influence ^^^ "u(an re$ource$ polic! i$ due ^^^ t"e increa$ed pre$$ure ^^^ t"e part of
international co(petition.
E. ^^^ 4"at (ean$ do !ou t"ink 4e could reduce co$t$R
F. /;( afraid t"at t"e (anaer i$ oppo$ed ^^^ our $trate! of concentratin ^^^ co$t reduction
onl!.
P. Jur cooperation could be conducive ^^^ furt"er $ucce$$.
5H. / 4ould like to en$ure ^^^ particular t"at no c"ane ^^^ t"e co(pan! "a$ taken place ^^^
t"e ab$ence of careful deliberation.
26<6 L&n2u&2e )ocus: !3e tense s@stem: Present Simple /s6 Present Continuous
26<616 !3e tense s@stem: Present Simple /s6 Present Continuous
Co(pare:
<uman resources management works in c!ose co!!aoration with senior e2ecuti+es.
(permanent situation)
9ane is working for *r. 9ones this week ecause his secretar" is on ho!ida".
(temporar" situation)
+resent Simple
For(: $"ort infinitiveTL A
rd
per$. $: ` $TR do8 doe$3A
rd
per$. $.6T - don;t8 doe$n;t
>e 4rite$. Doe$ "e 4riteR Ye$7 "e doe$8 .o7 "e doe$n;t.
6
/t indicate$:
"abitual action$8 reular7 repeated action$: >e oe$ to 4ork at E ever! (ornin.
eneral trut"$7 per(anent $ituation$: 2"e $un $"ine$.
planned future action$7 perfor(ed accordin to a $c"edule: 2"e train leave$ at F o;clock.
@pecific adverb$: ever! da!8 (ont"8 !ear_7 often7 u$uall!7 al4a!$7 never
+resent Continuous
For(: to be 3in t"e pre$ent6 ` verb ` -in
/t indicate$:
an action "appenin no4: / a( readin no4.
an action "appenin in a li(ited period of ti(e7 a te(porar! $ituation: / a( 4ritin t"e
paper toda!.
an arrane(ent in t"e near future: Ge are vi$itin t"e( next 4eek.
co(plaint$ about bad "abit$: G"! are !ou al4a!$ interruptinR
D S#*#% !%/BS */% &3# normally used in the continuous formC
verb$ of perception: $ee7 "ear7 $(ell7 feel7 notice7 reconize
verb$ of e(otion: 4ant7 refu$e7 forive7 4i$"7 like7 "ate7 di$like7 prefer
verb$ of (ental activitie$: t"ink7 under$tand7 kno47 (ean7 believe7 $uppo$e7 re(e(ber7
foret7 realize
verb$ of po$$e$$ion: "ave7 o4n7 po$$e$$7 belon
verb$ of appearance8 $ee(in: $ea(7 $inif!7 appear 3S to $ee(67 contain7 con$i$t7 keep
3S to continue67 concern7 (atter
t"e auxiliarie$T exception: to "ave S to eat: / a( "avin lunc".
2"eir prore$$ive (eanin i$ $ue$ted b! u$in CA$ in front of $o(e of t"e(: / can "ear. >e
can $ee.
26<626 ,ind t3e mist&1es in t3e )olloBin2 sentences &nd correct t3em6
5. Ge 4ork in !our office till t"e! fini$" paintin our$.
?. Jur fir( i$ u$uall! ettin in touc" 4it" cu$to(er$ b! (ail.
A. 2"eir co(pan! doe$ not do ver! 4ell t"e$e da!$.
B. @ince 4e all 4ork in t"e $a(e office7 4e are $pendin (o$t of our ti(e toet"er.
C. 2"e! 4ant to kno4 if t"e price i$ includin *A2.
D. >u(an re$ource$ polic! i$ ivin con$ideration to variou$ internal and external factor$.
E. At pre$ent our C'J$ tr! to e$tabli$" t"e prioritie$ for t"e furt"er develop(ent of t"e fir(.
F. G"at do !ou t"ink t"i$ job i$ involvinR
P. Are !ou reali$in t"at if 4e don;t appl! t"e ne4 procedure in due cour$e 4e 4ill $uffer
reat profit lo$$e$R
5H. &o$t (anaer$ are not able to attend t"e (eetin becau$e t"e! are "avin flu.
55. / kno4 t"at t"e co(petition i$ tou" t"i$ !ear7 but 4e $urvive on t"e (arket.
5?. Ge $ell our $"are$ in t"e co(pan!. Do !ou 4ant to bu! t"e(R
5A. G"ile @ara" i$ on "olida!7 2rac! "andle$ "er 4ork a$ a $ecretar!.
5B. 2o be "one$t7 / a( doubtin 4"et"er !ou 4ill be able to $ucceed in t"i$ (ove.
5C. You $"ouldn;t pa! an! attention to t"e ne4 (anaer. >e i$ ju$t $arca$tic aain.
26=6 9ritin2
C"oo$e a leader t"at !ou ad(ire. 'xplain 4"! !ou ad(ire t"e(. Grite approxi(atel! AHH
4ord$.
6
8. (ultinationals
;616 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
G"at deter(ined t"e need for (ultinational corporation$R
G"at factor$ influence co((unication in a (ultinational corporationR
;626 e&din2
e&d t3e )olloBin2 teDt &nd )ill in t3e 'l&n1s Bit3 %$E Bord6 !3en &nsBer t3e Cuestion in
t3e title6
0ultin&tion&ls: 3eroes or /ill&ins o) t3e 2lo'&l econom@K
Forein-o4ned (ultinational$ e(plo! one 4orker in ever! five in 'uropean (anufacturin
and one in $even in O@ (anufacturin. 2"e! $ell one euro in ever! four of (anufactured
ood$ in 'urope and one dollar in five in t"e Onited @tate$.
Yet polic!-(aker$ and t"e public 1 GGG t"e 4orld "ave (ixed feelin$ about (ultinational$:
t"e! $ee t"e( 2 GGG a$ 4elco(e bearer$ of forein 4ealt" and kno4lede or a$ un4elco(e
t"reat$ to national 4ealt" and identit!. Kolic!-(aker$ 4ant (ultinational$ to inve$t in t"eir
countr!7 but are un"app! 4"en national fir($ clo$e ; GGG do(e$tic activitie$ and open up
forein one$ or 4"en forein brand$ co(pete $ucce$$full! 4it" national one$.
2"i$ Nek!ll and >!de perception of (ultinational$ $te($ (ore < GGG a(biuou$ feelin$
about lare (arket pla!er$ 4it" no national identit! t"an fro( riorou$ econo(ic anal!$i$.
/ndeed7 t"e debate = GGG (ultinational$ i$ rarel! rounded on econo(ic aru(ent$ and
t"ere i$ little under$tandin of 4"at (ultinational$ are7 or of 4"at co$t$ and benefit$ t"e!
brin to local econo(ie$.
&ultinational$ are often different 6 GGG purel! national fir($ and $o(e concern$ are
leiti(ate. 2"e! are relativel! lare and t"e! do "ave co(petitive po4er in t"e (arket place
and barainin po4er in t"e polic!-(akin arena7 particularl! in $(aller developin
countrie$. 2"e! are lobal pla!er$ t"at can circu(vent local reulation$ and policie$ H GGG
ea$il! t"an national fir($. 2"e! are footloo$e7 able to (ove activitie$ bet4een t"eir plant$ F
GGG relativel! lo4 co$t7 re(ovin benefit$ a$ rapidl! a$ t"e! deliver t"e(. And t"e! do
(a$$-produce $tandardi$ed product$7 jeopardi$in product variet!.
Yet ot"er feature$ of (ultinational$ al$o explain 4"! countrie$ co(pete fiercel! to attract
t"e(. 2"e! often brin $carce tec"noloie$7 $kill$ and financial re$ource$. 2"e! are fa$t in I
GGG advantae of ne4 opportunitie$ and contributin to national 4ealt" creation. 2"e! are
bound b! international $tandard$ and (arket co(petition and t"e! often offer better
e(plo!(ent condition$ and product 9ualitie$ 10 GGG national fir($.
&oreover7 (ultinational$ are 11 GGG ju$t iant corporation$ like &icro$oft or Coca Cola.
&an! $(all and (ediu(-$ized enterpri$e$7 fir($ 4it" li(ited (arket po4er in do(e$tic
and forein (arket$7 "ave one or (ore forein $ub$idiarie$. /nve$tin abroad and t"u$
beco(in a (ultinational i$ a $trate! open to (an! t!pe$ of fir($.
93&t &re multin&tion&lsK
&ultinational$ are fir($ t"at o4n a $inificant e9uit! $"are = t!picall! CHI or (ore = of
anot"er co(pan! operatin in a forein countr!. 2"e! include (odern corporation$ 12 GGG
6
/0&7 General &otor$7 /ntel and .ike7 but al$o $(all fir($ like Calzaturificio Car(en$7 a
$"oe(aker e(plo!in ?CH 4orker$ divided 1; GGG Kadua 3/tal!6 and *ranje 3@erbia6.
2"e activitie$ of (ultinational$ are be$t (ea$ured b! fir(-level data like $ale$ or nu(ber of
e(plo!ee$. Onfortunatel!7 t"e$e data 1< GGG not 4idel! available. /n$tead7 re$earc"er$ rel!
on data on flo4$ of forein direct inve$t(ent 3FD/6 recorded fro( balance of pa!(ent $tati$tic$
and 4"ic" are available acro$$ ti(e7 indu$trial $ector$ and for (an! receivin and $endin
countrie$.
FD/ i$ an inve$t(ent in a forein co(pan! 4"ere t"e forein inve$tor o4n$ at lea$t 5HI of
t"e ordinar! $"are$7 undertaken 1= GGG t"e objective of e$tabli$"in a <la$tin intere$t; in t"e
countr!7 a lon-ter( relation$"ip and $inificant influence on t"e (anae(ent of t"e fir(. FD/
flo4$ are different fro( portfolio inve$t(ent$7 4"ic" can be dive$ted ea$il! and do not "ave
$inificant influence on t"e (anae(ent of t"e fir(. 2"u$7 to create7 ac9uire or expand a
forein $ub$idiar!7 (ultinational$ undertake FD/.
(http://cep.!se.ac.uk/pus/down!oad/C&#CJ.pdf)
;6;616 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e )olloBin2 sentences usin2 & suit&'le Bord deri/ed )rom t3e
Bord 2i/en &t t3e end o) e&c3 sentence:
5. Ge "ave decided to for( a3n6 ... 4it" partner$ 4e "ave $o far
con$idered rival$.
ALLY
?. Co(panie$ like Coca-Cola are 4orld fa(ou$ ... . .A2/J.
A. / 4ouldn;t like to create an! ... a$ concern$ t"e ter($ of t"i$ contract. O.D'R@2A.D
B. All countrie$ in t"e t"ird 4orld need relief $upplie$ iven t"eir ... $tate. D'*'LJK
C. / a( $orr! t"at becau$e of !our inco(petence t"e proble( 4e are
dealin 4it" "a$ beco(e ... .
&A.AG'
D. .o di$cri(ination ba$ed on ... 4ill be exerci$ed b! t"i$ (ultinational
co(pan!.
'2>./C
E. / don;t 4ant to $ound ... of !our ac"ieve(ent but / t"ink !ou need to
practi$e KR a bit (ore.
AKKR'C/A2'
F. ... =i$$ued ordinance enable$ $(all co(panie$ to retain a larer part of
t"eir profit$.
GJ*'R.&'.2
P. 2urnin on t"e an$4er p"one / di$covered to (! di$(a! t"at all
(e$$ae$ 4ere rat"er ... .
CJ&KR'>'.D
5H. @"e i$ a bri$k7 ... 4o(an 4"o "a$ $"o4n reat co(petence in dealin
4it" all our client$ $o far.
0O@Y
;6;626 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s Bit3 t3e reCuired dependent preposition:
5. Ge are $ure t"at t"e pre$ent cri$i$ $te($ ^^^ our &D;$ inabilit! to deal ^^^ cultural
diver$it! in our co(pan!.
?. / a( afraid / cannot find an! $olution ^^^ our (ajor proble(.
A. /n order to (ake it a perfect (atc" !ou 4ill "ave to ear t"e co(ponent$ of t"i$ device
^^^ t"e abilitie$ of t"e ot"er.
B. Jur $ucce$$ i$ dependent ^^^ !our (anner ^^^ copin ^^^ t"i$ (erer.
C. / 4ouldn;t like to i(po$e (! 4a! ^^^ !ou7 but !ou $"ould under$tand (! concern.
D. 0! allo4in ^^^ $li"t variation$ ^^^ t"e oriinal de$in7 !ou 4ill be able to (anae t"i$
proble( ^^^ !our o4n.
E. Difference$ ^^^ cultural attitude$ "ave to be taken ^^^ account.
F. G"at i$ !our attitude ^^^ t"e /talian 4a!R
P. >i$ approac" ^^^ cultural diver$it! lack$ ^^^ careful preparation.
6
5H. You "ave to po$$e$$ a(ple preparation ^^^ (anae(ent to en$ure a $ucce$$ful
outco(e of t"i$ (eetin.
;6;6;6 9rite %$E Bord in e&c3 2&p:
/ 4a$ 4orkin a$ an /2 &anaer for a $(all publi$"in co(pan! 3in fact7 / 4a$ $tandin 1 GGG
for t"e actual (anaer 4"ile $"e 4a$ a4a! on (aternit! leave6 4"en t"e co(pan! 4a$ taken 2
GGG b! a lare (ultinational (edia orani$ation. /t 4a$ in t"e dept"$ of t"e rece$$ion7 and
initiall! our ne4 o4ner$ pro(i$ed to $ee our $(all co(pan! ; GGG t"e "ard ti(e$. 2"in$ ot
4or$e7 t"ou"7 and t"e! finall! backed < GGG of t"eir aree(ent. Jur co(pan! clo$ed = GGG.
Ge 4ere all (ade redundant = it 4a$ "orribleL
/ 4a$n;t $ure 4"at / 4anted to do next. / 6 GGG do4n $everal offer$ of 4ork a$ / didn;t 4ant to
ru$" into an!t"in. 2"en7 one da!7 / 4oke up and t"ou"t: [/;( oin to $et H GGG (! o4n
bu$ine$$L\ At fir$t it 4a$ tou". / "ad to F GGG to ever!t"in (!$elf = / 4a$ t"e onl! e(plo!eeL =
but / $et I GGG it 4it" dedication and refu$ed to ive up7 4"atever "appened. Jver t"e la$t five
!ear$7 a$ t"e co(pan!;$ ro4n7 /;ve taken 10 GGG (ore and (ore $taff. Dick$on;$ no4 e(plo!$
over five "undred people. / $et 11 GGG to be $ucce$$ful7 and /;ve (anaed it7 / feel ver! luck!7
alt"ou"7 to be "one$t7 luck "a$ not"in to do 4it" it. /t ju$t take$ "ard 4ork and co((it(ent. /
don;t feel $ati$fied !et7 t"ou". Ge;re brinin 12 GGG ne4 product$ all t"e ti(e7 and / 4ant to
continue doin t"at. / al$o 4ant to $peed 1; GGG our production proce$$ to (ake it (ore
efficient. /;( not plannin to $lo4 1< GGG an! ti(e $oonL
;6;6<6 Complete t3e )olloBin2 p&ss&2e. usin2 suit&'le Bords )rom t3e 'oD 'eloB:
aree(ent e9uit! $tale(ate8deadlock deal
co(pro(i$e 3v6 inflexible counter-propo$al$ conce$$ion
inve$t(ent neotiate $"are"oldin 4it"dra48pull out
&an! countrie$7 $uc" a$ .ieria and /ndia7 are tr!in to et (ore control over t"eir econo(ie$.
2"e! 4elco(e forein 1 GGG but in$i$t t"at t"eir o4n national$ o4n a percentae of t"e
co(pan!;$ 2 GGG. 2"e $ize of t"e ; GGG varie$7 ranin fro( ?HI to DHI7 t"ou" it can be
"i"er or lo4er.
G"en overn(ent$ tr! to increa$e t"eir national$; e9uit! $"are"oldin7 forein co(panie$ are
not plea$ed. Generall!7 t"e! tr! to < GGG 4it" t"e overn(ent to keep t"e percentae a$ lo4 a$
po$$ible. 2"e! arue and "ale7 (ake propo$al$ and = GGG7 to per$uade t"e overn(ent to
ive 4a! and (ake $o(e kind of 6 GGG. /f t"e forein co(pan! e(plo!$ (an! local people7 or
earn$ a lot of forein currenc!7 t"e overn(ent (a! be 4illin to H GGG.
@o(e overn(ent$ are ver! F GGG and 4ill (ake no conce$$ion$. /n t"i$ ca$e7 t"e neotiation$
end in a I GGG7 4it" neit"er $ide ivin 4a!. 2"e forein co(pan! end$ up b! 10 GGG fro( t"e
countr!. 2"i$ u$uall! lead$ to feelin$ of reat bitterne$$ on bot" $ide$. .o co(pan! 4ant$ to
leave a countr!. /n eneral7 t"e forein fir( 4ill (ake ever! effort to reac" 11 GGG or (ake
$o(e $ort of 12 GGG 4it" t"e "o$t overn(ent.
;6;6=6 Stud@ t3e )olloBin2 list o) eDpressions6 I) necess&r@. use & diction&r@6
6
et back on one;$ feet 3aain6 et a foot in t"e door
fall on one;$ feet "ave8et cold feet
put one;$ foot do4n put one;$ foot in
"ave a foot"old in
eBrite t3e )olloBin2 sentences repl&cin2 t3e Bords in it&lics Bit3 t3e correct )orms o)
t3e eDpressions &'o/e6
5. 2"e (anae(ent has acted firm!" concernin $(okin in t"e factor!.
?. Ge don;t "ave a contract 4it" t"e( but weK+e taken the first steps towards getting one.
A. / 4a$ laid off in Nanuar! but / was rea!!" !uck" becau$e / found an even better job a (ont"
later.
B. / made a ad mistake 4"en / told our &arketin Director t"at t"e ne4 product 4ould fail.
C. For $o(e ti(e7 4e 4ere plannin to enter t"e O@ (arket. 2"en7 at t"e la$t (o(ent7 we !ost
our ner+e and decided not to.
D. 2"e roup of depart(ent $tore$ (ade lo$$e$ for t"ree !ear$ runnin. >o4ever7 no4 it has
reco+ered.
E. /t took t"ree !ear$; "ard 4ork7 but at la$t weK+e got a secure position in t"e Napane$e (arket.
;6<6 L&n2u&2e )ocus: !3e tense s@stem: P&st Simple /s6 P&st Continuous
;6<616 !3e tense s@stem: P&st Simple /s6 P&st Continuous
Simp!e &ast
For(:
Reular verb$: - ed: 4orked7 dropped7 pla!ed7 tried
/rreular verb$: ?
nd
for(: $ee7 $a4T 4rite7 4roteT bu!7 bou"t
/nterroative: Did "e bu!R
.eative: did not8 didn;t
/t indicate$:
a pa$t7 fini$"ed action7 "avin no connection 4it" t"e pre$ent: >e told (e to be
punctual. G"en / 4a$ ?H / lived in London.
An action perfor(ed in t"e pa$t: Ge (et t4o 4eek$ ao.
a pa$t "abit: >e pla!ed football t4ice a 4eek. S >e u$ed to pla!_ S >e 4ould pla!_..
@pecific adverb$: !e$terda!7 la$t 4eek8 (ont"8 !ear_7 t4o da!$8 (ont"$8 !ear$_.ao7 4"en
&ast Continuous/&rogressi+e
For(: to be 3in t"e pa$t ten$e6 ` verb ` -in
/ 4a$ runnin.
Ga$ / runninR
Ye$7 / 4a$. .o7 / 4a$n;t.
/t indicate$:
pa$t action$ in prore$$: / 4a$ 4ritin 4"en "e entered t"e roo(.
radual develop(ent: /t 4a$ ettin cold.
Karallel action$ in t"e pa$t7 one of 4"ic" i$ in develop(ent: Ge li$tened to t"e radio
4"ile 4e 4ere "avin lunc".
A radual action7 interrupted b! a pa$t7 (o(entar! action: / 4a$ 4ritin 4"en "e
entered.
7
An action continuin7 e$peciall! after t"e ti(e it 4a$ expected to fini$": At ten / 4a$ $till
readin.
@pecific adverb$: at_.o; clock7 at t"at ti(e7 t"i$ ti(e !e$terda!7 t"i$ ti(e la$t (ont"_
DDD Simple and +rogressive +ast
4"ile7 a$7 4"en7 4"enever introduce t"e Ka$t Krore$$ive:
G"ile8 a$ / 4a$ cro$$in t"e $treet7 / $a4 "i(.
G"en / 4a$ talkin to "i(7 $"e ca(e in.
2"e! li$tened carefull! 4"enever "e 4a$ deliverin a $peec".
;6<626 C3oose t3e correct tense in t3e )olloBin2 sentences:
5. G"en t"e (anaer arrived "e noticed84a$ noticin t"at t"e $ecretar! "ad left.
?. / 4a$ tr!in8tried to et in touc" 4it" !our $ecretar! all da! !e$terda! but / couldn;t.
A. >e t!ped84a$ t!pin t"e contract 4"en "i$ bo$$ ca(e84a$ co(in in.
B. G"at did !ou do84ere !ou doin !e$terda! a$ / tried84a$ tr!in to et t"rou" to !ouR
C. At t"at ti(e "e 4orked84a$ 4orkin in a p"ar(aceutical co(pan!.
D. / reali$ed84a$ reali$in t"at $o(ebod! 4a$ rinin (e up8ran (e up a$ / 4a$ oin84ent
into t"e conference roo(.
E. &! $ecretar! did not under$tand84a$ not under$tandin "o4 t"e ne4 co(puter prora((e
4a$ 4orkin84orked.
F. /t 4a$ onl! later t"at / found out84a$ findin out t"ere 4a$ $o(ebod! 4"o kne484a$
kno4in t"at $"e $pent84a$ $pendin ti(e in pri$on at t"e ti(e for tax eva$ion.
P. A$ nobod! 4atc"ed84a$ 4atc"in7 it 4a$ ea$! for (e to conduct t"e tran$action (! 4a!.
5H. >e 4a$ oin84ent on "i$ bu$ine$$ trip to France 4"en "er plane cra$"ed84a$ cra$"in.
4%0E9%7 ASSI*$0E$! <
O$in t"e li$t !ou "ave dra4n in t"e previou$ activit!7 co((ent 3in approxi(atel! AHH 4ord$6 on
t"e $tate(ent <*u!tinationa! corporations are roing poor countries of their nationa! assets;.
3Re(e(ber t"e $ue$tion$R6 You $"ould $ub(it !our "o(e4ork electronicall!
doBnlo&ded )rom t3e Internet6
#e&dline: 1= 0&rc3
7
UNIT 6 RECRUITMENT
@tudent$ $"ould be able to u$e t"e vocabular! under EC"I!0E$! to co((unicate about:
!3e recruitment process
ecruitment str&te2ies
ole o) t3e 4um&n esources #ep&rtment
C&ndid&te selection
Inter/ieBerNinter/ieBee tr&inin2
ECu&l opportunit@ in 3irin2
&ppl@ verb U/V
&pplic&nt noun UCV
&ppl@ @oursel) verb URV
&ppoint verb U2V
&ppr&is&l noun UC7 OV
&ssi2n verb U2V
&ssi2n s' to st3 p"ra$al verb
&ssi2nment noun UC7 OV
'e &t Bor1
'e in Bor1Nout o) Bor1
'iod&t& noun UOV
'lue:coll&r adjective
'onus noun UCV
c&ndid&te noun UCV
c&reer noun UCV
cler1 noun UCV
de&dline noun UCV
dele2&te verb U/7 2V
di/ision o) l&'our noun UOV
do & 2oodN'&d 8o'
emplo@ verb U2V
entr@:le/el adjective
)ire verb U2V
)leDitime noun UOV
)reel&nce adjective7 adverb
)rin2e 'ene)it noun UCV
2o on stri1e
2olden 3&nds3&1e noun UCV
3&rd:Bor1in2 adjective
3e&d3unt verb U2V
3ectic adjective
3ire verb U2V
in t3e line o) dut@
incenti/e noun UCV
in:ser/ice adjective
int&1e noun UOV
8o' noun UCV
l&@o)) noun
li/eli3ood noun UC7 OV
lo&d noun UCV
moti/&tion noun UOV
ni23t s3i)t noun UCV
occup&tion noun UCV
o)):dut@ adjective
o))ice 3ours plural noun
opportunit@ noun
p&rt:time adverb7 adjective
per)orm&nce &ppr&is&l noun UCV
pl&cement noun UC7 OV
position noun UCV
post noun UCV
pro'&tion noun UOV
pro)ession roup noun UCV
Cu&li)ic&tion noun
recruit verb U2V
redund&nc@ noun UC7 OV
re)eree noun UCV
remuner&tion noun UC7OV
rTsumT noun UCV
retire verb U/V
s&c1 verb U2V
sel):emplo@ed adjective
s3i)t roup noun UCV
s3ortlist noun UCV
Situ&tions ?&c&nt noun U@ or OV
s1illed adjective
temp noun UCV /.FJR&AL
tenure noun UOV FJR&AL
testimoni&l noun UCV
under pressure
underst&))ed adjective
unemplo@ed adjective
unpro)ession&l adjective
unCu&li)ied adjective
uns1illed adjective
Bel)&re noun UOV
B3ite:coll&r adjective
"$I! SIO > /%C/0,#(%&#
4. #he /ecruitment +rocess
1616 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
@"ould people accept an! e(plo!(ent condition$ $i(pl! becau$e t"e! are une(plo!edR G"!R
1626 e&din2
e&d t3e teDt 'eloB &nd )ill in t3e 2&ps Bit3 %$E Bord6
0&in ecruitment Process Steps
2"e ai( of t"e >R& Function i$ 1 GGG t"e recruit(ent proce$$ de$in a$ $i(ple a$ po$$ible.
2"e >R Recruiter$ $"ould not foret about t"i$ (ain oal durin t"e de$in p"a$e of t"e
recruit(ent proce$$ develop(ent.
2"e recruit(ent proce$$ i$ $i(ple on t"e "i" level7 but it contain$ a lot of interaction 2 GGG
different participant$ in t"e recruit(ent proce$$. 2"e >R& Function7 t"e line (anaer and
candidate$ need to receive and $"are a lot of infor(ation and t"eir interaction i$ u$uall! t"e
(ain i$$ue durin t"e recruit(ent proce$$.
