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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Electricity and Magnetism)
ha!ter "# Electrical Po$er and %omestic Electricity
heck!oint (!&'())
1. The heating effect of current increases with the applied voltage across the wire.
Microscopically, when a voltage is applied across the ends of a metal wire, an
electric field is set up between the ends. The free electrons are accelerated by the
field and collide frequently with the metal ions in the wire. Thus, some energy is
transformed into the internal energy of the wire.
When the applied voltage increases, the electric field is stronger. The electrons
collide harder as well as more frequently with the ions. Thus, more energy is
transformed into the internal energy.
2. The heating element is usually wound into a coil to facilitate heat transfer from
the heating element to the targeted area. The coiling of the heating element
results in a long enough wire that gives a reasonable resistance. This is to protect
the source against short circuit.
3. o. The resistance of a copper wire is much smaller than that of a ichrome wire
of the same length. !f we replace the wire with a copper wire, the battery will be
short"circuited and become very hot in a short time. !t may even e#plode.
heck!oint (!&"**)
1. $a% The equation defines the average electrical power P as the amount of
electrical energy E transformed in a time interval t. !t is applicable $but not
restricted% to all &inds of electrical energy transformation.
$b% The equation defines the electrical power P supplied to or dissipated by an
electrical component. When the voltage across the component is V and the
current flowing through the component is I, the electrical power P ' VI.
The equation is applicable to all &inds of electrical components.
$c% The equation defines the electrical power P supplied by a source. When a
source of e.m.f. delivers a current I to a component, the power supplied
P ' I. The equation is applicable to sources only.
$d% The power P dissipated by a resistor of resistance R is given by P ' I
2
R
where I is the current flowing through the resistor. The equation is
applicable to all resistive components.
$e% The power P dissipated by a resistor of resistance R is given by
R
V
P
2
=
where V is the voltage across the resistor. The equation is applicable to all
resistive components.
1
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Electricity and Magnetism)
2. $a% (pplying
R
V
I = , the total current I passing through the circuit is
( 1
) * 2
12
=
+ +
= I
(pplying
R I P
2
=
, the power of the 2 + resistor is
W 2 2 1
2
= = P .
,imilarly, the power of the * + resistor is
W * * 1
2
= = P and
the power of the ) + resistor is
W ) ) 1
2
= = P .
Thus, the total power ' 2 - * - ) ' 12 W.
$b% (pplying
R
V
P
2
= , we have
the power of the 2 + resistor W .2
2
12
2
= = ,
the power of the * + resistor W 3)
*
12
2
= = , and
the power of the ) + resistor W 2*
)
12
2
= = .
Thus, the total power ' .2 - 3) - 2* ' 132 W.
Exercise (!&"**)
1. (
(pplying
A
l
R = , we have
for choice (, the wire resistance
2 2
/
2
/
2
d
l
d
l
R

= = 0
for choice 1, the wire resistance
( )
2 2
/
2
2 3 /
2
d
l
d
l
R

= =
0
for choice 4, the wire resistance
( )
2 2
/
*
2 3 / d
l
d
l
R

= =
0
for choice 5, since the wire has a radius of $d32% and a length larger than 2l, the
resistance
2
/
2
d
l
R

> .
1y
R
V
P
2
= , when the same voltage V is applied across the wires, the wire with
the smallest resistance has the greatest heating effect. Thus, the answer is choice
(.
2
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Electricity and Magnetism)
2. 1
(pplying I P = , we have
( ) ( ) ( )
mW 2 . 1
2
16 )6 . 1 16 1 7 . 1
18 1)
=

= = = =

t
ne
t
Q
I P

The power supplied by the cell is 1.2 mW.

