Yang anda perlu tahu tentang kerjaya Kawalan Trafik Udara

Memandangkan ramai di antara kita yang berminat dengan kerjaya dalam

bidang ini, saya ingin berkongsi tentang bidang-bidang yang perlu anda pelajari
jika terpilih untuk memasuki perkhidmatan Kawalan Trafik Udara. Saya amat
berharap agar post ini dapat membantu dan menjadi eagle eye bagi semua
yang bercita-cita dalam bidang ini.

rea !ontrol !enter
In air traffic control, an rea !ontrol !enter (!!), also known as a !enter, is a
facility responsible for controlling instrument flight rules aircraft en route in a particular
volume of airspace (a Flight Information Region) at high altitudes between airport
approaches and departures. In the United tates, such a !enter is referred to as an ir
"oute Traffic !ontrol !enter ("T!!).
" !enter typically accepts traffic from, and ultimately passes traffic to, the control of
a#erminal !ontrol !enter or of another !enter. $ost !enters are operated by the national
governments of the countries in which they are located. #he general operations of
!enters world%wide, and the boundaries of the airspace each !enter controls, are
governed by the International !ivil "viation &rgani'ation.
In some cases, the function of an "rea !ontrol !enter and a #R"!&( are combined in a
single facility such as a !)R"*.
# definition
#he United tates Federal "viation "dministration defines an "R#!! as
+a, facility established to provide air traffic control service to aircraft operating on
IFR flight plans within controlled airspace, principally during the en route phase of
flight. -hen e.uipment capabilities and controller workload permit, certain
advisory/assistance services may be provided to VFR aircraft. An ARTCC is the U.S.
eui!alent "f an Area C"ntr"l Center #ACC$.
Subdi$ision of airspace into sectors
#he Flight Information Region controlled by a !enter may be further administratively
subdivided into sectors0 each sector may use a distinct set of communications
fre.uencies and personnel. "n aircraft passing from one sector to another may be
handed off and re.uested to change fre.uencies to contact the ne1t sector controller.
ector boundaries are specified by an aer"nautical chart.
!enter operations
"ir traffic controllers working within a !enter communicate via radio with pilots of
instrument flight rules aircraft passing through the !enter2s airspace. " !enter2s
communication fre.uencies (typically in the very high fre.uency
amplitude modulation
aviation bands, 334 $5' to 367 $5', for overland control) are published in aeronautical
charts and manuals, and will also be announced to a pilot by the previous controller
during a hand%off.
In addition to radios to communicate with aircraft, !enter controllers have access to
communication links with other !enters and #R"!&(s. In the United tates, !enters are
electronically linked through the (ational "irspace ystem, which allows nationwide
coordination of traffic flow to manage congestion. !enters in the United tates also have
electronic access to nationwide radar data.
!ontrollers use radar to monitor the progress of flights and instruct aircraft to perform
course ad8ustments as needed to maintain separation from other aircraft. "ircraft with
which a !enter has made radar contact can be readily distinguished by
theirtransponders. *ilots may also re.uest altitude ad8ustments or course changes to
avoidturbulence or adverse weather conditions.
!ontrollers can assign routing relative to location fi1es derived
from latitude andlongitude, or from radionavigation beacons such as 9&Rs. ee
also "irway0 9&Rs and aerial highways.
#ypically, !enters have advance notice of a plane2s arrival and intentions from its
prefiled flight plan.
%ceanic air traffic control
ome !enters have I!"&%designated responsibility for airspace located over an "cean% the
&aj"rity "f which is internati"nal airspace. 'ecause su(stantial !"lu&es "f "ceanic airspace lie
(ey"nd the range "f gr"und)(ased radars% "ceanic airspace c"ntr"llers ha!e t" esti&ate the p"siti"n
"f an airplane fr"& pil"t rep"rts and c"&puter &"dels #pr"cedural c"ntr"l$% rather than "(ser!ing the
p"siti"n directly #radar c"ntr"l% als" kn"wn as p"siti!e c"ntr"l$. *il"ts flying "!er an "cean can
deter&ine their "wn p"siti"ns accurately using the +l"(al *"siti"ning Syste& and can supply peri"dic
updates t" a Center. See als" Air traffic c"ntr"l, Radar C"!erage.
" !enter2s control service for an oceanic FIR may be operationally distinct from its
service for a domestic overland FIR over land, employing different communications
fre.uencies, controllers, and a different I!"& (International !ivil "viation &rganisation)
code.
*ilots typically use high fre.uency radio instead of very high fre.uency radio to
communicate with a !enter when flying over the ocean, because of 5F2s relatively
greater propagation over long distances.
&!
:epartment of !ivil "viation (:!") $alaysia is establish as an organi'ation under the
$inistry of #ransport, $alaysia to provide efficient and safe air transportation.
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'olicy for Safe ir Transportation
:!"2s policy for aviation programme and activities in the B3st $illennium has been
formulated as follows
#he :!" *lan sets clear and practical goals that will improve air safety, develop a more
effective safety and economic regulatory and foster a more vibrant aviation industry
#he challenge is for :!" to lead the aviation community in providing $alaysia with a
world class air safety environment which has public trust and confidence. :!"2s vision
for the future is 2afest #ransportation *ossible For "ll
The (oals for &! are)
up%to%date simplified regulations aligned with international best practice0
a consistent approach to enforcement and encouragement of industry to accept
its safety responsibility0
a safety%system approach to surveillance audits0
the timely provision of regulatory services0
staff with regulatory e1pertise and strong industry background0
a proactive management of information0 and
stable leadership with a clear strategic direction for the future.
#he *lan and its goals will have practical results in uplifting safety, building a better :!"
and fostering a stronger industry.
:!" has identified ten specific areas where performance can and will be improved to
deliver outcomes that will be measured.#hese ten areas cover industry operational
issues, developments within :!" and community consultation and communications.
&ne of the important outcomes will be to ensure everything :!" does is consistent,
transparent and accountable.
:!" will continue to develop as a credible and respected aviation regulatory authority
both in $alaysia and internationally.-e must make our regulations easy to follow and we
must take a nationally consistent approach to those operators who chose not to follow
the rules.