2"e (ain $tep$ of t"e recruit(ent proce$$ are:
5. Nob De$in
?. Jpenin Nob Ko$ition
A. Collectin C*$
B. Kre$election of C*$
C. Nob /ntervie4$
D. Nob Jffer
2"e job de$in i$ t"e (o$t i(portant part of t"e recruit(ent proce$$. 2"e job de$in i$ a p"a$e
about de$in of t"e job profile ; GGG a clear aree(ent bet4een t"e line (anaer and t"e >R&
Function. 2"e Nob De$in i$ < GGG t"e aree(ent about t"e profile of t"e ideal job candidate
and t"e aree(ent about t"e $kill$ and co(petencie$7 4"ic" are e$$ential. 2"e infor(ation
at"ered can be u$ed durin ot"er $tep$ of t"e recruit(ent proce$$ to = GGG it up.
2"e Jpenin of t"e Nob Ko$ition i$ enerall! t"e job of t"e >R Recruiter. @killed and
experienced >R Recruiter$ $"ould decide 6 GGG t"e ri"t (ix of t"e recruit(ent $ource$ to find
t"e be$t candidate$ for t"e job po$ition. 2"i$ i$ anot"er ke! $tep in t"e recruit(ent proce$$.
2"e next $tep i$ collectin C*$ and pre$electin t"e(. 2"i$ $tep in t"e recruit(ent proce$$ i$
ver! i(portant toda! H GGG (an! orani$ation$ 4a$te a lot of ti(e in t"i$ $tep. 2oda!7 t"e
orani$ation cannot 4ait 4it" t"e pre$election of t"e C*$. Generall!7 t"i$ $"ould be t"e la$t $tep
done purel! b! t"e >R& Function.
2"e job intervie4$ are t"e (ain $tep in t"e recruit(ent proce$$7 4"ic" $"ould be clearl!
de$ined and areed F GGG >R& and t"e line (anae(ent. 2"e job intervie4 $"ould di$cover
t"e job candidate 4"o I GGG t"e re9uire(ent$ and fit$ be$t t"e corporate culture and t"e
depart(ent.
7
2"e job offer i$ t"e 10 GGG $tep of t"e recruit(ent proce$$7 4"ic" i$ done b! t"e >R& FunctionT
it finali$e$ all t"e ot"er $tep$ and t"e 4inner of t"e job intervie4$ et$ t"e offer fro( t"e
orani$ation to join.
(http://hrmad+ice.com/hrmad+ice/hrBprocesses/recruitmentBandBse!ection/recruitmentBprocessBdesignB
andBde+e!opment/mainBrecruitmentBprocessBsteps.htm!)
16;616 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e )olloBin2 sentences usin2 & suit&'le Bord deri/ed )rom t3e
5. /f !ou are lookin for a job !ou $"ould carefull! read t"e ... pae of
ne4$paper$.
AKKJ/.2
?. Generall! co(panie$ decide to adverti$e t"eir job ... in a ne4$paper. *ACA.2
A. /f !ou decide to appl! for a job !ou (u$t be $ure t"at !ou (eet t"e ...
$pecified in t"e job de$cription.
R']O/R'
B. You $"ould $end !our C* and a letter of application at t"e addre$$ ... in
t"e adverti$e(ent.
@K'C/F/C
C. Your letter of application $"ould ... !our $uitabilit! for t"e job !ou are
appl!in for.
'&K>A2/C
D. After readin t"e C*$ and t"e letter$ $ent b! t"e ...7 t"e co(pan! 4ill
dra4 a $"ortli$t of candidate$7 4"o are invited to attend an intervie4.
AKKLY
E. >enkel need$ !oun candidate$ for po$ition in ... tea($. COL2OR'
F. 2"e co(pan! offer$ a ... $alar! and enerou$ benefit$. CJ&K'2'
P. ... count a$ (uc" a$ 4ork experience. ]OAL/FY
5H. /t i$ u$eful to "ave reco((endation$ fro( t4o or t"ree ... 3e.. for(er
e(plo!er$7 teac"er$7 etc.6.
R'F'R
16;626 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e )olloBin2 sentences Bit3 t3e reCuired preposition6
5. Jur co(pan! finall! decided to adverti$e ^^^ t"eir ne4l! launc"ed product$.
?. A$ &r. None$ retired7 Keter decided to appl! ^^^ t"e po$ition of $enior production (anaer.
A. @"ould !ou need furt"er infor(ation7 appl! ^^^ our KR a$$i$tant.
B. /f !ou 4ant t"i$ job !ou $"ould be read! to 4ork ^^^ pre$$ure.
C. You 4ill be re$pon$ible ^^^ all a$pect$ of production if !ou 4ant t"i$ po$ition.
D. Jur e(plo!ee$ are ver! co((itted ^^^ our co(pan!;$ oal$.
E. 2r! not to be enviou$ ^^^ No"n;$ $ucce$$L You kno4 "e de$erve$ a pro(otion.
F. &! letter co(e$ ^^^ repl! to !our adverti$e(ent for t"e po$ition of operation$ officer.
P. &r. Nack$on i$ not reall! intere$ted ^^^ t"e po$ition of cu$to(er $ervice$ a$$i$tant.
5H. 2"i$ po$ition involve$ lookin ^^^ ver! !oun c"ildren.
16;6;6 e&d t3e )olloBin2 tips to 3elp @ou 2et on &t Bor16 !3en m&tc3 t3e p3r&ses in t3e
)irst column Bit3 t3eir &ppropri&te eDpl&n&tion in t3e second column in t3e t&'le6
Fir$t7 !ou need to et !our foot in t"e door.
Learn to take t"in$ in !our $tride 4"atever "appen$.
Don;t pin !our "ope$ on ot"er$. /f nece$$ar!7 "ave t"e courae to o it alone.
Don;t put all !our e$ in one ba$ket = tr! to keep !our option$ open.
+eep in 4it" !our colleaue$ = !ou (a! need t"eir $upport.
+eep !our ear to t"e round = !ou "ear i(portant t"in$ on t"e rapevine.
/f !ou can (ake a na(e for !our$elf7 t"in$ 4ill et ea$ier.
Al4a!$ keep !our feet on t"e round.
5. et !our foot in t"e door a. "ave a $en$ible and reali$tic attitude
?. take $t"8t"in$ in !our $tride b. (ake $ure !ou find out about recent develop(ent$ in
a particular $ituation
7
A. pin 3all6 !our "ope$ on ot"er$ c. rel! on onl! one t"in for $ucce$$
B. o it alone / d. beco(e 4ell kno4n and re$pected b! (an! people
C. put all !our e$ in one ba$ket e. et !our fir$t opportunit! to 4ork for an orani$ation
or bu$ine$$7 4"ic" could later brin !ou $ucce$$
D. keep in 4it" $b. f. $ta! friend$ 4it" $b. becau$e !ou t"ink !ou 4ill
benefit fro( it
E. keep !our ear to t"e round . "ope t"at $b. 4ill "elp !ou or t"at $t". 4ill "appen
becau$e all !our plan$ depend on t"i$
F. on t"e rapevine ". accept and deal 4it" $t". difficult 4it"out lettin it
4orr! !ou
P. (ake a na(e for !our$elf i. do $t" 4it"out "elp fro( an!one
5H. keep !our feet on t"e round j. b! talkin in an infor(al 4a! to ot"er people
16;6<6 Complete t3e teDt6
@andra ot "er 1 GGG in t"e door 4"en $"e 4a$ ver! !oun7 and once $"e $tarted at 0er4ick;$7
$"e took ever!t"in in "er 2 GGG and 9uickl! (ade a ; GGG for "er$elf. @"e 4a$ offered job$ in
ot"er citie$ but 4anted to keep "er < GGG open b! $ta!in in London 4"ere $"e could keep "er
ear to t"e = GGG and 4ait for $o(et"in reall! excitin to co(e up. @"e 4a$ 6 GGG "er "ope$ on
ettin a top job 4it" CQ&7 and 4"en $"e "eard on t"e H GGG t"at t"e! 4anted $o(eone to run
t"e @inapore office7 $"e applied for it and ot it. /n a couple (ore !ear$7 $"e;ll "ave enou"
experience to o it F GGG if $"e 4ant$ to7 but / kno4 $"e "a$ continued to I GGG in 4it" "er
colleaue$ at 0er4ick;$7 $o 4"o kno4$ 4"ere $"e;ll end up.
16;6=6 0&1e up sentences o) @our oBn to illustr&te t3e me&nin2 o) t3e p3r&ses in t3e t&'le
&'o/e6
16<6 L&n2u&2e )ocus: !3e tense s@stem: Present Per)ect Simple
16<616 !3e tense s@stem: Present Per)ect Simple
2"e verb$ in bold in t"e follo4in $entence are in t"e Kre$ent Kerfect ten$e.
$ou have >ust graduated (prefera!" in usiness administration) at uni+ersit" !e+e! or "ou have
a!read" worked for se+era! "ears at a consumer goods producer (cosmetics e2perience is
eneficia!).
For(: to "ave 3in t"e pre$ent6 ` t"e Ka$t Karticiple
/ "ave $een "er. 8>ave / $een "erR8 Ye$7 / "ave. .o7 / "aven;t.
/t indicate$:
- action beun in t"e pa$t t"at continue$ in t"e pre$ent: / "ave kno4n "i( for t4o !ear$.
@pecific adverb$: for7 3ever6 $ince7 all da!7 often7 $eldo(7 ever7 never al4a!$7 !et
- pa$t action 4it" re$ult$ in t"e pre$ent: >e "a$ broken "i$ le.
@pecific adverb$: alread!7 recentl!7 latel!7 $o far7 till no47 up to no47 up to t"e pre$ent7
- ju$t fini$"ed action: >e "a$ ju$t entered. >ave !ou $een "i( !etR
@pecific adverb$: ju$t7 !et7 alread!
- an action t"at "a$ been co(pleted: 2"e! "ave repaired t"e fax.
16<626 C3oose t3e correct tense (P&st Simple. Present Per)ect Simple) o) t3e /er's 2i/en
in 'r&c1ets to )ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e )olloBin2 sentences:
5. Jur co(pan! 3to bu!6 ten ne4 co(puter$ la$t (ont".
?. 2"e! 3not "ear6 fro( t"eir bu$ine$$ partner $ince la$t $u((er.
7
A. Nane 3attend6 a $e(inar on recruit(ent tec"ni9ue$ !e$terda!.
B. /t i$ t"e fir$t ti(e t"at 4e 3find6 t"e ri"t per$on for t"e job.
C. @"e 34ork6 a$ a (arketin a$$i$tant for t4ent! !ear$7 t"at i$ bet4een 5PDH and 5PPH.
D. >e alread! 3$end6 t"ree letter$ of application to t"ree different co(panie$.
E. >o4 (an! ti(e$ !ou 3appl!6 for a jobR
F. G"en 3co(e6 t"e ne4 (anaer to t"i$ factor!R
P. Ontil recentl! nobod! 3kno46 "o4 to operate t"e ne4 $ecurit! $!$te( in t"e office.
5H. G"en t"e executive 3arrive6 4e 3feel6 ver! confident of t"e co(pan!;$ $ucce$$.
5. C!s and letters of application
2616 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
G"at per$onal 9ualitie$ reco((end !ou a$ a potential reliable e(plo!eeR
2626 e&din2
2"e (o$t co((on content$ of a C* include:
Ker$onal Detail$
@kill$ and Career @u((ar!
+e! Ac"ieve(ent$
]ualification$
Career >i$tor!
DonXt foret: 2"e ulti(ate te$t of YJOR C* i$ 4"et"er it (eet$ t"e need$ of t"e per$on (akin
t"e bu!in deci$ion7 and 4"et"er YJO feel co(fortable 4it" it$ content and $t!le.
(http://www.contentmonster.co.uk/9o_hunting)
a) Look at the structure of a CL.
C"IC"L"0 ?I!AE
PES%$AL #E!AILS
.a(e:
Date of birt":
.ationalit!:
&arital $tatu$:
Addre$$:
2elep"one:
E#"CA!I%$NA"ALI,ICA!I%$S
7
P%,ESSI%$AL EOPEIE$CEN9%7 4IS!%5N9%7 EOPEIE$CE
3!ou can (ention !our e(plo!(ent period$ eit"er in a$cendin or in de$cendin orderT !ou
(a! 4ant to (ention out$tandin ac"ieve(ent$ durin eac" period6
A##I!I%$AL S7ILLS
3(ention an! trainin cour$e$ or period$ of part-ti(e e(plo!(ent t"at !ou con$ider relevant6
I$!EES!S
3(ention !our favourite pa$ti(e activitie$7 orani$ation$ or a$$ociation$ t"at !ou (a! belon to
e$peciall! if t"e! are in a field relevant to t"e po$ition !ou are appl!in for6
E,EE$CES
3ive t4o or t"ree na(e$ of per$on$ 4"o "ave kno4n !ou for $o(e ti(e and can reco((end
!ou for t"e job6
) Consider the fo!!owing ad+ice on writing a !etter of app!ication (a!so ca!!ed co+ering !etter).
2"e letter of application introduce$ !ou and !our C* to a recruit(ent con$ultant or potential
e(plo!er. @uc" a letter $"ould contain t"ree di$tinct part$:
/ntroduction and $tate(ent of $ource
@tate(ent of relevance to role adverti$ed
Conclu$ion
(ntroduction and Statement of Source
2"e fir$t $ection $"ould clearl! $tate t"e $ource of t"e adverti$e(ent7 ie t"e ne4$paper na(e7
/nternet or ot"er $ource7 t"e date t"at it 4a$ adverti$ed7 t"e job nu(ber and reference nu(ber7
if provided.
'xa(ple$ of t"e fir$t pararap" in a letter of application are:
W/ a( 4ritin to expre$$ (! intere$t in appl!in for t"e role of @ale$ &anaer7 adverti$ed in
2"e 2i(e$ on 5A &a!7 ?HHH7 Reference nu(ber &e8DEFBC.W
Jr
WFollo4in our recent conver$ation7 / a( 4ritin to expre$$ (! intere$t in t"e po$ition of
Arc"itect t"at 4a$ adverti$ed on !our /nternet $ite on 5A Februar!7 ?HHH.W
2"e purpo$e of t"i$ fir$t pararap" i$ to clearl! put !ou in t"e runnin for t"e job !ou "ave
applied for. 0u$! recruiter$ recruit a nu(ber of po$ition$ 4it" $i(ilar title$ at t"e $a(e ti(e7 and
adverti$e t"e$e on $i(ilar date$. 2"e fir$t pararap" $"ould ive !ou a fi"tin c"ance for t"e
job b! at lea$t ettin !our application into t"e ri"t pile.
Statement of Re!e+ance to 4d+ertised Ro!e
2"e $econd $ection of !our letter of application $"ould clarif! 4"! !ou are an appropriate
candidate for t"i$ particular job. /n preparin to 4rite t"e $econd $ection7 !ou $"ould read t"e
adverti$e(ent clearl! and identif! t"e $election criteria articulated in t"e adverti$e(ent. You
$"ould al$o be uided b! conver$ation$ t"at !ou "ave "ad 4it" recruit(ent con$ultant$ or
co(pan! recruiter$7 $o t"at !ou clearl! under$tand 4"at t"e! t"ink i$ i(portant in t"e role. 2"e!
7
often ive !ou extra clue$ t"at are not in t"e adverti$ed (edia. >o4 !ou expre$$ t"i$ $ection i$
up to !ou. For exa(ple7 !ou (i"t be (ore co(fortable 4it" t"e $uccinct:
D( e!ie+e ( am idea!!" suited to this ro!e ecause ( ha+e o+er #F "ears e2perience in
sa!es8 tertiar" =ua!ifications8 managed accounts in e2cess of M#;8;;; etc8 etcD
or !ou (a! prefer bullet-point for(7 for exa(ple:
D( e!ie+e ( am idea!!" suited to this ro!e ecause:
( ha+e #F "ears e2perience in sa!es
( ha+e tertiar" =ua!ifications in sa!es and marketing
( ha+e managed accounts we!! in e2cess of M#;8;;;D
Conc!uding Section
/n concludin !our letter7 expre$$ !our intere$t in t"e job and provide an! particular
contact detail$ t"at (a! be uni9ue7 for exa(ple:
D( !ook forward to discussing this app!ication with "ou in the near future. ( can e
contacted on NNN or a!ternati+e!"8 NNN during work hours.D
Anot"er exa(ple (i"t be:
W/ look for4ard to di$cu$$in t"i$ application 4it" !ou in reater detail in t"e near future
and 4ill be available for intervie4 at a (utuall! convenient ti(e.W
(www.contentmonster.co.uk/9o_hunting)
26;616 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e )olloBin2 teDt Bit3 t3e Bords &nd p3r&ses 2i/en 'eloB:
ago among h"giene supp!iers rand
st"!ing sa!es market fie!d wor!dwide
kind !eading since consistent continuous!"
^^^ it$ foundation over 5?D !ear$ ^^^ our co(pan! "a$ put ^^^ focu$ on cu$to(er oriented
product develop(ent.
2"e @c"4arzkopf Q >enkel divi$ion i$ one of t"e lare$t of it$ ^^^ in t"e 4orld and it$ ^^^
-na(e product$ bu$ine$$ i$ ^^^ expandin. Git" our co$(etic product$ 4e ac"ieved ^^^ of
?HFC (illion 'uro in 5CH countrie$ ^^^. Ge "old ^^^ (arket po$ition$ in all of t"e international
^^^ $e(ent$ of our $trateic bu$ine$$ unit$. Jur co(pan! $tand$ for brand-na(e product$ in
t"e ^^^ of "air colorant$7 "air ^^^ and care7 toiletrie$7 $kin care7 oral ^^^ and frarance$. 2"e
@c"4arzkopf Krofe$$ional "airdre$$in unit i$ ^^^ t"e 4orld;$ four leadin ^^^ of "air $alon
product$.
(http://www.A.henke!.com/int_henke!/cosmetics)
26;626 Loo1 up t3e )olloBin2 p3r&s&l /er's6 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e sentences 'eloB Bit3
t3e reCuired tense )orm o) t3e suit&'le p3r&s&l /er'6
reak in reak off reak out reak through reak with
!ook after !ook for !ook forward !ook into !ook out
5. 2"e (eetin 4a$ interrupted 4"en t"e $ecretar! ^^^ to $a! t"at t"e buildin 4a$ on fire.
?. 2"e! ^^^ neotiation$ 4eek$ ao becau$e of t"e financial cri$i$. 2"e value of our $"are$ fell
dra(aticall! 4"en t"e $candal about t"e (erer ^^^. 2"e ne4 (anae(ent "ad al(o$t no
difficult! in ^^^ t"e line$ of co(petition.
7
A. Ge are deepl! $orr!7 but 4e "ad to ^^^ our allie$ after (ore t"an one fla4 4ere identified in
t"e contract. Ge are ver! di$appointed to find out t"at our &D i$ al4a!$ ^^^ "i$ o4n
intere$t$ onl!.
B. Jur co(pan! ^^^ an experienced production (anaer.
C. /n conclu$ion7 4e ^^^ to !our repl!.
D. Ge 4ill "ave to ^^^ t"e po$$ibilit! of "irin (ore KR a$$i$tant$.
E. /f !ou don;t ^^^ !ou (a! end up in bankruptc!.
26;6;6 Stud@ t3e p3r&ses 2i/en in t3e t&'le 'eloB6
clo$e on 3u$ed 4it" ti(e7 ae7 di$tance7 etc.6 al(o$tT ver! nearl!
part of t"e furniture $t"8$b $o fa(iliar t"at !ou no loner notice it8t"e(
take $b under !our 4in look after $b 4"o "a$ le$$ experience t"an !ou
t"e trick$ of t"e trade t"e clever 4a!$ of doin t"in$ in a particular job
pa$$ $t" on 3to $b6 ive $t" to $b el$e7 e$peciall! after receivin it !our$elf
take $o(e doin 3inf.6 be difficult to do7 or involve a lot of effort or ti(e
t"ro4 !our 4ei"t
around8about
3inf.6 tell people 4"at to do in a bo$$! 4a!
Correct t3e mist&1e in e&c3 sentence6
5. You need $o(eone to $"o4 !ou t"e trick$ of t"e bu$ine$$.
?. /;ve been t"ere all (! life7 $o /;( $o(e of t"e furniture.
A. /t;$ a "ard job and it;ll (ake $o(e doin.
B. 2"e bo$$ tell$ (e 4"at to do7 and / pa$$ it t"rou" to t"e ot"er$.
C. /t 4a$ luck! for (e t"at &ar! took (e under "er ar( and "elped (e.
D. @i(one "a$ 4orked "ere clo$e b! ten !ear$.
E. >e;$ ver! bo$$! and like$ to t"ro4 "i$ $ize about.
26;6<6 0&1e up sentences o) @our oBn to illustr&te t3e me&nin2 o) t3e p3r&ses in 26;6;6
26<6 9ritin2
Grite a C* and a letter of application in re$pon$e to t"e follo4in job adverti$e(ent:
7
/esearch %xecutive 2 %xecutive *ssistant
Ge are currentl! lookin for re$earc"er$ to join &JR/X$ @ocial Re$earc" /n$titute.
2o fill t"e$e role$ !ou 4ill need t"e follo4in $kill$ Q experience:
An under$tandin of i$$ue$ facin t"e public $ector and t"eir relevance to @R/X$ 4ork
An abilit! to 4ork on a 4ide rane of re$earc" project$ under t"e $upervi$ion of a project
(anaer
Fir$t cla$$ report 4ritin $kill$
An under$tandin of t"e de(and$ of 4orkin in co((ercial environ(ent
An abilit! to 4ork on a nu(ber of different project$ $i(ultaneou$l! and to prioriti$e a
de(andin 4orkload
A Re$earc" 'xecutive i$ enerall! expected to "ave at lea$t 5-? !ear$X relevant re$earc"
experience7 4"ile t"o$e 4it" le$$ experience enerall! join at t"e 'xecutive A$$i$tant level.
2o find out (ore about our 4ork7 vi$it t"e @ocial Re$earc" /n$titute.
(http://www.mori.com)
26=6 L&n2u&2e )ocus: !3e tense s@stem: Present Per)ect Continuous
26=616 !3e tense s@stem: Present Per)ect Continuous
+resent +erfect Continuous2 +rogressive
For(: to be 3in t"e pre$ent perfect6 ` verb ` in:
>e "a$ been 4ritin for t4o "our$. >a$ "e been 4ritinR8 Ye$7 "e "a$. .o7 "e "a$n;t.
/t indicate$:
an action or $ituation in prore$$ 3and not t"e co(pletion of t"at action6: / "ave been
readin t"e book.
2e(porar! action$ or $ituation$: /;ve been livin in London 3for t4o !ear$6.
Action$ in t"e recent pa$t 4e kno4 about becau$e of a pre$ent evidence: You are 4et.
You "ave been 4alkin in t"e rain.
Action$ indicatin <"o4 lon; $o(et"in "a$ been oin on: >o4 lon "ave !ou been
pla!in c"e$$R
LLLLLL
/f !ou 4ant to e(p"a$ize a situation in progress and not it$ comp!etion pre$ent perfect
prore$$ive can be u$ed 4it" verb$ like: $ee7 "ear7 look7 ta$te7 $(ell7 4ant7 realize7 re(e(ber:
/;ve been 4antin to (eet !ou for ae$.
0ut
/f !ou 4ant to e(p"a$ize t"e co(pletion of t"e action7 pre$ent perfect i$ u$ed: /;ve al4a!$
4anted a ood co(puter.
t"ere are verb$ t"at $ue$t an action in prore$$ b! t"eir (eanin: live7 rain7 $it7 $tud!7
4ait7 4ork 3t"e! can be u$ed bot" 4it" t"e pre$ent perfect $i(ple and t"e pre$ent
perfect prore$$ive7 4it" little difference in (eanin6: >e "a$ 4orked8 "a$ been 4orkin
in t"i$ office for t4o !ear$.
26=626 C3oose t3e correct )orm o) t3e /er' in t3e )olloBin2 sentences:
5. 2"i$ (ornin our $ecretar! "a$ 4ritten8"a$ been 4ritin (ore t"an t4ent! letter$ to our
$upplier$.
?. / "ave been appl!in8"ave applied for variou$ job$ $ince @epte(ber.
A. 2"e! "ave been tr!in8"ave tried to attract t"e( into a profitable partner$"ip for a ver!
lon ti(e7 but 4it" little $ucce$$.
B. Jur production (anaer "a$ (ade8"a$ been (akin t"e $a(e (i$take aain.
C. >o4 (an! ti(e$ "ave !ou brou"t up8"ave !ou been brinin up t"e i$$ue of 4orkin
overti(e in a production (eetinR
D. @ale$ fiure$ "ave i(proved8"ave been i(provin latel!.
E. >e "a$ an$4ered8"a$ been an$4erin t"e p"one $ince 5H o;clock. 2"at;$ 4"! "e i$ $o
tired.
F. Ge "aven;t $een8"aven;t been $eein our partner $ince t"e end of Nul!.
P. 2"e candidate "a$n;t $aid8"a$n;t been $a!in a 4ord about "i$ 9ualification$ !et.
8
5H. G"! "aven;t 4e t"ou"t8"aven;t 4e been t"inkin of t"i$ $olution earlierR /t could "ave
$aved u$.
8. #he interview
;616 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
G"at i$ t"e role of t"e job intervie4R
;626 e&din2
e&d t3e )olloBin2 teDt &nd )ill in t3e 2&ps6
-ob interview *dvice
0efore !our intervie47 find 1 GGG ever!t"in !ou can about t"e co(pan! 3read t"eir annual
report 4"ic" can be obtained 2 GGG telep"onin t"e(6. Re-read !our application7 t"inkin
t"rou" !our o4n career and t"e 9ue$tion$ t"e! (i"t a$k !ou. You $"ould tr! to anticipate t"e
eneral 9ue$tion$ 4"ic" t"e! 4ill a$k and al$o prepare $o(e 9ue$tion$ to a$k t"e(.
2o do 4ell at t"e intervie4 !ou 4ill need to convince t"e intervie4er !ou are tec"nicall! 9ualified
to do t"e job. You 4ill ; GGG need to $"o4 t"at !ou are $ufficientl! (otivated to et t"e job < GGG
4ell and t"at !ou 4ill fit in 4it" t"e co(pan!;$ orani$ational $tructure and t"e tea( in 4"ic"
!ou 4ill 4ork.
You $"ould dre$$ $(artl! for t"e intervie4 and $"ould leave "o(e earlier = GGG !ou need to on
t"e da! of t"e intervie4 = !ou (a! de dela!ed b! traffic or 6 GGG ot"er rea$on$. 0e courteou$ to
all e(plo!ee$ of t"e co(pan!. At t"e intervie4 it$elf !ou (u$t be po$itive about !our$elf and
!our abilitie$ = but do not 4affle.