3. (
9et I be the total current delivered by the battery, r be the resistance of each
resistor and P
P
, P
Q
and P
R
be the power dissipated in resistors P, Q and R
respectively.
(pplying P ' I
2
R, we have P
P
' I
2
r.
1y symmetry, the currents through resistors Q and R are equal to
2
I
.
Thus, we have
* 2
2
2
r I
r
I
P P
R Q
=

= = and
the total power r I
r I r I
r I P P P
R Q P
2
2 2
2
7 . 1
* *
= + + = + + = .
!t is given that the total power delivered by the battery is 12 W, we have
W 2
12 7 . 1
2
2
=
=
r I
r I
Therefore, the powder dissipated in R is W 2
*
2
= =
r I
P
R
.
*. 5
9et R be the total resistance of the circuit.
:nder a constant supplied voltage , the power P consumed in the circuit is given
by
R
P
2

= . ;rom the equation, a smaller R will result in a larger P. The smallest

total resistance is obtained when the two resistors are connected in parallel to the
battery as shown.
The smallest total resistance =

+ =

26
36
1
)6
1
1
R .
3
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Electricity and Magnetism)
Thus, the largest power consumed W *7 . 6
26
3
2 2
= = =
R
P

.
7. 1
,ince L
1
and L
2
are identical and are connected in parallel, they have the same
brightness. (s the equivalent resistance of L
1
and L
2
connected in parallel is
smaller than the resistance of L
3
, the p.d. across L
3
is larger than that across L
1

and L
2
. Thus, L
3
is the brightest.
). (
!f the filament of L
2
is burnt out, the p.d. across L
1
and that across L
3
are the
same. Thus, they have the same brightness.
,ince the equivalent resistance across the two ends of L
1
increases, the p.d.
across L
1
increases. (s the e.m.f. of the battery is constant, L
1
becomes brighter
than before while L
3
becomes dimmer.
.. 9et R
thic&er
and P
thic&er
be the resistance and power of the thic&er wire while R
thinner

and P
thinner
be the resistance and power of the thinner wire respectively.
1y
A
l
R = ,
2
thic&er
/r
l
R

= .
1y
A
l
R = ,
( )
thic&er
2 2
thinner
*
/
*
2 3 /
R
r
l
r
l
R = = =

.
$a% !f they are connected in series to the supply, the same current I passes
through the two wires. 1y
R I P
2
=
, we have
thic&er
2
thic&er
R I P = and
thic&er thic&er
2
thinner
2
thinner
* * P R I R I P = = =
Therefore, P
thic&er
< P
thinner
' 1 < *.
$b% !f they are connected in parallel to a supply of negligible resistance, the
voltages across the two wires are the same. 1y
R
P
2

= , we have
thic&er
2
thic&er
R
P

=
and
* *
thic&er
thic&er
2
thinner
2
thinner
P
R R
P = = =

.
Therefore, P
thic&er
< P
thinner
' * < 1.
2. $a% (pplying VI P = , the voltage V supplied to the heater is
= 222
8
2666
= V
$b% (pplying
R I P
2
=
, the operating resistance R of the heater is
= . . 2*
8
2666
2
R
*
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Electricity and Magnetism)
8. ;irst, use the electronic balance to find the mass m of the water. ,econd, use the
thermometer to measure the initial temperature of the water. Third, connect the
immersion heater to the power supply and immerse the heater into the water.
;orth, heat the water for a period of time t with the help of the stop"watch. ;ifth,
switch off the heater and use the thermometer to measure the final temperature of
the water.
(ssume that there is no loss of energy to the surroundings. The energy E
transferred to the water is given by
T mc E =
where c is the specific heat capacity of water and >T is the difference of the final
and initial temperatures. Thus, the power output of the heater is given by
t
T mc
t
E
P

= =
16. 9et P
1
and P
2
be the power dissipated in R
1
and R
2
respectively.
4onsider R
1
and R
2
connected in parallel to the source.
,ince
2
1
2
1
=
P
P
, by
R
P
2

= , we have
2
2
1
3
3
2
1
2
2
1
2
=
=
R
R
R
R

4onsider R
1
and R
2
connected in series to the source.
The same current passes through the resistors. 1y
R I P
2
=
, we have
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
= = =
R
R
R I
R I
P
P
.
Thus, the power dissipated in R
1
to that in R
2
' 2 < 1.
11. $a% The bulb can provide a desired output power by closing different switches.
When only switch A is closed, only 1 resistor is connected to the supply to
provide a power of 76 W.
When only switch B is closed, another resistor of smaller resistance is
connected to the supply to provide a power of 166 W.
When both switches are closed, the two resistors are connected in parallel to
the supply to provide a desired power of 176 W.
$b% When switch A is closed, the resistance of the 76 W filament is
= = = 72 . 11
76
2*
2 2
P
R

