From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Germanium (Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes,

70
Ge,
72
Ge,
73
Ge,
74
Ge, and
76
Ge. Of these,
76
Ge is very slightly
radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.78 10
21
years
[1]
(130 billion times the age of the universe).
Stable
74
Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately 36%.
76
Ge is the least common with a
natural abundance of approximately 7%.
[2]
When bombarded with alpha particles, the isotopes
72
Ge and
76
Ge will generate stable
75
As and
77
Se, releasing high energy electrons in the process.
[3]
At least 27 radioisotopes have also been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 58 to 89. The most stable of these is
68
Ge,
decaying by electron capture with a half-life of 270.95 d. It decays to the medically useful positron-emitting isotope
68
Ga. (See
gallium-68 generator for notes on the source of this isotope, and its medical use). The least stable known germanium stable is
60
Ge
with a half-life of 30 ms.
While most of germanium's radioisotopes decay by beta decay,
61
Ge and
64
Ge decay by
+
delayed proton emission.
[2]

84
Ge
through
87
Ge also have minor
-
delayed neutron emission decay paths.
[2]
Standard atomic weight: 72.630(8) u
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nuclide
symbol
Z(p) N(n)

isotopic mass (u)

half-life
[n 1]
decay
mode(s)
[4][n 2]
daughter
isotope(s)
[n 3]
nuclear
spin
representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)
range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)
excitation energy
58
Ge
32 26 57.99101(34)# 2p
56
Zn
0+
59
Ge 32 27 58.98175(30)# 2p
57
Zn 7/2-#
60
Ge 32 28 59.97019(25)# 30# ms

+ 60
Ga
0+
2p
58
Zn
61
Ge
32 29 60.96379(32)# 39(12) ms

+
, p (80%)
60
Zn
(3/2-)#

+
(20%)
61
Ga
62
Ge
32 30 61.95465(15)# 129(35) ms

+ 62
Ga
0+
63
Ge 32 31 62.94964(21)# 142(8) ms
+ 63
Ga (3/2-)#
64
Ge
32 32 63.94165(3) 63.7(25) s

+ 64
Ga
0+
65
Ge
32 33 64.93944(11) 30.9(5) s

+
(99.99%)
65
Ga
(3/2)-

+
, p (.01%)
64
Zn
66
Ge
32 34 65.93384(3) 2.26(5) h

+ 66
Ga
0+
67
Ge
32 35 66.932734(5) 18.9(3) min

+ 67
Ga
1/2-
67m1
Ge 18.20(5) keV 13.7(9) s 5/2-
67m2
Ge
751.70(6) keV 110.9(14) ns 9/2+
68
Ge
[n 4]
32 36 67.928094(7) 270.95(16) d EC
68
Ga
0+
69
Ge 32 37 68.9279645(14) 39.05(10) h
+ 69
Ga 5/2-
69m1
Ge
86.765(14) keV 5.1(2) s 1/2-
69m2
Ge
397.944(18) keV 2.81(5) s 9/2+
70
Ge 32 38 69.9242474(11) Stable 0+ 0.2038(18)
71
Ge
32 39 70.9249510(11) 11.43(3) d EC
71
Ga
1/2-
71m
Ge
198.367(10) keV 20.40(17) ms IT
71
Ge
9/2+
72
Ge 32 40 71.9220758(18) Stable 0+ 0.2731(26)
72m
Ge
691.43(4) keV 444.2(8) ns 0+
73
Ge
32 41 72.9234589(18) Stable 9/2+ 0.0776(8)
73m1
Ge 13.2845(15) keV 2.92(3) s 5/2+
73m2
Ge
66.726(9) keV 499(11) ms 1/2-
74
Ge
32 42 73.9211778(18) Stable 0+ 0.3672(15)
75
Ge
32 43 74.9228589(18) 82.78(4) min