G"en !ou are bein intervie4ed it i$ ver! i(portant t"at !ou ive out t"e ri"t $inal$. You
$"ould al4a!$ look attentive = $o do not $louc" in !our c"air. .ever lie to an!one in an
intervie47 !our H GGG lanuae and tone of voice or t"e 4ord$ !ou u$e 4ill probabl! ive !ou F
GGG= cla$$ic bod! lanuae ivea4a!$ include $cratc"in !our no$e and not lookin directl! at
t"e ot"er per$on 4"en !ou are $peakin to t"e(.
/f !ou "ave a (ou$tac"e !ou (a! 4ant to con$ider $"avin it off = people 4it" (ou$tac"e$ can
be perceived a$ bein are$$ive. You can al4a!$ ro4 it aain once !ou "ave ot t"e job.
(http://www.contentmonster.co.uk/9o_hunting)
;6;616 0&tc3 t3e Bords &nd p3r&ses Bit3 t3eir correspondin2 de)initions:
5. anticipate a. !earl!
?. 4affle b. expect7 fore$ee
8
A. annual c. plea$antl! neat and clean in appearance
B. $louc" d. polite7 re$pectful and con$iderate
C. $(artl! e. talkin a lot 4it"out $a!in ver! (uc" t"at i$ clear or i(portant
D. dela! f. rub
E. ivea4a! . reali$e7 notice7 $ee or "ear it e$peciall! 4"en it i$ not obviou$ to
ot"er people
F. courteou$ ". $it8$tand84alk in a laz! or tired 4a!7 4it" !our $"oulder$ and
"ead droppin do4n
P. $cratc" i. cau$e $o(ebod! to be late
5H. perceive j. revealin7 di$clo$in 3u$uall! $o(et"in $ecret6
5. ... $"ould be dre$$ed $(artl! 4"en attendin a job intervie4. */'G
?. 2"i$ "andbook 4ill offer !ou a(ple ... on "o4 to be$t u$e t"e co(puter
$!$te(.
GO/D'
A. 2"e auditor 4ill ... "ave done t"e ri"t t"in 4"ile oin t"rou" our
paper$.
>JK'
B. You (u$t be 4ell-prepared ... if !ou 4ant to $ucceed in bein recruited for
a pro(i$in job.
>A.D
C. @"e couldn;t ... "er $"!ne$$ in front of t"e recruit(ent board. CJ&'
D. Your C* i$ $adl! ... . Ge are $orr! to infor( !ou t"at !ou "ave not been
offered t"i$ po$ition.
CJ.*/.C'
E. 0ein ... prepared7 !ou ri$k (i$$in out on one of t"e bie$t career
opportunitie$ !ou;ve ever "ad.
@OFF/C'
F. 2"ank$ to "er ... $kill$ t"e candidate $election proce$$ left u$ 4it" one of
t"e be$t profe$$ional$ 4e could "ave ever found.
JRGA./@'
P. Git"out 4antin to $ound ...7 / t"ink t"at t"i$ fir( i$ not reall! one of t"e
be$t.
CJOR2
5H. 2"e failure of certain candidate$ to $ub(it a co(plete application
packae re$ulted in t"eir i((ediate ... fro( t"e job conte$t.
]OAL/FY
;6;6;6 !3e )olloBin2 teDt descri'es & t@pic&l selection process. 'ut t3e sentences &re in
t3e Bron2 orderE e:&rr&n2e t3e sentences in e&c3 section so t3&t t3e B3ole teDt m&1es
sense6 !3e )irst sentence 3&s 'een done )or @ou6
5. First!"8 a +acanc" is ad+ertised
?. and $uitable candidate$ are invited for intervie4.
A. 2"e$e are $orted
B. and application$ are received.
C. and applicant$ are intervie4ed.
D. After t"at7 a final $"ort li$t i$ dra4n up.
E. .ext7 appoint(ent$ are arraned
F. A job offer i$ (ade to t"e $ucce$$ful candidate7
P. and one of t"e( i$ $elected.
5H. and finall!7 an e(plo!(ent contract i$ $ined.
55. 2"e candidate$ on t"e li$t are intervie4ed aain7
;6;6<6 e&d t3e teDt 'eloB &nd select t3e 'est option6
8
/f !ou "ave 1 GGG t"e intervie4 $tae7 !our C* and letter of application (u$t "ave been 2 GGGL
2"e co(pan! no4 4ant$ to kno4 (ore about !ou. 0ut t"ere i$ $till (ore 4ork to do if !ou 4ant
to et t"at jobL &ake $ure !ou "ave ; GGG t"e co(pan! a$ t"orou"l! a$ po$$ible - u$e t"e
/nternet7 co(pan! report$7 recruit(ent literature etc. < GGG !our$elf of 4"! !ou applied to t"i$
co(pan!. &ake a li$t of t"e $kill$7 experience7 and intere$t$ !ou can = GGG t"e orani$ation.
Finall!7 tr! to 6 GGG t"e 9ue$tion$ !ou 4ill be expected to an$4er - i(aine !ou are t"e
intervie4erL
5. A ained 0 reac"ed C arrived D ac"ieved
?. A effective 0 i(portant C i(pre$$ive D $inificant
A. A re$earc"ed 0 in9uired C exa(ined D di$covered
B. A re(e(ber 0 re(ind C i(aine D $u((ari$e
C. A $"o4 0 pre$ent C offer D de(on$trate
D. A a$k 0 $ue$t C ive D predict
;6<6 L&n2u&2e )ocus
A6 !3e Su'8uncti/e
S@nt3etic: pre$ent $ubjunctive: identical 4it" t"e $"ort infinitive: be7 "ave7 4ork_.
/t indicate$:
a po$$ible action: /t i$ nece$$ar! t"at !ou be "ere. /t i$ i(portant t"at t"e pre$ident
infor( t"e inve$tor$_
expre$$ion$: @uffice it to $a!_. @o be itL
@!nt"etic: pa$t $ubjunctive: identical 4it" t"e pa$t ten$e $i(ple
/t indicate$:
an action contrar! to realit!: / 4i$" / 4ere a doctor. 3but /;( not6 /t;$ ti(e !ou 4ent "o(e.
@"e be"aved a$ if $"e 4ere t"e "ead(a$ter.
/t i$ u$ed after:
if7 if onl!7 a$ if7 a$ t"ou"
4i$" 3to indicate reret7 an unreal fact6
#he synthetic sub>unctive is rarely used.
An&l@tic&l:
For(:
@"ould8 4ould8 (a!8 (i"t8 could ` $"ort infinitive
@"ould8 4ould8 (a!8 (i"t8 could ` perfect infinitive
/t indicate$:
"!pot"etical fact$8action$ 3$uppo$ition$7 doubt$7 condition$7 conce$$ion$7 purpo$e$6:
2"e! took t"e airplane $o t"at t"e! (i"t arrive in ti(e.
A le$$ probable condition: /f "e $"ould $ucceed7 / 4ill be "app!.
/n neative purpo$e $entence$7 after le$t7 for fear7 in ca$e: 2"e! paid for fear t"e!
$"ouldn;t et t"e (erc"andi$e.
/t i$ u$ed 4it":
i(per$onal expre$$ion$: it i$ advi$able8 i(portant8 e$$ential8 de$irable8 po$$ible8 likel!8
probable8 $trane8 unu$ual8 i(po$$ible8 3un6fortunate87 re(arkable7 $urpri$in: /t i$
i(portant t"at t"e c"air(an $"ould call t"e (eetin.
it i$8 4a$ a pit!8 $"a(e8 $urpri$e8 4onder: /t 4a$ a pit! 3t"at6 t"e! $"ould be fired.
8
t"e noun$: idea7 "int7 t"ou"t7 rea$on7 $uppo$ition: 2"e idea t"at t"e! $"ould be pre$ent
anno!ed "er.
t"e verb$: co((and7 order7 de(and7 in$i$t7 re9ue$t7 $ue$t7 propo$e7 arrane7 offer7
aree7 $ettle: 2"e! re9ue$ted t"e ood$ $"ould be delivered fa$t.
adjective$: to be ` lad7 anxiou$7 plea$ed7 $orr!: / 4a$ lad t"at "e $"ould raduate t"i$
$u((er.
After: alt"ou"7 t"ou"7 4"atever7 "o4ever7 no (atter: >e 4ill 4in 4"atever "e $"ould
do. 88 $o t"at: 2"e! p"oned $o t"at / 4ouldn;t be taken b! $urpri$e. / took t"e (one! $o
t"at t"e! could bu! t"e fir(.
-6 Acti/eNP&ssi/e ?oice
Rule: to be 3an! ten$e re9uired6 ` t"e +ast +articiple of t"e verb to be conjuated
2"e! ive "er flo4er$.
Flo4er$ are iven to "er.
@"e i$ iven flo4er$.
)he use of the passi+e
G"en t"e loical $ubject i$ obviou$ or i$ not i(portant: Good$ $"ould be delivered a$
$oon a$ po$$ible.
G"en t"e object i$ (ore i(portant t"an t"e loical $ubject: 2"e (anaer 4a$ infor(ed
on t"e $ituation.
G"en t"e $peaker avoid$ (entionin t"e loical $ubject: 2"e order "a$ alread! been
placed.
/n for(al notice$: Ka$$ener$ are re9ue$ted not to_
.e4$paper$: Kre$ident $acked becau$e_
Kroce$$e$ in $cience or enineerin: 2"e 4"eel i$ te$ted_
Ka$$ive @tructure$:
moda!s O passi+e: 2"e (eetin can be po$tponed.
&assi+e O infiniti+e O o>ect: with the +ers: advi$e7 believe7 expect7 feel7 forbid7 (ean7
order7 report7 re9ue$t7 re9uire7 $a!7 teac"7 under$tand: 2"e! 4ere advi$ed to neotiate
t"e price.
(t O the passi+e of: aree7 announce7 di$cover7 expect7 "ope7 $ue$t: /t 4a$ $ue$ted
t"at t"e! 4ould 4ork "ard.
4%0E9%7 ASSI*$0E$! =
Grite a $"ort text of !our o4n u$in t"e p"ra$e$ iven in ?.A.A 3pae EP6. You $"ould $ub(it
!our "o(e4ork electronicall! 3adriana.fekete@linua.ubbcluj.ro6. 3t!pe of docu(ent: Gord6. #o
not send m&teri&l doBnlo&ded )rom t3e Internet6
#e&dline: 20 APIL
8
UNIT 7 BUSINESS TRAVEL
@tudent$ $"ould be able to u$e t"e vocabular! under -"SI$ESS !A?EL to co((unicate about:
#e)inition o) 'usiness et3ics
Import&nce o) 'usiness et3ics in tod&@Ls 'usiness clim&te
-&sic et3ic&l consider&tions t3&t & comp&n@ needs to &ddress
Codes o) et3ics
"net3ic&l 'e3&/iour in t3e Bor1pl&ce
!r&inin2 in 'usiness et3ics
&ccommod&tions plural noun
- &nd - noun UCV
'&n1 3olid&@ noun UCV
'ed &nd 're&1)&st noun UC or OV
'ell'o@ noun UCV
'oo1 verb U/ or 2V
'usiness cl&ss noun UOV7 adverb
c&r&/&n site noun UCV
c3&rter verb U tran$itive V
c3ec1 inNc3ec1 into st3 p"ra$al verb
c3ec1 out p"ra$al verb
cler1 noun UCV
cruise verb
destin&tion noun UCV
disem'&r1 verb U/V FJR&AL
doorm&n noun UCV
dou'le room noun UCV
dou'le:'oo1 verb U/T 2V
econom@ cl&ss noun UOV7 adverb
ecotourism noun UOV
em'&r1 verb U intran$itive V
)&re noun UCV
)irst cl&ss adjective7 adverb
)li23t noun UCV
)ull 'o&rd noun UOV
2&te noun
2uide noun UCV
3&l) 'o&rd noun UOV
3olid&@ noun
3otel noun UCV
inn noun UCV
itiner&nt adjective
8et l&2 noun UOV
8ourne@ verb U/ u$uall! ` adverb or
prepo$itionV
l&nd verb
lo''@ noun UCV
motel noun UCV
motor inn noun UCV
n&tion&l 3olid&@ noun UCV
o/erse&s adverb
p&c1&2e tour noun UCV
p&ss&2e noun
p&ssport noun UCV
pu'lic 3olid&@ noun UCV
pu'lic tr&nsport noun UOV
reception noun UOV
reser/&tion noun
resort noun UCV
return tic1etN)&re etc noun
sc3edule noun UCV
sel):c&terin2 adjective7 noun UOV
s3uttle verb U/ or 2V
si23tseein2 noun UOV
suite noun UCV
t3e si23ts noun
tour verb
tourist noun UCV
tr&/el verb
tBin:'edded adjective
/&c&nc@ noun UCV
/&let noun UCV
/is& noun UCV
@out3 3ostel noun UCV
8
"$I! SE?E$ > B0S,&%SS #/*!%"
16 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
2"ink about t"ree proble($ t"at a bu$ine$$per$on (a! encounter on "i$8"er bu$ine$$ trip.
26 ?oc&'ul&r@
&6 0&tc3 t3e )olloBin2 Bords me&nin2 StripL Bit3 t3eir de)initions6 "se & diction&r@:
56 journe!
?6 vo!ae
A6 travel$
B6 fli"t
C6 drive
D6 tour
E6 cro$$in
F6 ride
P6 expedition
5H6 outin
556 excur$ion

a. a lon trip7 eit"er b! $ea or in $pace
b. a trip t"at involve$ travellin b! plane
c. a trip to a place to $ee $pecific t"in$ of intere$t
d. a $"ort trip in a car or bu$7 or on a bic!cle or (otorbike
e. a $"ort trip (ade b! a roup of people7 u$uall! la$tin le$$ t"an a da!
f. an oranized trip for a roup of people
. a trip to a ver! di$tant place for a lon period of ti(e7 often 4it" a $pecific ai( $uc" a$
$cientific re$earc"
". a trip fro( one piece of land to anot"er7 acro$$ 4ater
i. a trip t"at involve$ travellin b! car
j. a $erie$ of trip$ (ade over a period of ti(e7 e$peciall! to a place t"at i$ far a4a!
k. a trip fro( one place to anot"er7 often one t"at i$ lon or difficult
'6 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s Bit3 t3e Bords )rom II6&6:
5. >o4 lon i$ t"e ^^^ to .e4 YorkR
?. Did !ou "ave a tirin ^^^
A. 2"eir ^^^ acro$$ t"e Atlantic 4a$ full of proble($.
B. >i$ e$$a!$ are ba$ed on "i$ ^^^ in @out" Africa.
C. 2"e! 4ent on a t4o-4eek ^^^ to /tal! la$t (ont".
D. &! ^^^ to 4ork u$uall! onl! take$ 5C (inute$.
E. Co(e on7 /;ll ive !ou a ^^^ to t"e (u$eu(.
F. An overni"t ferr! ^^^ i$ 9uite danerou$ in t"i$ area.
P. 2"e $c"ool ^^^ to t"e $cience (u$eu( 4a$ borin for t"e kid$.
5H. 2"eir ^^^ to t"e @out" Kole 4a$ ver! adventurou$.
55. 2"e travel aenc! orani$ed a3n6 ^^^ to local place$ of intere$t.
;6 En2lis3 in use
&6 e&d t3e )irst p&rt o) & teDt &'out tr&/el tips &nd )ill in e&c3 2&p Bit3 one suit&'le Bord:
e.. H - a
5. 0u$ine$$ travel can beco(e 0GGG rut. C"allene !our$elf and !our corporate travel aent to
co(e up 1GGG alternative$ to $ave (one! or ti(e. /t i$ $urpri$inl! ea$! to et into a fa(iliar
pattern 4"en 2GGG travel to t"e $a(e de$tination repeatedl!.
?. A$$e$$ 4"ere !ou $ta!. Are !ou $ta!in in t"e ;GGG effective place 4"en !ou vi$it !our
cu$to(er$R Are !ou bein lulled into co(placenc! <GGG fre9uent traveller prora($R C"eck out
t"e bu$ine$$ alternative$. 2"ere are $everal ne4er c"ain$ of budet "otel$ for t"e bu$ine$$
traveller. O$e =GGG /nternet to $ee 4"ic" ot"er "otel$ "ave la$t (inute deal$ in !our area.
A. Jranize !our office - at 4ork and 6GGG t"e road. 2"i$ i$ t"e ti(e to evaluate !our electronic
adet$ and con$olidate !our i(portant infor(ation. Clean out !our addre$$ book HGGG
oranize !our co(puter file$. /f !ou "ave an a$$i$tant or colleaue$7 FGGG toet"er to
brain$tor( 4a!$ to i(prove co((unication and coordination 4"ile !ou are out IGGG t"e office.
G"at ne4 tec"noloie$ 10GGG "elp !ouR Fax boxe$R Kicture (e$$ainR Fa$t (obile data
connection$R DonXt foret t"e batterie$L
'6 e&d t3e second p&rt o) t3e teDt6 Some o) t3e underlined p&rts &re correct; some 3&/e
& mist&1e in t3em (& 2r&mm&r mist&1e. & /oc&'ul&r@ mist&1e. & missin2 Bord. &n
unnecess&r@ Bord. &nd in&ppropri&teness in t3e conteDt)6 I) t3e p&rt is correct. Brite
C%EC! in its correspondin2 num'ered sp&ce; i) t3e p&rt is incorrect. Brite t3e correct
/ersion in its correspondin2 num'ered sp&ce:
B. Revie4 !our car rental co(pan! c"oice. A$ car rental fleet$ $"rink and price$ ri$e7 356 !ou
(a! find it i$ (ore c"eaper to u$e a taxi. 2"e$e $ite$ can "elp !ou budet for t"e taxi fare$. Can
!ou et a better corporate deal fro( a car "ire co(pan! 3?6 if ever!one u$e$ t"e( for t"eir
bu$ine$$ travelR
C. Revie4 !our travel $afet! $kill$. Do !ou kno4 3A6 "o4 to avoid fro( ettin robbedR '$cape a
"otel fireR 3B6 C"oo$e one $afe taxiR 0u$ine$$ traveller$ are pri(e taret$. 3C6 2ake old label$
off !our luae - t"e! $"out bu$ine$$ traveller to t"e crooked. >ave a (ap of 3D6 4"ere are
!ou oin.
D. /(prove !our $tre$$ (anae(ent $kill$. Accept it7 3E6 bu$ine$$ travel i$ $tre$$in. Current
i$$ue$ 4it" airport $ecurit! (ake it inevitable t"at !our next bu$ine$$ trip 4ill include 3F6 a
$inificant a(ount$ of $tre$$. 2"ere are (an! copin tec"ni9ue$ 3P6 to effectivel! reduce $tre$$.
Kractice deep breat"in or (u$cle $tretc"e$. 2"e! 4ill co(e in "and! t"e next ti(e !ouXre $tuck
in t"e $!$te(.
E. Revie4 !our bu$ine$$ travel prora((e and fre9uent flier$ $c"e(e$. >ave !ou acce$$ to
loune$7 no4 and next !earR 35H6 O$e t"e$e to ea$e t"o$e bu$ine$$ travel journe!$.
(adapted and aridged from http://www.nrgpa2.com/usinesstra+e!/artic!e;;#.htm)
<6 e&din2 compre3ension
&6 e&d t3e )olloBin2 &rticle &'out 3oB &irlines 3&/e c3&n2ed t3eir o))ers since
Septem'er 11. 20016 Some sentences 3&/e 'een remo/ed )rom t3e eDtr&ct6 C3oose )rom
sentences A: I t3e one B3ic3 )its e&c3 2&p (1: I)6
A. /t could be an!t"in fro( a $ole trader runnin a ne4$ aenc! to a fir( e(plo!in $everal
"undred people 4it" an annual travel budet of about b5HH7HHH.
0. 2"e $c"e(e run$ until Nune7 but @A@ plan$ to continue to operate $o(e kind of @&'
prora((e.
C. 0ut t"e point$ are a4arded on an! airline a$ part of an itinerar! t"at include$ a $e(ent
flo4n on @4i$$.
D. Onder t"e $c"e(e7 ca$" credit$ are offered aain$t an! +L& fli"t of an! cla$$ or fare t!pe
and redee(ed a$ free fli"t$.
'. Ge decided on a 4eb-ba$ed corporate lo!alt! prora((e to (ake it co$t effective.\
F. Onable to 9ualif! for corporate deal$ becau$e t"e! do not enerate enou" travel7 @&'$
"ave been inored b! travel provider$.
G. >o4ever7 t"e (arket exi$t$ and 4e "ave been 4orkin "ard to find 4a!$ to develop a
relation$"ip 4it" t"i$ $ector
>. [Ge are lookin at extendin Jn 0u$ine$$ to include $e(i-re$tricted ticket$7\ $a!$ @tuart
0ea(i$"7 0A;$ $enior (anaer7 lo!alt! (arketin.
/. [/t 4ould be a "ue benefit for our cu$to(er$ to et our partner airline$ on board7\ $a!$
2"o(a$ 0randt7 Delta;$ eneral (anaer7 di$tribution plannin.
9ill sm&ll 'usinesses )ill t3e &irlinesL l&r2e 2&psK
Airlines disco/er. post:IN11. t3&t sm&ll c&n 'e pro)it&'le
Airline$ $trivin to "old on to t"eir $"are of a tou" corporate (arket are increa$inl! lookin to
nurture bu$ine$$ traveller$ t"e! "ave previou$l! inored.
@(all to &ediu( 'nterpri$e$ 3@&'$6 are co(panie$ 4"ic" "ave a fraction of t"e travel budet$
of t"e b5(-plu$ $pend of lare fir($.
1GGG
.ot an! (ore. Kre$$ure$ to fill aircraft and t"e co(petitive t"reat of lo4-co$t airline$ "ave $een
airline$ launc" raft$ of incentive$7 includin ca$" re4ard$7 free fli"t$ and uprade$7 to $"o4
@&'$ t"at t"e! reall! are 4anted.
Airline$ u$e different criteria7 $uc" a$ nu(ber of trip$7 value of travel $pend or $ize of co(pan!7
to define an @&'. 2GGG
2!picall!7 a KA 3Ker$onal A$$i$$tant67 financial director or co(pan! bo$$ 4ill be re$pon$ible for
ad(ini$terin t"e $c"e(e$ in-"ou$e. Jver t"e pa$t 5? (ont"$7 airline$ includin +L&7 @4i$$7
and @A@ "ave all introduced initiative$ to tr! and 4in $uc" (anaer$ on board.
+L& e$ti(ate$ t"at t"e A.F (illion or $o O+-ba$ed @&'$ can $ave up to 5H per cent of t"eir
travel co$t$ t"rou" it$ ca$"back lo!alt! prora((e7 0lue0iz. ;GGG
A$ 4it" (o$t airline $c"e(e$7 not onl! doe$ t"e co(pan! benefit7 but t"e individual can al$o
collect fre9uent flier (ileae point$ on fli"t$ taken.
+L&;$ e-co((erce (anaer Gl!n Duan explain$: [Due to t"eir volu(e level$7 @&'$ "ad
fallen off our radar.
[0ut after t"e O@ terror attack$ of P8557 4e bean lookin at variou$ option$ to et t"i$ (arket
back on track. <GGG
@A@;$ ne4 Ka!0ack Krora((e offer$ ca$" re4ard$ of up to 5C per cent of t"e annual travel
$pend or a (axi(u( of ?H return ticket$ bet4een t"e O+ and @candinavia dependin on t"e
level of expenditure. 0(i;$ Co(pan! Return$ $c"e(e "a$ $i(ilarl! one do4n t"e ca$" re4ard
and point$ route.
@A@ $poke$(an Neff Rebello $a!$ t"e incentive i$ a t4o-proned attack a to increa$e t"e
lo!alt! of exi$tin cu$to(er$ and to $4itc" pa$$ener$ fro( ot"er airline$. =GGG
0riti$" Air4a!$ i$ plannin to relax $o(e of t"e re$triction$ of t"e Jn 0u$ine$$ $c"e(e t"at it
introduced for @&'$ four !ear$ ao. &ore di$counted fare$ 4ill be included in t"e prora((e
acro$$ all cabin$ to appeal to co$t-con$ciou$ @&'$7 a (ove partiall! driven b! t"e i(pact of
lo4-co$t carrier$.
6GGG
About 5H7HHH co(panie$ "ave enrolled 4it" Jn 0u$ine$$7 4it" "alf [activel! redee(in\ point$
for travel re4ard$7 "e $a!$. 'liible 0A fare$ earn co(panie$ point$ t"at can be exc"aned for
travel re4ard$7 includin free fli"t$7 "otel acco((odation and li(o tran$fer$.
@4i$$ "a$ one a $tep furt"er b! offerin credit point$7 eac" 4ort" 5 euro7 to4ard$ free fli"t$.
HGGG
2"e develop(ent of airline alliance$ "a$ pro(pted Delta Air Line$ to tr! to extend it$ @k!0onu$
$c"e(e to cover partner @k!2ea( carrier$7 includin Air France and +orean Air.
FGGG
2"e O@-ba$ed airline ventured into t"e @&' (arket t"ree !ear$ ao7 courtin co(panie$ 4it"
an annual travel $pend of bet4een bF7HHH and bFH7HHH.
[2"e @&' i$ notoriou$l! "ard to pinpoint7 9uite a co(plex roup of co(panie$. IGGG add$
0randt.
(adapted and aridged from http://www.timeson!ine.co.uk/section/;88FECC8;;.htm!)
'6 e&d &n &rticle &'out t3e imp&ct o) terrorism on 'usiness tr&/el6 ,or Cuestions 1:10.
c3oose t3e &nsBer (*. B. C or 1) B3ic3 @ou t3in1 )its 'est &ccordin2 to t3e teDt6
!3e cut &nd t3rust o) sur/i/&l
9&r. terrorism &nd S&rs 3&/e c3&n2ed t3e n&ture o) 'usiness tr&/el6 Securit@ &nd cost:
cuttin2 &re t3e m&in issues &nd t3e corpor&tes &re c&llin2 t3e tune6
Jn *irin Atlantic fli"t *@H??7 4"ic" arrived at >eat"ro4 fro( Ga$"inton DC at Ea( on
&onda!7 pa$$ener$ travellin Opper Cla$$ could "ave no 1GGG about $ervice.
Jf CH bu$ine$$-cla$$ $eat$ in t"e ne4 Airbu$ AABH-DHH7 onl! ei"t 4ere taken. 2"ere 4ere
(ore 2GGG (e(ber$ in t"e front cabin t"an pa$$ener$. Jne $enior bu$ine$$ travel aenc!
executive co((ented: [2"e! $a! t"in$ are ettin better. / $a!7 <'(peror;$ ne4 clot"e$.;\
2ran$atlantic bu$ine$$ ;GGG are a crucial baro(eter to airline "ealt" and alt"ou" 0riti$"
Air4a!$ $aid la$t 4eek t"at t"ere "a$ been [$o(e i(prove(ent\ in pre(iu( traffic7 it "a$ not
been a$ fa$t a$ predicted.