When switch B is closed, the resistance of the 166 W filament is
7
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(Electricity and Magnetism)
= = = .) . 7
166
2*
2 2
P
R

$c% ?es. (s the filaments are connected in parallel to the supply, the meltdown
of one filament does not affect another. The bulb can still glow.
12. $a%
,ince the operating voltage of the fan is 2* =, the fan should be connected
in parallel to the 2* = d.c. power supply. The switch should be installed in
the main branch to control both the heating element and the fan.
$b% $i% (pplying
R
P
2

= , the operating resistance R of the heating element is

given by
= = 2* . 3
176
2*
2
R
$ii% (pplying P ' VI, the current through the heating element is given by
( 27 . )
2*
176
= = =
V
P
I .
,imilarly, the current through the fan is given by
( 6.2333
2*
26
= = =
V
P
I .
Thus, the total current drawn from the supply
' ).27 - 6.2333
@ ..62 (
)
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
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$c% The two possible circuits are

heck!oint (!&"*))
1. $a% correct
$b% incorrect
$c% incorrect
2. o. The bulbs may have different power ratings, so they may have different
brightness.
3.
electrical
a!!liance
!o$er rating
+ ,
o!erating
-oltage + .
o!erating
current + /
o!erating
resistance + 0
electric &ettle 2666 116 12.2 ).67
toaster 1166 226 7 **
ray bo# lamp 2* 12 2 )
waffle iron 1126 226 7.3. *1
torch 1.2 3 6.* ..7
heck!oint (!&"'*)
1. (
,tatement $3% is incorrect because the cost also depends on the operating time of
the appliance.
2. The time ta&en for the fan to use up 1 &W h of electrical energy is
h 26
W 76
h W 1666
= = =
P
E
t
3. The power of the air conditioner is &W 2.)* W 2)*6 12 226 = = = = VI P .
The cost of running it per month
2* . 7.6 A
8 . 36 2 )* . 2
=
=
.
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Electricity and Magnetism)
Exercise (!&"'')
1. (
The resistance of the heater = = = 2 . 8)
766
226
2 2
P
V
R .
When the heater is connected to a 116 = main supply, the power consumed by
the heater
' W 127
2 . 8)
116
2 2
= =
R
V
2. 1
,tatement $1% is correct. (pplying
R
V
P
2
= , the operating resistance of the coo&er
is = = 2 . 8)
766
226
2
R
,tatement $2% is incorrect. (pplying P ' VI, the operating current of the coo&er is
( 2. . 2
226
766
= I
,tatement $3% is correct. The electrical energy consumed '
h &W 1 h W 1666 2 766 = =
3. (
,tatement $1% is correct. ;rom the figures, the power of the hair dryer is twice as
large as that of the electric &ettle. 1y P ' VI, the current drawn by the hair dryer
is also twice as large as that drawn by the electric &ettle.
,tatement $2% is incorrect. The appliances will operate at a lower power output.
,tatement $3% is incorrect. 1y
R
V
P
2
= , the resistance of the hair dryer is only
half of that of the electric &ettle.
*. 1
(ccording to
R
V
P
2
= , the power output is the smallest if the equivalent
resistance of the heating elements is the largest. Thus, the heating elements
should be connected in series to the a.c. source by connecting terminals 2 and 3.
7. 1
;rom the given energy efficiency label, 2*6 &W h of electrical energy is used in
1266 hours. Thus, the power P of the air conditioner is
&W . . 6
1266
2*6
= = .
2
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Thus, the energy used in 2 hours ' Pt ' 6.. B 2 ' 7.) &W h.
). $a% (pplying P ' VI, the mains voltage in (ustralia
= 236
. . 2
2666
= =
I
P
V
$b% (pplying P ' I
2
R, the operating resistance R is
= = * . 2)
. . 2
2666
2 2
I
P
R
.. $a% (pplying
R
V
P
2
= , the operating resistance R of the electric boiler is
= = *6
1666
266
2
R .
$b% (pplying P ' VI, the current drawn is
( 7
266
1666
= = =
V
P
I .
$c% The energy consumed ' Pt ' 1666 B 7 ' 7666 W h ' 7 &W h
$d% The cost of running it for 7 hours ' 7 B 6.86 ' A*.76
2.
electrical
a!!liance
!o$er + , o!erating time
!er day + h
energy
consumed + k, h
cost +
1
lamps *6 7 ) 7.*
microwave
oven
266 6.27 ) 7.*
air
conditioner
1666 ) 126 1)2
945 T= 176 7 22.7 26.27
refrigerator 176 2* 162 8..2
iron .76 6.27 7.)27 7.6)27
&ettle 2666 6.7 36 2.
heck!oint (!&"'()
1. $a%
8
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$b% ( fault in one lamp will not affect the operation of the others.
2. $a% Cilowatt"hour meter. !t measures the electrical energy supplied to a
household in &ilowatt"hours.
$b% The main fuse should be connected to the live wire.
$c%
3. $a% A< neutral wire0 B< earth wire0 C< fuse0 D< live wire