ntara jawatan dalam bidang ini )

*. +uruterbang,'emeriksa +uruterbang -.*/)
Certanggung8awab memandu kapal terbang awam atau swasta, merancang, menyelia,
mengu8i, mengubahsuai carta%carta penerbangan, mengambil foto dari udara,
mengendalikan peperiksaan 8uruterbang, mengeluarkan lesen 8uruterbang, mengumpul
maklumat penyelidikan kerosakan dan kemalangan pesawat serta data%data teknikal
semua pesawat terbang.
2. Pegawai Kawalan Trafik Udara (A41):
Certanggung8awab memberikan perkhidmatan kawalan trafik "rea !ontrol di ruang
udara $alaysia selaras dengan peraturan%peraturan yang terkandung di dalam $anual
"rahan &perasi ($.&.I) dan Unit "rahan &perasi (U.&.I) dan sebagainya dengan
memberi panduan, arahan dan kebenaran kepada 8uruterbang bagi membantu mereka
supaya dapat mengendalikan pesawat dengan selamat, teratur dan pantas.
3. Penolong Pegawai Kawalan Trafik Udara (A29):
Certanggung8awab memberikan perkhidmatan "erodrome/ "pproach !ontrol kepada
semua 8uruterbang/pesawat di ruang udara $alaysia selaras dengan peraturan%peraturan
yang terkandung di dalam $anual "rahan &perasi ($.&.I), Unit "rahan &perasi (U.&.I)
dan sebagainya serta mengendalikan data%data operasi untuk kegunaan kawalan trafik
udara.
4. Pembantu Kawalan Trafik Udara (A1):
Certanggung8awab untuk menerima, memproses dan menghantar mese8%mese8
"eronautical Fi1ed #elecommunications (etwork dan memeriksa serta mengesahkan
penghantaran mese8 yang diterima.
!. Pemerik"a Ka#al Terbang (A41):
Certanggung8awab men8alankan tugas%tugas pemeriksa kapal terbang, pemeriksaan
pesawat terbang bagi menentukan keperluan airworthiness, memeriksa dan meluluskan
pertubuhan syarikat penerbangan, mengeluarkan si8il kelulusan untuk pesawat udara,
men8alankan penyelidikan ke atas kerosakan pesawat%pesawat penerbangan awam dan
mengambil bahagian dalam penyiasatan kemalangan pesawat udara dan menyediakan
laporannya.
$. Pembantu Teknik Ka#al Terbang (A29):
Certanggung8awab menyelenggara, mengubahsuai, membaiki kapal terbang dan alatnya
secara ber8adual atau diperlukan oleh pembekal atau penguatkuasa penerbangan awam.
$emeriksa dan mengesahkan alat pandu arah penerbangan dari udara di dalam kapal
terbang 8abatan, alat pandu arah di bumi $alaysia dan negara 8iran, alat piawaian dan
alat pemeriksaan di makmal.