/f it i$ bad for 0A7 it i$ even 4or$e for it$ tran$atlantic <GGG Ontil next Frida!7 Onited Airline$ i$
offerin a return bu$ine$$-cla$$ fare to .e4 York for bPPP. 2"e $tandard 0A return co$t$ ju$t
over bB7HHH.
Gar7 terrori$( and @ar$ "ave =GGG 0riti$" bu$ine$$ travel badl!. Fro( a peak of F.FE (illion
traveller$ in ?HHH7 nu(ber$ fell b! 5H per cent to ei"t (illion in ?HH?. Govern(ent fiure$ for
t"e nine (ont"$ to @epte(ber ?HHA $"o4 a furt"er $lu(p of 5EH7HHH bu$ine$$ pa$$ener$ over
t"e $a(e period in ?HH?.
Ye$terda!7 0A announced a fre$" round of job cut$7 kno4in t"at t"e onl! 4a! to co(pete 4it"
t"e no-frill$ airline$ and it$ traditional rival$ i$ on co$t. Onfortunatel! for 0A7 co$t-cuttin i$ al$o
top of t"e 6GGG for it$ pa$$ener$.
A London-ba$ed econo(ic t"ink tank7 t"e Centre for 'cono(ic$ and 0u$ine$$ Re$earc"
3C'0R67 $a!$ in a ne4 report t"at it expect$ bu$ine$$ HGGG in 'urope to ro4 b! ?.E per cent
t"i$ !ear.
0ut Doula$ &cGillia($7 coaut"or of t"e report7 added: [2"e bu$ine$$ travel $ector i$
increa$inl! expo$ed in a 4orld 4"ere a blo4torc" i$ bein applied to ever! conceivable kind of
corporate expen$e. 0u$ine$$ travel i$ t!picall! ?-A per cent of corporate co$t and i$ enerall!
rearded a$ t"e lare$t $inle controllable FGGG.\
2"e report $a!$ $urve!$ of A(erican corporate travel purc"a$er$ indicate t"at t"e! believe t"at7
$ince ?HHH7 t"e! "ave (anaed to neotiate do4n t"eir price$ for bu$ine$$ travel b! ?H per
cent.
5. A. co(plaint$ 0. co(plainin$ C. de(and$ D. (i$ivin$
?. A. tea( 0. cre4 C. pilot D. fl!in
A. A. trip$ 0. cro$$in$ C. travel$ D. route$
B. A. rival$ 0. ene(ie$ C. partner$ D. foe$
C. A. kicked 0. punc"ed C. "it D. da(aed
D. A. tree 0. "ead C. 4orld D. aenda
E. A. trip 0. vo!ae C. excur$ion D. travel
F. A. expen$e 0. tax C. fine D. fare
=6 En2lis3 in use
e&d t3e second p&rt o) t3e &rticle6 "se t3e Bords 'eloB to )orm & Bord t3&t )its in t3e
s&me num'ered sp&ce in t3e teDt6
H. bu$!
5. e(p"a$ize
?. provide
A. increa$e
B. lare
C. po4er
D. i(prove
E. place
F. lobal
P. $uppl!
5H. addre$$
55. $table
5?. $trinent
5A. aent
5B. profit
5C. 4arn
e626 0 : 'usiness
2"e decline in pa$$ener nu(ber$ i$ no4 levellin off7 but t"e nature of 0GGG travel "a$
c"aned irrevocabl!: event$ $ince @epte(ber 55 "ave (ade t"at inevitable.
2"ere i$ a ne4 1GGG on briefin traveller$ and $ta!in in touc". /nfor(ation 2GGG $uc" a$
Control Ri$k$ and Countr! 0riefin$ provide a$$e$$(ent$7 4"ile tec"nolo! ;GGG allo4$
e(plo!ee$ to $ta! in touc" 4"ile on t"e road.
'xecutive jet travel7 <GGG becau$e of concern$ over $ecurit!7 i$ al$o no4 [extre(el! buo!ant\
accordin to C"ri$tian Roone!7 (arketin and $ale$ director of 0ookajet7 one $peciali$t
operator. 2"e co(pan! "a$ ju$t opened a ne4 ba$e at @out"a(pton airport and no4 u$e$ five
jet$.
2ec"nolo!7 4"ile "elpin corporate$ track and control expenditure7 "a$ al$o =GGG e(plo!ee$
to book fli"t$ and "otel$ t"e($elve$ 4"ile $till follo4in co(pan! travel polic!. Accordin to
Delta Airline$7 onl! ?P per cent of O+ bu$ine$$ traveller$ no4 prefer to book 4it" a travel aent7
4it" t4o-t"ird$ c"oo$in to book u$in t"e internet.
0riti$" Air4a!$ 4ill7 in April7 no loner i$$ue paper ticket$ on t"e EC per cent of it$ route$ 4"ere
electronic ticket$ can be u$ed. Fa$t 6GGG tec"nolo! on board aircraft i$ al$o no4 deliverin live
2* ne4$ and e-(ail7 4"ile 4irele$$-free u$e of laptop$ in "otel$ and airport$ i$ rollin out at a
frenetic pace.
2"e idea t"at videoconferencin 4ill one da! HGGG travel "a$ larel! been di$proved7 "o4ever.
G"ile it doe$ "ave a role7 t"e underl!in need for face-to-face contact i$ ro4in due to t"e
[ratc"etin up\ of FGGG7 accordin to t"e C'0R report.
&cGillia($ $aid: [&aintainin and en"ancin bu$ine$$ relation$7 bot" in-"ou$e and 4it"
cu$to(er$ and IGGG7 need$ a reular do$e of direct contact.\
/t i$ a point bein ec"oed b! all $ector$ of t"e indu$tr!7 not lea$t t"o$e "otel7 airline and credit
card $upplier$ de$perate to $ee a return to reular corporate fl!in. 0ut t"e! al$o arue t"at
co(panie$7 "avin 10GGG t"e i$$ue of co$t cuttin7 4ill be leaner and (ore po$itive about
travellin.
A report out t"i$ 4eek fro( Co(pan! 0arcla!card conclude$: [Jverall7 t"e fiure$ indicate t"at
bu$ine$$ traveller$ are on t"e (ove (ore7 t"ank$ to confir(ed ne4 bu$ine$$ rat"er t"an tr!in
to $ecure it7 an indication of reater 11GGG.\
2"i$ po$itive vie4 relie$7 naturall!7 on t"e continued $tabilit! of 4orld event$. Corporate$ (a! be
$tartin to travel aain7 but t"e increa$in 12GGG of O@ i((iration i$ one $trikin exa(ple of
"o4 fraile confidence re(ain$ in travel.
No"n &elc"ior7 executive vice-pre$ident of lobal corporate travel 1;GGG Radiu$7 $u((ed up
t"e (ood: [Co(panie$ "ave adju$ted and are beco(in (ore 1<GGG. 2"o$e 4"o "ave $urvived
kno4 t"at t"ere 4on;t be $uc" a bi dip in 4orld event$ aain.
[2"ere are certain daner$ out t"ere7 but 4e $till "ave to travel. .o4 4e "ave to kno4 4"ere
traveller$ are7 and to ive t"e( 1=GGG of potential proble($. Ge all "ave to acco((odate t"at.\
(adapted and aridged from http://www.timeson!ine.co.uk/section/;8FECC8;;.htm!)
66 9ritin2
9rite & s3ort teDt in B3ic3 @ou s3ould use &s m&n@ o) t3e Bords &nd p3r&ses 2i/en
'eloB &s possi'le6
air hostess
connecting point
air!ine office
departure !ounge
air turu!ence
airport hote!
direct f!ight
airport termina!
arri+a! airport
econom" c!ass
usiness c!ass
e2cess aggage
aggage rec!aim
ground transportation
oarding pass
ooking procedures
checkBin
!anding
securit" check
take off
unc!aimed !uggage
weight !imit
"$I! EI*4! > C0"#0/% *&1 C,!,",S*#,3&
4. $uman rights and cultural diversity
1616 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
G"at i$ cultural diver$it!R
1626 e&din2
e&d t3e )olloBin2 teDt &nd eDpress @our opinion on t3e UneB Borld orderV6
!3e C3&llen2e o) 4um&n i23ts &nd Cultur&l #i/ersit@
" ,iana 4"tonBShenker
2"e end of t"e cold 4ar "a$ created a $erie$ of tentative atte(pt$ to define Wa ne4 4orld orderW.
@o far7 t"e onl! certaint! i$ t"at t"e international co((unit! "a$ entered a period of tre(endou$
lobal tran$ition t"at7 at lea$t for t"e ti(e bein7 "a$ created (ore $ocial proble($ t"an
$olution$.
2"e end of $uper-po4er rivalr!7 and t"e ro4in .ort"8@out" di$parit! in 4ealt" and acce$$ to
re$ource$7 coincide 4it" an alar(in increa$e in violence7 povert! and une(plo!(ent7
"o(ele$$ne$$7 di$placed per$on$ and t"e ero$ion of environ(ental $tabilit!. 2"e 4orld "a$ al$o
4itne$$ed one of t"e (o$t $evere lobal econo(ic rece$$ion$ $ince t"e Great Depre$$ion of
t"e 5PAH$.
At t"e $a(e ti(e7 previou$l! i$olated people$ are bein brou"t toet"er voluntaril! and
involuntaril! b! t"e increa$in interation of (arket$7 t"e e(erence of ne4 reional political
alliance$7 and re(arkable advance$ in teleco((unication$7 biotec"nolo! and tran$portation
t"at "ave pro(pted unprecedented de(orap"ic $"ift$.
2"e re$ultin confluence of people$ and culture$ i$ an increa$inl! lobal7 (ulticultural 4orld
bri((in 4it" ten$ion7 confu$ion and conflict in t"e proce$$ of it$ adju$t(ent to plurali$(. 2"ere
i$ an under$tandable ure to return to old convention$7 traditional culture$7 funda(ental value$7
and t"e fa(iliar7 $ee(inl! $ecure7 $en$e of oneX$ identit!. Git"out a $ecure $en$e of identit!
a(id$t t"e tur(oil of tran$ition7 people (a! re$ort to i$olationi$(7 et"nocentrici$( and
intolerance.
2"i$ cli(ate of c"ane and acute vulnerabilit! rai$e$ ne4 c"allene$ to our onoin pur$uit of
univer$al "u(an ri"t$. >o4 can "u(an ri"t$ be reconciled 4it" t"e cla$" of culture$ t"at "a$
co(e to c"aracterize our ti(eR Cultural backround i$ one of t"e pri(ar! $ource$ of identit!. /t
i$ t"e $ource for a reat deal of $elf-definition7 expre$$ion7 and $en$e of roup belonin. A$
culture$ interact and inter(ix7 cultural identitie$ c"ane. 2"i$ proce$$ can be enric"in7 but
di$orientin. 2"e current in$ecurit! of cultural identit! reflect$ funda(ental c"ane$ in "o4 4e
define and expre$$ 4"o 4e are toda!.
3"ttp:88444.un.or8ri"t$8dpi5D?Ee."t(6
16;616 0&tc3 t3e )olloBin2 Bords &nd p3r&ses )rom t3e teDt Bit3 t3eir ri23t de)initions:
5. tre(endou$ 3adj.6 a. a $tate of confu$ion7 excite(ent7 or anxiet!
?. di$parit! 3n6 b. a $tate in 4"ic" $o(eone can be ea$il! "ar(ed or "urt
A. e(erence 3n6 c. to "ave a lot of a particular t"in7 9ualit!7 or e(otion:
B. pro(pt 3v6 d. to "ave a ood relation$"ip aain 4it" $o(eone after !ou
"ave 9uarrelled 4it" t"e(
C. confluence 3n6 e. 4"en $o(et"in bein$ to be kno4n or noticed
D. bri( 3v6 f. to (ake people $a! or do $o(et"in a$ a reaction
E. tur(oil 3n6 . a difference bet4een t4o or (ore t"in$7 e$peciall! an
unfair one
F. vulnerabilit! 3n6 ". t"e action of tr!in to et7 ac"ieve7 or find $o(et"in in a
deter(ined 4a!
P. pur$uit 3n6 i. a $ituation in 4"ic" t4o or (ore t"in$ co(bine or
"appen at t"e $a(e ti(e
5H. reconcile 3v6 j. ver! bi7 fa$t7 po4erful
16;626 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e )olloBin2 sentences usin2 & suit&'le Bord deri/ed )rom t3e
5. Good kno4lede of cultural difference$ i$ ... to an! definition of
cultural interaction.
*ALO'
?. @o(eti(e$ cultural trait$ (a! $uffer c"ane$ be!ond ... . R'CJG./@'
A. A3n6 ... traveller 4ill fail to do ju$tice to cultural difference. 'eK'R/'.C'
B. A vi$itor to !our countr! $"ould be offered plent! of ... in explorin
local culture.
CJORAG'
C. You (i"t find a lot of ... local$ 4"ile travellin in forein countrie$. AKKRJAC>
D. .ationali$t$ 4ould like t"eir countr!;$ tradition$ to be ... . C>A.G'
E. @o(eti(e$ it;$ difficult to c"oo$e 4"en !ou are faced 4it" a "ue ...
of touri$t attraction$.
D/*'R@'
F. / 4ouldn;t like to $ound ...7 but !ou $"ould et (ore involved in t"e
(ore$ of !our "o$t countr!.
R'A@J.
P. / a( neit"er (oral7 nor i((oral. &! ... i$ often a (!$ter! to (!
friend$.
&JRAL
5H. >er ... at >eat"ro4 airport (ade "er (i$$ "er connectin fli"t. JR/'.2A2/J.
16;6;6 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e )olloBin2 sentences Bit3 t3e reCuired preposition6
5. / a( $orr! to $a! t"at !ou are a candidate^^^ a $uitable backround for "i$ job involvin
talkin ^^^ foreiner$.
?. &! approac" ^^^ dealin ^^^ cultural difference i$ a (o$t $ucce$$ful one.
A. &! experience dra4$ ^^^ (! travel$ ^^^ t"e 4orld.
B. G"at i$ prejudice ba$ed ^^^ and "o4 could !ou $teer clear ^^^ itR
C. &! job i$ related ^^^ "andlin a 4ide rane ^^^ touri$t $ervice$.
D. >e i$ ^^^ a backround not entirel! $uited ^^^ "i$ job de$cription.
E. >e finall! $ucceeded ^^^ $ettin t"in$ $trai"t.
F. >er capacit! ^^^ "ard 4ork in KR i$ over4"el(in.
P. >i$ prejudice ^^^ ot"er national$ boil$ do4n ^^^ xenop"obia.
5H. &! affiliation ^^^ t"i$ political part! 4ill be ^^^ an extre(el! $"ort duration.
16<6 L&n2u&2e )ocus: !3e tense s@stem: P&st Per)ect
16<616 !3e tense s@stem: P&st Per)ect
For(: "ad ` Ka$t Karticiple: / 4ent to 4ork after / "ad fini$"ed (! lunc". >ad / fini$"ed_R Ye$7
/ "ad. .o7 / "adn;t.
/t indicate$:
a pa$t7 co(pleted action t"at take$ place before anot"er pa$t action: >e ave (e t"e
book 4"en "e "ad fini$"ed readin it.
An action fini$"ed before a certain (o(ent in t"e pa$t: / "ad 4ritten t"e paper b! ten o;
clock.
2"e Ka$t Kerfect i$ not co(pul$or! 4"en after and efore e$tabli$" t"e $e9uence of t"e
action$.
16<626 "se t3e P&st Per)ect B3ere necess&r@6
5. 2"e t4o partie$ 3reac"6 an aree(ent 4"en t"e (e(ber of our roup (ade t"e
$ue$tion7 $o "e "ad to accept it.
?. 2"e Karlia(ent 3pa$$6 t"i$ la4 a ver! lon ti(e ao.
A. 0! t"e ti(e / called t"e office t"e $ecretar! 3leave6.
B. G"en 4e 4anted to co(plain about t"e KR officer bein rude7 t"e (anaer 3fire6 "i(.
C. Di$cri(ination 3be6 a current practice in t"e co(pan! lon before $"e brou"t up t"e
i$$ue.
D. 2"e! c"aned t"eir polic! after a roup of un$ati$fied client$ 3$ue6 t"e co(pan!.
E. G"en t"e! arrived t"e conference 3bein6 and t"e! did not 4ant to di$turb t"e
participant$7 $o t"e! left.
F. 2"e c"air(an opened t"e $e$$ion after ever!bod! 3con$ult6 t"e aenda.
P. Ge 4anted to "elp t"e( but b! t"e ti(e 4e ot t"ere t"e! 3fini$"6 4ritin t"e
reco((endation$.
5H. G"en $"e decided to accept t"e offer it 4a$ too late. @o(eone el$e 3"ire6 a$ an
a$$i$tant (anaer.
5. 0niversal human rights and cultural relativism
2616 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
G"at "u(an ri"t do !ou con$ider to be t"e (o$t i(portantR G"!R
>o4 can !ou account for t"e fact t"at di$cri(ination $till per$i$t$ in our 4orldR
2626 e&din2
e&d t3e )olloBin2 &rticle6 Some sentences 3&/e 'een remo/ed )rom t3e teDt6 C3oose
)rom sentences A:M t3e one B3ic3 )its e&c3 2&p (1:I)6 !3ere is one sentence B3ic3 @ou
do not need to use6
>o4 can univer$al "u(an ri"t$ exi$t in a culturall! diver$e 4orldR A$ t"e international
co((unit! beco(e$ increa$inl! interated7 "o4 can cultural diver$it! and interit! be
re$pectedR /$ a lobal culture inevitableR /f $o7 i$ t"e 4orld read! for itR >o4 could a lobal
culture e(ere ba$ed on and uided b! "u(an dinit! and toleranceR 1 GGG
Cultural relativi$( i$ t"e a$$ertion t"at "u(an value$7 far fro( bein univer$al7 var! a reat deal
accordin to different cultural per$pective$. @o(e 4ould appl! t"i$ relativi$( to t"e pro(otion7
protection7 interpretation and application of "u(an ri"t$ 4"ic" could be interpreted differentl!
4it"in different cultural7 et"nic and reliiou$ tradition$. /n ot"er 4ord$7 accordin to t"i$ vie47
"u(an ri"t$ are culturall! relative rat"er t"an univer$al.
2aken to it$ extre(e7 t"i$ relativi$( 4ould po$e a danerou$ t"reat to t"e effectivene$$ of
international la4 and t"e international $!$te( of "u(an ri"t$ t"at "a$ been pain$takinl!
con$tructed over t"e decade$. /f cultural tradition alone overn$ @tate co(pliance 4it"
international $tandard$7 t"en 4ide$pread di$reard7 abu$e and violation of "u(an ri"t$ 4ould
be iven leiti(ac!.
Accordinl!7 t"e pro(otion and protection of "u(an ri"t$ perceived a$ culturall! relative 4ould
onl! be $ubject to @tate di$cretion7 rat"er t"an international leal i(perative. 2 GGG
"ni/ers&l 4um&n i23ts &nd Intern&tion&l L&B
Larel! t"rou" t"e onoin 4ork of t"e Onited .ation$7 t"e univer$alit! of "u(an ri"t$ "a$
been clearl! e$tabli$"ed and reconized in international la4. >u(an ri"t$ are e(p"a$ized
a(on t"e purpo$e$ of t"e Onited .ation$ a$ proclai(ed in it$ C"arter7 4"ic" $tate$ t"at
"u(an ri"t$ are Wfor all 4it"out di$tinctionW. ; GGG
2"e C"arter furt"er co((it$ t"e Onited .ation$ and all &e(ber @tate$ to action pro(otin
Wuniver$al re$pect for7 and ob$ervance of7 "u(an ri"t$ and funda(ental freedo($W. A$ t"e
corner$tone of t"e /nternational 0ill of Ri"t$7 t"e Oniver$al Declaration of >u(an Ri"t$ affir($
con$en$u$ on a univer$al $tandard of "u(an ri"t$. /n t"e recent i$$ue of 4 -!oa! 4genda7
C"arle$ .orc"i point$ out t"at t"e Oniver$al Declaration Wrepre$ent$ a broader con$en$u$ on
"u(an dinit! t"an doe$ an! $inle culture or traditionW.
Oniver$al "u(an ri"t$ are furt"er e$tabli$"ed b! t"e t4o international covenant$ on "u(an
ri"t$ 3/nternational Covenant on 'cono(ic7 @ocial and Cultural Ri"t$7 and /nternational
Covenant on Civil and Kolitical Ri"t$67 and t"e ot"er international $tandard-$ettin in$tru(ent$
4"ic" addre$$ nu(erou$ concern$7 includin enocide7 $laver!7 torture7 racial di$cri(ination7
di$cri(ination aain$t 4o(en7 ri"t$ of t"e c"ild7 (inoritie$ and reliiou$ tolerance.
2"e$e ac"ieve(ent$ in "u(an ri"t$ $tandard-$ettin $pan nearl! five decade$ of 4ork b! t"e
Onited .ation$ General A$$e(bl! and ot"er part$ of t"e Onited .ation$ $!$te(. A$ an
a$$e(bl! of nearl! ever! @tate in t"e international co((unit!7 t"e General A$$e(bl! i$ a
uni9uel! repre$entative bod! aut"orized to addre$$ and advance t"e protection and pro(otion
of "u(an ri"t$. < GGG
2"i$ con$en$u$ i$ e(bodied in t"e lanuae of t"e Oniver$al Declaration it$elf. 2"e univer$al
nature of "u(an ri"t$ i$ literall! 4ritten into t"e title of t"e Oniver$al Declaration of >u(an
Ri"t$. /t$ Krea(ble proclai($ t"e Declaration a$ a Wco((on $tandard of ac"ieve(ent for all
people$ and all nation$W.
2"i$ $tate(ent i$ ec"oed in t"e *ienna Declaration and Krora((e of Action7 4"ic" repeat$
t"e $a(e lanuae to reaffir( t"e $tatu$ of t"e Oniver$al Declaration a$ a Wco((on $tandardW
for ever!one. Adopted in Nune 5PPA b! t"e Onited .ation$ Gorld Conference on >u(an Ri"t$
in Au$tria7 t"e *ienna Declaration continue$ to reinforce t"e univer$alit! of "u(an ri"t$7
$tatin7 WAll "u(an ri"t$ are univer$al7 indivi$ible and interdependent and interrelatedW. 2"i$
(ean$ t"at political7 civil7 cultural7 econo(ic and $ocial "u(an ri"t$ are to be $een in t"eir
entiret!. = GGG
A$ if to $ettle t"e (atter once and for all7 t"e *ienna Declaration $tate$ in it$ fir$t pararap" t"at
Wt"e univer$al natureW of all "u(an ri"t$ and funda(ental freedo($ i$ Wbe!ond 9ue$tionW. 2"e
un9ue$tionable univer$alit! of "u(an ri"t$ i$ pre$ented in t"e context of t"e reaffir(ation of
t"e obliation of @tate$ to pro(ote and protect "u(an ri"t$.
2"e leal obliation i$ reaffir(ed for all @tate$ to pro(ote Wuniver$al re$pect for7 and
ob$ervance and protection of7 all "u(an ri"t$ and funda(ental freedo($ for allW. /t i$ clearl!
$tated t"at t"e obliation of @tate$ i$ to pro(ote univer$al re$pect for7 and ob$ervance of7
"u(an ri"t$. 6 GGG
Furt"er(ore7 t"e obliation i$ e$tabli$"ed for all @tate$7 in accordance 4it" t"e C"arter of t"e
Onited .ation$ and ot"er in$tru(ent$ of "u(an ri"t$ and international la4. .o @tate i$ exe(pt
fro( t"i$ obliation. All &e(ber @tate$ of t"e Onited .ation$ "ave a leal obliation to pro(ote
and protect "u(an ri"t$7 reardle$$ of particular cultural per$pective$. Oniver$al "u(an ri"t$
protection and pro(otion are a$$erted in t"e *ienna Declaration a$ t"e Wfir$t re$pon$ibilit!W of all
Govern(ent$.
H GGG 2"e non-di$cri(ination principle i$ a funda(ental rule of international la4. 2"i$ (ean$
t"at "u(an ri"t$ are for all "u(an bein$7 reardle$$ of Wrace7 colour7 $ex7 lanuae7 reliion7
political or ot"er opinion7 national or $ocial oriin7 propert!7 birt" or ot"er $tatu$W. .on-
di$cri(ination protect$ individual$ and roup$ aain$t t"e denial and violation of t"eir "u(an
ri"t$. 2o den! "u(an ri"t$ on t"e round$ of cultural di$tinction i$ di$cri(inator!. >u(an
ri"t$ are intended for ever!one7 in ever! culture.
>u(an ri"t$ are t"e birt"ri"t of ever! per$on. /f a @tate di$(i$$e$ univer$al "u(an ri"t$ on
t"e ba$i$ of cultural relativi$(7 t"en ri"t$ 4ould be denied to t"e per$on$ livin under t"at
@tateX$ aut"orit!. 2"e denial or abu$e of "u(an ri"t$ i$ 4ron7 reardle$$ of t"e violatorX$
culture.
F GGG A$ a leal $tandard adopted t"rou" t"e Onited .ation$7 univer$al "u(an ri"t$
repre$ent t"e "ard-4on con$en$u$ of t"e international co((unit!7 not t"e cultural i(periali$(
of an! particular reion or $et of tradition$.
Like (o$t area$ of international la47 univer$al "u(an ri"t$ are a (odern ac"ieve(ent7 ne4 to
all culture$. >u(an ri"t$ are neit"er repre$entative of7 nor oriented to4ard$7 one culture to t"e
exclu$ion of ot"er$. I GGG
A >u(an ri"t$ are t"e natural-born ri"t$ for ever! "u(an bein7 univer$all!. 2"e! are not
privilee$.
- .ot $elective7 not relative7 but univer$al re$pect7 ob$ervance and protection.
C 2"e$e are $o(e of t"e i$$ue$7 concern$ and 9ue$tion$ underl!in t"e debate over univer$al
"u(an ri"t$ and cultural relativi$(.
# Oniver$al "u(an ri"t$ do not i(po$e one cultural $tandard7 rat"er one leal $tandard of
(ini(u( protection nece$$ar! for "u(an dinit!.
E >u(an ri"t$ (u$t be approac"ed in a 4a! t"at i$ (eaninful and relevant in diver$e cultural
context$.
, A$ $uc"7 it $erve$ a$ an excellent indicator of international con$en$u$ on "u(an ri"t$.
* 'ver!one i$ entitled to "u(an ri"t$ 4it"out di$cri(ination of an! kind.
4 Jne cannot pick and c"oo$e 4"ic" ri"t$ to pro(ote and protect. 2"e! are all of e9ual value
and appl! to ever!one.