$b%
16
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Exercise (!&""*)
1. (
2. (
3. 1
*. 1
7. $a%
$b% Driginally, the lamps wor& at their normal rating of E226 =, )6 WF. We have
R
V
P
2
1
1
=
where V
1
' 226 = and P
1
' )6 W.
!f the circuit is connected to a 116 = mains supply $i.e. V
1
32%, the power
consumed by each lamp is
( )
W 17
*
)6
*
2 3
2
2
=
=
=
=
R
V
R
V
The power consumed and hence the brightness of the lamps will decrease
by * times.
). $a% P
$b% ;or soc&et Q, there is no earth wire connected.
;or soc&et R, the live and neutral pin"holes are wrongly connected.
$c% ?es, soc&ets Q and R can still be used to power an appliance.
;or soc&et Q, the live and neutral pin"holes are connected correctly. !f there
is no current lea&age problem, the appliance will still wor& properly.
;or soc&et R, although the live and neutral pin"holes are connected wrongly,
the p.d. across the pin"holes is the same as that across a normal soc&et. (
normal a.c. current will flow through an appliance connected across the pin"
11
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holes. Gowever, there is ris& that the appliance is at high potential even
when it is switched off.
.. $a%
$b% ( fault in one lamp will not affect the operation of the others.
$c% The chance of overloading the circuit is reduced as the current flows from
the consumer unit to the soc&ets via two paths. Thus, thinner and cheaper
wires can be used.
heck!oint (!&""2)
1. $a% !ncorrect. ;uses are used to protect circuits against overloading or short
circuit.
$b% !ncorrect. The rating of a fuse should be slightly higher than the operating
current of the appliance.
$c% correct
$d% correct
$e% !ncorrect. Hlectrical appliances with double insulation do not need an earth
wire.
2. $a% The fuse and switch should be connected to the live wire instead of the
neutral wire.
$b% $i% incorrect
$ii% correct
$iii% incorrect
$iv% !ncorrect. ,ince the neutral and earth wires are both at Iero potential,
there is no current flowing between the two wires.
$v% incorrect
12
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3. $a% 7 (, 7 (, 16 (
;or the toaster, the operating current ( *.77 7*7 . *
226
1666
= = =
V
P
I .
Thus, a fuse of 7 ( rating should be used.
;or the microwave oven, the operating current
( 3.)* )3) . 3
226
266
= = =
V
P
I . Thus, a fuse of 7 ( rating should be used.
;or the electric &ettle, the operating current
( 12 . 2 1212 . 2
226
1266
= = =
V
P
I . Thus, a fuse of 16 ( rating should be
used.
$b% o. The total operating current ' *.7*7 - 3.)3) - 2.1212 @ 1).* ( J 13 (.
!t is unsafe to run all the appliances the same time.
Exercise (!&"3*)
1. 1
2. 1
3. 4
*. 4
7. $a% When the switches are open, the bulbs are not at high potentials.
$b% 6..87 (
(pplying P ' VI, the total current drawn from the mains is
( ) ( .87 . 6 )6 17 166
226
1
3 2 1
+ + = + + =
V
P
V
P
V
P
I
$c% o. The fuse rating of the fuse is much higher than the total current drawn
from the mains. !t is unsafe to run the lighting circuit. Hven the current
drawn from the mains is much higher than the sum of the operating currents
of the bulbs, the circuit is still not bro&en.
). $a% The operating current ( 77 . *
226
1666
= =
V
P
I .
$b% The fuse of a rating of 7 ( is the most suitable.
$c% ?es. Hven there is no earth wire, an alternating current still flows to and fro
in the live and neutral wires.
$d% The appliances have double"insulation.
$e%
.. $a% Water from the wet hands may form unintended paths that short the live
13
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parts of the appliances. Thus, we may get electric shoc&s if we touch
electrical appliances when our hands are wet.
$b% The wires or conducting parts of the appliances may get loose and touch the
casing of the appliances accidentally. Hlectric shoc& will be received when a
person touch the appliances if its earth wire and insulation fails to wor&.
$c% The current drawn from the mains may be too high that overloading may be
resulted. This may cause a fire if the fuses or circuit brea&ers installed fail to
wor&.
ha!ter Exercise
1. 4
2. 4
There is no difference in the heating effect whether the conductor is wound into a
coil or not. The difference is the transfer of heat from the conductor to the
targeted area.
3. 4
The operating current I ' ( 7
226
1166
= =
V
P
Thus, fuse of ) ( rating should be used.
*. 1
The operating current I
m( .8.2
m( .8.1))
12
876