- 75
As
1/2-
75m1
Ge
139.69(3) keV 47.7(5) s
IT (99.97%)
75
Ge
7/2+

- 75
As
75m2
Ge
192.18(7) keV 216(5) ns 5/2+
76
Ge
[n 5]
32 44 75.9214026(18)
1.78(8)10
21
a
-

- 76
Se
0+ 0.0783(7)
77
Ge 32 45 76.9235486(18) 11.30(1) h
- 77
As 7/2+
77m
Ge 159.70(10) keV 52.9(6) s

-
(79%)
77
As
1/2-
IT (21%)
77
Ge
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78
Ge
32 46 77.922853(4) 88(1) min

- 78
As
0+
79
Ge 32 47 78.9254(1) 18.98(3) s
- 79
As (1/2)-
79m
Ge 185.95(4) keV 39.0(10) s

-
(96%)
79
As
(7/2+)#
IT (4%)
79
Ge
80
Ge 32 48 79.92537(3) 29.5(4) s
- 80
As 0+
81
Ge
32 49 80.92882(13) 7.6(6) s

- 81
As
9/2+#
81m
Ge
679.13(4) keV 7.6(6) s

-
(99%)
81
As
(1/2+)
IT (1%)
81
Ge
82
Ge
32 50 81.92955(26) 4.55(5) s

- 82
As
0+
83
Ge
32 51 82.93462(21)# 1.85(6) s

- 83
As
(5/2+)#
84
Ge
32 52 83.93747(32)# 0.947(11) s

-
(89.2%)
84
As
0+

-
, n (10.8%)
83
As
85
Ge
32 53 84.94303(43)# 535(47) ms

-
(86%)
85
As
5/2+#

-
, n (14%)
84
As
86
Ge 32 54 85.94649(54)# >150 ns

-
, n
85
As
0+

- 86
As
87
Ge 32 55 86.95251(54)# 0.14# s 5/2+#
88
Ge
32 56 87.95691(75)# >=300 ns 0+
89
Ge
32 57 88.96383(97)# >150 ns 3/2+#
^ Bold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable) 1.
^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
2.
^ Bold for stable isotopes 3.
^ Used to generate
68
Ga 4.
^ Primordial radionuclide 5.
Notes
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak
assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Angular momentum or 3rd order sub particles are omitted as spin(2)=0,45,45
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one
standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
Nuclide masses are given by IUPAP Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental
Constants (SUNAMCO)
Isotope abundances are given by IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
Isotope masses from:
G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and
decay properties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3128.
Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A).
doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Bhlke, P. De Bivre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003).
"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://www.iupac.org/publications
Isotopes of germanium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_germanium
3 of 4 10.2.2014 17:01
/pac/75/6/0683/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6): 683800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683).
M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://iupac.org/publications
/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 20512066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051). Lay summary (http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-
weights_revised05.html).
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and
decay properties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3128.
Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A).
doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).
National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.3 database" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/). Brookhaven National
Laboratory. Retrieved August 2007.
N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.).
CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
^ A. M. Bakalyarov, A. Ya. Balysh, S. T. Belyaev, V. I. Lebedev, S. V. Zhukov (2003). "Results of the experiment on investigation of
Germanium-76 double beta decay". Phys.Part.Nucl.Lett. ; Pisma Fiz.Elem.Chast.Atom.Yadra 1-8 2 (2): 7781. arXiv:hep-ex/0309016
(//arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0309016). Bibcode:2003hep.ex....9016B (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003hep.ex....9016B).
1.
^
a

b

c
G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay
properties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A). doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).
2.
^ Via a set of two reactions:
4
He +
72
Ge ->
75
Se +
1
n,
75
Se decays by electron capture to
75
As with a half-life of 120 days
76
Ge +
1
n ->
77
Ge, which then undergoes beta decay to
77
As with a half-life of 11.3 hours, which in turn undergoes beta decay to
77
Se
with a half-life of 39 hours
3.
^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx 4.
Isotopes of gallium Isotopes of germanium
Isotopes of
arsenic
Table of nuclides
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