I Oniver$al "u(an ri"t$ reflect t"e d!na(ic7 coordinated effort$ of t"e international co((unit!
to ac"ieve and advance a co((on $tandard and international $!$te( of la4 to protect "u(an
dinit!.
M 0! rejectin or di$reardin t"eir leal obliation to pro(ote and protect univer$al "u(an
ri"t$7 @tate$ advocatin cultural relativi$( could rai$e t"eir o4n cultural nor($ and
particularitie$ above international la4 and $tandard$.
26;616 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e )olloBin2 teDt Bit3 t3e Bords 2i/en in 'old:
reGuirements diversity pressures sense arguments
&an! co(panie$ and orani$ation$ adopt e9ual opportunitie$ policie$ becau$e of external ^^^
Gil$on and /le$ $ue$t t"at t"i$ re$pon$e Wvarie$ bet4een a narro4 (ini(ali$t re$pon$e to
lei$lative ^^^7 and a 4ider concern t"at people $"ould be treated e9uall!7 ba$ed on et"ical and
"u(an ri"t$ or (oral ^^^ &anain ^^^ on t"e ot"er "and i$ internall! driven7 fro( a ^^^ of
co((it(ent b! t"e orani$ation and it$ ke! pla!er$W.
opportunities force staff
2"e drivin ^^^ be"ind introducin diver$it! (anae(ent policie$ i$ $een a$ t"e <bu$ine$$
ca$e; - t"at a diver$e 4orkforce 4ill re$ult in (ore focu$ed (arketin7 reater creativit! and
deci$ion (akin and "appier ^^^ 4"o $ta! loner and benefit fro( orani$ational ^^^
public range profile volunteers organisation
Lookin at t"e (arketin exa(ple - t"e voluntar! $ector $upport$ and 4ork$ 4it" a diver$e ^^^
of $ervice u$er$7 $upporter$ and partner$. /f t"e <public face; of an ^^^ reflect$ t"at diver$e
public7 t"en individual$ 4ill (ore ea$il! identif! 4it" it7 t"inkin Wt"i$ i$ an orani$ation for (eW.
*olunteer$ are t"e ^^^ face of (an! orani$ation$7 and if diver$e7 4ill be (ore 4elco(in to
u$er$ and (e(ber$. Al$o7 if ^^^ are dra4n fro( a 4ide $ector of t"e co((unit!7 t"en t"e!
eac" tell t"eir friend$ and fa(il!7 rai$in t"e ^^^ of !our $ervice.
(adapted from http://www. mori.com/digest/5;;;)
26;626 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e )olloBin2 sentences Bit3 & Bord deri/ed )rom t3e Bord
2i/en &t t3e end o) e&c3 sentence:
5. ... at t"e 4orkin place i$ a topical i$$ue in bot" t"e 4e$tern and ea$tern
4orld.
']OAL
?. Go(en u$uall! contend t"at t"e! "ave ... 4ork opportunitie$ a$
co(pared 4it" (en.
']OAL
A. 0ill Clinton;$ vi$it to Ro(ania 4a$ a ... (o(ent. >/@2JRY
B. 'xplorin t"e ... $ite$ of London could be a 9uite re4ardin experience. >/@2JRY
C. >e i$ a overn(ent official extre(el! ... 4it" different people in ver! "i"
circle$.
/.FLO'.C'
D. After (ont"$ of $trenuou$ re$earc"7 t"e (ain cau$e$ of t"eir failure to
(eet international $tandard$ re(ained ... .
/D'.2/FY
E. 2"i$ 9ue$tion ... addre$$e$ t"o$e prone to xenop"obia. KR/&ARY
F. ... touri$t$ flock to t"e bi citie$ of t"e 4orld ever! da! in $earc" of !et
uni(ained $en$ation$.
.O&0'R
P. 0ecau$e !our application i$ inco(plete7 it 4ill re$t ... until a furt"er date. KRJC'@@
5H. After accu(ulatin lot$ of practice in orani$in packae tour$7 t"e
travel aenc! decided to ... t"eir findin$ in a report publi$"ed in a local
journal.
2>'JRY
26;6 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e )olloBin2 sentences Bit3 t3e reCuired preposition6
5. &! (et"od$ differ a lot ^^^ t"e (ore conventional one$.
?. 2"e "i$tor! of t"i$ project date$ back ^^^ 5PFC.
A. G"at did !ou "ave ^^^ (ind 4"en !ou called t"at co(pan!R
B. 2"e rea$on$ ^^^ e$tabli$"in a ne4 ba$i$ ^^^ cooperation are ^^^(! dept".
C. Let;$ focu$ ^^^ t"i$ i$$ue no4 and 4e 4ill look ^^^ t"e ot"er one ^^^ a later date.
D. ^^^ t"e pre$ent fra(e4ork of rule$7 4e "ave to abide ^^^ eac" one of t"e(.
E. '9ualit! ^^^ job opportunitie$ i$ e$$ential.
F. >er influence ^^^ t"e 4"ole project i$ undeniable.
P. 2"ere;$ no vi$ible difference ^^^ t"e 4a! t"e! are treatin i((irant$ ^^^ t"eir countr!.
5H. 2"ere "a$ been no $"ift ^^^ our reulation$ $ince t"e! ca(e ^^^ force.
26<6 L&n2u&2e )ocus: !3e tense s@stem: P&st Per)ect Continuous
26<616 !3e tense s@stem: P&st Per)ect Continuous
For(: to be 3in t"e pa$t perfect6 ` verb ` in: / "ad been 4ritin. >ad / been 4ritinR Ye$7 / "ad.
.o7 / "adn;t.
/t indicate$: a pa$t action in develop(ent before anot"er pa$t action and al$o continuin t"at
(o(ent: G"en "e ca(e $"e "ad been readin for t4o "our$.
EEEEEEEEEEEE
often u$ed in pa$t perfect and pa$t perfect prore$$ive $entence$: 4"en7 after7 a$ $oon a$7
before7 b! t"e ti(e
e.. After t"e! "ad been 9uarrellin for (inute$7 / a$ked t"e( to $top.
Ge "ad been 4aitin for 4eek$ before 4e ot t"e (one!.
2"e! "ad been neotiatin for "our$ b! t"e ti(e / ot t"ere.
26<626 C3oose t3e correct )orm o) t3e /er' in t3e )olloBin2 sentences:
5. 2"e $taff co(plained t"at t"e! "ad a$ked8"ad been a$kin for better 4orkin condition$
for t4o (ont"$.
?. Ge "ad "oped8"ad been "opin to $olve our proble( ea$il! and 4ere ver! di$appointed
4"en 4e couldn;t.
A. Jur partner$ "ad looked for4ard8"ad been lookin for4ard to t"e contract to be $ined
and beca(e 9uite anr! 4"en it "ad been cancelled8"ad been bein cancelled.
B. 2"e 4"ole $taff "ad 4orked8"ad been 4orkin until t"e la$t (inute and t"e! "ad no ti(e
left to decorate t"e roo( for t"e (eetin.
C. 2"e ne4$paper$ "ad been publi$"in8"ad publi$"ed a lot of article$ on t"e accident for
4eek$ 4"en t"e! found out about it.
D. Ge "ad been di$cu$$in8"ad di$cu$$ed all da! 4it" our partner$ and b! 5H o;clock t"e
aree(ent 4a$n;t $ined.
E. Jur co(petition "ad done8"ad been doin ever!t"in t"e! could to attack u$ and 4e
"ad to take $tep$ to4ard$ fi"tin back.
F. G"en t"e KR a$$i$tant arrived7 t"e cu$to(er$ "ad 4aited8"ad been 4aitin for "er for
"our$.
P. >e a$ked u$ 4"! 4e "ad 4ritten8"ad been 4ritin $uc" a lon prea(ble to our report.
5H. After t"e Kre$ident "ad looked8"ad been lookin t"rou" our paper$ for a 4"ile7 "e
decided to $peak.
8. &ational stereotypes
;616 Le&d:in
S!%P A$# !4I$7E
G"at do !ou under$tand b! <$tereot!pe;R
2o 4"at extent are national $tereot!pe$ fairR
>o4 can !ou fi"t prejudice$ related to national $tereot!pe$R
;626 e&din2
4oB Bould @ou c3&r&cterise t3e -ritis3K e&d t3e )olloBin2 teDt &nd t3en st&te B3&t @ou
&2ree Bit3 &nd B3&t @ou dis&2ree Bit36
@hat is ABritishnessAB
2"e $urve! conducted b! &JR/ on be"alf of t"e 0riti$" Council a(on t"e $ucce$$or
eneration in t"irteen countrie$ reveal$ 4"at foreiner$ t"ink about all a$pect$ of 0riti$" $ociet!
and culture.
2"e Onited +indo( i$ bot" loved and loat"ed for it$ tradition$. 2"e i(ae$ (o$t often 9uoted
of t"e Great 0ritain in t"e $urve! are t"e ]ueen and t"e Ro!al Fa(il!7 kilt$7 ca$tle$ and rub!.
2"i$ "a$ i(plication$ for public diplo(ac!. G"at can be done to clo$e t"e ap bet4een
perception$ over$ea$ and t"e realit! of conte(porar! 0ritain 4it"out inorin t"e $trent"$ of
our tradition$ for 4"ic" 4e are re$pectedR
4rts
W0riti$" art$ repre$ent t"eir culture - ver! re$erved and re!W - &ala!$ia
WAvant-arde7 eccentric7 (adW - France
W2"e! donXt "ave an! fa(ou$ arti$t$. 2"e! like $occer.W - @audi Arabia
@ixt!-$ix percent of t"o$e polled believe t"at 0ritain;$ reputation in t"e art$ i$ ba$ed (ore in t"e
pa$t t"an in t"e pre$ent. 2"ere i$ a clear lack of kno4lede about 0riti$" conte(porar! art$.
G"en a$ked to identif! one or t4o conte(porar! arti$t$ 'lton No"n and >u" Grant topped t"e
li$t 4it" CI eac". A 4orr!in DHI 4ere unable to na(e a $inle arti$t. 2"e area of 0riti$"
culture 4"ere people "ad t"e (o$t kno4lede 4a$ pop (u$ic and fil(.
%usiness and finance
W2"e 0riti$" are (anaer$ b! nature.W - '!pt
W2"e! (anufacture t"in$ carefull!. You bu! a 0riti$" ar(ent and !ou kno4 it 4ill la$t forever.W
- &exico
G"il$t F5I of people rated 0riti$" ood$ and $ervice$ a$ WoodW overall and EBI t"ink 0riti$"
(anaer$ are ood7 t"e countr! co(e$ be"ind t"e Onited @tate$7 Napan and Ger(an! 4"en it
co(e$ to "avin 4orld-beatin co(panie$. 0riti$" bu$ine$$ i$ $een a$ too ri$k aver$e. W2"i$
per(anent up-and-do4n ri$k 4"ic" t"e A(erican$ take i$ (uc" too ex"au$tin for t"e 0riton$.W
- Ger(an!. >o4ever 0ritain i$ reconi$ed a$ a b financial centre7 t"ou" $till be"ind t"e O@A
and Napan.
Education
W2"e! are 4ell educated7 4ell brou"t up people7 able to keep up conver$ation.W - Ru$$ia
W2"ere i$ a "i" educational $tandard 4"ic" t"e 'nli$" are a$$ociated 4it"7 and if / 4anted to
o abroad to $tud!7 t"i$ 4ould be t"e onl! place.W - Koland
@event!-$ix percent of people 9ue$tioned reard t"e 0riti$" a$ 4ell educated. 0riti$" "i"er
education i$ particularl! 4ell re$pected 4it" FFI of people ratin it a$ WoodW. >o4ever t"e
Onited @tate$ $till e(ered a$ t"e (arket leader in "i"er education. Fift!-ei"t percent of
re$pondent$ believe t"at 9ualification$ fro( t"e Onited @tate$ "ave t"e (o$t credibilit! 4it"
potential e(plo!er$.
*edia
W'ven t"e (ore cultured people read t"e tabloid$ to be infor(ed. &o$t of t"e $candal$ co(in
fro( t"e Ro!al Fa(il! are found t"ere.W - &exico
A $inificant (inorit! 3?FI6 believe t"at t"e 0riti$" (edia cannot be relied on to tell t"e trut". /n
Ger(an! onl! CI of people tru$t t"e trut"fulne$$ of t"e 0riti$" (edia. >o4ever t"e 0riti$"
(edia 4ere rearded a$ bein (ore trut"ful t"an t"eir counterpart$ in (o$t of t"e countrie$
$urve!ed.
Science and )echno!og"
W2"e 0riti$" are explorin (ore...clonin $"eep and enetic$ and $car! $tuff.W - @out" Africa
G"il$t D?I of re$pondent$ aree t"at 0ritain "a$ a b reputation for $cientific and tec"noloical
innovation7 t"e O+ 4a$ ranked 4ell be"ind t"e Onited @tate$7 Napan and Ger(an!.
Societ"
W2"e! are 4ell brou"t up people. 'ven if t"e! donXt like !ou too (uc"7 t"e! tr! to be nice.W -
Ru$$ia
W2"e O+ are one of t"e fir$t de(ocracie$ in 'uropeW - France
@ixt!-five percent of people 9ue$tioned aree t"at t"e O+ i$ a ood (odel of de(ocratic
overn(ent. A rudin CFI aree t"at t"e 0riti$" leal $!$te( en$ure$ t"at ever!one et$ a
fair trial. @ixt!-five percent al$o believe t"at t"e countr! "a$ a ood "ealt" care $ervice. 0riti$"
in$titution$ (a! be re$pected but a $inificant B5I believe t"at 0riti$" people are not ver!
4elco(in to4ard$ foreiner$.
(http://www. mori.com/digest/5;;;)
;6;616 0&tc3 t3e Bords &nd p3r&ses Bit3 t3eir correspondin2 de)initions:
5. tabloid a. "ate7 dete$t
?. rudin b. poll7 re$earc" of public opinion
A. e(ere c. pau$e7 break7 di$tance
B. aver$e d. ae$t"eticall! ne4 and experi(ental
C. counterpart e. popular7 relatin to t"e ta$te$ of co((on people
D. avant-arde f. oppo$ed7 objectin to7 unfavourable to
E. ap . exit7 appear a$
F. loat"e ". ne4$paper publi$"in $candalou$ (aterial
P. pop i. e9uivalent7 analoue
5H. $urve! j. "e$itant7 ill-di$po$ed to4ard$
5. >e $o(eti(e$ u$e$ ... lanuae. LJA2>'
?. Klea$e ive (e a ... of price$ for oil. ]OJ2'
A. 2"e tabloid$ (ade (uc" ado about t"e fact t"at $"e 4a$ ... in t"e
ro!al $candal.
/&KL/CA2'
B. Your ... be"aviour could irre(ediabl! "ar( t"e relation$"ip bet4een
t"e t4o countrie$.
D/KLJ&A2/C
C. 2"e$e are ju$t a fe4 of t"e ... under$corin our excellent policie$
reardin cooperation a(on $tate$.
@2RJ.G
D. &! ... "a$ often been reviled in tabloid$. 'CC'.2R/C
E. / "ereb! 4i$" to ... !our contribution to our $ucce$$. +.JG
F. 2"eir ... effort$ led to fruition. 'e>AO@2
P. >er ... $kill$ are i(peccable at all $ocial at"erin$. CJ.*'R@A2/J.
5H. /;( $orr! to $a! t"at t"e deree of !our intellience i$ ... in t"i$ ca$e. @/G./FY
;6;6;6 ,ill in t3e 'l&n1s in t3e )olloBin2 sentences Bit3 t3e reCuired preposition6
5. / a( $peakin ^^^ be"alf ^^^ all t"o$e 4"o feel 4roned b! t"e Ro(anian Con$titution.
?. /. t"e $urve! appear t"e fiure$ ^^^ t"i$ !ear;$ rate ^^^ diplo(atic blunder$ ^^^ t"e part
^^^ Ro(ania.
A. Your be"aviour 4ill "ave con$e9uential i(plication$ ^^^ public diplo(ac!.
B. 2"e ap ^^^ (! abilitie$ a$ a diplo(at and !our$ i$ enor(ou$.
C. / re$pect t"i$ $(all countr! ^^^ it$ reat tradition$.
D. >i$ fa(e ^^^ $ucce$$full! "andlin conflict $ituation$ i$ one ^^^ "i$ advantae$.
E. 2eenaer$ are prone ^^^ identif!in t"e($elve$ ^^^ pop $tar$.
F. >o4 do rate ^^^ a diplo(atR
P. 2"e 'nli$" are a$$ociated ^^^ a proverbial re$erve ^^^ definition.
5H. Jur countr! i$ t"e (arket leader ^^^ button (anufacturin.
;6<6 L&n2u&2e )ocus: 0od&l ?er's
;6<616 0od&l ?er's
Read t"e follo4in exa(ple$ fro( t"e text:
Later on_ !ou may be able_ 3par. B6
You must enter a$ an i((irant_ 3par. C6
2"e job $eeker_should be prepared_ 3par. B6
A collee in forein co((erce would definitel! "elp_ 3par. 56
*oda!s
(ay
For(: (a!88 &a! "eR88 (a! not
/t indicate$:
Ko$$ibilit!: >e (a! co(e toda!. 3to be po$$ible6
Krobabilit!: Ge (a! et t"at contract. 3to be probable6
Ker(i$$ion: You (a! leave. 3to be allo4ed8 to be per(itted6
(ight
For(: (i"t8 (i"t "e88 (i"t not
/t indicate$:
- .J2 t"e pa$t of (a! 0O2 a $troner po$$ibilit!8 probabilit!8 uncertaint!: You (i"t be ri"t
3but / $tronl! doubt6.
(ust
For(: (u$t88 &u$t "e__..R88 (u$t not S (u$tn;t
/t indicate$:
nece$$it!8 obliation i(po$ed b! t"e $peaker: / (u$t be punctual.
invitation7 e(p"atic affir(ation: You (u$t $ee t"e ex"ibition.
Krobabilit!7 loical nece$$it!: >e (u$t be at "o(e.
An unexpected8 contrar! action: 2"e! (u$t anno! u$ 4it" t"eir proble($L
/t i$ replaced b!: to "ave to7 to be oblied8 forced8 co(pelled to_.
Should
For(: $"ould88 @"ould !ouR88 $"ould not S $"ouldn;t
/t indicate$:
obliation: You $"ould be pre$ent at t"e (eetin.
/n$truction$8 advice: >e $"ould 4elco(e t"e( at t"e airport.
'xpectation: 2"e bu$ine$$ $"ould be profitable.
Ka$t7 unfulfilled expectation: 2"e! $"ould "ave di$cu$$ed t"e (atter in detail.
3ught to
For(: ou"t to8 ou"t not to
/t indicate$:
&oral obliation: You ou"t to vi$it "i( at t"e "o$pital
Dut!: You ou"t to 4rite t"at report.
.ot a ver! $tron obliation in t"e pa$t7 pre$ent or future: >e ou"t to pla! c"e$$ t"at da!8 no48
to (orro4.
Advi$abilit!: You ou"t to orani$e t"at (eetin a$ $oon a$ po$$ible.
.ece$$it!: >e ou"t to be pre$ent at t"e conference.
De$irable7 not perfor(ed action: You ou"t to "ave "elped t"e(. 2"e! ou"t not to "ave one
t"ere alone.
@uppo$ition7 probabilit!: You ou"t to co((unicate t"e( t"e deci$ion b! no4.
@ould
For(: 4ould8 4ould !ouR8 4ould not S 4ouldn;t
/t indicate$:
Kolite re9ue$t: Gould !ou li$ten (ore carefull!R
Jppo$ition8 re$i$tance8 un4illinne$$: 2"e! 4ould not (eet u$.
Ka$t "abit S u$ed to: / 4ould $ta! in t"at c"air7 drink (! tea and read a book.
/nvitation: Gould !ou "ave $o(e (ore cakeR
Refu$al 3in t"e neative6: / 4ouldn;t accept t"at.
Critici$( of $o(ebod!;$ be"aviour: @"e 4ould keep talkin 4it"out li$tenin to "er friend$.
;6<626 ep3r&se t3e )olloBin2 sentences so t3&t t3e@ cont&in one o) t3e mod&ls &'o/e:
5. /f !ou cannot find a job in !our countr!7 !ou e(irate to a forein job-ric" place.
?. Don;t con$ider "eadin over$ea$ to $eek 4ork 4it"out (one! in !our pocket.
A. Don;t o unle$$ !ou are prepared to accept an" job.
B. @o(eti(e$ !ou are forced to accept a (onotonou$ job.
C. 2"ere are job$ !ou didn;t accept in !our native countr!.
D. Later on7 of cour$e7 !ou 4ill "ave t"e opportunit! to appl! for creative 4ork.
E. 2"e job $eeker "eadin over$ea$ "a$ to take on job$ t"at "ave been turned do4n flat b!
native$.
F. 2o 4ork over$ea$ !ou need to obtain a 4ork per(it.
P. /t i$ advi$able !ou find a job for 4"ic" no 4ork per(it i$ needed.
5H. Go(en 4ill be able to 4ork au pair. Onder t"i$ arrane(ent7 an! irl i$ $uppo$ed to et bed
and board.
55. 2"eir dut! i$ to act a$ bab! $itter$. 2"eir dail! activit! i$ to ive eneral "ou$e"old "elp.
5?. 2"eir e(plo!er$ are al$o oblied to pa! t"e( a $u( of (one!.
;6=6 ,unctions
C&use. e))ect &nd purpose
C&use E))ect Purpose
Re$ult in_.
Lead to_
@ince
A$
Due to_
J4in to t"e fact t"at_
0ecau$e of_
2"i$ (ean$ t"at_.
A$ a re$ult of_.
@o t"at
/n order to
!3e tense s@stem: e/ision
Simple tenses Continuous tenses
Present Simple
u$ed for action$ in t"e pre$ent7 for t"in$
t"at are al4a!$ true or t"at "appen
reularl!7 and for opinion$ and belief$
Present ContinuousNPro2ressi/e
u$ed for action$ or event$ t"at are "appenin or
developin no47 for future plan$7 or to $"o4 t"at an event
i$ repeated
/84e8!ou8t"e! enjo! 3do not enjo!6
"e8$"e8it enjo!s 3does not enjo!6
/ &m enjo!in2 3&m not enjo!in26
4e8!ou8t"e! &re enjo!in2 3&re not enjo!in26
"e8$"e8it is enjo!in2 3is not enjo!in26
P&st Simple
u$ed for co(pleted action$ and event$ in
t"e pa$t
/84e8!ou8t"e! enjo!ed 3did not enjo!6
"e8$"e8it enjo!ed 3did not enjo!6
P&st ContinuousNPro2ressi/e
u$ed for action$ or event$ in t"e pa$t t"at 4ere not !et
fini$"ed or t"at 4ere interrupted
/ B&s enjo!in2 3B&s not enjo!in26
4e8!ou8t"e! Bere enjo!in2 3Bere not enjo!in26
"e8$"e8it B&s enjo!in2 3B&s not enjo!in26
,uture Simple
u$ed for action$ and event$ in t"e future
/84e8!ou8t"e! Bill enjo! 3Bill not enjo!6
"e8$"e8it Bill enjo! 3Bill not enjo!6
,uture ContinuousNPro2ressi/e
u$ed for action$ or event$ in t"e future t"at 4ill continue
into t"e future
/84e8!ou8t"e! Bill 'e enjo!in2
3Bill not 'e enjo!in26
"e8$"e8it Bill 'e enjo!in2
3Bill not 'e enjo!in26
Perfect tenses Continuous tenses
Present Per)ect
u$ed to $"o4 t"at an event "appened or an action
4a$ co(pleted at $o(e ti(e before t"e pre$ent
/84e8!ou8t"e! 3&/e enjo!ed
33&/e not enjo!ed6
"e8$"e8it 3&s enjo!ed
33&s not enjo!ed6
&resent &erfect Continuous/ &rogressi+e
u$ed for action$ or event$ t"at $tarted in t"e pa$t
but are $till "appenin no47 or for pa$t action$
4"ic" onl! recentl! fini$"ed and 4"o$e effect$ are
$een no4
/84e8!ou8t"e! 3&/e 'een enjo!in2
33&/e not 'een enjo!in26
"e8$"e8it 3&s 'een enjo!in2
33&s not 'een enjo!in26
P&st Per)ect
u$uall! u$ed to $"o4 t"at an event "appened or an
action 4a$ co(pleted before a particular ti(e in t"e
pa$t
/84e8!ou8t"e! 3&d enjo!ed
33&d not enjo!ed6
"e8$"e8it 3&d enjo!ed
33&d not enjo!ed6
P&st Per)ect ContinuousNPro2ressi/e
u$ed for action$ or event$ t"at "appened for a
period of ti(e but 4ere co(pleted before a
particular ti(e in t"e pa$t
/84e8!ou8t"e! 3&d 'een enjo!in2
33&d not 'een enjo!in26
"e8$"e8it 3&d 'een enjo!in2
33&d not 'een enjo!in26
,uture Per)ect
u$ed to $"o4 t"at $o(et"in 4ill be
co(pleted before a particular ti(e in t"e
future
/84e8!ou8t"e! Bill 3&/e enjo!ed
,uture Per)ect ContinuousNPro2ressi/e
u$ed for action$ or event$ t"at 4ill alread! be
"appenin at a particular ti(e in t"e future
/84e8!ou8t"e! Bill 3&/e 'een enjo!in2
3Bill not 3&/e 'een enjo!in26
3Bill not 3&/e enjo!ed6
"e8$"e8it Bill 3&/e enjo!ed
3Bill not 3&/e enjo!ed6
"e8$"e8it Bill 3&/e 'een enjo!in2
3Bill not 3&/e 'een enjo!in26
9ritin2
Define t"e $tereot!pe for !our nationalit!. O$e adjective$ fro( t"e table belo4.
able
acceptin
adaptable
bold
brave
cal(
carin
c"eerful
clever
co(plex
confident
dependable
dinified
eneretic
extroverted
friendl!
ivin
"app!
"elpful
ideali$tic
independent
ineniou$
intellient
introverted
kind
kno4ledeable
loical
lovin
(ature
(ode$t
nervou$
ob$ervant
orani$ed
patient
po4erful
proud
9uiet
reflective
relaxed
reliiou$
re$pon$ive
$earc"in
$elf-a$$ertive
$elf-con$ciou$
$en$ible
$enti(ental
$"!
$ill!
$(art
$pontaneou$
$!(pat"etic
ten$e
tru$t4ort"!
4ar(
4i$e
4itt!