=
=
(pplying P ' VI, the estimated power of the MK3 player
( )
mW 87
W 687 . 6
16 1)) . .8 2 . 1
3
=
=
=
=

VI
7. 1
). 1
.. 4
The circuit can be redrawn as
1*
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Electricity and Magnetism)
When more bulbs are connected in parallel to the battery, the siIe of the total
current drawn from the battery increases. Thus, the potential drop across the
internal resistance of the battery increases while the p.d. across each bulb
decreases. Therefore, statement $1% is incorrect while statement $3% is correct.
(ccording to P ' VI, the total output power of the battery increases too.
Therefore, statement $2% is correct.
2. 4
The lamps are connected in series to the 226 = mains.
,tatement $1% is correct because each lamp shares a p.d. of = 3 . .3 3 3 226
,tatement $2% is incorrect as the circuit will be bro&en.
1y
R
V
P
2
= , the resistance of the )6 W lamp is larger than that of the 166 W
lamp. When the lamps are connected in series to the 226 = mains, the same
current passes through them. 1y P ' I
2
R, the power of the )6 W lamp is higher
than that of the 166 W lamp. Therefore, statement $3% is correct.
8. 5
9et R be the resistance of the bulb and be the e.m.f. of the battery.
;or circuit A, the total resistance of the circuit
3
1 1 1
1
R
R R R
=

+ + =

.
Thus, the total power of the circuit R R
P
2 2
3
3

=

=
.
;or circuit B, the total resistance of the circuit
2
3 1 1
1
R
R R
R =

+ + =

.
Thus, the total power of the circuit
P
R R 8
2 3
8
2
2
3
2 2
=

=

.
16.
(HKCEE 2000 P2 Q35)
11.
(HKCEE 2003 P2 Q34)
12.
(HKCEE 2006 P2 Q39)
17
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(Electricity and Magnetism)
13.
(HKALE 1999 P2 Q20)
1*.
(HKALE 2005 P2A Q17)
17. 5
1). The operating resistance of the heater = = = ). . ) ))) . )
1766
166
2 2
P
V
R . (1M)
!f the heater is connected to the mains in Gong Cong, by
R
V
I = , the operating
current ( 13 ( 33
))) . )
226
> = = I . (1M)
Therefore, the fuse will blow. (1A)
1.. $a% The electrical energy consumed by the appliances on that day in &W h
h &W 1) . 2
7
1666
26
7 . *
1666
126
7 . 6
1666
2766
=
+ + =
(1M)
The total cost ' 2.1) 6.8 ' A1.8** (1M + 1A)
$b% $i% ( fuse protects a circuit against overloading or short circuit (1A). !t
contains a thin metal strip which will melt and brea& the circuit if the
current through the strip is larger than the rated value (1A).
$ii% ;or the water heater, the operating current I is given by
( * . 11
226
2766
= =
V
P
I
Thus, a fuse of rating 13 ( should be used. (1A)
;or the television, the operating current I is given by
( 212 . 6
226
126
= =
V
P
I
Thus, a fuse of rating 1 ( should be used. (1A)
;or the table lamp, the operating current I is given by
( 6868 . 6
226
26
= =
V
P
I
Thus, fuse of rating 1 ( should be used. (1A)
12. $a% (pplying
R I P
2
=
, the current I
ABD
through the 3 resistor is
( 23 . 1 227. . 1
3
16
= =
ABD
I . (1M)
Gence, the power dissipated in the 2 resistor in the branch ABD
( )
W ). . )
))) . )
2 227. . 1
2

=
=
(1M+1A)
(pplying P ' VI, the voltage V
AD
across A and D is
1)
Pearson Education Asia Limited 2010
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Electricity and Magnetism)
= 13 . 8 122. . 8
227. . 1
16 ))) . )
=
+
= =
ABD
ABD
AD
I
P
V
.
(pplying
R
V
I = , the current through the branch ACD
( 36 . 1 36* . 1
2 7
122. . 8
=
+
=
ACD
I (1M)
Gence, the power dissipated in the 2 resistor in the branch ACD
( )
W 3.*6
*61 . 3
2 36* . 1
2

=
=
(1M+1A)
,imilarly, the power dissipated in the 7 resistor
( )
W 2.76
763 . 2
7 36* . 1
2

=
=
(1A)
$b% The total power output ' 16 - ).))) - 2.763 - 3.*61 ' 22.7. @ 22.) W.
(1M)
The total energy supplied by the battery in 1 minute ' 22.) )6 @ 1.16 L.
(1A)
18. $a% live wire and neutral wire (1A+1A)
$b% earth wire (1A)
$c% (n earth wire protects people who touch the metal casing of a faulty
electrical appliance against electric shoc& (1A). !t ensures the current goes
directly into the earth by providing a low resistance path between the casing
and the earth (1A).
$d% The hair dryer has double insulation. (1A)
$e% live wire< brown0 neutral wire< blue0 earth wire< green and yellow (3A)
26. $a% X< lighting circuit Y< ring circuit (2A)
$b% The water heater and the air conditioner are connected in parallel. (1A)
The appliances can wor& under the same voltage. (1A)
The faulty appliances will not affect other appliances. (1A)
$c% A< earth wire0 B< live wire0 C< neutral wire (3A)
$d% The chance of overloading is reduced (1A) as the current flows from the
consumer unit to the soc&ets via two paths (1A). Thus, thinner and cheaper
wires can be used (1A).
$e% !t ensures that the bulbs are not at high electric potential when the switch is
open. (1A)
$f% !ndependent fuses can be assigned to those appliances (1A) as some of the
appliances draw e#ceptionally large currents (1A).
1.
Pearson Education Asia Limited 2010
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Electricity and Magnetism)
$g% circuit brea&ers (1A)
21. $a% Whenever the internal temperature is lower than 26M4, S
2
is closed. (fter S
1