4%0E9%7 ASSI*$0E$! 6
Gatc" Gordon 0ro4n;$ 3for(er 0riti$" Kri(e &ini$ter6 lecture on -!oa! Ethic +s nationa!
interest (fo!!ow the !ink
"ttp:88444.ted.co(8talk$8ordon^bro4nôn^lobalêt"ic^v$^nationalîntere$t."t(l6 and
expre$$ !our opinion$. Do not 4rite (ore t"an ?CH 4ord$. You $"ould $ub(it !our "o(e4ork
electronicall! 3adriana.fekete@linua.ubbcluj.ro6. 3t!pe of docu(ent: Gord6. #o not send
m&teri&l doBnlo&ded )rom t3e Internet6
#e&dline: 1F 0&@
APPE$#IO 1 > A#MEC!I?ES W %-LI*A!%5 PEP%SI!I%$
A#MEC!I?E PEP%SI!I%$
A
accu$to(ed to
accu$ed of
ac9uainted 4it"
addicted to
anno!ed about84it"8at
alleric to
a(azed at8b!
anxiou$ about
appreciated for
a$"a(ed of
a$$ociated 4it"
a$toni$"ed at8b!
a4are of
anr! 4it"
afraid of
attac"ed to
-
bad at
ba$ed on
beneficial to
boa$tful for
bored 4it"
brilliant at
bu$! 4it"
C
capable of
careful 4it"8about8of
certain about
c"aracteri$tic of
clever at
connected 4it"
con$ciou$ of
content 4it"
craz! about
cro4ded 4it"
curiou$ about
#
di$$ati$fied 4it"
doubtful about
deli"ted at8about
derived fro(
different fro(
di$appointed 4it"
E
eaer for
eliible for
ent"u$ia$tic about
excellent in8at
excited about
experienced in
expo$ed to
enviou$ of
,
fait"ful to
fa(iliar 4it"
fa(ou$ for
fed up 4it"
free of8fro(
fri"tened of
friendl! 4it"
fond of
furiou$ about
furni$"ed 4it"
full of
*
enerou$ 4it"8about
uilt! of8about
entle 4it"
ood at
rateful to
4
"app! about
"opeful of8about
I
identical 4it"8to
i((une to
i(pre$$ed 4it"
inferior to
indifferent to
innocent of
intere$ted in
involved 4it"
incapable of
M
jealou$ of
7
kind to
keen on
L
late for
li(ited to
luck! at
0
nervou$ of8about
notoriou$ for
%
oppo$ed to
P
patient 4it"
pe$$i(i$tic about
plea$ed 4it"
polite to
popular 4it"
pre$ented 4it"
proud of
puni$"ed for
puzzled b!8about
A
9ualified for

read! for
related to
relevant to
re$pectful for
re$pon$ible for
rid of
S
$ad about
$afe fro(
$ati$fied 4it"
$cared of
$en$itive to
$eriou$ about
$ick of
$i(ilar to
$"ocked b!
$kilful at
$lo4 at
$orr! for8about
$ucce$$ful in
$uitable for
$ure of8about
$uperior to
$urpri$ed at
$u$piciou$ of
$!(pat"etic 4it"
!
terrible at
terrified of
tired of
t"ankful to8for
trilled 4it"
troubled 4it"
t!pical of
"
una4are of
up$et about
u$ed to
9
4ron 4it"8about
4orried about
APPENDIX 2 !A""A! #I$ES
ENGLIS= GRAMMAR FILES
94A! #% !4E5 C%$!AI$K
2"e '.GL/@> GRA&&AR = &JRK>JLJGY A.D @Y.2Ae contain$ infor(ation reardin t"e different
part$ of $peec" and clau$e$ exi$tin in 'nli$" and t"eir function. 2"e ra((ar i$ of reat u$e for
underraduate $tudent$ 4it" a bu$ine$$8econo(ic$ profile at t"e 0abe)-0ol!ai Oniver$it!.
4%9 AE !4E5 %*A$ISE#K
2"e 'nli$" ra((ar pre$ented "ere i$ divided into t4o part$: (orp"olo! and $!ntax. 2"e fir$t part
contain$ t"eoretical infor(ation reardin t"e different part$ of $peec" and t"eir u$e in a particular
context: t"e noun7 t"e adjective7 t"e adverb7 t"e article7 t"e pronoun7 t"e nu(eral7 t"e verb. 2"e $econd
part offer$ a $"ort per$pective on t"e (ain proble($ rai$ed b! 'nli$" $!ntax: no(inal clau$e$7 ti(e
clau$e$7 conditional$7 reported $peec"7 $e9uence of ten$e$7 and clau$e connector$. 2"e '.GL/@>
GRA&&AR = &JRK>JLJGY A.D @Y.2Ae i$ ba$ed on official curricula and "elp$ $tudent$ clarif!
$o(e of t"e (o$t i(portant proble($ related to 'nli$" ra((ar.
4%9 CA$ 9E "SE !4E0K
'ac" $ub-unit co(pri$e$ t"eoretical infor(ation related to a $pecific ra((ar proble(: definition7 u$e in
context7 exception$ t"at can occur7 and $o(e exa(ple$. 2"e $tudent;$ ta$k i$ to obtain furt"er
infor(ation and practice b! con$ultin t"e reco((ended bibliorap"!. 2"e ra((ar ite($ 4ill be
cu$to(ized b! t"e teac"er in cour$e for(at$ and te$t for(at$. @tudent$ are expected to be able to u$e
t"e part$ of $peec" and t"e clau$e$ indicated in t"e '.GL/@> GRA&&AR = &JRK>JLJGY A.D
@Y.2Ae alon 4it" related topic$ indicated in t"e bibliorap"!. Furt"er uidance 4ill be provided b! t"e
teac"er.
EC%00E$#E# S%"CES
1
Alexander7 L.G.7 Longman Eng!ish -rammar7 '$$ex7 5PFF.
0rieer7 ..7 @4eene!7 @.7 )he Language of %usiness Eng!ish: -rammar 6 Functions7 >ertford$"ire7
Lon(an7 5PPB.
Leec"7 G.7 @vartvik7 N.7 4 Communicati+e -rammar of Eng!ish7 Lon(an7 '$$ex7 5PEC6
2"o($on7 A. N.7 &artinet7 A. G.7 4 &ractica! Eng!ish -rammar. Oniver$it! Kre$$7 Jxford7 5PFD.
*ince7 &.7 4d+anced Language &ractice 3London: &ac&illan >eine(ann 'L27 5PPB6
*ince7 &.7 (ntermediate Language &ractice 3London: &ac&illan >eine(ann 'L27 5PPF6
&ann7 &alcol( Q2a!lore-+no4le$7 @teve 3?HHF6. ,estination %57 &ac&illan
&ann7 &alcol( Q2a!lore-+no4le$7 @teve 3?HHF6. ,estination C#6C57 &ac&illan
@4an7 &ic"ael 3?HHP6. &ractica! Eng!ish 'sage7 JOK
@4an7 &ic"ael7 0aker7 David 3?H5?6. -rammar Scan. ,iagnostic )ests for &ractica! Eng!ish 'sage7 JOK
#ISCLAI0E
@tudent$ $"ould note t"at t"e li$ted ite($ do not nece$$aril! cover t"e topic$ in an ex"au$tive (annerT
ot"er8(ore infor(ation $"ould be obtained b! t"e $tudent fro( ot"er book$ and te$t$T a$$ined cour$e
leader$ 4ill provide infor(ation in t"i$ re$pect. @tudent$ are expected to devote a(ple ti(e to reinforcin
ra((ar proble($7 ba$ed on t"e uidance provided b! t"e afore(entioned $ource$. &a$ter! of t"e
ra((ar pre$ented "ere re9uire$ con$tant practice and $elf-$tud!.
1
,ree:&ccess online 2r&mm&r sites: "ttp:88444.eoBu.co(T "ttp:88444.enli$"pae.co(8ra((arT
"ttp:88444.enli$"ra((ar$ecret$.co(
MORPHOLOGY
!4E $%"$
!3e plur&l )orm o) nouns
e2ul&r spellin2 Sin2ul&r Plur&l
Bs after (o$t noun$: !etter !etters
Bes after noun$ endin in
product products
Bo
5
: echo echoes
Bss: mass masses
B2: o2 o2es
Bch: watch watches
Bsh: crash crashes
con$onant ` -! beco(e$ Bies: compan" companies
Irre2ul&r spellin2
@o(e endin$ in Bf/Bfe take B+es: she!f she!+es
.oun$ 4it" plural$ in Ben: chi!d chi!dren
.o c"ane species species
Forein plural$7 e.. criterion criteria
Irre2ul&r spellin2: intern&l /oBel c3&n2e
2"e follo4in noun$ for( t"eir plural$ b! c"anin t"e internal vo4el3$6
foot/feet8 tooth/teeth8 man/men8 mouse/mice
I
8 woman/women.
Count&'le &nd uncount&'le nouns
Count&'le nouns are t"in$ t"at 4e can count. e..: coin8 ook8 anknote8 card8 report8 !etter8 partner7
etc.
Ge can u$e some and &n@ 4it" countable noun$:
e..: (P+e got some do!!ars.
<a+e "ou got any pensG
Ge can u$e & )eB and m&n@ 4it" countable noun$:
(P+e got a few do!!ars.
( ha+enPt got many pens.
"ncount&'le noun$ take a sin2ul&r verb and are not u$ed 4it" &N&n. 2"e 4ord$ some. &n@. no. (&)
little. muc3. plent@ o)7 etc. can be u$ed 4it" uncountable noun$.
e..: )herePs little hope for our usiness to grow.
!3e most common uncount&'le nouns &re:
accommodation8 ad+ice8 assistance8 aggage8 eha+iour8 usiness8 conduct8 damage8 difficu!t"8
education8 e=uipment8 e+idence8 harm8 hea!th8 he!p8 homework8 hospita!it"8 information8 know!edge8
!aughter8 !eisure8 !uck8 !uggage8 machiner"8 mone"8 news8 patience8 permission8 progress8 pu!icit"8
2
Certain noun$ endin in =o take 0s endin7 e..: noun$ of forein oriin 3piano = piano$67 abbreviation$ 3kilo = kilo$7
(e(o - (e(o$6.
3
/n Computer Science: mice or mouses
research8 ruish8 safet"8 scener"8 shopping8 traffic8 transport8 tra+e!8 trou!e8 understanding8 wea!th8
weather8 wine8 work8 writing
0&n@ uncount&'le nouns c&n 'e m&de count&'le in t3e )olloBin2 B&@:
a piece of cake/information/aggage/ ad+ice/furniture/work/ e=uipment8 a g!ass of water/eer/wine8 a >ar
of >am8 a sheet of paper8 an item of news8 a drop of water/oi!8 a o2 choco!ates8 a metre of c!oth8 a packet
of iscuits/tea8 a s!ice of read8 a !oaf of read8 a pot of tea8 a cup of tea8 an ice cue8 a game of
foota!!/chess8 a ki!o of meat8 a ott!e of wine/eer/whisk"8 a tue of toothpaste8 a ar of soap/choco!ate8
a f!ash of !ightning
!3e *eniti/e c&se
16 Ls 2eniti/e 3t"e po$$e$$or ` Ls ` t"e t"in po$$e$$ed6 i$ u$ed 4it" ani(ate noun$
e..: Emi!"Ks re!ations
the chi!dKs to"s
m" partnerKs office
the compan"Ks working capita!
-4"en t"e noun$ are in t"e plur&l7 t"e enitive i$ for(ed in t"e follo4in 4a!:
a6 reular plural$: noun follo4ed b! L
e..: our partnersK conditions
b6 irreular plural$: noun follo4ed b! Ls
e..: womenKs ags
chi!drenKs c!othes
26 preposition&l 2eniti/e : Bit3 o) 3t"e t"in po$$e$$ed ` o) ` t"e po$$e$$or6 i$ u$ed 4it" inani(ate
noun$
e..: t"e le$ of t"e c"air
!4E A#MEC!I?E
%rder
Jpinion 8 @ize8 Ae8 @t!le8 Colour8 Jriin8 &aterial8 Kurpo$e8 .oun
e..: lon blue deni( $kirt: She is wearing a !ong !ue denim skirt.
4av! bro4n "air: <e is the one with the wa+" rown hair.
beautiful old Gel$" far(er;$ cottae: (t is a eautifu! o!d @e!sh farmerKs cottage.
#e2rees o) comp&rison
Ad8ecti/es Positi/e Comp&r&ti/e Superl&ti/e
5-$!llable adj$.
&d86 W :erN :est
c"eap
$(all
bi
c"eaper
$(aller
bier
t"e c"eape$t
t"e $(alle$t
t"e bie$t
?-$!llable adj$.
&d86 W :erN :est
moreN t3e most W &d86
clever
"eav!
rapid
cleverer
"eavier
(ore rapid
t"e clevere$t
t"e "eavie$t
t"e (o$t rapid
A or (ore $!llable adj$.
moreN t3e most W &d86
expen$ive
intere$tin
(ore expen$ive
(ore intere$tin
t"e (o$t
expen$ive
t"e (o$t
intere$tin
/rreular adj$. ood
bad
better
4or$e
t"e be$t
t"e 4or$t
little
(an!8 (uc"
far
old
le$$
(ore
fart"er8 furt"er
older8 elder
t"e lea$t
t"e (o$t
t"e fart"e$t8 t"e
furt"e$t
t"e olde$t8 t"e elde$t
!4E A#?E-
!@pes
- adverb$ of (anner: ad!"7 un!ike!"7 etc.
- adverb$ of place: aroad7 indoors7 etc.
- adverb$ of ti(e: definite ti(e 3!ast *onda"7 tomorrow67 indefinite ti(e 3recent!"7 ear!"7 etc.6
- adverb$ of fre9uenc!: definite fre9uenc! 3e+er" da"7 etc.67 indefinite fre9uenc! 3a!wa"s7 etc.6
- adverb$ of deree: enough7 fair!"7 ad!"7 etc.
%rder
5. (anner
?. place
A. ti(e
e..: %arara read =uiet!" in the !irar" a!! afternoon.
#e2rees o) comp&rison
Ad/er' t@pe positi/e comp&r&ti/e superl&ti/e
5. $a(e for( a$ adjective fa$t fa$ter fa$te$t
?. =!" adverb$ of (anner ea$il! (ore ea$il! (o$t ea$il!
A. $o(e adverb$ of fre9uenc! rarel! (ore rarel! (o$t rarel!
B. exception$ badl! 4or$e 4or$t
far fart"er8furt"er fart"e$t8furt"e$t
late later la$t
little le$$ lea$t
(uc" (ore (o$t
4ell better be$t
!4E A!ICLE
#e)inite
for(: t"e
u$e:
- before a noun 4"ic" i$ defined
e..: #he management strategies ha+e worked.
- o(itted before noun$ in t"e plural7 uncountable or ab$tract noun$7 4"en 4e talk about t"e( in eneral
e..: *one" doesnPt grow on trees.
Inde)inite
for(: a8an
u$e:
- 4it" $inular countable noun$7 4"en 4e don;t $pecif! 4"ic" one 4e talk about.
e..: )he" decided to !aunch a profita!e pro>ect as soon as possi!e.
<a+e "ou e+er done usiness with an estate ownerG
Zero
u$e:
- before: proper noun$7 na(e$ of (eal$7 da!$ of t"e 4eek7 ab$tract noun$7 na(e$ of $ub$tance$7 na(e$ of
countrie$8 citie$8 $treet$8 buildin$8 (ountain$8 continent$7 $port$7 activitie$7 colour$
e..: Creati+it" is essentia! in ad+ertising.
( ha+e an appointment with the *, on )uesda".
!4E P%$%"$
Person&l
Su'8ect pronouns co(e before t"e (ain verb:
(? "ou? he/ she/ it? we? the"
e..: ( think itPs costBeffecti+e. ,o "ou agreeG
%'8ect pronouns co(e after t"e (ain verb:
me? "ou? him/ her/ it? us? them
e..: @e asked them a =uestion. 9ohn ga+e us the answer.
Possessi/e pronouns : .o apo$trop"e before s 4it" po$$e$$ive pronoun$.
mine? "ours? his/ hers/ (its)? ours? theirs
e..: (s this document his or hersG
#emonstr&ti/e
this? that? these? those
e..: @hat is thatG
( wou!d !ike one of those.
#hese proposa!s are interesting
e)leDi/e
m"se!f8 "ourse!f8 himse!f8 herse!f8 itse!f8 ourse!+es8 "ourse!+es8 themse!+es.
Ge u$e a reflexive pronoun if t"e object of t"e verb i$ t"e $a(e a$ t"e $ubject. Co(pare:
(Pm en>o"ing the training. (Pm en>o"ing myself.
9i!! introduced me to her associate. 9i!! introduced herself to me.
Inde)inite
are 4ord$ t"at replace noun$ 4it"out $pecif!in 4"ic" noun t"e! replace.
@inular: another8 an"od"8 an"one8 an"thing8 each8 either8 e+er"od"8 e+er"one8 e+er"thing8 !itt!e8 much8
neither8 nood"8 no one8 nothing8 one8 other8 someod"8 someone8 something
Klural: oth8 few8 man"8 others8 se+era!
@inular or plural: a!!8 an"8 more8 most8 none8 some
e..: Somebody is here toda".
(s anybody on dut"G
&obody is here toda".
el&ti/e
su'8ect o) t3e )olloBin2
/er' (c&nnot 'e omitted)
o'8ect o) t3e )olloBin2
/er' (c&n 'e omitted)
possession (c&nnot
'e omitted)
people B3oNt3&t
<e is the new emp!o"ee. <e
was gi+en a onus.
<e is the new emp!o"ee
who2that was gi+en a
onus.
B3omNB3oNt3&t (in)orm&l)
)herePs the contractor.
Ge met him "esterda".
)herePs the contractor
whom2who2that we met
"esterda".
B3ose
)hatPs *r. %rown. <e
refurished his office
!ast month.
)hatPs *r. %rown8
whose office was
refurished !ast month.
t3in2s
N&nim&ls
B3ic3Nt3&t
( ought a computer. (t
doesnPt work proper!".
( ought a computer which2
that doesnPt work proper!".
B3ic3Nt3&t
<erePs the report. ( found it
on the top she!f.
<ere is the report
which2that ( found on the
top she!f.
B3oseNo) B3ic3
3for(al6
)herePs the camera. (ts
!ens is roken.
)herePs the camera
whose !ens/the !ens
of which is roken.
!4E $"0EAL
!@pes: c&rdin&l and ordin&l.
C&rdin&l
H zero
5 one
? t4o
A t"ree
B four
55 eleven
5? t4elve
5B fourteen
?H t4ent!
BH fort!
5HH one "undred
57HHH one t"ou$and
57HHH7HHH one (illion
57HHH7HHH7HHH one billion
$%!EE
B7 5B and BH g BH i$ t"e onl! one 4ritten 4it"out a >u after >o 3$ee t"e $pellin above6
%rdin&l
5$t fir$t
?nd $econd
Ard t"ird
Bt" fourt"
Ct" fift"
55t" elevent"
5?t" t4elft"
5At" t"irteent"
?Ht" t4entiet"
A5$t t"irt!-fir$t
C?nd fift!-$econd
EArd $event!-t"ird
FPt" ei"t!-nint"
5AEt" one "undred
t"irt!-$event"
!4E ?E-
Cl&ssi)ic&tion
5. Accordin to t"e for(:
-re2ul&r /er's:
e.. 4ork-4orked
-irre2ul&r /er's:
e.. 4rite-4rote-4ritten
?. Accordin to t"e role pla!ed in t"e predication:
-&uDili&r@ /er's: 3be7 "ave7 do7 $"all7 4ill7 $"ould7 4ould6 precede a notional verb to for( t"e cateorie$
of ten$e7 (ood7 voice7 a$pect
-lin1in2 /er's: ` a no(inal part 3e.. e in !o+e8 fa!! as!eep8 make sure8 pro+e use!ess8 rest assured8 get
tired8 grow o!d8 turn pa!e etc.6
:notion&l /er's: 3( write/ ( am writing6 function a$ predicate$ in t"e $entence
-mod&l /er's: 3e.. can/cou!d8 ma"/might8 sha!!/shou!d8 wi!!/wou!d8 must8 ought to8 ha+e to8 need etc.6
!E$SES
16 PESE$! SI0PLE /s6 PESE$! C%$!I$"%"S
Present Simple
*erb 3` -sN :es for Ard per$. $.6
Auxiliar!: DJ8 DJ'@
Present Continuous
!% -E 3a(8 are8 i$6 ` *erb:in2
Auxiliar!: 0'
4&'itu&l &ctions or perm&nent st&tes
e..: She works in a ank.
2"e $ecretar! Brites t"e (inute$ of all (eetin$.
epe&ted &ctions Bit3 &lB&@s.
)ore/er. const&ntl@ (o)ten to
s3oB &nno@&nce)
e..: $ou?re a!wa"s leaving the
phone in the kitchen.
@"e is a!wa"s making
uninte!!igi!e signsQ :ood"
understands her.
Arr&n2ed )uture &ctions (timet&'les. pro2r&mmes.
etc)
e..: )he conference starts at A oKc!ock ne2t *onda".
Actions in pro2ressN tempor&r@
&ctions
e..: <e is describing a graph at
the moment.
L&Bs o) n&tureNscienti)ic )&cts &nd instructions
e..: First "ou dial the numer8 then "ou speak into the
recei+er.
,iDed &rr&n2ements )or t3e ne&r
)uture
e..: )he" are going on a
usiness trip to Spain tomorrow.
#r&m&tic n&rr&tion
e..: )he !ights go out and the workers get out the
warehouse.
Current trends &nd
de/elopments
e..: 7i! prices are rising at
present.
!ime EDpressions: usua!!"8 often8 a!wa"s8 sometimes8
ne+er8 norma!!"8 regu!ar!"8 e+er" da"8 in the morning8 on
*onda"s8 etc.
!ime EDpressions: now8 at
present8 at the moment8 for the
time eing8 this month8 these
da"s8 sti!!8 toda"8 tonight8
nowada"s8 etc.
$%!EE
St&te /er's descri'e & st&te &nd do not 3&/e continuous )orms6 !3ese include /er's rel&ted to:
senses: $ee7 "ear7 $(ell7 feel7 ta$te
t3in1in2: t"ink7 aree7 believe7 con$ider7 doubt7 expect7 feel 3St"ink6
emotion Q )eelin2: feel7 forive7 "ate7 loat"e7 like7 di$like7 love7 (ind7 4i$"7 etc
ot3er: appear8$ee(7 be7 belon7 "ave 3Spo$$e$$67 keep 3Scontinue67 (atter7 o4e7 po$$e$$8o4n etc
h *erb$ of t"e senses can "ave continuou$ for($7 but t"en t"ereX$ a c"ane in (eanin.
(Pm seeing m" !aw"er tomorrow. (H a prior arrangement) but: ,o/Can "ou $ee those ui!dingsG
(ai!it" to see)
h 2"e verb$ t3in17 consider and eDpect can "ave continuou$ for($ 4"en t"e! refer to an activit!.
%e =uiet8 p!easeQ (Pm thinking. but: ( think "ou are wrong. 3S ( e!ie+e)
h 4&/e can "ave continuou$ for($ in certain expre$$ion$ $uc" a$: "ave a bat"7 "ave a nap7 "ave fun7
"ave a ood ti(e7 etc.
@e were ha+ing a good time at the part" when we heard the news. but: Since "ou ha+e his phone
numer8 "ou can ca!! him. 3S possess)
26 PAS! SI0PLE /s6 PAS! C%$!I$"%"S
;6 PESE$! PE,EC! SI0PLE /s6 PESE$! PE,EC! C%$!I$"%"S
Present Per)ect Simple
!% 4A?E 3"ave8 "a$6 ` Ka$t participle
3reular8 irreular vb$.6
Auxiliar!: >A*'8 >A@
Present Per)ect Continuous
!% 4A?E 3"ave8"a$6 ` -EE$ ` *erb-in2
Auxiliar!: >A*'8 >A@ ` 30''.6
ecentl@ completed &ctions
e..: She has >ust looked at the report.
P&st &ctions producin2 /isi'le results in
t3e present
e..: She has been calculating the
P&st Simple
*erb ` > ed 3reular verb$68 2nd )orm 3irreular
verb$6
Auxiliar!: D/D
P&st Continuous
!% -E 34a$8 4ere6 W *erb:in2
Auxiliar!: GA@8 G'R'
Actions completed in t3e p&st B3en t3ere is direct
or indirect time re)erence
e..: <e called a meeting an hour ago. (direct time
reference)
She phoned efore the oss came. (indirect time
reference)
&! old co(puter processed data at a lo4 $peed
before it 4a$ updated.
P&st &ctions in pro2ressN &t & 2i/en
point in time
e..: She was sti!! working at eight
oPc!ock "esterda" e+ening.
/ B&s de/elopin2 an online databa$e
at t"i$ ti(e la$t !ear.
P&st 3&'itu&l &ctions
e..: <e travelled2used to travel a !ot when he was a
sa!es representati+e.
P&st &ction in pro2ress interrupted
'@ &not3er &ction
e..: She was leaving when the
phone rang.
P&st &ctions 3&ppenin2 one &)ter t3e ot3er
e..: <e stood up8 picked up his riefcase and left
the office.
Simult&neous p&st &ctions
e..: @hi!e 9ane was delivering the
presentation8 )om was taking notes.
In Condition&ls !@pe II
e..: (f "ou knew <enr" Ford "ou wou!d fo!!ow his
e2amp!e.
Polite inCuiries
e..: ( was wondering if "ou cou!d
mention the turno+er of "our
compan" to me.
!ime EDpressions: "esterda"8 then8 when8 ago8 <ow
!ong ago... R7 !ast night/ week/ "ear8 etc.
!ime EDpressions: whi!e8 when8 as8
a!! morning/e+ening8 da"8 night8 etc.
)he" have >ust audited the stateBowned
enterprise.
e2penses. ()he ca!cu!ator is on the ta!e.)
Chinese companies have been
maintaining an inf!e2i!e hierarch".
Actions 'e2innin2 in t3e p&st &nd
continuin2 up to t3e present. )ocusin2 on
t3e result (time > not rele/&nt)
e..: <e has written three !etters.
An &ction 'e2innin2 in t3e p&st &nd
continuin2 up to t3e present. )ocusin2
on t3e &ction especi&ll@ Bit3 for or since
e..: She has been waiting for two hours
ut therePs sti!! no sign of him.
Inde)inite p&st &ctions or eDperiences
e..: She has seen this a!ance sheet. 3@e
do not know when.)
(?ve been to %er!in twice.
Action s3oBin2 &nno@&nce. irrit&tion or
surprise
e..: @hat have "ou been doing to m"
computerG
epe&ted &ctions still continuin2
e..: <e has worked as a dri+er for four
"ears. 3<e is sti!! a dri+er.)
!ime EDpressions: since8 for8 "et8 a!read"8
>ust8 e+er8 so far8 recent!"8 !ate!"8 sti!!8 how
!ong8 etc.
!ime EDpressions: for8 since8 how !ong8
!ate!"8 recent!"8 etc.