is closed, the branch of S
2
and R
1
is shorted as the resistance of bulb A is
negligible (1A). Hlectrical energy is transformed into heat in R
2
and R
2
will
heat up the water and the rice (1A). When the internal temperature reaches
166M4, the water is boiled and the rice is coo&ed (1A). (t this temperature,
S
1
opens automatically to prevent the rice from overcoo&ed (1A). 4oo&ing is
then finished. This is the operation of the coo&ing mode.
$b% When the internal temperature reaches 26M4 in the coo&ing mode, S
2
is open
(1A). When the internal temperature reaches 166M4, S
1
is open and the
internal temperature starts to decrease (1A). Whenever the internal
temperature is lower than 26M4, S
2
is closed again and electrical energy is
transformed into heat in both R
1
and R
2
(1A). ,ince R
1
and R
2
are now
connected in series (1A), the total resistance of the circuit is increased. 1y
R
V
P
2
= , the power of the coo&er is lowered to a level that can &eep the rice
warm. This is the operation of the warming mode (1A).
$c% !n the coo&ing mode, the total resistance of the circuit ' R
2
' 76 +.
(pplying
R
P
2

= , the power of the coo&er is W 8)2

76
226
2
= = P . (1M + 1A)
!n the warming mode, the total resistance of the circuit ' R
1
- R
2
' 776 +.
(pplying
R
P
2

= , the power of the coo&er is W 22

776
226
2
= = P . (1M + 1A)
22. $a% $i% (pplying VI P = , the current through bulb A is
( 67 . 6
2
1 . 6
= =
A
I .
,imilarly, the current through bulb B is
( 67 . 6
7 . 1
6.7 . 6
= = =
V
P
I
B
and
the current through bulb C is
( 1 . 6
7 . 1
17 . 6
= =
C
I . (1M)
,ince the 3 bulbs are wor&ing at their rated values, the voltage drop
across bulbs A, B and C are 2 =, 1.7 = and 1.7 = respectively. (1M)
The voltage drop V
PY
across P and Y ' 2 N 1.7 ' 6.7 =.
The voltage drop across the internal resistance of the battery
12
Pearson Education Asia Limited 2010
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Electricity and Magnetism)
= 7 . 6
7 1 . 6
=
=
= r I
C
(1M)
The voltage drop V
XP
across X and P ' ) N 6.7 N 2 N 1.7 ' 2 =. (1M)
Thus, the ma#imum resistance R
ma#
of the rheostat
=
+
+
=
+ =
36
67 . 6
7 . 6
67 . 6 67 . 6
2
PY XP
R R
(1M+1A)
$ii% R
XP
' 26 + and the ma#imum resistance R
ma#
of the rheostat is 36 +.
,ince the resistance of the resistance wire in the rheostat is directly
proportional to its length, the length x of the wire segment between X
and P is given by
l x
l
x
l
x
R
R
XP
3
2
36
26
ma#
=
=
=
(1M+1A)
$b% 1ulb C will become dimmer (1A). When the sliding contact P is moved to Y,
the equivalent resistance across bulb A decreases while the total resistance
of the circuit increases (1A). Thus, the voltage across bulb C will decrease
(1A) and bulb C will become dimmer.
23.
(HKCEE P1 Q8)
2*.
(HKCEE P1 Q11)
27.
(HKCEE P1 Q6)
2).
(OCR GCE A-level J! 2006 P"#$%&$ A 2825'03 Q7)
2.. $a% $i% 6 = (1A)
$ii% no (1A)
:nder normal operation, current flows to and fro between the live and
neutral wires (1A). When the potential of the live wire is normal, the
resistance of an MD= is so high that the current is not able to flow
through it (1A).
$b% $i% 1oth of them protect the appliances by preventing large currents from
flowing through them (1A). Gowever, the appliances will stop wor&ing
if the fuses installed are blown while the appliances &eep wor&ing if a
surge protector is used. (1A)
$ii% ( fuse blows when the current passing through it is too large.
18
Pearson Education Asia Limited 2010
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Electricity and Magnetism)
Gowever, it may not be sensitive enough if the duration and magnitude
of the change in current is too short and small (1A). 4omputers are very
sensitive to such changes in voltage and current. Thus, a fuse is
insufficient to protect a computer upon a power surge (1A).
26