<6 PAS! PE,EC! SI0PLE /s6 PAS! PE,EC! C%$!I$"%"S
P&st Per)ect Simple
4A# ` Ka$t participle 3reular8 irreular vb$.6
Auxiliar!: >AD
P&st Per)ect Continuous
4A# ` -EE$ ` *erb-in2
Auxiliar!: >AD ` 30''.6
P&st &ction B3ic3 3&ppened 'e)ore &not3er
p&st &ction
e..: She had a!read" typed a!! the !etters
efore her oss arri+ed.
&anaerial accountabilit! 3&d 'een a (u$t in
our co(pan! before t"e appoint(ent of t"e
ne4 (anaer.
A lon2er p&st &ction B3ic3 continued up
to &not3er p&st &ction
e..: She had been reading a!! da" !ong when
)om came home with their new associate.
>e 3&d 'een o))erin2 coun$ellin for t4o
!ear$ 4"en "e 4a$ di$(i$$ed.
In Indirect Speec3 &nd t3ou23ts in t3e p&st
e..: ( to!d him how much ( had en>oyed
meeting him.
( thought ( had ordered a new cata!ogue8 ut (
cou!dnKt find it.
Actions producin2 /isi'le results in t3e
p&st
e..: She was co+ered in dust ecause she
had been refurbishing the out!et.
In Condition&ls !@pe III
e..: <e wou!d ha+e sa+ed the usiness from
disaster if he had asked for the he!p of a
trou!eshooting compan".
!ime EDpressions: efore8 after8 a!read"8 >ust8
for8 since8 ti!!/unti!8 " the time8 ne+er8 etc.
!ime EDpressions: for8 since8 how !ong8
efore8 unti!8 etc.
=6 0EA$S %, EOPESSI$* ,"!"E !I0E
,uture Simple
9ILL ` *erb
Auxiliar!: G/LL
-e 2oin2 to
-E W *%I$* !% W *erb
Auxiliar!: 0' ` 3GJ/.G
2J6
,uture Continuous
9ILL W -E W *erb-
in2
Auxiliar!: G/LL `
30'6
,uture Per)ect Simple
9ILL W 4A?EN4AS W Ka$t
participle 3reular8 irreular
vb$.6
Auxiliar!: G/LL `
3>A*'8>A@6
,uture Per)ect Cont6
9ILL W 4A?EN4AS W
-EE$ W *erb:in2
Predictions.
o))ers.
promises.
reCuests.
su22estions
e..: @ill "ou
help me with
the annua!
reportG /Shall (
get "ou the >o
descriptionG
@ill "ou help
me find a we!!B
paid >o in the
oi! industr"G
Intentions
e..: ( know m" assets
are +a!ua!e. (Pm going
to sell them tomorrow.
(Km going to read the
>o ad+ertisements in
the !oca! newspaper.
Actions in
pro2ress &t &
cert&in time in t3e
)uture
e..: (Pll be flying to
&aris this time
tomorrow.
)he oard will be
examining a!!
app!ications this
time ne2t week.
Actions )inis3ed 'e)ore &
cert&in )uture time.
usu&ll@ Bit3 before, by,
by then, by the time,
until2till
e..: %" the end of 9u!" he
will have been in
partnership for two months.
%" the end of 9une8 he will
have been working on
proation for one month.
%n t3e spot
decisions
e..: R$our
approach is not
f!e2i!e
enough.S
R( see. (6ll
improve it right
awa".S
Pl&nned &ctions
e..: She is going to sit
for an inter+iew ne2t
month.
Lo2ic&l
&ssumptions
&'out s'6Qs
&ctions in t3e
present
e..: <e will be
working in his
office now.
Lo2ic&l &ssumptions
&'out s'6Qs &ctions
e..: <e will have applied
for the >o " now.
%pinions.
3opes. )e&rs.
especi&ll@ Bit3
t3in1.
eDpect.
suppose.
im&2ine.
)e&r. etc6
e..: ( think
hePll pass the
test.
Possi'le &ction seen in
t3e )uture &s & result o)
st36 else
e..: <e doesnPt know
how to ana!"se the
situation. <e?s going to
make a foo! of himse!f.
Pre/iousl@
pl&nned &ctions
(inste&d o)
Present
Continuous)
e..: (6ll be seeing
the &resident of
the compan"
tonight. @ou!d
"ou !ike me to te!!
him the newsG
,uture Per)ect Cont6
An &ction up to & cert&in
time in t3e )uture.
emp3&sisin2 t3e
continuit@. usu&ll@ Bit3
'@666 )or
e..: %" ne2t Sunda"8 the"
will have been using the
new premises for two
"ears.
93en it is not
cert&in
B3et3er st36
Bill 3&ppen
(prediction)
e..: &erhaps
it?ll rain
tomorrow.
93en t3ere is e/idence
t3&t st36 Bill de)initel@
3&ppen
e..: ShePs going to
have a ner+ous
reakdown.
$ote
'@N'e)ore &re used Bit3
,uture Per)ect in positi/e
sentences; until is used
in ne2&ti/e sentences
e..: She will have cleared
her ank account " C
oPc!ock.
She won?t have deposited
an" mone" unti! C oPc!ock.
!ime EDpressions
tomorrow8 the da" after tomorrow8
tonight8 soon8 ne2t week/month/"ear8 in a
week/month/"ear8 short!"8 etc.
!ime EDpressions
this time tomorrow8 now8 " the end of 9u!"8 "
now8 for two months8 unti!8 etc.
?oice
AC!I?E /s6 PASSI?E ?%ICE
!enses Acti/e ?oice P&ssi/e ?oice
Present Simple 3a(8are8i$ `
pa$t participle6
P&st Simple 34a$84ere `
pa$t participle6
e..: )he assistant t"pes
reports.
)he" a!wa"s ook
charters in ad+ance.
e..: )he assistant t"ped
reports.
)he committee found
cheap accommodation
near the cit" centre.
e..: Reports are t"ped (" the
assistant).
Charters are a!wa"s ooked in
ad+ance.
e..: Reports were t"ped (" the
assistant).
Cheap accommodation was found
near the cit" centre " the
committee.
Present Continuous
3a(8are8i$ ` bein ` pa$t
participle6
P&st Continuous 34a$84ere
` bein ` pa$t participle6
e..: )he assistant is
t"ping reports.
e..: )he assistant was
t"ping reports.
e..: Reports are eing t"ped ("
the assistant).
e..: Reports were eing t"ped ("
the assistant).
Present Per)ect 3"ave8"a$ `
been ` pa$t participle6
P&st Per)ect 3"ad ` been `
pa$t participle6
e..: )he assistant has
t"ped reports.
e..: )he assistant had
t"ped reports.
e..: Reports ha+e een t"ped ("
the assistant).
e..: Reports had een t"ped ("
the assistant).
,uture Simple 34ill ` be `
pa$t participle6
,uture Per)ect 34ill ` "ave `
e..: )he assistant wi!!
t"pe reports.
e..: )he assistant wi!!
ha+e t"ped reports.
e..: Reports wi!! e t"ped (" the
assistant).
e..: Reports wi!! ha+e een t"ped
(" the assistant).
Condition&l 34ould ` be `
pa$t participle6
Condition&l Per)ect 34ould `
"ave ` been ` pa$t participle6
e..: )he assistant wou!d
t"pe reports.
e..: )he assistant wou!d
ha+e t"ped reports.
e..: Reports wou!d e t"ped ("
the assistant).
e..: Reports wou!d ha+e een
t"ped (" the assistant).
Present In)initi/e 3to be `
pa$t participle6
Per)ect In)initi/e 3to ` "ave
` been ` pa$t participle6
e..: )he assistant ought
to t"pe reports.
e..: )he assistant ought
to ha+e t"ped reports.
e..: Reports ought to e t"ped ("
the assistant).
e..: Reports ought to ha+e een
t"ped (" the assistant).
*erund 3bein ` pa$t
participle6
e..: )he assistant hates
peop!e asking her to t"pe
reports.
e..: )he assistant hates eing
asked to t"pe reports (" her oss).
Per)ect *erund 3"avin `
e..: )he assistant
rememers her oss
ha+ing asked her to t"pe
reports.
e..: )he assistant rememers
ha+ing een asked to t"pe reports
(" her oss).
PresentN ,uture mod&ls
3(odal ` be ` pa$t participle6
P&st mod&ls 3(odal ` "ave
e..: )he compan" might
gi+e Susan a new office.
e..: Se+era! emp!o"ees
ma" ha+e handed in their
resignations.
e..: Susan might e gi+en a new
office.
e..: Resignations ma" ha+e een
handed in " se+era! emp!o"ees.
$%!EE
2"e object of t"e active verb beco(e$ t"e $ubject of t"e pa$$ive verb. 2"e $ubject of t"e active verb
beco(e$ t"e U&2entV of t"e pa$$ive verb and i$ preceded b! U'@V. 2"e aent i$ o(itted 4"en it i$ &) a
pronoun7 ') 4ord$ like one. someone. people7 etc7 c) ea$il! under$tood. (Someone destro"ed the
documents. - )he documents were destroyed.) &o$t tran$itive verb$ can be u$ed in t"e pa$$ive.
0%#AL ?E-S
C3&r&cteristics:
- defective 3$o(e of t"eir for($ are (i$$in6
- t"e $a(e for( in all per$on$ e.. ( can swim./ <e can swim.
- t"e neative i$ for(ed b! puttin not after t"e (odal and t"e interroative b! invertin $ubject and
(odal verb e.. <e must not do that./ *a" he comeG
- follo4ed b! t"e infinitive in an! of it$ for($ e.. $ou shou!dnKt !augh at his mistakes./ @e must ha+e
taken a wrong turning.
0od&l /er' "se
0ust h "i" probabilit!
e..: <e must e the -enera! *anager.
h internal obliation
( must read the agenda first.
4&/e to h external obliation
e..: $ou have to attend the meetingQ
Could h pa$t abilit!
e..: <e could read the accounts !ast "ear.
h probabilit!8 po$$ibilit!
e..: (t could e him8 ut (Km not sure.
S3ould h advice
e..: $ou should he!p the !ueBco!!ar workerQ
0&@ h probabilit!8 po$$ibilit!
e..: <e may arri+e ear!ier than e2pected.
h per(i$$ion
e..: $ou may sign the contract now.
0i23t h probabilit!8 po$$ibilit!
e..: She might he!p "ou8 ut ( dout it.
C&n h abilit!
e..: <e can easi!" make or reak dea!s.
h re9ue$t
e..: Can "ou hand me the !edgerG
*E"$#S A$# I$,I$I!I?ES
!4E *E"$#
For(:
!E$SE AC!I?E PASSI?E
Present writing eing written
Per)ect ha+ing written ha+ing een written
e..: ( consider mo+ing to the town.
( considered mo+ing to the town.
<e denied ha+ing een there.
-it (a! "ave it$ o4n $ubject
e..: <e resented m"/me eing promoted.
She insisted on the chi!dren doing the washing.
"se:
16 &s & su'8ect
e..: Learning a !anguage is difficu!t.
26 &s &n o'8ect &)ter t3e /er's: appreciate7 ad(it7 avoid7 be bu$!7 con$ider7 den!7 dela!7 dete$t7 di$like7
enjo!7 e$cape7 excu$e7 fini$"7 i(aine7 keep on7 (ention7 (ind7 (i$$ po$tpone7 practi$e7 recollect7
$ue$t7 under$tand7 ri$k7 can;t "elp7 can;t re$i$t7 can;t $tand7 it;$ 4ort"7 4ant7 need
e..: ( tried to a+oid meeting him.
( can no !onger de!a" writing him.
She is us" preparing for the part".
( suggest going.
,o "ou mind m" smokingG
;6 *erund or In)initi/eK
a6 propose S intend: ( propose to go to London on @ednesda". 3/nfinitive6
S $ue$t: ( propose resting for ha!f an hour. 3Gerund6
b6 )or2et. remem'er. recollect. re2ret ` /nfinitive 3S $i(ultaneou$ action$6
e..: ,id "ou rememer/ didnKt "ou forget to post the !etterG
)or2et. remem'er. recollect. re2ret ` Gerund 3S pa$t action$6
e..: ( rememer posting the !etter8 ut she sa"s8 she hasnKt recei+ed it.
c6 stop ` /nfinitive
e..: ( stopped to greet him. 3$top in order to do $t".8 4it" t"e purpo$e of doin $t".6
stop ` Gerund
e..: <e stopped ta!king. 3S 9uit7 fini$"6
<e stopped me from !istening to the radio. 3prevent $b. fro( doin $t".6
d6 2o ` /nfinitive
e..: LetKs go to u" him a present.
2o ` Gerund
e..: LetKs go dancing/ shopping/ fishing/ hunting.
e6 tr@ ` /nfinitive: ( tried to open the door. 3atte(pt6
` Gerund: @h" didnKt "ou tr" using a screwBdri+erG 3experi(ent6
<6 ?er's W Prepositions: to $ucceed in7 to apoloize for7 to co(plain of8 about7 to t"ank for7 to look
for4ard to7 to be fed up 4it"7 to in$i$t on7 to intend on7 to object to7 to foret about7 to 4orr! about7 to rel!
on7 to t"ink of8 about7 to depend on7 to forive for7 to arue about7 to approve of7 to bla(e for7 to care
about7 to 4arn about7 to boa$t of7 to drea( of7 to t"reaten 4it"7 to $pend on7 to prevent fro(7 to puni$" for7
to infor( about7 to count on7 to feel like7 to learn about7 to ai( at7 to "e$itate at7 to fi"t 8 $trule aain$t7
to retire fro(7 to believe in7 to con$i$t of7 to participate in7 to decide on7 to focu$ on7 to concentrate on
e..: (Km !ooking forward to meeting him.
<e succeeded in passing the e2am.
She apo!ogi.ed for eing !ate.
=6 Ad8ecti/es W Prepositions
3to be anr!7 anxiou$7 certain7 ent"u$ia$tic7 "app!7 opti(i$tic7 plea$ed7 $ure7 4orried ` &'out)
3to be a$toni$"ed7 bad7 clever7 deli"ted7 expert7 ood7 $urpri$ed ` &t6
3to be re$pon$ible7 $orr!7 $uitable7 u$eful ` )or6
3to be con$i$tent7 correct7 experienced7 fortunate7 "elpful7 intere$ted7 late7 9uick7 $lo47 $ucce$$ful ` in6
3to be afraid7 a$"a(ed7 a4are7 certain7 convinced7 fond7 uilt!7 proud7 tired ` o)6
3to be ba$ed7 dependent7 keen ` on6
3to be accu$to(ed7 oppo$ed ` to6
3to be bored7 content7 di$appointed7 "app!7 $ati$fied7 $ick7 up$et ` Bit36
66 $ouns W Prepositions
3to "ave doubt$ ` &'out6
3to "ave cau$e7 rea$on ` )or6
3to "ave belief7 confidence7 deli"t7 difficult!7 experience7 fait"7 intere$t7 luck7 pride ` in6
3to "ave "abit7 intention7 "ope7 opportunit! ` o)6
3to "ave contribution7 objection7 oppo$ition ` to6
E. Inste&d o)7 Bit3out7 &2&inst7 in spite o)8 despite ` Gerund
e..: <e sta"ed at home instead of going for a ho!ida". / ( am against spending so much mone".
!4E I$,I$I!I?E
For(:
!E$SE AC!I?E PASSI?E
Present to write to e written
Present Continuous to e writing
Per)ect to ha+e written to ha+e een written
Per)ect Continuous to ha+e een writing
e..: ( am g!ad to see "ou. 3Kre$ent6
<e turned out to e s!eeping. 3Kre$ent Continuou$6
( was g!ad to ha+e met him. 3Kerfect6
<e turned out to ha+e een waiting for us for a !ong time. 3Kerfect Continuou$6
"se:
16 As & su'8ect:
e..: )o !earn !anguages is difficu!t.
26 A)ter some &d8ecti/es: bad7 difficult7 ea$!7 ood7 "ard7 po$$ible7 i(po$$ible7 nece$$ar!7 u$ele$$7 nice7
clever7 ood7 kind7 4i$e7 $ill!7 $tupid7 $elfi$"
e..: (t is hard to understand him. (<e is hard to understand.)
(t was wise of her not to go there.
;6 A)ter some /er's: afford7 aree7 ai(7 appear7 arrane7 bein7 bot"er7 care7 clai(7 decide7 de(and7
deter(ine7 expect7 fail7 "appen7 "e$itate7 foret7 "ope7 "ate7 intend7 learn7 like7 love7 (anae7 offer7 (ean7
need7 prepare7 pretend7 pro(i$e7 refu$e7 re(e(ber7 reret7 propo$e7 prove7 $tart7 tend7 $ee(7 $4ear7
t"reaten7 tr!7 trouble7 turn out7 4ant7 4i$"
e..: ( happened to e in the shop when he came in.
<e seems to ha+e !ost something.
)he po!ice hope to so!+e the crime soon.
<6 Accus&ti/e W In)initi/e: advi$e7 allo47 appoint7 a$k7 be7 c"allene7 dare7 co((and7 direct7 enable7
encourae7 expect7 force7 "elp7 i(plore7 in$pire7 in$truct7 invite7 lead7 order7 per$uade7 re(ind7 re9ue$t7
$ti(ulate7 teac"7 tell7 tru$t7 4ant7 4arn
e..: @h" do "ou want me to e hereG
<e asked her not to cr".
(Kd !ike "ou to he!p me.
L Accu$ative ` $"ort /nfinitive
a6 let7 (ake7 "ave
e..: Let me he!p "ou.
,onKt make me !aughQ
@h" donKt "ou ha+e the tap mendedG
b6 verb$ of perception 3"ear7 $ee7 notice6
e..: ( see the c!ouds gather.
LL- to /nfinitive in Ka$$ive *oice
e..: <e was seen to go into the ui!ding.
@e were made to work hard.
=6 $omin&ti/e W In)initi/e
a6 after intran$itive verb$ 3$ee(7 appear7 prove7 "appen7 turn out6
e..: <e seemed to e p!eased with the resu!ts.
b6 after verb$ of perception
e..: <e was seen to go into the ui!ding.
c6 After t"e follo4in verb$: $a!7 tell7 believe7 t"ink
e..: <e is said to e c!e+er.
<e is e!ie+ed to ha+e een promoted.
66 !oo. Enou23
e..: (t is too difficu!t for me to understand.
(Km not rich enough to u" a house.
)his g!ass is too dirt" to drink from.
H6 !3e )irstN t3e secondN t3e l&stN t3e onl@ W to In)initi/e
e..: <e !o+es parties8 he is the first to come and the !ast to !ea+e.
F6 ,or W to In)initi/e
e..: )he" arranged for her to come.
SYNTAX
!4E SE$!E$CE
roup of 4ord$ expre$$in a t"ou"t in t"e for( of a $tate(ent7 9ue$tion7 in$truction or
excla(ation7 u$uall! containin a verb.

t@pes
$i(ple
co(plex

rel&tions3ip 'etBeen sentences
coordination
$ubordination
!4E CLA"SE
a 4ord or roup of 4ord$ ordinaril! con$i$tin of a $ubject and a predicateT $entence$ con$i$t of
one or (ore clau$e$.
9%# %#E
in 'nli$"7 4ord order i$ ver! i(portant
a $entence in 'nli$" u$uall! contain$ at lea$t t"ree ele(ent$: sub>ect, verb, and ob>ect
t"e t!pical 4ord order in an 'nli$" $entence i$ a$ follo4$
positi+e sentences:
Sub>ect !erb ,ndirect
3b>ect
1irect
3b>ect
*dverb of
+lace
*dverb of
#ime
*dverb of
(anner
)he fina! form
of the
contract
was signed in the
conference
ha!!
"esterda".
7ur !atest
ad+ertisemen
t
promotes a hea!th"
wa" of !ife
in a
shocking
wa".
*" co!!eague to!d me to so!+e the
pro!em.
=uestions:

,nterrogativ
e
*uxiliary
verb
Sub>ect 3ther
verb<s=
,ndirect
3b>ect
1irect
3b>ect
*dverb
of +lace
*dverb of
#ime
*dverb
of
(anner
@hat did the
tra+e!
agenc"
offer to our
compan"
G
4re "ou going
to start
a
strike
in front
of the
factor"
tomorrow
G
!5PES %, S"-%#I$A!E CLA"SES
$oun Cl&uses
in $entence$ noun-clau$e$ perfor( t"e $a(e function$ t"at noun$ doT
t"e! can pla! t"e follo4in role$:
su'8ect o) & /er'
o'8ect o) & /er': after $uc" verb$ a$: imagine8 know8 !earn8 rememer8 sa"8 te!!8
think8 wonder8 etc.
su'8ect complement: after $uc" noun$ a$: concern8 desire8 mistake8 opinion8
pro!em8 =uestion8 truth8 wish8 etc. O the +er Rto eS
o'8ect o) & preposition: after $uc" expre$$ion$ a$: to e aware of8 to e
concerned with8 to e responsi!e for8 to !isten to8 to !earn aout8 etc.
&d8ecti/e complement: after $uc" adjective$ a$: afraid8 g!ad8 happ"8 sad8 etc.
el&ti/e Cl&uses
pla! t"e role of an adjectiveT
can de$cribe per$on$7 t"in$ and event$T
are introduced b! relative pronoun$ $uc" a$:
B3o
B3ic3
t3&t
B3om
B3ose
B3ere
B3en
B3@
etc.
t@pes
defining: provide e$$ential infor(ation and t"e (ain clau$e doe$ not (ake proper $en$e 4it"out
itT no co((a bet4een t"e (ain clau$e and t"e relative clau$e
e..
7n!" app!icants who have work experience wi!! e short!isted for the inter+iew.
nonBdefining: provide additional infor(ation about t"e $ubject and can be o(ittedT al4a!$ 4ritten
bet4een co((a$
e..
)he +iceBpresident8 who had no idea about their plans8 re>ected their offer.
!ime Cl&uses
$"o4 t"e (o(ent 4"en an action take$ placeT
introduced b! $uc" conjunction$ a$: after, as, before, since, until, when, while
can $"o4:
an action takin place after t"e action in t"e (ain clau$e:
e.g.: @e shou!d read the usiness p!an e2treme!" carefu!!" efore the ank offers them the !oan.
an action takin place before t"e action in t"e (ain clau$e:
e.g.: 4fter the" had de!i+ered the product improper!"8 the" decided to offer us a discount due to the
damages.
an action takin place at t"e $a(e (o(ent a$ t"e action in t"e (ain clau$e:
e.g.: @hen the manager arri+es8 ( wi!! te!! him "ou phoned.
an action at a non-$pecific ti(e:
e.g.: 4!wa"s ask for further information when something is not c!ear enough.
never u$e a future form in a ti(e clau$eL in ti(e clau$e$
future becomes present
e..:
You Bill send (e t"e paper$.
( wi!! gi+e "ou an answer when "ou send me the papers.
future perfect becomes present perfect
e..
>e Bill 3&/e t&1en a deci$ion b! t"e end of t"e 4eek.
<e wi!! inform us as soon as he has taken a decision.
$%!E
.ot all $entence$ introduced b! when are ti(e clau$e$L @hen can al$o introduce noun clau$e$7 in 4"ic"
ca$e a future for( can be u$ed after 4"en.
e..
Co(pare
/ 4ill $tart 4ritin t"e report B3en $"e comes.
3when 4ill / $tartR = ti(e clau$e6
/ 4ould like to kno4 B3en "e Bill come.
3what 4ould / like to kno4R = direct object clau$e6
Condition&l Cl&uses
$"o4 a condition;
are introduced b!: if, unless, provided, but only if
t@pes
Conditional Clau$e &ain Clau$e
)irst
probable condition
Present Simple
(f the compan" applies an e=ua!
opportunities po!ic"8
,uture Simple
peop!e of a!! races will
find a >o.
second
i(probable
condition
P&st Simple
(f companies provided more
>os8
Bould W In)6
unemp!o"ment would be
reduced.
t3ird
i(po$$ible
condition
P&st Per)ect
(f the managers in the compan"
had attended courses on
communication8
Bould 3&/e W ;
rd
)orm o)
t3e /er'
there wou!dnKt ha+e een
an" consumer comp!aints.
Co(bination$ of t!pe$ t4o and A (a! occur7 dependin on t"e (eanin.
e..
Co(pare
All t"e e(plo!ee$ 4"o 4orked on t"e project 4ere fired.
,f , had worked on t"at project , would be une(plo!ed no4.
,f , had worked on t"at project , would have been fired.
$%!E
no )uture )orm $"ould be u$ed in conditional clau$e$L
>o4ever. if can al$o introduce noun clau$e$7 in 4"ic" ca$e t"e above rule no loner applie$
e..
Co(pare
/ 4ill bu! t"e "ou$e i) "e si2ns t"e contract.
3under what conditions 4ill / bu! t"e "ou$eR = conditional clau$e6
2"e (anaer 4anted to kno4 i) "e Bill si2n t"e contract.
3what did "e 4ant to kno4R = direct object clau$e6
SEA"E$CE %, !E$SES
eported Speec3
reported or indirect speec3 re)ers to t3e situ&tion in B3ic3 Be report B3&t some'od@ s&id
o reCuests &nd comm&nds = reported 4it" t"e infinitive
o st&tements
t"e verb of t"e $ubordinate 3object clau$e6 re(ain$ in t"e $a(e ten$e a$ it 4a$ in t"e direct
$peec" 4"en t"e (ain clau$e contain$ a verb in t"e pre$entT
4"en t"e verb in t"e (ain clau$e i$ in t"e p&st tense7 t"e follo4in c"ane$ occur in t"e
$ubordinate clau$e:
tenses 3back$"ift6:
#IEC! SPEEC4 I$#IEC! SPEEC4
Kre$ent @i(ple Ka$t @i(ple
Kre$ent Continuou$ Ka$t Continuou$
Kre$ent Kerfect @i(ple Ka$t Kerfect @i(ple
Kre$ent Kerfect Continuou$ Ka$t Kerfect Continuou$
Ka$t @i(ple Ka$t Kerfect @i(ple
Ka$t Continuou$ Ka$t Kerfect Continuou$
Ka$t Kerfect @i(ple Ka$t Kerfect @i(ple
Ka$t Kerfect Continuou$ Ka$t Kerfect Continuou$
Future @i(ple Future in t"e Ka$t
Future Continuou$ Future Continuou$ in t"e Ka$t
mod&l /er's
(a! (i"t
can could
(u$t "ad to 8 4a$7 4ere to
"ave to "ad to
4ill 4ould
$"all $"ould
&d/er's &nd pronouns
"ere t"ere
no4 t"en
toda! t"at da!
!e$terda! t"e da! before 8 t"e previou$ da!
la$t 4eek t"e 4eek before 8 t"e previou$ 4eek
to(orro4 t"e next da! 8 t"e follo4in da!
next 4eek t"e next 4eek 8 t"e follo4in 4eek
t"i$ t"at
t"e$e t"o$e
o Cuestions
t"e 4ord order of t"e $ubordinate clau$e follo4$ t"e 4ord order of t"e declarative $entence.
Cl&use Connectors
con>unctions
dependent words
transitional expressions
Con8unctions #ependent
Bords
!r&nsition&l
eDpressions
cause and
effect clau$e$: $"o4 t"e
cau$e of t"e action fro(
t"e (ain clau$e or it$
re$ult.
for
$o
a$
becau$e
if
$ince
$o t"at
unle$$
accordinl!
a$ a re$ult
con$e9uentl!
for t"i$ rea$on
"ence
ot"er4i$e
t"en
t"erefore
t"u$
comparison
and contrast clau$e$:
can $"o4 eit"er a
co(pari$on or a
conce$$ionT
but
!et
alt"ou"
a$ 8 t"an
even t"ou"
t"ou"
4"erea$
4"ile
b! co(pari$on
b! contra$t
even $o
"o4ever
in t"e $a(e 4a!
like4i$e
nevert"ele$$
on t"e contrar!
on t"e ot"er "and
$i(ilarl!
$till
examples and
conclusions
after
for exa(ple
for in$tance
in conclu$ion
in $u((ar!
in fact
in ot"er 4ord$
in particular
of cour$e
$pecificall!
time clau$e$: $"o4 t"e
(o(ent 4"en t"e action
fro( t"e (ain clau$e took
place.
and after
a$
before
$ince
until
al$o
after4ard
at t"e $a(e ti(e
be$ide$
earlier
4"en 3èver6
4"ile
eventuall!
finall!
fir$t
furt"er(ore
in addition
later
(ean4"ile
(oreover
next
no4
$oon
t"en
too
#%NC&I'NS #I$ES
B!SINESS C&MM!NICATI&N F!NCTI&NS c
94A! AE !4E5K
2"e 0O@/.'@@ CJ&&O./CA2/J. FO.C2/J.@ are li$t$ of expre$$ion$ coverin t"e bu$ine$$ 'nli$"
topic$ $tudied b! 5$t and ?nd !ear underraduate $tudent$ (ajorin in a bu$ine$$8econo(ic$-related
field at t"e 0abe)-0ol!ai Oniver$it! of Cluj-.apoca7 Ro(ania 3t"e Facult! of 'cono(ic$ and 0u$ine$$
Ad(ini$tration7 t"e Facult! of 0u$ine$$7 t"e Facult! of 'uropean @tudie$ and /nternational Relation$ and
t"e Facult! of Kolitical @cience and Kublic Ad(ini$tration6.
4%9 CA$ !4E5 -E "SE#K
'ac" li$t co(pri$e$ expre$$ion$ related to a $pecific function7 identified b! a "eadin. 2"e expre$$ion$
are acco(panied b! e$$ential ra((atical infor(ation and relevant exa(ple$. /t re$t$ 4it" $tudent$ to
look up t"e$e vocabular! ite($ for (eanin$7 ot"er exa(ple$ and collocation$ 3$ee R'CJ&&'.D'D
@JORC'@ belo46. 2"e$e function$ 4ill be cu$to(ized b! cour$e leader$ in $!llabu$8cour$e for(at$ and
al$o te$t for(at$. @tudent$ (ajorin in bu$ine$$8econo(ic$-related field$ are officiall! expected to (a$ter
t"e u$ae of t"e ite($ to be found on t"e$e li$t$7 alon 4it" related ele(ent$ 3collocation$ and ot"er
expre$$ion$67 4it" t"e "elp of t"e $ource$ reco((ended 3$ee belo46. Furt"er uidance 4ill be available
in cla$$7 fro( t"e a$$ined cour$e leader$.
EC%00E$#E# S%"CES
<
0rieer7 .ick7 @4eene!7 @i(on. 35PPB8later6. )he Language of %usiness Eng!ish. -rammar and
Functions8 .e4 York: Krentice >all.
Le$ikar7 R. *.7 Kettit7 N. D. Nr.7 Flatle!7 &. '. 35PPA6. %asic %usiness Communication. Cth Edition. O@A:
Ric"ard D. /r4in.
Camridge 4d+anced LearnerKs ,ictionar" 3?nd edition67 Ca(bride Oniver$it! Kre$$7 ?HHC8later
Longman %usiness Eng!ish ,ictionar"7 Lon(an7 ?HHE8later
*acmi!!an Eng!ish ,ictionar" for 4d+anced Learners 3?nd edition67 &ac(illan7 ?HHE8later
72ford Co!!ocations ,ictionar" for Students of Eng!ish7 Jxford Oniver$it! Kre$$7 ?HH?8later
#ISCLAI0E
@tudent$ $"ould note t"at t"e li$ted ite($ do not nece$$aril! cover t"e topic$ in an ex"au$tive (annerT
ot"er8(ore 4ord$ and p"ra$e$ (a! be u$ed in cu$to(ized cour$e book$ and te$t$ = a$$ined cour$e
leader$ 4ill provide furt"er infor(ation in t"i$ re$pect. G"ile all topic$ 4ill be introduced in cla$$7 $tudent$
are expected to devote a(ple ti(e to reinforcin vocabular! 3"o(e a$$in(ent$67 ba$ed on t"e uidance
provided. &a$ter! of t"e function$ li$ted "ere pre$uppo$e$ con$tant practice and $elf-$tud! for $ucce$$.
4
9e'sites Bit3 more in)orm&tion on t3e sources indic&ted: "ttp:88444.ca(bride.or8elt8dictionarie$8cald."t(7
"ttp:88444.pear$on.c"8Lanuae2eac"in8Dictionarie$8Dictionarie$-0riti$"85BBP8PEFHCF?AHDHDD8.e4-'dition-Lon(an-0u$ine$$-
'nli$".a$px7 "ttp:88444.(ac(illandictionarie$.co(8"o(e."t(7 "ttp:88444.oup.co(8elt8cataloue8i$bn8H-5P-BA5?BA-ERccSlobal.
,ree:&ccess online diction&ries: "ttp:88dictionar!.ca(bride.or87 "ttp:88444.ldoceonline.co(87
"ttp:88444.oup.co(8elt8cataloue8teac"er$ite$8oaldE8RccSlobal.
16 LI7ES A$# PE,EE$CES
5.5. @A&KL' @'.2'.C': [I Bould r&t3er (ake a bet t"an ju$t $it and 4atc".\
30ill Gate$7 "ttp:88tec"on.nikkeibp.co.jp8enli$"8.'G@^'.8?HHDHD?A855FBFH86
5.?. FJR&@ Q O@'@:
5.?.5. Li1e
2"e! li1e t"e ne4 (anain director.
/ li1e to do t"in$ b! t"e book.
>e li1es vi$itin "i$ client$ dail!.
@"e li1es (e to keep to (! aenda.
5.?.?. 9ould li1e
/ Bould li1e a better co(puter.
2"e! Bould li1e to "ave le$$ fre9uent bu$ine$$ trip$.
/ Bould li1e all t"e file$ read! for to(orro4.
5.?.A. Pre)er
/ pre)er $(all bank$ to lare bank$ 4"en takin a loan.
/ pre)er to "ave our (eetin in t"e afternoon.
2"e! pre)er inve$tin in $"are$.
@"e pre)ers (e to do prepare t"e (inute$ ri"t after eac" (eetin.
5.?.B. 9ould r&t3er
/ Bould r&t3er not brin t"i$ up in t"e (eetin.
/ Bould r&t3er !ou 4aited until later.
26 AS7I$* ,% A$# *I?I$* %PI$I%$S
?.5. @A&KL' @'.2'.C': [Are @ou &'solutel@ positi/e t3&t !ou are deductin t"e correct a(ount of
tax fro( !our e(plo!ee$; $alarie$R\ 3"ttp:88444.$anla(-cobalt.co.za8need$.j$p6
?.?. FJR&@ A.D O@'@
?.?.5. A@+/.G FJR JK/./J.@
?.?.5.5. @tronl!
Are @ou &'solutel@ positi/eN con/incedN sure t3&t !ou can (anae on !our o4nR
#o @ou 3onestl@N re&ll@ t3in1 t3&t t"i$ i$ t"e be$t optionR
#o @ou 3onestl@N re&ll@ 'elie/e t3&t "e i$ t"e be$t for t"e jobR
?.?.5.?. .eutrall!
#o @ou t3in1 t"i$ propo$al i$ for(al enou"R
#o @ou 'elie/e t3&t 4e are t"e be$t on t"e (arketR
#o @ou consider t3&t t"e! are not i(portant rival$R
Am I ri23t in t3in1in2 t3&t 4e $"ould rai$e $alarie$R
?.?.5.A. 2actfull!
9ould I 'e ri23t in t3in1in2N &ssumin2 t3&t !ou 4ere unprepared for t"e (eetinR
Am I to underst&nd t3&t !ou 4ould like to leaveR
?.?.?. G/*/.G JK/./J.@
?.?.?.5. @tronl!
I de)initel@N cert&inl@N t3in1 t3&t "e i$ not a ood (anaer.
I &m con/incedN positi/eN sure t3&t 4e can find a replace(ent.
I stron2l@ 'elie/e t3&t t"i$ i$ t"e be$t job / "ave ever "ad.
I re&ll@ )eel t3&t / $"ouldn;t "ave one to t"at intervie4.
I 3&/e &'solutel@ no dou't t3&t !ou 4ill (anae in !our ne4 po$ition.
I re&ll@ do t3in1 t3&t t"i$ i$ an excellent opportunit! for !ou.
It is m@ stron2 'elie) t3&t !ou $"ould not ive up.
?.?.?.?. .eutrall!
In m@ /ieBN opinion 4e $"ould recon$ider our (arketin $trate!.
I t3in1N 'elie/eN considerN )eel t3&t our price$ are exaeratedl! "i".
As I see it "e 4ill leave before t"e end of t"e !ear.
!o m@ mind 4e $"ould reva(p our product$ a$ $oon a$ po$$ible.
,rom m@ point o) /ieB "e i$ not cut out for t"i$ job.
As )&r &s I &m concerned !ou $"ould "ave c"o$en anot"er bank.
?.?.?.A. Geakl!
I &m inclined to t3in1 t3&t !ou 4ould be better off in t"e creative depart(ent.
I tend to t3in1 t3&t 4e are lo$in (arket $"are.
;6 A*EEI$* A$# #ISA*EEI$*
A.5. @A&KL' @'.2'.C': [I tot&ll@ &2ree Bit3 @ou. /f !ou 4ant a profitable "o(e ba$ed bu$ine$$ !ou
"ave to find leader$. 2"en train t"e leader$.\ 3"ttp:88"ubpae$.co(8foru(8topic8?BDHipo$tB?HCA6
A.?. FJR&@ A.D O@'@:
A.?.5. Kartial aree(ent
M4it" $o(eone
I Bould &2ree Bit3 @ou. 'ut t"e $tati$tic$ are irrelevant.
!o & cert&in eDtentN "p to & point 4e could tru$t "i(.
5ou m&@ 3&/e somet3in2 t3ere. 'ut /;( not $ure t"e! 4ill believe !ou.
I c&n see B3&t @ou me&n. 'ut "o4 4ill !ou (anae financiall!R
5ou m&@ 'e ri23t. 'ut $"ouldn;t !ou con$ider ot"er alternative$ a$ 4ellR
Mto $o(et"in
!o & cert&in eDtentN "p to & point / t"ink t"e tea(buildin 4a$ a $ucce$$.
!3&t m&@ 'e true. 'ut t"eir price$ are "i"er.
I Bould &ccept t3&t. 'ut / 4ould re9uire a ne4 co(puter.
A.?.?. Aree(ent
M 4it" $o(eone
I tot&ll@ &2ree Bit3 @ou.
I &m in tot&l &2reement Bit3 @ou.
I completel@N )ull@ &2ree6
Mto $o(et"in
I tot&ll@ &ccept t3&t / "ave to do "i$ job too.
I )ull@N completel@ &2ree to t"e ter($ of t"e contract.
I &m &ll in )&/or o) t"e $trate!.
A.?.A. Di$aree(ent
M4it" $o(eone
I c&nLtN donLt &2ree Bit3 @ou6
I 'e2 to di))er6
Mto $o(et"in
I c&nLtN donLt &ccept t3&t6
<6 CA"SE A$# E,,EC!
B.5. @A&KL' @'.2'.C': [Ger(an!X$ finance (ini$ter "a$ ad(itted for t"e fir$t ti(e t"at t"e
introduction of euro note$ and coin$ al(o$t five (ont"$ ao 3&s led to $inificant price ri$e$ acro$$ t"e
countr! and left con$u(er$ feelin t"e! are carr!in t"e burden of t"e tran$ition to t"e ne4 currenc!.\
3"ttp:88444.uardian.co.uk8bu$ine$$8?HH?8(a!85A8t"eeuro.europeanunion6
B.?. FJR&@ A.D O@'@:
Mto lead to
2"e $udden ri$e in price$ 3&s led to decrea$ed purc"a$e$.
Mto re$ult in
>i$ lack of (otivation resulted in "i$ bein fired.
Mto brin about
2"e $"arp drop in intere$t rate$ 'rou23t &'out c"ane$ in people;$ life$t!le$.
Mto ive ri$e to
2"e (ore fre9uent trainin$ 2&/e rise to an increa$ed level of $ati$faction a(on e(plo!ee$.
Mto account for
/n$ufficient incentive$ &ccount )or a lo4 level of job $ati$faction in t"i$ oranization.
Mto be re$pon$ible for
Fe4er opportunitie$ to travel &re responsi'le )or in$ufficient net4orkin 4it" ot"er co(panie$.
Mto ari$e fro(
Oncertaint! &rises )rom i(proper co((unication a(on $taff.
Mto $te( fro(
/ncrea$ed de(and in our product stems )rom our co(petitive price$.
Mbecau$e8 a$8 $ince8 for
/ could not attend t"e (eetin 'ec&use / 4a$ bu$! 4it" client$.
Mdue to8 becau$e of8 o4in to8 a$ a con$e9uence of8 on account of ` noun p"ra$e
#ue to t"e recent (erer bet4een our rival$7 4e are in daner of beco(in unco(petitive.
Mt"erefore8 $o8 accordinl!8 con$e9uentl!8 a$ a con$e9uence8 a$ a re$ult8 "ence8 t"u$8 becau$e of t"i$8
t"at i$ t"e rea$on 4"!
A lot of $tudent$ raduated t"i$ !ear. !3ere)ore7 t"ere are fe4er job opportunitie$.
=6 EA"ES!I$* I$,%0A!I%$ A$# AC!I%$
C.5. @A&KL' @'.2'.C': [#o @ou 3&ppen to 1noB "o4 t"e ratio of (arket value to $ale$ revenue "a$
c"aned over t"e !ear$R\ 3"ttp:88444.cu$to(er$andcapital.co(8book8kenton$întervie486
C.?. FJR&@ A.D O@'@:
C.?.5. Re9ue$tin infor(ation
C.?.5.5. Directl!
Could @ou tell me 4"ere to look for "i(R
#o @ou 1noB 4"en t"e (eetin $tart$R
IQd li1e to 1noB "o4 (uc" t"i$ book co$t$.
Could @ou )ind out 4"en $"e 4ill be backR
IQm interested in bu!in t"i$ "ou$e.
IQm loo1in2 )or infor(ation on t"i$ fli"t.
Doe$ !our co(pan! offer $ti(ulatin incentive$ to it$ e(plo!ee$R
C.?.5.?. /ndirectl!
#o @ou 3&ppen to 1noB 4"at t"e intere$t rate i$R
I Bonder i) @ou 1noB "o4 to reac" "er.
I Bonder i) @ou could tell me "o4 to order t"i$ product.
Could @ou )ill me in a bit on t"e late$t ne4$R
C&n @ou put me in t3e picture &'out t"e ne4 colleaue$R
C.?.?. Re9ue$tin action
C.?.?.5. Directl!
Ple&se $end (e t"e report before noon.
C.?.?.?. /ndirectl!
Could @ou ple&se $end (e an e-(ail 4it" t"e detail$ of t"e contractR
I Bonder i) @ou could p"otocop! t"i$ file for (e.
#o @ou t3in1 @ou could lend (e !our laptopR
9ould @ou mind $endin (e t"at report toda!R
66 %-LI*A!I%$S A$# EA"IE0E$!S
D.5. @A&KL' @'.2'.C': W/f capitali$( i$ to be iven a ood na(e7 t"en e$$entiall! capitali$t$ need to
ive back to $ociet!.W
3Ric"ard 0ran$on7 "ttp:88444.uardian.co.uk8(edia8?HHD8apr8?F8cit!ne4$.(onda!(edia$ection6
D.?. FJR&@ Q O@'@:
!4E %-LI*E
D.?.5. %'li2e someone to do somet3in2
MreCuire:
2"e$e attitude$ reCuire u$ to re-evaluate our (i$$ion.
X)orce:
2"e! 3&/e )orced u$ to co(pl! 4it" ne4 reulation$.
Xcompel:
2"e ne4 (arket realit! 3&s compelled u$ to t"ink of environ(entall! friendl! practice$.
Xm&1e:
2"e$e c"ane$ 3&/e m&de u$ realize t"e (anaerial approac" 4a$ indeed 4orkin.
Mdem&nd:
>e dem&nded t"at 4e 9uit $(okin durin lunc" break$.
Xo'li2e:
2"e tea( leader 3&s o'li2ed u$ to adopt t"e ne4 dre$$ code.
D.?.?. %'li2e someone not to do somet3in2
Xpro3i'it:
2"e la4 pro3i'its e(plo!er$ )rom di$cri(inatin aain$t t"e elderl!.
X)or'id:
2"e code of et"ic$ )or'ids u$ )rom acceptin ift$ fro( client$.
M '&n
2"e! 3&/e '&nned t3em )rom attendin future fair$.
!4E %-LI*E#
D.?.A. %'li2ed to do somet3in2
Mmust
/ must Brite a lot of report$ dail!.
X3&/e to
/ 3&/e to prepare a pre$entation for to(orro4;$ (eetin.
Xneed to
2"e! need to $peak to t"e (anaer about t"e i$$ue at "and.
M'e reCuired to
@"e is reCuired to interact 4it" potential bu!er$.
M'e supposed to
2"e tea( is supposed to (eet a ti"t deadline6
X'e )orced to
2ania B&s )orced to brin t"e di$cu$$ion to an end6

D.?.B. %'li2ed not to do somet3in2
Xmust notN mustnLt
2"e$e rule$ must not 'e 'ro1en or ter(ination of e(plo!(ent follo4$ $"ort.
Mnot 'e &lloBed to
2"e co(pan! is not &lloBed to appl! for bank loan$.
Mnot 'e permitted toN'e pro3i'ited )rom
2"e e(plo!ee$ &re not permitted to (ake per$onal p"one call$ 4"ile at 4ork.
Mm&@ not
Accountant$ m&@ not coo1 t"e nu(ber$.
Mc&nnotN c&nLt
2"e (anaer c&nnot dismiss e(plo!ee$ 4it"out a for(al notice.

D.?.C. $ot o'li2ed to do somet3in2
Mneed notNneednLt
You neednLt &2ree 4it" all co(pan! policie$.
Mnot 3&/e toNnot need to
&anaer$ donLt 3&/e to "ave a $olid econo(ic backround.
H6 A-ILI!5 A$# I$A-ILI!5
E.5. @A&KL' @'.2'.C': [/f !ou c&n $"ape !our bu$ine$$ life or !our 4orkin life7 !ou c&n ju$t look at it
a$ anot"er exten$ion--!ou ju$t fulfill all !our value$ a$ a "u(an bein in t"e 4ork place.\
3"ttp:88444.$"areuide.co(8Roddick."t(l6
E.?. FJR&@ A.D O@'@
E.?.5. 0A7I$* S%0E%$E A-LE % S%0E!4I$* P%SSI-LE
2"e trainin cour$e$ en&'le e(plo!ee$ to i(prove t"eir $kill$.
2"e$e reulation$ &lloB u$ to react effectivel! in a cri$i$.
2"e bank permits u$ to re9ue$t account a$$i$tance.
'(plo!ee$ c&n be pro(oted fa$t in our co(pan!.
9e &re &'le to u$e an! con$ultanc! bu$ine$$ on t"e (arket.
Andre4 is c&p&'le o) 4orkin overti(e 4"en re9ue$ted6
2"e pe$$i(i$tic $ale$ report 3&s pre/ented us )rom ac"ievin our taret$.
Jur $uperior$ pro3i'it us )rom enain in infor(al talk$ at t"e 4orkplace.
2"e! c&nnot predict (arket c"ane$ 4it" enou" preci$ion.
Jur co(petition is un&'le to attract (ore taret cu$to(er$.
Onfortunatel!. Robert is inc&p&'le o) 4orkin in a tea( effectivel!.
F6 A#?ISI$* A$# S"**ES!I$*
F.5. @A&KL' @'.2'.C': [A$ a !oun entrepreneur !ou ou23t to lo/e 4"at !ou do. Git"out pa$$ion7
reat $ucce$$ i$ "ard to co(e b!.\
3"ttp:88444.uardian.co.uk8bu$ine$$8?HH?8(a!85A8t"eeuro.europeanunion6
F.?. FJR&@ A.D O@'@:
F.?.5. Su22estions in/ol/in2 t3e spe&1er
Xs3&ll Be
@"all 4e et into it ri"t no4R
MB3@ donLt Be
93@ donLt Be all cal( do4n a bitR
MletLs
LetLs recap 4"at 4e "ave decided on $o far.
MI su22est Be s3ouldNBe s3ouldN Be ou23t to
Ge s3ould tr! to taret t"e ri"t ae roup in our ad$.
F.?.?. Su22estions to &not3er person
XB3@ donLt @ou
93@ donLt @ou confront "i( to(orro4R
M3oB &'out
4oB &'out brinin "i( alon on t"e tripR
MI su22est @ou s3ouldNI t3in1 @ou s3ould
I t3in1 @ou s3ould follo4 co(pan! rule$.
XI Bould &d/ise @ou toN I Bould recommend
I Bould &d/ise @ou to u$e a better bank.
Mit is &d/is&'le
It is &d/is&'le for !ou to t"orou"l! re$earc" t"e (arket.
F.?.A. eported su22estion
2"e (anaer &d/ised us to (ake better u$e of our ti(e.
Gillia( recommended t3&t Be s3ould all et fa(iliar 4it" ne4 co(pan! directive$.
@"e su22ested t3&t Be (s3ould) learn a forein lanuae.
I6 SCALE %, LI7ELI4%%#
P.5. @A&KL' @'.2'.C': [2"e 'uropean Onion and .A2J "ave (uc" in co((on7 $"arin (e(ber$
and pur$uin $i(ilar oal$. 0ut in$tead of cooperatin on defen$e7 anal!$t$ $a!7 t"e t4o oranization$
are enaed in a bitter co(petition t"at is 'ound to d&m&2e t"e credibilit! and effectivene$$ of bot".\
3"ttp:88444.i"t.co(8article$8?HHD85H8HB8ne4$8defen$e.p"p6
P.?. FJR&@ A.D O@'@:
P.?.5. Cert&int@
I &m &'solutel@ sureNcert&inNpositi/e t3&t our depart(ent 4ill "ave t"e be$t perfor(ance$ t"i$
!ear.
Jur $alarie$ 4ill de)initel@N cert&inl@ o "and in "and 4it" t"e a(ount of 4ork 4e do around
"ere.
'(plo!ee$ are cert&inN sureN 'ound to react ve"e(entl! to t"i$ do4n$izin 4ave.
P.?.?. Pro'&'ilit@
It is (/er@) li1el@N pro'&'le t3&t e(plo!ee turnover 4ill decrea$e.
@ale$ are 3Cuite) li1el@ to pick up.
>ot-de$kin s3ould beco(e a viable option.
P.?.A. Possi'ilit@
Jur (i$$ion $tate(ent m&@N mi23t be c"aned to reflect t"e revolutionar! (anae(ent $t!le.
P.?.B. Impro'&'ilit@
/t i$ 3/er@N 3i23l@) unli1el@N impro'&'le t3&t &r. 0lack 4ill $tep do4n a$ pre$ident.
.e4 e(plo!ee$ &re unli1el@ to be recruited.
P.?.C. Impossi'ilit@
/ a( sureN cert&inN positi/e t3&t turnover 4ill not increa$e $"ortl!.
Krofit de)initel@N cert&inl@ BonLt o up.
Gork-related practice$ c&nnot (possi'l@) c"ane overni"t.
106 I$!E"P!I$*
5H.5. @A&KL' @'.2'.C': [C&n I interrupt @ou )or & momentR 2"i$ (eetin i$ about $o(et"in
anot"er i$$ue.\
5H.?. FJR&@ A.D O@'@
For(al
/nfor(al
ILd li1e to &dd somet3in2 3ere i) I m&@6
I 3&/e & point to m&1e 3ere6
0&@ I s&@ somet3in2 3ereK
C&n I interrupt @ou )or & momentK
Sorr@ to interrupt 'utR
EDcuse me 'utR
9&it & minuteE
4old onE
4&n2 onE
116 I$!%#"CI$* %$ESEL, A$# *I?I$* PES%$AL I$,%0A!I%$
55.5. @A&KL' @'.2'.C': [0&@ I introduce m@sel)R / a( &ar! None$ fro( t"e >R depart(ent.\
55.?. FJR&@ A.D O@'@
For(al
/nfor(al
AlloB me toN ILd li1e to introduce m@sel)6 I &m RN I &m )rom RN I Bor1
in R
0&@ I introduce m@sel)K I &m RN I &m )rom RN I Bor1 in R
4oB do @ou doK I &m RN I &m )rom RN I Bor1 in R
4elloEN 4iE I &m RN I &m )rom RN I Bor1 in R
Re$pon$e$
For(al
/nfor(al
Ple&sed to meet @ou6
4oB do @ou doK
4elloE
4iE
126 0A7I$* C%0PLAI$!S
5?.5. @A&KL' @'.2'.C': [I Bould li1e to m&1e & compl&int &'out !our recruit(ent polic!.\
5?.?. FJR&@ A.D O@'@
For(al
/nfor(al
ILd li1e to compl&inN m&1e & compl&int &'out R
I 3&/e 2ot & compl&int to m&1e &'outR
I &m not prep&red to toler&teN put up Bit3 R &n@ lon2er6
I &m r&t3er &nno@edN upsetN distur'ed &'outR
I 3&/e 3&d enou23 o) @ou doin2 t3&t6
I &m )ed up Bit3 t3em 'e3&/in2 li1e t3&t6
It is &'out time @ou did t3&t6

Suport de Curs IDFR, Limba Engleza An I

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